ACTA HISTRIAE
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UDK/UDC 94(05) ISSN 1318-0185ACTA HISTRIAE 31, 2023, 1, pp. 1-182
UDK/UDC 94(05) 
Zgodovinsko društvo za južno Primorsko - Koper
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ACTA HISTRIAE
31, 2023, 1
KOPER 2023
ISSN 1318-0185
e-ISSN 2591-1767
ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1
ISSN 1318-0185                UDK/UDC 94(05)             Letnik 31, leto 2023, številka 1
e-ISSN 2591-1767
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ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1
Volume 31, Koper 2023, issue 1
VSEBINA / INDICE GENERALE / CONTENTS
Andriy Klish, Yuriy Drevnitskyi & Stepan Pryidun: Cooperation of Ukrainian 
and Slovenian Deputies in the Vienna Parliament in the Late 19th Century ..................
Cooperazione dei deputati ucraini e sloveni nel parlamento 
di Vienna alla fine del XIX secolo
Sodelovanje ukrajinskih in slovenskih poslancev v 
dunajskem parlamentu konec 19. stoletja 
Michał Dworski: The Balkans as a Gateway to Polish Independence. 
The Face of the Balkan Policy of the Hôtel Lambert towards National 
Movements Forming within the Borders of the Ottoman Empire ................................
I Balcani come porta dell’indipendenza polacca. Le caratteristiche della 
politica balcanica dell’Hôtel Lambert nei confronti dei movimenti 
nazionali formatisi entro i confini dell’Impero ottomano
Balkan kot pot do poljske neodvisnosti. Obraz balkanske politike Hotela Lambert v 
odnosu do nacionalnih gibanj, ki so se oblikovala znotraj meja Osmanskega cesarstva 
Ivan Bogavčić & Iva Salopek Bogavčić: The First Croatian Series of 
Postcards of Rijeka and Surroundings Issued between 1889 and 1891 .......................
La prima serie di cartoline croate di Fiume e dintorni pubblicata tra il 1889 e il 1891
Prve hrvaške razglednice Reke in okolice, izdane med letoma 1889 in 1891
Raisa Jafarova: Women from Shusha Who Were Exposed to Repression 
during the “Great Terror”: In the Archival Documents of the State 
Security Service of the Republic of Azerbaijan ..........................................................
Le donne di Shusha esposte alla repressione durante il «grande terrore»: nei documenti 
d’archivio del Servizio di sicurezza di stato della Repubblica dell’Azerbaigian
Ženske iz Šuše, ki so bile izpostavljene represiji med »velikim terorjem«: v arhivskih 
dokumentih Službe državne varnosti Republike Azerbajdžana
1
17
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e-ISSN 2591-1767
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39
ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1
Mehmet Salih Erkek: The Assassination of General Ismail 
Mahir Pasha in Istanbul (1908) ....................................................................................
L’assassinio del generale Ismail Mahir Pasha a Istanbul (1908)
Atentat na generala Ismaila Mahirja Pasho v Istanbulu (1908)
Goran Marković: Relationship between Legislative and Executive 
Powers in the Yugoslav Socialist Constitutions ..........................................................
Relazione tra il potere legislativo e quello esecutivo nelle 
costituzioni jugoslave socialiste
Odnos med zakonodajno in izvršno oblastjo v jugoslovanskih 
socialističnih ustavah
Dragutin Papovıć: Cold War Diplomacy and US-Socialist 
Yugoslavia Fruitful Relations: An Examination of the 
Establishment of US-Montenegro Cooperation in 1980 ...............................................
La diplomazia della Guerra fredda e le relazioni proficue tra gli Stati Uniti 
e la Jugoslavia socialista: un’analisi sull’instaurazione della 
cooperazione tra gli Stati Uniti e il Montenegro nel 1980
Diplomacija hladne vojne in plodni odnosi med ZDA in 
socialistično Jugoslavijo: Preučitev vzpostavitve 
sodelovanja med ZDA in Črno goro leta 1980
Marta Verginella: Boris Pahor – testimone della 
distruzione del corpo nei lager nazisti ...........................................................
Boris Pahor – Witness of the Destruction of the Body in the Nazi Camps
Boris Pahor – pričevalec uničenja telesa v nacističnih taboriščih
163
139
113
83
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Andriy Klish et al.: COOPERATION OF UKRAINIAN AND SLOVENIAN DEPUTIES IN THE VIENNA ..., 1–16
COOPERATION OF UKRAINIAN AND SLOVENIAN DEPUTIES IN 
THE VIENNA PARLIAMENT IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY
Andriy KLISH
Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Faculty of History, 
Maxym Kryvonos str. 2, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine 
e-mail: Klish_1980@tnpu.edu.ua 
Yuriy DREVNITSKYI
Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Faculty of History, 
Maxym Kryvonos str. 2, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine
e-mail: DrevnY@tnpu.edu.ua
Stepan PRYIDUN
Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Faculty of History, 
Maxym Kryvonos str. 2, 46027 Ternopil, Ukraine
e-mail: pryidun@tnpu.edu.ua
ABSTRACT
In the article are analyzed cooperation of the Ukrainian and Slovenian deputies 
in the Vienna parliament as a part of the group – “Slavic Christian national union”. 
Functioning of the group was a consequence of common interests of its participants 
on national equality. The main stages of activity of the group and also the factors 
which had an impact on its efficiency are considered. This group was nearly only in 
the Austrian parliament for 1897–1900 which was on positions of national equality 
and protected the interests of Slavs. The activity of the group's deputies regarding the 
improvement of the socio-economic, cultural and educational situation of Ukrainians 
and Slovenians in the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was analyzed. 
