ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA
LJUBLJANA 2011 Vol. 54, Št. 1: 15-41
ЛВ
Diversity and ecology of epiphytic and terricolous lichen mycota in Gorski kotar and Kvarner littoral (Croatia)
Raznolikost in ekologija epifitskih in talnih lišajskih gliv na območju Gorskega
Kotarja in Kvarnerja (Hrvaška)
Siniša Ozimec*
University of J. J. Strossmayer in Osijek, Faculty of Agriculture, Trg Sv. Trojstva 3, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia ^correspondence: sinisa.ozimec@pfos.hr
Abstract: This paper lists a total of264 taxa of lichenized and non-lichenized fungi recorded for Gorski kotar and Kvarner littoral; specifically, 184 for Gorski kotar and 170 for Kvarner littoral. Nine taxa are new to Croatia. The list is based on literature records and field work carried out in periods 2000-2002, and 2009-2010. Taxonomic analyses as well as ecological and phytogeographical analyses are presented. The ecological characterization of the lichen flora was determined by assessing the indicator values, and comparing them to values determined for adjacent areas in Slovenia and Italy. Due to particularities in relief and climate, percentage of lichens of oceanic/ suboceanic distribution is higher along the eastern Adriatic coast, in relation to the west Adriatic coast.
Keywords: lichen, diversity, ecology, Gorski kotar, Kvarner, Croatia
Izvleček: Prispevek navaja 264 taxonov z območja Gorskega kotarja in Kvarnerja; 184 z območja Gorskega kotarja in 170 z območja Kvarnerja. Devet taksonov je novih za Hrvaško. Seznam je narejen na podlagi literaturnih podatkv in terenskih raziskav v obdobjih 2000-2002 in 2009-2010. Podani so rezultati taksonomskih, ekoloških in fitogeografskih analiz. Ekološka karakterizacija lišajske flore temelji na oceni in-dikatorskih vrednosti ter primerjave z vrednostmi, določenimi na območju Slovenije in Italije. Zaradi posebnosti v reliefu in klimi, je delež lišajev oceanske/suboceanske razširjenosti večji na vzhodni obali Jadrana v primerjavi z zahodno.
Ključne beside: lišaj, raznolikost, ekologija, Gorski kotar, Kvarner, Hrvaška
Introduction
In the first paper on lichen mycota of Kvarner littoral, Friedrich Wilhelm Noè reported 56 lichens in the area of city of Rijeka (Noè 1858), but without any stated localities. Paolo Matković reported on results of his researches into cryptogamic flora of Rijeka and its surrounding (Matković 1879),
and recorded 58 lichen species, some of which are collected for the first time in Gorski kotar. Hungarian lichenologist Frigyes Hazslinszky listed 80 lichen taxa from Rijeka and Lokve in Gorski kotar, according to data from various collectors (Hazslinszky 1884). First Croatian botanists who mentioned lichens in the floristic papers is Dragutin Hirc. In the publication „Vegetation of
Gorski kotar" (Hirc, 1896) he recorded Cetraria islandica on Velika Viševica and Suhi vrh. A major contribution to the knowledge of lichen mycota of Rijeka and Gorski kotar was made by Johann Schuler, who provided a list of 329 taxa with associated localities (Schuler 1902). According to actual administrative division of that time, localities have been grouped in four parts: area of Rijeka, Istria, Carniola and Croatia. The lichen material collected by Schuler were discussed by the outstanding world lichenologist, Alexander Zahlbruckner, whose important contribution is description of several new lichen species (Zahlbruckner 1905, 1906, 1909). Hungarian lichenologist Ödön Szatala (Szatala 1927,1929) listed lichens from Gorski kotar. During research into the vegetation of the massifs of Risnjak and Snježnik in Gorski kotar, Ivo Horvat recorded the presence of lichens in composition of the grassland alliance Seslerion tenuifoliae (Horvat 1962). The most distinguished Croatian lichenologist Fran Kušan recorded lichens on Bijele stijene (Kušan 1933) in Gorski kotar, and in Sušak near Rijeka (Kušan 1953).
There is a record of Dimerella lutea from Risnjak, collected in 1968 by Czech lichenologist Antonm Vèzda (Vèzda 1969). Danish lichenolo-gists Steen N. Christensen and Eric Steen Hansen reported on lichens collected on few localities in Gorski kotar and Kvarner littoral (Christensen 1987, Christensen and Hansen 1994). Alebić-Juretić and Arko-Pijevac (1989, 2005) used lichen thalli as bioindicators for the assessment of air pollution in Rijeka and its surrounding. Five new lichens to Croatia, collected in Gorski kotar, were reported by Ozimec (2000), while the list of 80 taxa recorded for the Risnjak National Park has been published recently by Ozimec et al. (2010). These researches are complementary with those of the Austrian and Slovenian lichenologists in adjacent Dinaric parts of Slovenia.
Material and methods
Study area
Gorski kotar and Kvarner littoral are situated in western Croatia, administratively in Primorsko-Goranska County with a seat in City of Rijeka
(Fig. 1). Both regions belong to the western Karst Dinarides, stretching in NW-SE direction. North and NW border of Gorski kotar is also the state border between Croatia and Slovenia, while the west and SW border to Kvarner stretches along the mountains range of Obruč and Kamenjak in Rijeka hinterland, Tuhobić, Medviđak and Viševica. The highest peaks of Gorski kotar are Risnjak (1,528 m a.s.l.) and Snježnik (1,506 m) in the western part, and Bjelolasica (1,534 m) and Viševica (1,428 m) in the SE part (Munić et al. 1996). Towards the NW, there is a lowland area along the Dobra and Kupa river valleys. The Karst Dinarides are made up of pure Jurassic carbonates (Bucković 2006), and typical karst relief with its specific morphology is developed in the area.
The Kvarner littoral represents a semi closed part of the northern Adriatic Sea, lying between eastern part of the Istrian peninsula and the Vin-odol-Velebit coastlines. It is divided by the island chains of Cres-Lošinj and Krk-Rab-Pag into the Rij eka Bay, the Kvarner Bay, the Kvarnerić and the Velebit-Vinodol Channel (Benac et al. 2006).
Two climate types, defined under the Köppen's climatic classification, are present
in Gorski kotar: moderately warm and humid climate with warm summers (Cfsbx"), and wet boreal climate (Dfsbx") in the altitudinal zone above 1,200 m. Climate in Kvarner littoral is classified into Cfsax" type, characterised as moderately warm and humid climate with hot summer. In both areas, dry period occur during the warm half of the year, while the maximum precipitation is recorded in late autumn. The amount of precipitation increases abruptly with altitude on the windward side, from the coast to the Risnj ak and Snj ežnik massifs, while going further inland, the amount of precipitation decreases. Gorski kotar is region with the highest annual precipitation in Croatia: Lividraga (3,728 mm), Risnjak (3,449 mm), Snježnik (3,302 mm). Based on data from Parg (863 m) meteorological station (1971-2000), mean air temperature is 7.2 oC, annual precipitation is 1,841 mm, and air humidity is 80%. Mean air temperature is lowest at high altitudes: 2.4 oC at 1,400 m, and only 1.4 oC above 1,500 m (Horvat 1962). Although some characteristics of Mediterranean climate are present in Kvarner littoral, the impact of vicinity of the coastal mountain range is pronounced in relatively low temperatures during the winter,
Figure 1: Map of the study area with indicated collection sites. Slika 1: Zemljevid območja z označenimi lokacijami vzorčevanja.
increased precipitation, occasionally with snow cover, and cold windbreaks. At Rijeka (120 m) meteorological station (1971-2000), mean annual temperature is 13.8 oC, annual precipitation is 1,552 mm, and air humidity is 63% (Zaninović et al. 2008).
Regarding the phytogeographical division of Croatia, the most of the Gorski kotar area belongs to the Illyrian province of the Eurosiberian-North American region, while the most exposed and highest mountain peaks exhibit influences from Alpine-Nordic region, but without zonal belt (Topić and Šegulja 2005). The largest part of Gorski kotar situated between 600 and 1,100 m altitude is covered by mixed Dinaric beech and
fir forests (Omphalodo-Fagetum). In management sense, these forests have permanent and ongoing regeneration, so their sustainability is in no way threatened (Vukelić et al. 2008). Subalpine beech forest (Ranunculo platanifolii-Fagetum) cover large areas made up of limestone rock at 1,200-1,400 m altitude. The highest zonal vegetation belt above 1,350 m consists of the special Dinaric stands of mountain pine (Lon-icero borbasianae-Pinetum mugi). The highest mountain peaks are covered by alpine grasslands of the order Seslerietalia tenuifoliae. Steep and warmer limestone blocks at 950-1,350 m covers fir forests (Calamagrosti-Abietetum). The subalpine spruce forest (Listero-Piceetum abietis) grows in
wet and cold locations in the shallow depressions, and on the edge of dolines. Acidophilous fir forest (Blechno-Abietetum) grows on acid soil at 650-950 m. The warmer climatic influence of the Kupa valley favours the occurrence of thermophilous forest associations such as hop hornbeam forests (Erico-Ostryetum and Ostryo-Fagetum). Pure Illyrian beech forests (Lamio orvalae-Fagetum) grow on heights between 350 and 600 m. Littoral beech forest (Seslerio autumnalis-Fagetum) is developed on skeletal carbonate soils on the southern slopes of the Dinarids, mostly above 700 m. It is a bordering forest community between Gorski kotar and Kvarner littoral, as well as between two phytogeographical regions in Croatia.
Some parts of the forests in Gorski kotar remained as primeval due to their inaccessibility and are being protected at national level, such as: Bijele and Samarske Stijene Strict Nature Reserve and Risnjak National Park.
Kvarner littoral belongs to the Adriatic province of the Mediterranean region. Relatively cold winters cause the absence of the evergreen forest vegetation of the Quercion ilicis alliance, typical for the Eumediterranean zone (Topić and Šegulja 2005). Lower belt of the sub-Mediterranean zone up to 300-400 m altitude is characterized by deciduous forest and scrub of pubescent oak and oriental hornbeam (Querco-Carpinetum orientalis). Horizontal continuation of this belt in the direction of hinterland is mixed forest and scrub of pubescent oak and hop hornbeam (Ostryo-Quercetum pubescens) in Mediterranean-montane belt at 400-950 m altitude.
Lichenological survey
Epiphytic lichens were collected on trees and shrubs, while terricolous lichens were collected on soil, some being together with the mosses. The lichen material was collected in the period 2000-2002 and 2009-2010 at 35 different sites across Gorski kotar (Tab. 1), and 9 in Kvarner littoral (Tab. 2).
Identification of the collected material
Identification in the field was made with a hand lens, and in the laboratory using a dissecting microscope, a light microscope and the usual
spot tests, according to the reference books: Clerc (1998), Purvis et al. (1992), Vitikainen (1994) and Wirth (1995). Some specimens were analysed by thin-layer chromatography following Orange et al. (2001). The lichen collections from the herbaria: ZA, ZAHO, GZU and W have been studied. Nomenclature follows Suppan et al. (2000), Santesson et al. (2004), Knežević and Mayrhofer (2009), and modern treatments. Vauchers are kept in the Herbarium Croaticum (ZA) of Botanical Institute, Faculty of Science in Zagreb.
Floristic and ecological analyses
The comprehensive list of lichen mycota is given in alphabetical order. Non-lichenized fungi are marked with a plus sign (+). New records to Croatia are marked with (*HR), to Gorski kotar with (*GK), and to Kvarner littoral with (*KL).
The indicator values with relation to distinct environmental factors are given in range of 5-class ordinal scale for each taxon, according to Nimis and Martellos (2008), as follows:
Substrate reaction (R): 1 = on very acid substrata; 2 = on acid substrata; 3 = on subacid to subneutral substrata; 4 = on slightly basic substrata; 5 = on basic substrata
Light (L): 1 = in very shaded situations; 2 = in shaded situations; 3 = in sites with plenty of diffuse light; 4 = in sun-exposed sites; 5 = in sites with very high direct solar irradiation
Moisture (F): 1 = hygrophytic; 2 = rather hygrophytic; 3 = mesophytic; 4 = xerophytic, 5 = very xerophytic
Eutrophication (N): 1 = no eutrophication; 2 = very weak eutrophication; 3 = weak eutrophica-tion; 4 = rather high eutrophication; 5 = very high eutrophication
Altitudinal range (A): 1 = eu-Mediterranean belt with evergreen Quercus ilex forest; 2 = sub-mediterranean belt with deciduous Quercus and Carpinus forests; 3 = montane belt with Fagus forests; 4 = oroboreal belt of the Alps; 5 = above treeline, both Alpine and oromediterranean).
Phytoclimatic range in Europe: oc = restricted to oceanic areas; suboc = in suboceanic areas
Table 1: List of collection sites in Gorski kotar area and their description. Tabela 1: Seznam mest vzorčevanja v Gorskem kotarju in njihov opis.
Site	Description	MTB	Date
GK1	Prezid (765 m) and Vražji vrtec (904 m), near the road border crossing to Slovenia	0353/3	27 Sep. 2001
GK2	Kozji vrh (916 m) near Prezid	0353/4	27 Sep. 2001
GK3	Surrounding of forest house Milanov vrh (1,011 m)	0353/3	27 Sep. 2001
GK4	Forest area Ivica (1,000 m), 2 km from Milanov vrh to Jarmovac	0453/1	29 Apr. 2002
GK5	Forest area Jarmovac (1,000 m), 4 km from Milanov vrh	0453/1	29 Apr. 2002
GK6	Surrounding of Frbežari (824 m) near Tršće	0453/2	4 Nov. 2000
GK7	Rudnik (1,052 m) above Frbežari	0453/2	4 Nov. 2000
GK8	Surrounding of Sokoli (733 m) near Tršće	0453/2	4 Nov. 2000
GK9	Trstenik bog (960 m)	0552/2	8 Jun. 2001
GK10	Rečičko (c. 1,140 m), near the forest road Platak-Trstenik	0553/1	8 Jun. 2001
GK11	Rečice (c. 950 m), near the forest house Suho, 13 km from Platak	0553/1	8 Jun. 2001
GK12	Donji Medvejci (1,395 m)	0553/1	19 Sep. 2001
GK13	Kripanjski path, Mala Peša (c. 900 m)	0553/3	28 Sep. 2001
GK14	Kripanjski path, near the forest house Crni Vrh (1,087 m), and Primorski Klek (1,210 m)	0553/3	28 Sep. 2001
GK15	Zeleni vir area near Skrad (345 m)	0555/3	22 Jun. 2001
GK16	Path from Benkovac Fužinski (880 m) to the summit of Tuhobić (1,106 m),	0653/4	7 Nov. 2000
GK17	Path from Zlobinsko Brdo to the summit of Jelenčić (1,106 m)	0654/3	30 Sep. 2001
GK18	Surrounding of Fužine, near the forest road along the Lepenice Lake (c. 730 m)	0654/3	6 Sep. 2000
GK19	Sljeme, chappel by the road to Fužine, near the extension to Slavica (c. 700 m)	0654/4	29 Sep. 2001
GK20	Fajeri above Brestova Draga (c. 1,050 m)	0654/4	22 Jun. 2001
GK21	Park-forest "Golubinjak" (c. 800 m)	0654/2	9 Jun. 2001
GK22	Surrounding of Sunger (804 m), forest „Sungerski lug", chappel by the Sopač-Mrkopalj road	0654/4	9 Jun. 2001 29 Sep. 2001
GK23	Path above Brestova Draga to the summit of Bitoraj (1,385 m)	0654/4 0754/2	1 May 2002
GK24	Surrounding of Vrbovsko, by the road to Ogulin (c. 450 m)	0656/2	3 May 2002
GK25	Southern surrounding of Mrkopalj (c. 950 m)	0755/1	18 Aug. 2001
GK26	By the forest road from Begovo Razdolje to Vrbovska poljana (c. 1,150 m)	0755/2	3 May 2002
GK27	Path from Vrbovska poljana to the summit of Bjelolasica (1,534 m)	0755/2	3 May 2002
GK28	Path from Ratkovo sklonište (1,184 m) to the summit of Samarske stijene (1,302 m)	0755/4	22 Jun. 2001
GK29	By the road Lič-Lukovo-Novi Vinodolski, near the extension to the forest house Marin vjetar (c. 840 m)	0754/4	1 May 2002
GK30	By the road between Drivenik railway station and Lukovo, near the foresthouse Bukova Draga (c. 920 m)	0754/3	1 May 2002
GK31	National Park „Risnjak", Razloge village (c. 500 m)	0554/1	3 Aug. 2010
GK32	National Park "Risnjak", path from Južni Mali Risnjak to the mountain hut (c. 1,400 m)	0553/4	12 Jun. 2009
GK33	Path from the road Mrkopalj-Plana-Jasenak to the summit of Bijele Stijene (1,335 m)	0755/4	11 Jun. 2009
GK34	Calcareous grassland in the vicinity of Tuk (c. 880 m)	0755/1	11 June 2009
GK35	Southeastern surrounding of Ravna Gora (c. 900 m)	0655/4	5 Oct. 2010
Table 2: List of collection sites in Kvarner littoral area and their description. Tabela 2: Seznam mest vzorčevanja v Kvarnerju in njihov opis.