Keywords: Vienna parliament, Slavic Christian national union, social-сhristian movement, 
Slovenians, Ukrainians
COOPERAZIONE DEI DEPUTATI UCRAINI E SLOVENI NEL PARLAMENTO 
DI VIENNA ALLA FINE DEL XIX SECOLO
SINTESI
L’articolo analizza la cooperazione dei deputati ucraini e sloveni nel par-
lamento di Vienna che facevano parte del gruppo “Unione nazionale cristiano 
slava”.  Le sue attività erano il risultato degli interessi comuni dei suoi membri 
riguardo all’uguaglianza nazionale.  Sono state considerate le fasi principali 
Receive : 2022-06-18                            DOI 10.19233/AH.2023.1
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Andriy Klish et al.: COOPERATION OF UKRAINIAN AND SLOVENIAN DEPUTIES IN THE VIENNA ..., 1–16
delle attività del gruppo, nonché i fattori che ne hanno influenzato l’efficacia. 
Durante il periodo 1897–1900 il gruppo era anche l’unico nel parlamento 
austriaco a rappresentare l’uguaglianza nazionale e nel difendere gli interessi 
degli slavi. È stata, inoltre, analizzata l’attività di questi deputati riguardo al 
miglioramento della situazione socio-economica, culturale e quella educativa 
di ucraini e degli sloveni nella Monarchia austro-ungarica. 
Parole chiave: Parlamento di Vienna, Unione nazionale cristiano slava, movimento 
sociale e cristiano, sloveni, ucraini
INTRODUCTION
With independence declarations by the Republic Slovenia and Ukraine in 1991 
there was a question of better establishment of the friendly relations between the 
countries, including in the parliamentary level. Therefore studying of positive experi-
ence of interaction of the Ukrainian and Slovenian deputies in the Vienna parliament 
at the end of the 19th century is important.
During the writing of this paper a number of sources is used. In particular, periodi-
cals (newspapers “Ruslan”, “Slovenec”, “Slovenski narod”) in which it was regularly 
informed readers on internal meetings of members of SCNU, resolutions of meetings 
were published speeches of deputies of this club in the Vienna parliament and before 
voters.
“Stenographic protocols sessions of the House of Representatives of the Austrian 
Reichsrat” (SPSHRAR), where speeches of the Ukrainian1 and Slovenian deputies 
were provided are extremely important for the research.
Memoirs of the Ukrainian and Slovenian deputies Olexander Barvinskyi, Fran 
Šuklje and Janez Evangelist Krek are one more important source of information.
Many valuable data contains also protocols of meetings of the Rus club of the 
Vienna parliament which were kept by Anatol Vakhnianyn. They are stored in fund 
818 of the Central state historical archive in Lviv. It is, in particular, information on 
the constituent assembly of SCNU and the discussion about the nature of activity of 
this fraction.
Stenographic protocols of parliament are extremely big on the volume in German 
and in detail provide information on the course and content of discussions.
1 In this article, the terms “Ukrainian” and “Rusyn” are used interchangeably. These terms were used to 
denote the Greek-Catholic population of Galicia, which considered itself a separate nation, independent 
from both the Russians and the Poles.
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Andriy Klish et al.: COOPERATION OF UKRAINIAN AND SLOVENIAN DEPUTIES IN THE VIENNA ..., 1–16
In the historiography the issue 
of cooperation of the Ukrainian and 
Slovenian Christian parties in the 
Vienna parliament was little studied. 
Among the available works it is 
necessary to select the works of H. 
Binder (Binder, 2005), J. Cvirn (Cvirn, 
2009), R. Lechniuk (Lechniuk, 2020), 
S.  Matković  (Matković,  2011),  V. 
Melik (Melik, 1979), B. Radosavljevič 
(Radosavljevič,  1994),  A.  Špelec 
(Špelec, 2009).
Parliamentary elections of 1897 
took place under new electoral laws 
according to which universal suffrage 
for men was introduced for the V curia. 
These elections changed balance of 
forces in a parliament a little, having 
reduced the German influence.
In election result Slovenes have 
received 16 mandates, and Ukrain-
ians – 11 (the so-called moderate O. 
Barvinskyi, Anatol Vakhnianyn, Ivan 
Hrobelskyi, Modest Karatnitskyi, 
Kornylo Mandychevskyi and Kseno-
font Okhrymovych who have formed 
“The Rus’ club”; so-called “independent” Danylo Tanyachkevych, Teofil 
Okunevskyi and Roman Yarosevych (has adjoined the Polish socialists under 
the leadership of I. Dashinski) and two Ukrainian deputies from Bukovyna). 
In a newly elected parliament moderate Ukrainians, Slovenes, Croats and two 
Czech representatives, at the initiative of Janez Evangelist Krek, have decided 
to create the joint fraction.
REASONS OF COOPERATION OF UKRAINIANS AND SLOVENIANS 
It should be noted that the choice of allies was obvious to moderate Ukrainian 
deputies.
Firstly, both the Ukrainian and Slovenian public and Christian movements 
were based on the encyclical of the Pope Leo XIII of “Rerum Novarum” (1891). 
In it new reference points of social development based on traditional values of 
Christian ethics by the basic social principle. It embodied the new public concept 
forming more modern theoretical basis for counteraction to the socialist move-
ment. If earlier the church considered a property difference natural, then its 
Fig. 1: Anatol Vakhnianyn (1841–1908) 
(Wikimedia Commons).
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Andriy Klish et al.: COOPERATION OF UKRAINIAN AND SLOVENIAN DEPUTIES IN THE VIENNA ..., 1–16
task was limited only by philanthropy. The political catholicism and Christian 
democracy are tightly connected between themselves, tried to reform society, but 
by various approaches. Christian democrats got the liberty which is relating to 
fundamentals of Christianity and being implemented in the conditions of political 
democracy, however didn’t hope for transformation of society by social policy of 
the state, and hoped that the church itself will become the engine of the restored 
society. “Rerum Novarum” was considered as the most important document of 
Catholicism of modern times and a basis of the main ideas of parties of the public 
and Christian direction of Europe.