Site	Description	MTB	Date
KL1	By the path from Škrljevo railway station (263 m) to Trebestin (542 m)	0653/3	9 Nov. 2000
KL2	Satničko area (704 m), at crossroad of paths from Zlobin and Plase towards Tuhobić	0653/4	28 Apr. 2002
KL3	Surrounding of Meja railway station (445 m), by the path to Satničko	0653/4	28 Apr. 2002
KL4	Surrounding of hotel "Uvala Scott" near the Krk bridge (c. 50 m)	0753/1	15 Sep. 2001
KL5	Surrounding of Zlobin railway station, Draževo area by the path to Satničko (c. 750 m)	0753/2	28 Apr. 2002
KL6	Lipove šume area (c. 700 m), by the road from Plase, above the Vinodol	0753/2	20 Sep. 2001
KL7	Old fortress Drivenik (182 m)	0753/4	23 Jun. 2001
KL8	Medviđak (1,027 m)	0754/1	20 Sep. 2002
KL9	Above Novi Vinodolski, Gusta Draga area (c. 350 m), near the	0854/2	20 Sep. 2002
extension to Bribir
Results
List of taxa
Acrocordia gemmata (Ach.) A.Massal. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):141; GK23 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):140
Amandinea punctata (Hoffm.) Coppins & Scheid.
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):151 as Buellia punctiformis
Anaptychia ciliaris (L.) Körb Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):227 as Physcia ciliaris; GK1, GK30
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):37; Schuler (1902):227 as Physcia ciliaris
*GK Aplotomma turgida (A. Massal.) A. Mas-sal.
Gorski kotar: GK14, GK20
Arthonia caesia (Flot.) Arnold; Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):142
+ Arthonia punctiformis Ach.
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):142 as Artho-
nia punctiformis, Arthopyrenia atomaria
Arthonia radiata (Pers.) Ach.
Gorski kotar: Kušan (1953):111; Christensen and
Hansen (1994):104; Ozimec at al. (2010):22 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):142 asArthonia astroidea
*GK Arthonia spadicea Leight. Gorski kotar: GK8
Arthopyrenia analepta (Ach.) A.Massal. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):143 as Arthopyrenia fallax; Zahlbruckner (1907): 108.
Arthopyrenia cerasi (Schrad.) A.Massal. Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):41; Schuler (1902):143
Arthopyrenia cinereopruinosa (Schaer.) A. Mas-sal.
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):143
+ Arthopyrenia platypyrenia (Nyl.) Arnold Kvarner littoral: Zahlbruckner (1906):218
Arthothelium ruanum (A.Massal.) Körb. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):144
Bacidia arceutina (Ach.) Arnold Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):144
Bacidiafiumensis Zahlbr.
Kvarner littoral: Zahlbruckner (1909b):474;
Printzen (1995):239
Bacidia laurocerasi (Duby) Zahlbr.
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):145 as Bacidia
endoleuca
Bacidia rubella (Hoffm.) A.Massal. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):145 as Bacidia rubella; GK27
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):145 as Bacidia rubella
Bacidia subincompta (Nyl.) Arnold
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):144 as Bacidia
atrosanguinea
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):144 as Bacidia atrosanguinea
Bacidinaphacodes (Körb.) Vèzda
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):144 as Bacidia al-
bescens
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):144 as Bacidia albescens, Bilimbia chlorotica
*GK Baeomyces rufus (Huds.) Rebent. Gorski kotar: GK8; GK18 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):239 as Sphyri-dium byssoides.
Bilimbia sabuletorum (Schreb.) Arnold
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):147 as Bilimbia
hypnophila; Kušan (1933):110 as
Bacidia sabuletorum; GK27
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):147 as Bilimbia
hypnophila
+ Blastodesmia nitida A.Massal. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):150
Bryoria capillaris (Ach.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):141 as Alectoria cana
Bryoria fuscecsens (Gyeln.) Brodo & D. Hawksw. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):141 as Alectoria jubata
*HR; *GK Bryoria implexa (Hoffm.) Brodo &
D.Hawksw.
Gorski kotar: GK6
Buellia disciformis (Fr.) Mudd
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):150 as Buellia pa-
rasema
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):38 as Buellia parasema; Schuler (1902):150 as Buellia para-sema
*HR; *GK Calicium glaucellum Ach. Gorski kotar: GK14
Caloplaca cerina (Hedw.) Th.Fr. var. cerina Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):153; Ozimec et al. (2010):22
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):153
Caloplaca cerinella (Nyl.) Flagey Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):154
Caloplaca ferruginea (Huds.) Th.Fr Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):154 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):154; Christensen and Hansen (1994):105
Caloplaca flavorubescens (Huds.) J. R. Laundon
Kvarner littoral: Zahlbruckner (1923):40 as Ca-loplaca salicina
Caloplaca haematites (St.-Amans) Zwackh Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):155; Zahlbruckner (1913):274.
Caloplaca herbidella (Hue) H.Magn. Gorski kotar: Ozimec et al. (2010):22; GK10; GK14; GK17
Caloplaca luteoalba (Turner) Th.Fr. Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):40 as Callo-pisma luteo album
Caloplaca obscurella (Körb.) Th.Fr. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):156 as Calopla-ca sarcopidoides
Caloplacapollinii (A.Massal.) Jatta Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):149 as Blastenia pollinii; Christensen and Hansen (1994):105
Caloplacapyracea (Ach.) Th.Fr. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):155
Caloplaca sinapisperma (Lam. & DC.) Maheu & A.Gillet
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):148 as Blastenia leucoraea
Caloplaca stilicidiorum (Vahl.) Lynge Gorski kotar: Kušan (1933):115 as Caloplaca cerina var. stillicidiorum *GK Candelaria concolor (Dicks.) Stein Gorski kotar: GK1; GK2 Kvarner littoral: Zahlbruckner (1901):85; Schuler (1902):248 as Xanthoria concolor; Christensen and Hansen (1994):105; KL4; KL5; KL9
Candelariella reflexa (Nyl.) Lettau
Gorski kotar: Ozimec (2000):135; Ozimec et al.
(2010):22
Candelariella vitellina (Hoffm.) Müll. Arg. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):160 as Calopla-ca vitellina
Candelariella xanthostigma (Ach.) Lettau Kvarner littoral: Christensen and Hansen (1994): 106
Catapyrenium cinereum (Pers.) Körb. Gorski kotar: Kušan (1933):106 as Dermatocar-pon hepaticum
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):173 as Derma-tocarpon hepaticum
Catillaria croatica Zahlbr.
Gorski kotar: Zahlbruckner (1906b):487; Print-
zen (1995):168
Catillaria erysiboides (Nyl.) Th.Fr. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):162
Catillaria nigroclavata (Nyl.) Schuler Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):163
Catinaria atropurpurea (Schaer.) Vèzda & Poelt Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):162 as Catilla-ria atropurpurea
Cetraria aculeata (Schreb.) Fr. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):165 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):165
Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):166; Horvat
(1930):24; Kušan (1933):114; GK23; GK27
Cetraria sepincola (Ehrh.) Ach. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):166
Cetrelia cetrarioides (Duby) W. L.Culb. & C. F. Culb.
Gorski kotar: GK5; GK26
Cetrelia olivetorum (Nyl.) W. L. Culb. & C.F.Culb.
Gorski kotar: Ozimec et al. (2010):22; GK2; GK4; GK16
Chaenotheca brachypoda (Ach.) Tibell Kvarner littoral: Hazslinszky (1884):242 as Co-niocybe furfuracea y) sulphurella Chaenotheca brunneola (Ach.) Müll.Arg. Gorski kotar: Ozimec (2000):135; GK8
Chaenotheca furfuracea (L.) Tibell Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):41 as Conio-cybe furfuracea
+ Chaenothecopsis pusilla (Ach.) A.F.W. Schmidt
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):41 as Cali-cium pusillum
Cladonia cariosa (Ach.) Spreng. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):166 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):166
Cladonia ciliata Stirt.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902) as Cladonia pyc-noclada
Cladonia coniocraea (Flörke) Spreng. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):167 as Cladonia fimbriata var. apolepta; Kušan (1933): 111; Ozimec et al. (2010):22; GK11; GK12; GK14; GK17; GK18; GK22
Cladonia convoluta (Lam.) Anders Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):167 Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):37 as Cladonia endiviaefolia; Schuler (1902):167; Kušan (1953); KL1
Cladonia deformis (L.) Hoffm. Gorski kotar: Kušan (1933):111
Cladonia digitata (L.) Hoffm. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):167
Cladonia fimbriata (L.) Fr.
Gorski kotar: Matković (1879):37; Kušan
(1933):111; Ozimec at al. (2010):23; GK8;
GK16
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):167
Cladonia foliacea (Huds.) Willd. Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):37 as Cladonia alcicornis; Schuler (1902):167; KL4
Cladonia furcata (Huds.) Schrad. subsp. furca-ta
Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):41; Schuler (1902):168; Kušan (1933):111, Kušan (1953):296 as Cladonia furcata var. pinnata f. foliolosa; Ozimec et al. (2010):23 Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):37; Schuler (1902):168
Cladonia gracilis (L.) Willd.
Gorski kotar: Kušan (1933):111 as Cladonia
gracilis var. elongata
Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. subsp. macilenta Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):166 as Cladonia bacillaris
Cladonia macilenta Hoffm. subsp. floerkeana (Fr.) V.Wirth
Gorski kotar: Kušan (1933):111 as Cladonia floerkeana; Ozimec et al. (2010):23; GK22
Cladoniapocillum (Ach.) O.J.Rich. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):169 as Cladonia pyxidata subsp. pocillum; Kušan (1933):111 as Cladonia pyxidata var. pocillum; Kušan (1953):306 as Cladonia pyxidata subsp. pocil-lum
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):169 as Cladonia pyxidata subsp. pocillum
Cladonia polycarpoides Nyl. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):171 as Cladonia subcariosa
Cladonia pyxidata (L.) Hoffm. Gorski kotar: Matković (1879):37; Schuler (1902):169; Kušan (1933):111 as Cladonia pyxidata var. neglecta; Kušan (1953):306; Ozimec et al. (2010):23; GK1; GK4; GK6; GK8; GK12; GK14; GK15; GK18; GK17; GK21; GK22; GK26; GK27
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):37; Schuler (1902):169; Kušan (1953):306; KL8
Cladonia ramulosa (With.) J. R.Laundon Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):169 as Cladonia pityrea
Cladonia rangiferina (L.) F. H. Wigg. Gorski kotar: Matković (1879):37; Hazslinszky (1884):42; Schuler (1902):179; Kušan (1933):111; Ozimec et al. (2010):23; GK6 Cladonia rangiformis Hoffm. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):170 Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):37 as Cladonia pungens; Schuler (1902):170; Kušan (1953):297
*KL Cladonia squamosa Hoffm.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):170; GK1; GK27
Kvarner littoral: KL3
Cladonia subulata (L.) F.H.Wigg. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):167 as Cladonia fimbriata var. cornutoradiata Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):167 as Cladonia fimbriata var. cornutoradiata
Collema auriforme (With.) Coppins & J.R.Laundon
Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):290 as Col-lema granosum; Szatala (1929):890 as Col-lema auriculatum f. membranaceum; Kušan (1933):108 as Collema auriculatum; Ozimec et al. (2010):23; GK15; GK21 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):171 as Collema granosum; KL7
Collema crispum (Huds.) F.H.Wigg. Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):42 as Collema cheileum a verum; Schuler (1902): 171 as Collema cheileum
Collema cristatum (L.) F.H.Wigg.
Gorski kotar: Kušan (1933):108 as Collema
multifidum; Ozimec et al. (2010):23
Collema fasciculare (L.) F.H.Wigg. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):240 as Syne-choblastus conglomeratus
Collema flaccidum (Ach.) Ach. Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):292 as Syne-choblastus flaccidus; Schuler (1902):240 as Sy-nechoblastus flaccidus; Szatala (1929): 887 as Collema rupestre; Kušan (1933):109 as Collema rupestre; GK27
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):240 as Syne-choblastus flaccidus
Collema fragrans (Sm.) Ach.
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):172 as Collema
microphyllum
Collema nigrescens (Hudson) DC. Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):293 as Syne-choblastus vespertilio; Schuler (1902): 241 as Synechoblastus nigrescens Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):42 as Collema nigrescens a vespertilio; Schuler (1902):241 as Synechoblastus nigrescens
Collema occultatum Bagl.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):172 as Collema
quadratum
Collema subflaccidum Degel. Gorski kotar: Ozimec et al. (2010):23 Kvarner littoral: Christensen and Hansen (1994):107
Collema tenax (Sw.) Ach.
Gorski kotar: Kušan (1933):108 as Collemapul-
posum
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):172 as Collema pulposum
Degelia plumbea (Lightf.) P.M.j0rg & P. James Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):212 as Pannaria plumbea; Ozimec et al. (2010):23; GK3; GK4; GK5; GK7; GK18
Kvarner littoral: Hazslinszky (1884):81 as Pannaria plumbea; Beck and Zahlbruckner
(1898):462 as Parmeliella plumbea var. myri-ocarpa; Schuler (1902):212 as Pannaria plumbea
Dibaeis baeomyces (L.fil.) Rambold & Hertel Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):146 as Baeomyces roseus
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):146 as Baeomy-ces roseus
Dimerella lutea (Dicks.) Trevisan
Gorski kotar: Vèzda (1969) in Lich. Sel. Exs.
730
Dimerellapineti (Ach.) Vèzda Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):174 Diploschistes muscorum (Scop.) R.Sant. Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):136 as Urceo-laria scruposus c) bryophila; Kušan (1933):107 as Diploschistes bryophilus Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):175 as Diploschistes scruposus var. bryophilus
Diplotomma alboatrum (Hoffm.) Flot. Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):40
Endocarpon pallidum Ach. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):176
Endocarpon pusillum Hedw. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):176
Evernia divaricata (L.) Ach.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):176; GK22
Evernia illyrica (Zahlbr.) Zahlbr.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902); Kušan (1933):115;
GK22
Everniaprunastri (L.) Ach.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):177; Ozimec et
al. (2010):23; GK1; GK6; GK7; GK8; GK17;
GK18
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):177; KL4; KL5 *HR; *GK Fellhanera bouteillei (Desm.) Vèzda
Gorski kotar: GK15
Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):214 as Parmelia
caperata; Ozimec et al. (2010):23; GK2; GK6; GK16; GK17; GK18
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):38 as Imbri-caria caperata; Schuler (1902):214 as Parmelia caperata; Zahlbruckner (1913):270 as Parmelia caperata; Christensen and Hansen (1994): 109 as Parmelia caperata; KL1; KL3; KL4; KL5; KL7
Fulgensia fulgida (Nyl.) Szatala Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):191 as Lecano-ra fulgidum; Zahlbruckner (1912):177 as Calo-placa fulgida
Fuscidea stiriaca (A.Massal.) Hafellner Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):197 as Lecidea ri-vulosa; Ozimec et al. (2010):23; GK2
*GK Fuscopannaria ignobilis (Anzi) P.M.j0rg. Gorski kotar: GK8; GK31
Fuscopannaria olivacea (P.M.j0rg.) P.M.j0rg. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):211 as Panna-ria leucosticta
Graphis scripta (L.) Ach.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):178; Zahlbruckner
(1909a):224; Szatala (1929):859; Christensen
(1987): 163 as Graphis scripta var. serpentina;
Ozimec et al. (2010):23; GK4; GK10; GK11;
GK12; GK14; GK16; GK17; GK16; GK17;
GK26.