Secondly, rather small deputy groups which could not play an important role 
without allies, made cooperation necessary for both Ukrainians and Slovenes 
in the Vienna parliament. Thirdly, both Ukrainians and Slovenes faced similar 
problems with recognition of their national rights in Galicia, Istria, Carniola, 
Carinthia, and Styria. Furthermore, this cooperation was made possible by the 
friendly attitude of Slovenes towards Ukrainians. One of the Slovenian leaders, 
J. E. Krek, was familiar with Ukrainian folklore and literature, and was fond 
of T. Shevchenko’s creativity. He participated in Shevchenko’s evenings in Vi-
enna, popularized Ukrainian folk art among young Slovenian poets, including J. 
Abram, О. Župančič, J. Murn, A. Erjavec, and A. Merhar.
From the Ukrainian side representatives of the public and Christian soci-
ety became initiators of cooperation with Slovenes, first of all O. Barvinskyi 
is a politician, the teacher, the organizer of numerous scientific and cultural 
institutions. He was one of initiators of transformation of literary society 
(Shevchenko’s Society) into scientific association under the name Scientific 
organization of Taras Shevchenko, and then became its chairman during the 
period 1892–1897. Besides, he was the deputy of Galician diet (1894–1904), the 
House of Representatives (1891–1907) of the State Council, and for 1918–1919 
the delegate of the Ukrainian National Council and the secretary of the State 
committee on religion and education in the First government of West Ukrain-
ian People’s Republic. Also O. Barvinskyi was an active popular writer of the 
Ukrainian history, the editor of a publishing series under the name Rus Histori-
cal Library – he was one of the first who used the term “Ukraine-Rus”.
Contrary to the rapprochement of populist camp of the Ukrainian politics in 
Galicia with the Russophiles that was proclaimed in 1896, O. Barvinskyi’s sup-
porters tried to set up cooperation with national parties of other Slavic people 
living in the Habsburg Monarchy. It should be noted that the idea of creation 
of consolidation of Slavic parliamentarians was not new. In 1891 O. Barvinskyi 
had had thought to join Karl fon Hohenwart’s fraction. It was the conservative-
ly-clerical group that united German conservatives, Slovenian, Croatian and 
Romanian parliamentarians and was one of the largest, and therefore one of the 
most influential associations in the Vienna Parliament. However, then this idea 
was not supported by the Ukrainian deputies who decided to create separate 
fraction – “Rus Club” (Lechniuk, 2020, 285).
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Andriy Klish et al.: COOPERATION OF UKRAINIAN AND SLOVENIAN DEPUTIES IN THE VIENNA ..., 1–16
The purpose of creation of this 
consolidation, the Ukrainian deputies 
wanted to make use of the experience 
of the southern Slavs gained by them 
thanks to membership in K. Hohen-
warth’s club (IL NASU DMFT 135, 
c. 34, p.708). Exchange of experience 
has to promote increase in level of 
political and parliamentary culture 
of the Ukrainian deputies (IL NASU 
DMFT 135, c. 35, p.856). At the same 
time formation of rather numerically 
strong group could give chance to 
the Ukrainian deputies to play big-
ger, than still role in distribution of 
important state positions (IL NASU 
DMFT 135, c. 34, p.737–738).
It is important to note that coop-
eration between Ukrainian and Slo-
venian politicians was not based on 
the so-called “Slavic idea”, and was 
result of pragmatic cooperation as a 
result of a coincidence of conserva-
tive principles of the participants and 
concrete aspirations in changing the 
national, social and economic situa-
tion in the state. This is confirmed by 
protocols of joint preparatory meet-
ings in anticipation of creation of the 
SCNU. At the constituent meetings cofounders of the SCNU clearly noted that 
this cooperation is not based on a “Slavic community”, but rather aimed to 
advocate for the national interests of each of the separate peoples. In the case 
of the Ukrainian politicians, this meant sharp opposition of “Neo-Slavism” of 
Russophiles (CSHAU 818, op. 1, c. 10, p. 68). The opposition of O. Barvin-
skyi's group to “the Slavic ideas” and their absolute rejection of a Russophilia 
became one of engines of the formation of their political organization – the 
Catholic Ruthenian-Social Union which six representatives – O. Barvinskyi, 
A. Vakhnianyn, M. Karatnytskyi, K. Okhrymovych, K. Mandychevskyi and I. 
Hrobelskyi – became the Ukrainian representative office in the general Slavic 
fraction. The representative of Bukovyna, S. Vinnytskyi, also joined them. The 
Slovenes considered that “the South Slavic deputies, first of all, should be inde-
pendent of the government which they should support only if it is really fair to 
Yugoslavs” (Krek, 1933, 12).
Fig. 2: Olexander Barvinskyi (1847–1926) 
(Wikimedia Commons).
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Andriy Klish et al.: COOPERATION OF UKRAINIAN AND SLOVENIAN DEPUTIES IN THE VIENNA ..., 1–16
“SLAVIC CHRISTIAN AND NATIONAL UNION”: COMMON 
FRACTION OF UKRAINIANS, SLOVENIANS AND CROATS
On March 27, 1897 in the Vienna parliament the Ruthenian Club faction fraction led 
by the oldest of the Ukrainian deputies K. Mandichevskyi was officially created, and the 
first general meeting of the Ukrainian, Slovenian and Croatian deputies at which there 
was also D. Tanyachkevych took place already on March 30, 1897 (Slovenski narod, 1. 
4. 1897, 1). Ukrainians suggested not to call fraction Catholic as it was initially planned, 
but “Christian” to allow participation of orthodox Serbians in it (CSHAU 818, op. 1, 
c. 10, p. 67). However, Serbs were not a part of fraction. O. Barvinskyi explained it 
with Serbo-Croatian misunderstanding: “When Ruthenians, Slovenes, Croats and Serbs 
gathered for an optional meeting, such persistent turmoil came up between Croats and 
Serbs that the union with Serbians impossible seemed. Croats asserted the historical 
state law with which Serbs could not agree” (IL NASU DMFT 135, c. 34, p.702). At 
this meeting the general committee for preparation of the charter of new fraction in 
which O. Barvinskyi, among others, was elected (CSHAU 818, op. 1, c. 10, p. 67). On 
April 1, 1897 the SCNU parliamentary fraction which consisted of 35 deputies was 
created: 16 Slovenes2, 11 Croats3, 7 Ukrainians4  and  1 Czech  (Radosavljevič,  1994, 
336). The pastoral letter of the Catholic episcopate of Austria-Hungary on the eve of 
elections to the Vienna parliament became the basis of the SCNU program (IL NASU 
DMFT 135, c. 34, p.705). At the heart of this message – a number of requirements to 
voters and also the program of necessary reforms in the state. First of all, from voters 
it was required to vote for those candidates who were sincere Catholics and in the 
program and activity did not encroach on authority of Church and religion in general 
(Ruslan, 16. 1. 1897, 1–2).