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):178
Gyalecta derivata (Nyl.) H.Olivier
Gorski kotar: Zahlbruckner (1905b):5 as Gya-
lecta croatica
Gylecta truncigena (Ach.) Hepp Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):178
Gyalecta ulmi (Swartz) Zalhbr. Gorski kotar: Kušan (1933):108
Heppia lutosa (Ach.) Nyl.
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):179 as Heppia
virescens
Hyperphyscia adglutinata (Flörke) H.Mayrhofer & Poelt
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):226 as Physcia adglutinata
Hypocenomyce scalaris (Ach.) M.Choisy Gorski kotar: Matković (1879):40 as Psora ostreata
Hypogymniaphysodes (L.) Nyl. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):218 as Parmelia physodes; Kušan (1933):114 as Parmelia physodes; Ozimec et al. (2010):23; GK1; GK4; GK6; GK8; GK9; GK10; GK11; GK12; GK14;GK16; GK17; GK18; GK21; GK22; GK27 Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):38 as Imbri-cariaphysodes; Schuler (1902):218 as Parmelia physodes; KL4; KL6
Hypogymnia tubulosa (Schaer.) Hav.
Gorski kotar: Ozimec et al. (2010):23; GK17;
GK22
Hypogymnia vittata (Ach.) Parrique Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):218 as Parmelia physodes var. vittata Icmadophila ericetorum (L.) Zahlbr. Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):123 as Icmadophila aeruginosa; Schuler (1902): 179; Kušan (1933):113
+ Julella lactea (A.Massal.) M.E.Barr Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):231 as Polybla-stia lactea
Koerberia biformis A.Massal.
Kvarner littoral: Beck and Zahlbruckner
(1898):467; Schuler (1902):179
Lecania cyrtella (Ach.) Th.Fr. Gorski kotar: Ozimec et al. (2010):23
Lecania naegelii (Hepp) Diederich & van den Boom
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):148 as Bilimbia naegelii
Lecanographa amylacea (Pers.) Egea & Torrente Gorski kotar: Matković (1879):41 as Lecanactis illecebrosa
Lecanora albella (Pers.) Ach.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):188 as Lecanora pallida
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):40 as Lecanora scrupulosa; Schuler (1902):188 as Lecanora pallida
Lecanora argentata (Ach.) Malme
Gorski kotar: Christensen (1987):166; Ozimec
et al. (2010):23; GK6
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):40 as Lecano-ra subfusca var. argentea
Lecanora carpinea (L.) Vain.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):185 as Lecanora
angulosa; Ozimec et al. (2010):23; GK1; GK8;
GK11
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):185 as Lecano-
ra angulosa; KL5
Lecanora chlarotera Nyl.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):190 as Lecanora
subfusca f. rugosa; Ozimec et al. (2010):24;
GK1; GK4; GK27
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):190 as Lecano-ra subfusca f. rugosa
Lecanora expallens Ach.
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):186 as Lecano-
ra conizaea
Lecanora glabrata (Ach.) Malme
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):190 as Lecanora
subfusca f. glabrata
Lecanora hagenii var. fallax Hepp
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):187 as Lecano-
ra hageni
Lecanora intumescens (Rebent.) Rabenh. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):187
Lecanora pulicaris (Pers.) Ach.
Gorski kotar: Christensen (1987): 163; GK10
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):189
Lecanora sambuci (Pers.) Nyl. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):188
Lecanora subcarpinea Szatala Gorski kotar: Ozimec et al. (2010):24
Lecanora symmicta (Ach.) Ach.
Kvarner littoral: Zahlbruckner (1914):145 as
Lecanora symmictera
Lecidea exigua Chaub. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):195
Lecidella elaeochroma (Ach.) M.Choisy Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):201 as Lecidea olivacea,202 as Lecidea parasema; Christensen (1987):163 as Lecidella euphorea; Ozimec et al. (2010):24; GK1; GK5; GK17; GK27 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):201 as Le-cidea olivacea, 202 as Lecidea parasema; Christensen and Hansen (1994):108 as Lecidella achristotera
*HR; *GK Lepraria eburnea J.R.Laundon Gorski kotar: GK14
Lepraria incana (L.) Ach.
Gorski kotar: Christensen (1987):167; Ozimec
et al. (2010):24
*HR; *GK Lepraria rigidula (de Lesd.) T0n-sberg
Gorski kotar: GK10; GK22 Leptogium cyanescens (Rabenh.) Körb. Kvarner littoral: Christensen and Hansen (1994):108
Leptogium gelatinosum (With.) J.R.Laundon Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):205 as Lepto-gium sinuatum
Leptogium lichenoides (L.) Zahlbr. Gorski kotar: Szatala (1929):899; Kušan (1933):109; Ozimec et al. (2010):24 Kvarner littoral: Hazslinszky (1884):294 as Leptogium lacerum c) lophaeum; Schuler (1902):205 as Leptogium atrocoeruleum.
Leptogium saturninum (Dicks.) Nyl. Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):296 as Mallo-tium saturninum; Schuler (1902):207 as Mallo-tium saturninum
Lobaria amplissima (Scop.) Forssell Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):61 as Stic-ta amplissima; Schuler (1902):206; Zahl-
bruckner (1914):145 as Lobaria laciniata; Sza-tala (1929):914; Ozimec et al. (2010): 24; GK1; GK23; GK29
Lobariapulmonaria (L.) Hoffm. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):206 as Lobaria pulmonacea; Szatala (1929):916; Kušan (1933):109; Ozimec et al. (2010):24; GK3; GK4; GK5; GK7; GK8; GK10; GK11; GK12; GK15; GK16; GK17; GK20; GK23; GK24; GK25; GK26; GK27; GK28; GK29; GK30; GK33; GK35
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):38 as Sticta pulmonaria; Schuler (1902):206 as Lobariapul-monacea.
*HR; *GK Lobaria virens (With.) J.R.Laundon Gorski kotar: GK29
Lobarina scrobiculata (Scop.) Nyl.
Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):60 as Sticta
scrobiculata; Schuler (1902):240 as Sticta scro-
biculata; Ozimec et al. (2010):24
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):240 as Sticta
scrobiculata
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):216 as Parme-lia /uliginosa
Melanelixia fuliginosa (Duby) O.Blanco et al. subsp. glabratula (Lamy) J.R.Laundon Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):216 as Parmelia fuliginosa var. laetevirens; 217: as Parmelia glabratula; Christensen (1987):163 as Parmelia glabratula; Ozimec et al. (2010):24; GK11; GK14; GK16; GK18; GK27; GK28; GK33 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):216 as Parme-lia fuliginosa var. laetevirens; Christensen and Hansen (1994):109 as Parmelia glabratula subsp. glabratula
Melanelixia glabra (Schaer.) O.Blanco et al. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902) as Parmelia glabra
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902) as Parmelia glabra
Melanelixia subaurifera (Nyl.) O.Blanco et al. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902) as Parmelia subaurifera; Christensen and Hansen (1994):109 as Parmelia subaurifera
Lopadium disciforme (Flot.) Kullh.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):206 as Lopadium
pezizoideum
Maronea constans (Nyl.) Hepp
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):207
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):207 as Maronea
berica
Megalaria laureri (Th.Fr.) Hafellner Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):165 as Catillaria laurerei; Ozimec et al. (2010):24
Megaspora verrucosa (Ach.) Hafellner & V.Wirth
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):184 as Lecanora verrucosa
Melanelixia fuliginosa (Duby) O.Blanco et al. subsp. fuliginosa
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):216 as Parmelia fuliginosa
Melanohalea exasperata (De Not.) O.Blanco et al.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):216 as Parmelia exasperata; GK26
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):216 as Parmelia exasperata; Christensen and Hansen (1994):109 as Parmelia exasperata
Melaspilea urceolata (Fr.) Almb.