All members of SCNU with own hand signed the charter consisting of 12 paragraphs 
and undertaken to vote according to decisions of fraction (at the same time it was allowed 
to refrain when voting) (IL NASU DMFT 135, c. 34, p.707). It is necessary to notice that 
at first German was language of communication at meetings of fraction, but subsequently 
Slavic deputies communicated mainly in their native languages (IL NASU DMFT 135, 
c. 34, p.704).
The SCNU program so designated its task: “To contribute to the organization 
of public life in a religious, cultural, social and economic view on a positive and 
Christian basis and will defend with any determination on certainly equality of the 
slavyansky people on the basis of the national rights and Christians freedom of 
Church”. At a meeting three cochairmen of SCNU – O. Barvinskyi, K. G. Bulat, I. 
2  Hugo Berks, Alfred Coronini, Lambert Einspieler, Andrej Ferjačič, Anton Gregorčič, Lavoslav Gregorec, 
Janez Ev.Krek, Josip Kušar, Viljem Pfeifer, Jožef Pogačnik, Ivan Povše, France Robič, Fran Šuklje, Ivan 
Šušteršič, Jožef Žičkar, Ignacij Žitnik.
3  Juraj Biankini, Lovre Borčić, Gajo Bulat, Mihovil Klaić, Matko Laginja, Ninko Perić, Vjekoslav Spinčić, 
Anton Šupuk, Ante Trumbić, Božo Vuković, Luka Zore.
4  Оleksander Barvinskyi, Kornylo Mandychevskyi, Ksenofont Ochrymowych, Anatole Vakhnianyn, Sydir 
Vinnytskyi.
ACTA HISTRIAE • 31 • 2023 • 1
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Andriy Klish et al.: COOPERATION OF UKRAINIAN AND SLOVENIAN DEPUTIES IN THE VIENNA ..., 1–16
Šusteršič  are  elected. Speaking at  a meeting, A. Vakhnianyn noted  that SCNU has 
to become the first step to transformation of the Monarchy of Gabsburg into Slavic 
federation (CSHAU 818, op. 1, c. 10, p. 68).
The SCNU social and economic program looked quite organic, considering similarity of 
the problems facing members of fraction. If such Slavic people of Austria-Hungary as Poles 
and Czechs, kept the social elite – the land aristocracy, then Ukrainians, Croats and Slovenes 
were deprived it, their national movements including the conservative directions, derived 
the human strength mainly from clergy and quite small intellectuals, and were forced to 
look for a support in the peasantry making numerous social group among these people.
O. Barvinskyi and A. Vakhnianyn in the social sphere propagandized adopting of suc-
cessful experience of other countries and states. Most it was shown in their parliamentary 
and provincial diet speeches. Creation of the agricultural unions for providing the peasantry 
from impoverishment and debts, so, and from the main problem of social and economic life 
of Galicia of that time – mass emigration had to become one of the main tasks (Ruslan, 9. 
3. 1899; Ruslan, 19. 8. 1897). The beginning in the region of loan cash desks of a system of 
Raiffeisen was an important initiative of A. Vakhnianyn. The need for such institutions was 
shown by a series of materials in “Ruslan” on the history of loan cash desks (Ruslan, 17. 
12. 1897; Ruslan, 12. 3. 1899). Despite declaration of narrow-mindedness and the peasantry 
as a basis of a social order (Ruslan, 30. 1. 1897, 1), Christian the public did not depart 
from conservative foundations, explaining it with attachment of the Ukrainian peasant to 
tradition, relying on which (Ruslan, 26. 1. 1897, 1). Also it was indicated an important role 
of the aristocracy (Ukrainians did not have it), and the property status and the authority is 
recognized a support of public order (Ruslan, 8. 2. 1897, 2).
The advantage of cooperation of the Ukrainian and Slovenian politicians within SCNU 
in the social and economic sphere was that Slovenes could serve as role model for the 
Ukrainian Christian social activists. So, J.E. Krek’s diligence in the Slovenian lands has 
created banks and cooperatives, extensive network of other non-political societies which 
conducted active social and economic, educational and organizational work with peasants 
and workers. 1892 the “Slovenian Christian and social labor union” which became the 
main Slovenian institute of such orientation was  founded. Social and economic postu-
lates of this environment were propagandized also during large-scale Catholic meetings, 
taking place in Ljubljana in 1892, 1900, 1906 and 1913 (Bobić, 2012,  11–12).
Loan sharking was a considerable problem in Galicia. It was caused by the absence of 
cheap credits for small farming enterprises. Ukrainian deputies tried to solve this problem 
in both state authorities and the society itself. On January 18, 1897, A. Vakhnianyn in the 
parliament named usury as the cause of mass emigration from the region (Ruslan, 14. 1. 
1897, 1–2). Laws were passed to prevent this problem, but they were ineffective. The law 
of 1877 prohibited it, but in fact it continued to exist, in some places - openly. Galicia was 
divided into districts between the largest usurer families (Ruslan, 14. 1. 1897, 1–2). In ad-
dition to interest in money, interest in grain, livestock, and labor usury was also popular. 
O. Barvinskyi called usury one of the main reasons for the economic decline of Galicia5.
5 In 1882–1894, 1735 people, including 899 (51,8%) in Galicia, were sentenced for loan sharking. 
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The biggest problems related to usury were in Hutsul Region, where in the last dec-
ades of the 19th century. there was a moral and economic decline, various epidemics 
periodically arose, the arbitrariness of usurers reigned. At the end of the 19th century 
usury was extremely common among the Hutsuls. On March 2, 1900, O. Barvinskyi 
submitted a request to the Cabinet of Ministers regarding the government’s intentions in 
regard with numerous illegal actions carried out in Hutsul region (Ruslan, 4. 24. 1897, 3). 
Ukrainian deputies believed that spontaneous national-social conflicts were possible 
without state intervention (Ruslan, 26. 2. 1900, 1–2). During a meeting with the Minis-
ter of Justice of Austria Spence, O. Barvinskyi emphasized the passivity of the courts 
regarding illegal usury activities. In his opinion, court officials did not prevent usurers 
because they were their debtors. Instead, the minister promised to bring the guilty to 
justice (Ruslan, 10. 3. 1900, 2–3). 
A. Vakhnianyn, with the support of the SCNU, repeatedly raised questions in the 
Vienna Parliament regarding the protection of the rights of the Greek-Catholic population 
of Galicia. In particular, he advocated for Ukrainian soldiers in the Austrian army to have 
the opportunity to celebrate religious holidays6, as well as for pensions for widows and 
orphans of Greek-Catholic priests (Ruslan, 21. 5. 1900, 1–2). 
Despite declarations, in particular the Slovenian politicians, on priority of social and 
economic aspects (Ruslan, 21. 6. 1897, 1) the most important activity of SCNU was 
made in the sphere of national rights (Slovenski narod, 6. 4. 1897, 1). It is explained by 
the general  situation  in Cisleithania  for  the  last decade of  the 19th century, first of all 
sharp aggravation of national contradictions. Failure of the Ukrainian-Polish “new era” 
and Czech-German “agreements” of 1890 (attempt of achievement of a compromise in 
national political affairs, each of which, due to various reasons, was not crowned with 
success), aggravation of national opposition in Galicia (“Badeni” elections” 1897, and 
subsequently questions of the Ukrainian university and agricultural strikes of 1902), in 
the Czech lands – because of a language question and in Carniola – because of unwilling-
ness of the Austrian Germans to allow teaching in Slovenian in a gymnasium in Celje – all 
this was symptoms of the state contradictions in the state. Along with strengthening of 
influence of more radical national Parties (Young Czech Party (Mladočeši), the German 
nationalists, the Polish and Ukrainian national democrats) the habitual political, cultural 
and social system of the monarchy was threatened what conservative-minded Ukrainian, 
Slovenian and Croatian politicians could not reconcile to.
SCNU representatives were active participants in parliamentary majority which was 
created after elections of 1897 and which “The Polish circle”, conservative German 
fractions which were successors of already nonexistent Gogenvart`s club, Czechs and 
representatives of SCNU entered tried to realize the national and social and economic 
program principles.
The  first  attempts  of  the  prime minister K. Badeni  to  create  parliamentary major-
ity from representatives of “The Polish circle”, Czechs and the German liberals failed 
because of the Czech-German antagonism caused by the new language rules for Bohemia 
6 Unlike Catholics, Greek Catholics used the Julian calendar.
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and Moravia promised by Badeni, giving equal rights to German and Czech languages 
(IL NASU DMFT 135, c. 34, p.736). On the other hand, the attempt to create the “right” 
parliamentary coalition into which entered “The Polish club”, Czechs, the German 
Catholic group and SHNS successfully came to the end. The new majority contained 
222 seats in parliament from 425. It meant that an exit of any fraction from the coalition 
led to its disintegration. For SCNU, according to O. Barvinskyi, this situation was ideal 
combination of circumstances, having 35 representatives, the union had “gold share”. It 
forced Poles, Czechs and the German conservatives to consider requirements of SCNU 
(IL NASU DMFT 135, c. 35, p.856). For this reason the initiative of creation of the 
general fraction was very timely, only in a day after approval of SCNU negotiations on 
creation of the coalition began (IL NASU DMFT 135, c. 34, p.738).
The Slavic fraction was included into the majority, having declared own positions 
which  sometimes  differed  from  positions  of  other  representatives  of  the  majority,  in 
particular “The Polish circle”. The conclusion of the text of the appeal of parliament 
to the emperor Franz Joseph I became the first showdown for SCNU. On May 6, 1897 
the meeting of fraction on this matter at which the additions to the draft of the address 
concerning questions of national equality and an economic condition of the peasantry are 
discussed and put forward took place. In particular, the fraction insisted on introduction 
of national equality in public life, school and the government, reduction of expenses on 
imperious institutions, support of the peasantry. It was accented also on development of 
school according to the religious and national principles. It is also decided that in case 
these offers are not supported to send own appeal to the monarch (Ruslan, 27. 4. 1897, 1). 
O. Barvinskyi on behalf of SCNU submitted these proposals in editorial committee, and 
they were considered (Ruslan, 4. 5. 1897, 1).
The attitude of Ukrainians and Slovenes concerning expansion of autonomy of certain 
regions of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy was interesting. According to them ce condi-
tio sine qua non7 was absolute protection of ethnic minorities in these territories (Ruslan, 
7. 9. 1897, 2).
On March 21, 1898 A. Ferjančič was elected the senior vice president of the Chamber 
of Deputies (till October, 1899). The parliament made the number of proposals on the 
solution of the language question. In particular, on April 22, 1898 L. Gregorec, F. Šuklje 
and O. Barvinskyi on behalf of SCNU made the request, demanding from the government 
to adopt immediately the law, for implementation of Article 19 of the Fundamental state 
law of 1867 (Melik, 1979, 61; Špelec, 2009, 44). In it it was noted: 
All people of the state are equal and each people have the firm right to protect and 
develop the nationality and language. The state recognizes equality of all of the lan-
guages used in the region at school, the government and private life. In the regions 
where there live several people, public institutions of training that each of these 
people received the necessary means for science in the language flat-out to studying 
of the second regional language have to be so arranged (Zöllner, 1990, 401).