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):207 as Melaspi-
lea arthonioides
Menegazzia terebrata (Hoffm.) A.Massal. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):218 as Parmelia pertusa; Ozimec et al. (2010):24
Micarea lignaria (Ach.) Hedl.
Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):175 as Bilim-
bia milliaria; Schuler (1902):148 as Bilimbia
lignaria.
Micarea prasina Fr.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):164 as Catillaria
prasina
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):164 as Catilla-ria prasina
Moelleropsis nebulosa (Hoffm.) Gyeln. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):212 as Panna-ria nebulosa
Mycobilimbia berengeriana (A.Massal.) Hafel-lner & V.Wirth
Gorski kotar: Kušan (1933):110 as Lecidea be-rengeriana
Mycobilimbia hypnorum (Lib.) Kalb & Hafel-lner
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):195 as Lecidea fusca
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):195 as Lecidea fusca
Mycobilimbia pilularis (Körb.) Hafellner & Türk
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):164 as Catilla-ria sphaeroides.
*HR; *GK Mycobilimbia sanguineoatra auct. Gorski kotar: GK27
Mycobilimbia tetramera (De Not) Hafellner & Türk
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):148 as Bilimbia obscurata
*GK Mycoblastus sanguinarius (L.) Norman Gorski kotar: GK22
Nephroma laevigatum Ach. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):208 as Nephro-mium lusitanicum; Kušan (1933):109 as Nephroma lusitanicum; GK5; GK29 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):208 as Nephro-mium lusitanicum
Nephromaparile (Ach.) Ach.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):208 as Nephro-
mium laevigatum var. parile; Ozimec et al.
(2010):24; GK13; GK17; GK27
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):208 as Nephro-
mium laevigatum var. parile
Nephroma resupinatum (L.) Ach. Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):54 as Nephroma tomentosum; Schuler (1902):209 as Nephro-mium resupinatum; Kušan (1933): 110; GK17; GK23; GK29; GK30
Normandina pulchella (Borrer) Nyl. Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):79; Schuler (1902):209; Ozimec et al. (2010):24; GK8; GK17; GK29
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):209; Zahlbruckner (1911):239; KL7
*GK Ochrolechia androgyna (Hoffm.) Arnold Gorski kotar: Ozimec et al. (2010):24; GK10; GK17; GK27
*GK Ochrolechia turneri (Sm.) Hasselrot Gorski kotar: GK17
Opegrapha atra Pers.
Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):222; Szatala (1929):843; Christensen (1987):163 Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):41; Schuler (1902):209; Zahlbruckner (1907):109.
Opegrapha rufescens Pers. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):210
Opegrapha varia Pers. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):210 Opegrapha viridis (Ach.) Behlen & Desberger Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):210
Pannaria conoplea (Ach.) Bory Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):211 as Pannaria coeruleobadia; Ozimec et al. (2010):24; GK8 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):211 as Panna-ria coeruleobadia
Pannaria rubiginosa (Ach.) Bory Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):213
Parmelia saxatilis (L.) Ach. Gorski kotar: Matković (1879):38 as Imbri-caria saxatilis; Schuler (1902):219; Ozimec et al. (2010):24; GK1; GK5; GK6; GK9; GK10; GK11; GK12; GK14; GK16; GK20; GK22; GK26; GK27, GK29
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):38 as Imbri-
caria saxatilis; Schuler (1902); Alebić-Juretić and Arko-Pijevac (1989):30; Christensen and Hansen (1994):109; KL5
Parmelia submontana Hale
Gorski kotar: Ozimec et al. (2010):24; GK15;
GK22; GK26
Parmelia sulcata Taylor Gorski kotar: Ozimec et al. (2010):24; GK1; GK2; GK4; GK6; GK7; GK8; GK11; GK14; GK16; GK17; GK20; GK22; GK27; GK29 Kvarner littoral: Hazszlinszky (1884):63 as Im-bricaria saxatilis a) leucochroa; Christensen and Hansen (1994):109; KL2; KL3; KL
Parmeliella triptophylla (Ach.) Müll.Arg. Gorski kotar: Hazszlinszky (1884):83 as Panna-ria triptophylla; Schuler (1902):214 as Panna-ria corallinoides; GK8
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):214 as Panna-ria corallinoides
*KL Parmelina pastillifera (Harm.) Hale Gorski kotar: Ozimec et al. (2010):25; GK13; GK16; GK22
Kvarner littoral: KL2; KL6
Parmelina quercina (Willd.) Hale
Kvarner littoral: Christensen and Hansen
(1994):109 as Parmelia quercina; KL4
Parmelina tiliacea (Hoffm.) Hale Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):219 as Parmelia tiliacea; GK1; GK2; GK8; GK13; GK14 Kvarner littoral: Hazszlinszky (1884):62 as Imbricaria tiliacea c) quercifolia; Schuler (1902):219 as Parmelia tiliacea; Alebić-Juretić and Arko-Pijevac (1989):27; KL3; KL4; KL5
Parmeliopsis ambigua (Wulfen) Nyl. Gorski kotar: Matković (1879):38 as Imbricaria diffusa; Schuler (1902):215 as Parmelia diffusa; Ozimec et al. (2010):25
Parmotremaperforatum (Jacq.) A.Massal. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):218 as Parmelia perforata
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):218 as Parme-lia perforata
Parmotrema perlatum (Huds.) M. Choisy Gorski kotar: Matković (1879):38 as Imbricaria perlata; Hazszlinszky (1884); Ozimec et al. (2010):25; GK11; GK16; GK17; GK18; GK26; GK27
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):38 as Imbricaria perlata; Alebić-Juretić and Arko-Pijevac (1989):30; Christensen and Hansen (1994):109 as Parmelia coniocarpa; KL5; KL7
Peltigera aphthosa (L.) Willd.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):220 as Peltidea
aphthosa
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):38
Peltigera canina (L.) Willd.
Gorski kotar: Hazszlinszky (1884):56; Schuler
(1902):220
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):38; Schuler (1902):220
Peltigera collina (Ach.) Schrad. Gorski kotar: Hazszlinszky (1884):56 as Peltigera propagulifera; Schuler (1902):221 as Peltigera scutata; Kušan (1933):110 as Pelti-gera scutata; Ozimec et al. (2010):25; GK4; GK8;GK18; GK20; GK22; GK23; GK29.
Peltigera horizontalis (Hudson) Baumg. Gorski kotar: Hazszlinszky (1884):57; Schuler (1902):220; Kušan (1933):110; Ozimec et al. (2010):25; GK3; GK5; GK19; GK27 Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):38; Schuler (1902):220
*GK Peltigera leucophlebia (Nyl.) Gyeln. Gorski kotar: GK21; GK32; GK33
*GK Peltigera neckeri Müll.Arg Gorski kotar: GK7
Peltigerapolydactyla (Neck.) Hoffm. Gorski kotar: Ozimec et al. (2010):25 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):221
Peltigera praetextata (Sommerf.) Zopf Gorski kotar: Kušan (1933); Ozimec et al. (2010):25; GK1; GK3; GK5; GK8; GK12; GK17; GK19; GK20; GK22; GK27; GK29.