7 Prerequisite – Latin. 
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This request was explained by Gregorec, having offered that all  languages had to 
appear regional and to be equal before provincial and the government. Each citizen 
could look for and find justice in all instances in the language (Cvirn, 2009, 61–79).
Complexity of the language question forced the government to explain the posi-
tion in relation to it. In particular, on April 27, 1898, Prime Minister Thun noted that 
the government is ready to meet all the legal requirements of individual nations, 
and linguistic ones Gautsch order is only a temporary solution. Respectively, he 
supported adoption of the language law though he knew about problems, related. 
It agreed with offers on election of special parliamentary (language) committee and 
promised it support and the help to the government. At the same time Thun reminded 
future members of the committee that in search of the solution of a language question 
they will deal not only with “one language issue”, but also “the whole complex of 
language questions” which it will be necessary to treat differently according to differ-
ent circumstances. The main objective of language committee he saw in development 
of  the basic principles of  effective protection of  ethnic minorities  in  certain  lands, 
in unification of positions of use of  languages  at  the  schools  and  all  other matters 
of argument generating national disagreements. According to him, the fact that all 
matters of argument can be resolved by a simple formula and only one law adopted 
by parliamentary majority is wrong. On the contrary, to receive the satisfactory final 
result,  first  it  is  necessary  to  approve  the main  principles  of  protection  of minori-
ties and only then to start development of the law. This statement caused the broad 
language debate continuing with breaks – because of technical obstacles – before 
postponement of the National Assembly for June 7, 1898 when to the forefront there 
were disagreements between separate parties and the nations again.
At the session on May 4, 1898. The position of SCNU was in detail stated once 
again by L. Gregorec supporting adoption of  the difficult  law on executive power  in 
coordination with Article 19 (SPSHAR, XIV. sesija, 18. seja, 4. 5. 1898, 1040–1044).
The parliamentary majority was not monolithic, and it inevitably affected its capac-
ity. Despite the edition of the manifesto calling for association of forces and refusal 
of  the  international conflicts  (Ruslan, 23. 11. 1897, 2; Ruslan, 30. 11. 1897, 2),  real 
activity of separate  fractions of  the majority  testified  to a divergence of declarations 
with practical measures. So, “The Polish circle” constantly tried to conduct separate 
policy, noting need of granting the bigger autonomy of Galicia. It meant strengthening 
of Poles in East Galicia for Ukrainians and weakening of their positions. SCNU said 
that it will maintain the majority on condition of upholding of national equality of all 
nationalities by it in all parts of Cisleithania (Ruslan, 8. 6. 1897, 1;  Ruslan, 24. 6. 1897, 
1). The example of disinterest of the “Polish circle” in real national equality was the 
language bill proposed by the deputy M.Bilinski, the bill that had not been even ac-
cepted for discussion in the parliament by the Polish faction itself. This decision caused 
protest and indignation of the representatives of SCNU, and “Ruslan” predicted the 
crisis of the parliamentary majority. It led to a protest and indignation of representatives 
of SCNU, and “Ruslan” provided crisis of parliamentary majority (Ruslan, 9. 10. 1899, 
1; Ruslan, 19. 10. 1899, 1).
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Unfortunately, the parliament could not elect language committee because of techni-
cal obstacles of some German parties. Therefore on June 7, 1898 the Prime Minister 
postponed a session for an indefinite term. On May 5, 1898 the deputy J. Švegel noted 
that the government itself developed the basic principles of settlement of a language 
question and began negotiations only with representatives of some German parties and 
Young Czechs (SPSHAR, XIV. sesija, 19. seja, 5. maj 1898, 1110–1111). However this 
“an action of reconciliation” completely failed as it was boycotted by representatives of 
the German People’s Party and German Progressive Party. The failure of negotiations was 
not only because of the Germans demanding immediate cancellation language orders of 
Gautsch, but also the Czechs insisting on that provincial, but not state authorities of the 
power were responsible for language policy (Urban, 1994, 689).
As the Prime Minister Thun has not invited the representative of SCNU, the fourth 
largest fraction, to negotiations, the Ukrainian and Slovenian deputies had opinions on 
transition to opposition. In the run-up to the autumn session the head of the government 
has held meeting with representatives of SHNS. However, instead of one of heads of 
fraction F. Povše, Thun has invited A. Ferjančič that has angered Catholic deputies led by 
J.E. Krek. In particular, on September 23, 1898 the leadership of the Catholic National 
Party has said that the Slovenian deputies have to leave the only government coalition 
and enter into opposition. J.E. Krek’s proposal on SCNU exit from the only government 
coalition did not receive the necessary majority at a meeting of fraction on September 29, 
1898. Such idea was opposed also by the Ukrainian deputies (Krek, 1933, 82).
It is necessary to notice that insignificant progress of Ukrainians and Slovenes was 
caused also by internal contradictions in their environments. In particular, F. Šuklje noted 
incompetence of one of leaders of Slovenes of F. Povše: “Though Povše actually was 
considered as an expert in agriculture, he had no those qualities which are necessary for 
the chairman of bigger deputy group. Soon we understood lack of the higher education 
and communication with the head of club in because discussions in club became more 
and more seldom and, of course, really insignificant” (Šuklje, 1995, 82).
Crisis was the integral element of existence of parliamentary majority (and the Vienna 
parliament in a cadence of 1897–1900 in general). In parliament there was regularly a 
question of integrity and coordination of actions, an exit of separate fractions because of 
internal contradictions. On November 27, 1899 Young Czechs deputies actually destroyed 
the coalition, having announced obstruction, than paralyzed work of parliament. Ukrain-
ians accused “The Polish circle” which blocked M. Bielinskyi’s project of aggravation 
of a situation (Ruslan, 18. 11. 1899, 1). The decision on convocation of the temporary 
parliamentary commission for development of the language bill is as a result made, 
however Czechs did not support  this offer and continued to block work of parliament. 
On December 16, 1899 SCNU introduced the bill on nationalities providing a solution 
of the problem of national equality in monarchy (Ruslan, 8. 12. 1899, 2) in parliament 
but also it did not yield result. The publication of the Kracow conservatives of “Czas” 
was indignant with the Ukrainian initiatives, noting that they should not bring up the 
Ukrainian question in parliament. At the same time, the Czech conservative newspaper 
“Politik” warned Poles against the conflicts with SCNU, especially during crisis of the 
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parliamentary  coalition.  In  return,  “Ruslan”  noted  that  indifference  of  the  central  and 
local authorities to the Ukrainian requirements induced the Ukrainian deputies to change 
tactics from SCNU (Ruslan, 1. 10. 1898, 1). Considering extremely tangled situation in 
the majority which did not suit any of its participants, the question of expediency of stay 
in the coalition became debatable not only for Young Czechs (obstruction turned out to 
be consequence of what), but also in Slavic fraction. In particular, the member of SCNU 
I. Hrobelskyi in the letter to O. Barvinskyi of October 30, 1898 noted inefficiency of stay 
in the coalition. 
Considerably drawing up the mandate of one of his leaders of I. Šusteršič in connec-
tion with impossibility to combine deputy and lawyer activity influenced further work of 
SCNU. 
Due to this situation in the agenda of SCNU there was a question of expediency 
and further to remain in parliamentary majority, so, to support the governments. Intense 
discussions took place in the autumn of 1898. Almost at the same time there took place 
congresses of the Slovenian politicians in Ljubljana (on September 22) and the Ukrainian 
deputies of Galician diet and Vienna parliament in Stanislavov (on September 23). At 
both meetings the attitude of the coalition and the government towards the Slovenian 
and Ukrainian national demands was criticized. Slovenes decided to leave parliamentary 
majority though they eventually did not realize this step.
Constructive work of parliament and the decision of social and national problems 
were made it impossible by also regular changes of the governments – during activity 
of their cadence there were 6 of them. Instability of the governments and consequently, 
the political situation, it is caused by the acute crisis caused by language decreesfor the 
Czech’s lands of the Prime Minister K. Badeni, published on April 6, 1897. According 
to them, the German and Czech languages acquired the equal rights in office-work of ad-
ministrative and legal agencies. Decreesled to sharply negative reaction practically of all 
German political environments of the monarchy, mass protests, radicalization, growth of 
the German nationalism, Pan-German and, as a result, anti-Slavic moods among German 
population. With respect there to intense discussions in the Vienna parliament developed 
even  into mass fights of deputies, and  the German obstruction was replaced by Czech 
(Łazuga, 2013, 208–246).
Even under so extremely adverse conditions of policy with SCNU tried to convince 
all new prime ministers of need of implementation of their projects. During discussion 
of the government program of the Prime Minister F. Thun appointed in March, 1898 on 
behalf of SCNU his cochairman – the Slovenian deputy I. Šusteršič acted. He noted that 
the offered program “is too impartial” because of what it can be interpreted in different 
ways. Besides, in it the position of the government on national, peasant and religious 
questions is not opened. And still SCNU considered more important not the text of the 
program, but concrete work therefore I. Šusteršič on behalf of fraction trusted the govern-
ment (Ruslan, 1. 10. 1898, 2). And though the prime minister declared desire to cooperate 
with the parliamentary coalition and created the special commission for preparation of 
the bill on the international relations in the empire, his focus only on the Czech-German 
problem caused discontent of Slavic fraction.
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As a result – again there was a question of further stay of SCNU in parliamentary ma-
jority. “Ruslan” explained such discussions with an unwillingness of fraction to further 
expect favor from the government (Ruslan, 26. 6. 1898, 1).
In June, 1899 the meeting of committee of the parliamentary coalition with F. Thun's 
participation took place. Representatives of SCNU defended further need of the solution 
of a language problem at the same time for all edges, having secured with support of 
the Czech deputies. Together they suggested to bring this question in the program of the 
coalition, however this idea was supported neither by “Polish circle”, nor the Austrian 
“Catholic center”, nor the prime minister for whom and further priority was permission 
of the German-Czech conflict (Ruslan, 30. 5. 1899, 1).
Essential claims Ukrainians and Slovenes had also to the new government of M. Clary. 
On October 5, 1899 at the meeting of ruling coalition the decision on the fastest prepara-
tion of the bill on settlement of the language relations in the monarchy and also is made 
on appointment of  the new government which would consider offers of parliamentary 
majority. The Ukrainian deputies positively apprehended this position of the coalition 
(Ruslan, 26. 9. 1899, 1), the similar position was taken by all SCNU fraction. But the role 
of the transitional government of M. Clary, according to wishes of the emperor, had to 
come down only to liquidation of language orders of K. Badeni and settling of the major 
affairs of the monarchy (Łazuga, 2013, 239). Considering it, the government did not even 
try to resolve the ethnic question in the state.
More positively cooperation with the following president of ministers – E. Körber 
whose negotiations with fractions of the majority were completed successfully began, 
and in March, 1900 the unity of the majority is renewed. However, the requirements of 
the Czech deputies were not  fulfilled,  and  they continued blocking of work of parlia-
ment. “The Polish circle” left the coalition and SCNU addressed Czechs with the offer 
to suspend blocking and again to enter negotiations with the government. These attempts 
were vain. The coalition actually broke up, and possible dissolution of parliament became 
more and more real (Ruslan, 15. 2. 1900, 2; Ruslan, 24. 2. 1900, 1).
After  final  disintegration  of  parliamentary majority  representatives  of  SCNU, Old 
Czechs and the Center decided to keep interfractional solidarity to demand from the gov-
ernment of specific actions on introduction of national equality. A new coalition, “New 
Right” (as it was dubbed in the press), which had only 57 members, the only one that 
declared its desire to protect the interests of all Slavic peoples of the Habsburg monarchy. 