Peltigera rufescens (Weiss) Humb.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):221; Kušan (1933):110; GK34
Kvarner littoral: Hazszlinszky (1884):56; Schuler (1902):221; Christensen and Hansen (1994):109; KL3
Pertusaria albescens (Hudson) M.Choisy & Werner
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):222 as Pertusaria globulifera; Kušan (1933):112 as Pertusaria globulifera; Ozimec et al. (2010):25; GK5;GK6; GK10; GK14; GK16; GK17; GK18; GK19; GK26
Kvarner littoral: KL5
Pertusaria amara (Ach.) Nyl. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902); Kušan (1933): 112 as Pertusaria amara f. isidiata; Ozimec et al. (2010):25; GK7; GK8; GK10; GK11; GK16; GK17; GK18; GK19; GK20; GK22 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):221
*GK Pertusaria coccodes (Ach.) Nyl. Gorski kotar: GK8
*GK Pertusaria flavida (DC.) J.R.Laundon Gorski kotar: GK26
Pertusaria hemisphaerica (Flörke) Erichsen Gorski kotar: Ozimec et al. (2010):25; GK5; GK17
Pertusaria hymenea (Ach.) Schaer.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):224 as Pertusaria
wulfenii
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):224 as Pertusaria wulfenii
Pertusaria leioplaca DC.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):224; GK12,
GK14
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):224
Pertusaria pertusa (Weigel) Tuck. Gorski kotar: Matković (1879):42 as Pertusaria communis; Hazszlinszky (1884):248 as Pertusaria commmunis; Schuler (1902): 222 as Pertusaria communis; Ozimec et al. (2010):25; GK4; GK6, GK7; GK10; GK12; GK13; GK14; GK16; GK17; GK18; GK19; GK26; GK27
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):222 as Pertusa-ria communis; KL2
*HR; *GK Pertusariapupillaris (Nyl.) Th. Fr. Gorski kotar: GK14
Pertusaria pustulata (Ach.) Duby Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):224
Pertusaria trachythallina Erichsen Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):223 as Pertusaria laevigata
Phaeographis dendritica (Ach.) Müll.Arg. Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):41
Phaeophyscia hirsuta (Mereschk.) Essl. Kvarner littoral: Christensen and Hansen (1994):109
Phaeophyscia insignis (Mereschk.) Moberg Kvarner littoral: Christensen and Hansen (1994):109
Phaeophyscia orbicularis (Neck.) Moberg Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):228 as Physcia obscura
Phlyctis agelaea (Ach.) Flot. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):225
*KL Phlyctis argena (Spreng.) Flot. Gorski kotar: Christensen (1987):163; Ozimec et al. (2010):25; GK4; GK8; GK10; GK11; GK13; GK14; GK17; GK18; GK19; GK22; GK27; GK29 Kvarner littoral: KL2
*GK Physcia adscendens H.Olivier Gorski kotar: GK2
Kvarner littoral: Christensen and Hansen (1994):110; KL2; KL5
Physcia aipolia (Humb.) Fürnrh.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):226; Ozimec et al.
(2010):25; GK6
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):226; Zahlbruckner (1913):274; Christensen and Hansen (1994):110; KL2
Physcia clementei (Turner) Maas Geest. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):227 as Physcia astroidea
*GK Physcia dubia (Hoffm.) Lettau Gorski kotar: GK14
Physcia leptalea (Ach.) DC.
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):230 as Physcia
stellaris var. leptalea
Physcia stellaris (L.) Nyl. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):229; GK8 Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):38 as Parme-lia stellaris; Schuler (1902):229; Christensen and Hansen (1994):110
Physcia tenella (Scop.) DC. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):230
Physconia distorta (With.) J.R.Laundon Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):229 as Physcia pulverulenta; Ozimec et al. (2010):25; GK1; GK19; GK22
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):39 as Par-melia pulverulenta; Schuler (1902):229 as Physcia pulverulenta; Christensen and Hansen (1994):110; KL3; KL7
*GK Physconia venusta (Ach.) Poelt Gorski kotar: GK1; GK27 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902) as Physcia pulverulenta var. venusta
Placynthiella icmalea (Ach.) Coppins & P.James
Gorski kotar: Ozimec (2000):136
Platismatia glauca (L.) W.L.Culb. & C.F.Culb. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):165 as Cetraria glauca; Kušan (1933):114 as Cetraria glauca; Ozimec et al. (2010):25; GK4; GK6; GK9; GK10; GK12; GK18; GK20; GK22; GK27
Pleurosticta acetabulum (Neck.) Elix & Lum-bsch
Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):65 as Imbri-caria acetabulum; Schuler (1902):214 as Par-melia acetabulum; Ozimec et al. (2010):25; GK1; GK16
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):214 as Parmelia acetabulum; Christensen and Hansen (1994):108 as Parmelia acetabulum; KL2; KL6
Polyblastia sendtneri Kremp. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):231.
Polyblastiopsis meridionalis Zahlbr. Kvarner littoral: Zahlbruckner (1909a): 223.
Porina aenea (Wallr.) Zahlbr.
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):237 as Sagedia
carpinea; Zahlbruckner (1923):39 as Porina
carpinea
Protopannaria pezizoides (Weber) P.M.j0rg & S.Ekman
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):212 as Pannaria pezizoides; Kušan (1933):109 as Pannaria pe-sisoides
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):39 as Panna-ria brunnea
Psora decipiens (Hedw.) Hoffm.
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):203 as Lecidea
decipiens
Pseudevernia furfuracea (L.) Zopf Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902); Kušan (1933):114 as Parmeliafurfuracea; Ozimec et al. (2010):26; GK1; GK2; GK3; GK5; GK6; GK8; GK9; GK10; GK11; GK12; GK13; GK17; GK20; GK21; GK22; GK25; GK26; GK27, GK29 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902); KL4; KL6; KL8
Punctelia subrudecta (Nyl.) Krog Gorski kotar: Ozimec et al. (2010):26 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):215 as Parmelia dubia; Christensen and Hansen (1994):109 as Parmelia subrudecta; KL1; KL3; KL4; KL9
Pyrenula laevigata (Pers.) Arnold Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):232
Pyrenula nitida (Weigel) Ach. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):232; Szatala (1927); Ozimec et al. (2010):26; GK16 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):232
Ramalina calicaris (L.) Fr. var. calicaris Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):232
Ramalinafarinacea (L.) Ach. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):233; Ozimec et al. (2010):26; GK5; GK6; GK7; GK8; GK16; GK17; GK22
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):233; KL4
Ramalina fastigiata (Pers.) Ach. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):233; Ozimec et al. (2010):26; GK1; GK2; GK6; GK16; GK17; GK19; GK33
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):233
Ramalina fraxinea (L.) Ach. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):233; Ozimec et al. (2010):26; GK6; GK16; GK22;GK33 Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):233
Ramalina thrausta (Ach.) Nyl. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):234 Rinodina colobina (Ach.) Th.Fr. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):235
Rinodina dalmatica Zahlbr. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):236
Rinodina exigua (Ach.) Gray Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):236; Christensen and Hansen (1994):110
Rinodina plana H. Magn. Kvarner littoral: Zahlbruckner (1909a):230 as Rinodina metabolica; Magnusson (1947): 298; Ropin and Mayrhofer (1993):812
Rinodinapyrina (Ach.) Arnold
Kvarner littoral: Christensen and Hansen
(1994):111
Rinodina sophodes (Ach.) A.Massal. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):237. Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):39; Schuler (1902):237; Zahlbruckner (1915):478.
Scoliciosporum umbrinum (Ach.) Arnold Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):146 as Bacidia umbrina var. compacta
Solorina saccata (L.) Ach.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):239; Kušan
(1933):109; GK28; GK32;GK33
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):239
Sphaerophorus globosus (Huds.) Vain. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):239 as Sphaerophorus coralloides; Szatala (1927):434; Kušan (1933):107; GK22; GK33
Squamarina cartilaginea (With.) P.James Gorski kotar: Kušan (1933):113 as Lecanora crassa; Ozimec et al. (2010):26 Strigula stigmatella (Ach.) R.C.Harris Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):237 as Strigula faginea
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):237 as Strigula faginea
Teloschistes chrysophthalmus (L.) Th.Fr. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):241
Thelenella muscorum (Fr.) Vain.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):207 as Microgla-
ena muscicola
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):207 as Micro-glaena muscicola
Thelotrema lepadinum (Ach.) Ach. Gorski kotar: Hazslinszky (1884):137; Schuler (1902):242; Ozimec et al. (2010):26; GK4; GK5; GK11; GK12; GK22
Toninia sedifolia (Scop.) Timdal
Gorski kotar: Kušan (1933):111 as Toninia coe-
rulenigricans; Ozimec et al. (2010):26
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):243 as Toninia
caeruleonigricans
Usnea diplotypus Vain. Gorski kotar: Ozimec (2000):136
Usnea filipendula Stirt.