The fidelity of the monarchy and Christian foundations, and a main objective – protection 
of the national and religious interests of the represented people were the main bases of 
new association. The new block intended to rely on Christian outlook in public and public 
affairs (Ruslan, 31. 5. 1900, 1;  Ruslan, 22. 6. 1900, 1). However, because of incapacity of 
the Vienna parliament on September 8, 1900 the emperor Franz Joseph I issued the decree 
about dissolution of the lower house of parliament and called new elections.
It should be noted that Ukrainians and Slovenians tried to support each other 
not only in parliament. In particular, the Slov Carniolian enian diet in Ljubljana ap-
pealed to rise in common in Galician diet in defense of the rights of Slavic students 
against prosecution by the German students (Ruslan, 27. 1. 1898, 2). Ukrainians 
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welcomed Slovenes with transfer of relics of the outstanding Slovenian linguist and 
philologist of Jernej Kopitar from Vienna to Ljubljana. About it the editorial office 
of the newspaper “Ruslan” sent the telegram where, in particular, in Slovenian it 
was  noted:  “Żiveli  Slovenci!  Żivela  rusinsko-slovenska  vzajemnost`”  (Long  live 
the Slovenes! Long live rusino-slovenian reciprocity) (Ruslan, 1.10.1897, 1897, 3). 
With assistance of Slovenians the Ukrainian deputies tried to improve cultural and 
educational position of Ukrainians of Galicia. In particular, O. Barvinskyi with as-
sistance of the coalition demanded from the Minister of Education of establishment 
of the Ukrainian gymnasium in Ternopil. Thanks to what on October 14, 1898 it was 
solemnly open.
CONCLUSION
The union in one faction of southern Slavs and Ukrainians, two ethnic groups 
living far away from each other, was a unique phenomenon in Viennese parliament. 
They were also united by the fact that both Slovenes and Ukrainians were “small”, 
agrarian and Slavonic nations within the Habsburg empire. The research of coopera-
tion of the Ukrainian and Slovenian deputies in the Vienna parliament shows that 
progress which all participants of SCNU managed to reach, including to the Ukrain-
ian deputies. Nearly for the first time the Polish or Czech Slavic fraction played an 
important role in Vienna, was an active player as on directly parliamentary and secret 
stage. For the first time existence of parliamentary majority substantially depended 
on Ukrainians, Slovenes or Croats, and it was forced to consider the government. 
It is possible to assume that only deep crisis of parliament because of the German-
Czech opposition and, as a result, a paralysis of its activity at first German left 
and nationalists, and subsequently Czechs, did not allow representatives of SCNU 
to increase the achievements. However, even reached it appeared enough to show 
success of real policy, sharply criticized at that time the Ukrainian oppositional 
narodovets, radicals and Russophiles. The context not only purely parliamentary, 
but also personal and cultural became important. 
The prospect of a research of this perspective opens a possibility of comparative 
analysis of Social-Christians movements of the Slavic people of Cisleithania which 
representatives were the Christian public from SCNU. 
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SODELOVANJE UKRAJINSKIH IN SLOVENSKIH POSLANCEV V 
DUNAJSKEM PARLAMENTU KONEC 19. STOLETJA
Andriy KLISH
Nacionalna pedagoška univerza Volodymyr Hnatiuk Ternopil, Fakulteta za zgodovino, 
Maxym Kryvonos str. 2, 46027 Ternopil, Ukrajina
e-mail: Klish_1980@tnpu.edu.ua 
Yuriy DREVNITSKYI
Nacionalna pedagoška univerza Volodymyr Hnatiuk Ternopil, Fakulteta za zgodovino, 
Maxym Kryvonos str. 2, 46027 Ternopil, Ukrajina
e-mail: DrevnY@tnpu.edu.ua
Stepan PRYIDUN
Nacionalna pedagoška univerza Volodymyr Hnatiuk Ternopil, Fakulteta za zgodovino, 
Maxym Kryvonos str. 2, 46027 Ternopil, Ukrajina
e-mail: pryidun@tnpu.edu.ua
POVZETEK
V članku so analizirana sodelovanja ukrajinskih in slovenskih poslancev v 
dunajskem parlamentu kot del skupine – »Slovanska krščanska narodna zveza«. 
Delovanje skupine je bila posledica skupnih interesov njenih udeležencev za 
nacionalno enakost. Raziskane so glavne stopnje aktivnosti skupine in dejavniki, 
ki so vplivali na njeno učinkovitost. Ta skupina je bila skoraj edina v avstrijskem 
parlamentu za obdobje 1897–1900, ki je bila na pozicijah nacionalne enakosti 
in je varovala interese Slovanov. Analizirana je bila aktivnost poslancev skupine 
v zvezi z izboljšanjem socioalno-ekonomske, kulturne in izobraževalne situacije 
Ukrajincev in Slovencev v avstro-ogrski monarhiji. Metodologija raziskave te-
melji na principih historicizma, sistematičnega pristopa, znanstvenega pristopa, 
pristopa preverjanja, avtorjeve objektivnosti, zmernega pripovednega konstrukti-
vizma, kot tudi na uporabi splošno-znanstvenih (analiza, sinteza, generalizacija) 
in posebnih zgodovinskih (zgodovinsko-genetskih, zgodovinsko-tipoloških, zgo-
dovinsko-sistemskih) metod.
Ključne besede: Dunajski parlament, Slovanska krščanska narodna zveza, socialno-
-krščansko gibanje, Slovenci, Ukrajinci
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SOURCES AND LITERATURE
Binder, Harald (2005): Galizien in Wien: Parteien, Wahlen, Fraktionen und Abgeor-
dnete im Übergang zur Massenpolitik. Studien zur Geschichte der Österreichisch-
Ungarischen Monarchie, 29. Vienna, Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der 
Wissenschaft en.
Bobić, Pavlina (2012): War and Faith. The Catholic Church in Slovenia, 1914–1918. 
Leiden–Boston, Brill. 
CSHAU 818 – Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine, Lviv (CSHAU), Vakhni-
anyn Anatol (fond 818). 
Cvirn, Janez (2009): Želimo biti enakopravni  in enakovredni državljani. Gregorčev 
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