Gorski kotar: Matković (1879):37; Ozimec et al. (2010):26; GK6; GK8; GK25 Usnea florida (L.) F.H.Wigg. Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):245 as Usnea barbata
Usnea hirta (L.) Weber ex F. H. Wigg. Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):245 as Usnea barbata var. hirta
*HR; *GK Usnea intermedia (A.Massal.) Jatta Gorski kotar: GK3; GK22
Usnea rubicunda Stirt.
Kvarner littoral: Motyka (1936-1938):343
Usnea subfloridana Stirt.
Gorski kotar: Ozimec (2000):136; GK6
Xanthoria candelaria (L.) Th.Fr.
Kvarner littoral: Schuler (1902):249 as Xantho-
ria lychnea
Xanthoriaparietina (L.) Th.Fr.
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):249; Ozimec et al.
(2010):26; GK1; GK2; GK6; GK22
Kvarner littoral: Matković (1879):39 as Physcia
parietina; Schuler (1902):249; Christensen and
Hansen (1994):111; KL2; KL4
Xylographaparallela (Ach.) Behlen & Desber-ger
Gorski kotar: Schuler (1902):250; Szatala (1929):842
Analysis of the flora
According to literature, collection records at herbaria and field survey results, the currently known epiphytic and terricolous lichen mycota of Gorski kotar and Kvarner littoral comprises 264 taxa (260 lichenized fungi and 4 non-lichenized fungi traditionally included in the lichenological literature), classified into 110 genera.
The lichen mycota of Gorski kotar consists of 184 taxa, and of Kvarner littoral contains 170 taxa.
The most diverse genera are: Cladonia (20 taxa); Caloplaca and Lecanora (12 taxa each); Pertusaria (11); Collema (10); Peltigera (9); Physcia and Usnea (7 taxa each); Rinodina (6); and Bacidia, Mycobilimbia and Ramalina (5 taxa each).
Nine species: Bryoria implexa, Calicium glaucellum, Fellhanera bouteillei, Lepraria eburnea, Lepraria rigidula, Lobaria virens, My-cobilimbia sanguineoatra, Pertusaria pupillaris and Usnea intermedia, are new to Croatia.
Twenty-four species: Aplotomma turgida, Arthonia spadicea, Baeomyces rufus, Bryoria implexa, Calicium glaucellum, Candelaria concolor, Fellhanera bouteillei, Fuscopannaria
Figure 2: Distribution of indicator values for substrate reaction.
Slika 2: Razširjenost indikatorskih vrednosti glede na reakcijo substrata.
Figure 3: Distribution of indicator values for the lichens for light.
Slika 3: Razširjenost indikatorskih vrednosti za lišaje glede na potrebe po svetlobi.
Value
Figure 4: Distribution of indicator values for the lichens for moisture.
Slika 4: Razširjenost indikatorskih vrednosti za lišaje glede na vlažnostne razmere.
ignobilis, Lepraria eburnea, Lepraria rigidula, Lobaria virens, Mycobilimbia sanugineoatra, My-coblastus sanguinarius, Ochrolechia androgyna, Ochrolechia turneri, Peltigera leucophlaebia, Peltigera neckeri, Pertusaria coccodes, Per-tusaria flavida, Pertusaria pupillaris, Physcia
adescendens, Physcia dubia, Physconia venusta and Usnea intermedia, are new to Gorski kotar, while three species: Cladonia squamosa, Parmelina pastillifera and Phylctis argena are new to Kvarner littoral.
Figure 5: Distribution of indicator values for eutrophication.
Slika 5: Razširjenost indikatorskih vrednosti glede na trofične razmere.
Figure 6: Distribution of indicator values for the lichens for altitudinal range. Slika 6: Razširjenost indikatorskih vrednosti za lišaje glede na nadmorsko višino.
Ecological analyses
Distribution of mean indicator values of the environmental factors for the lichens recorded in Gorski kotar and Kvarner littoral is presented in Figs 2-6.
Mean indicator values of the lichen flora of Gorski kotar and Kvarner littoral (Tab. 1) were compared to those reported for selected areas in Dinaric floristic region of Slovenia: Snežnik, Goteniški Snežnik, Krokar, Trnovski gozd (Prügger 2005), and in the Alpine floristic area of Slovenia:
Table 3: Mean indicator values of the lichen flora of Gorski kotar, Kvarner littoral and areas in Slovenia. Tabela 3: Srednje indikatorske vrednosti lišajske flore Gorskega kotarja, Kvarnerja in območij v Sloveniji.
Region	Substrate	Light	Moisture	Eutrophication	Altitudinal
	reaction — R	L	F	N	range — A
Gorski kotar	2,37	3,49	2,45	1,62	2,75
Kvarner littoral	2,60	3,59	2,69	1,88	2,37
Slovenia - Dinaric area	2,45	3,47	2,45	1,90	2,58
Slovenia - Alpine area	2,24	3,66	2,60	1,95	2,65
Figure 7: Comparison of mean indicator values of lichen flora of Gorski kotar and Kvarner littoral with regions in Slovenia.
Slika 7: Primerjava indikatorskih vrednosti lišajske flore Gorskega kotarja in Kvarnerja z območji v Sloveniji.
Pohorje (Mayrhofer et al. 1996, 1998), and Uršlja gora (Suppan and Mayrhofer 2002). Comparison is shown in Fig. 7.
Phytogeographical analyses
Relief variety and climate with abundant rainfalls, high air humidity and frequent fog and dew, enables the occurrence of lichens classified into oceanic and suboceanic elements (Schauer 1965). Numbers of such species are: 46 or 25.0% of total recorded for the lichen flora of Gorski kotar and 42 (24.7%) for Kvarner littoral. Taking into account both areas, there are 70 species belonging
to oceanic and suboceanic elements, which makes 26.5% of total lichen flora.
Discussion
The epiphytic and terricolous lichen flora of Gorski kotar and Kvarner littoral was compared to the lichenologically better investigated areas in Dinaric part of neighbouring Slovenia, as well as with areas in NE Italy. The number of 184 taxa reported for Gorski kotar is lower, compared to total of 330 taxa (excluding saxicolous) recorded for Snežnik and Javorniki area in southern Slov-
enia (Prügger 2005). For Goteniški Snežnik and Krokar area, total of 134 and 141 taxa, respectively, were reported by Grube et al. (1998). In Trnovski gozd, situated near the Italian-Slovenian border, Prügger et al. (2000) reported 203 taxa. Number of 170 lichen taxa recorded up today for Kvarner littoral is higher, compared to similar regions in Italy, situated in the vicinity of the Adriatic Sea. In NE Italy, 60 epiphytic lichen species were reported for the Province of Gorizia (Badin and Nimis 1996), 121 species from the Province of Trieste (Nimis 1982), and 80 species from the Veneto Region (Nimis et al. 1991).
Analyses of indicator values for substrate reaction (Fig. 2) shows that acidophilic lichens are more present in Gorski kotar then in Kvarner littoral, because the environmental conditions in Gorski kotar favorize growth of acid bark conifers, such as fir, spruce and pine. Lichens of weak acid to subneutral reaction dominates in both area, which is related to bark characteristics of deciduous trees as the most frequent phorophytes. Higher incidence of basophilous lichens in Kvarner littoral is result of bark pH modification due to effect of impregnation of trees with calcareous dust, as well as influence of dispersal of salt particles and ammonia by wind near the sea.
Analyses of indicator values for light (Fig.
3)	shows negligible presence of lichens living in shade. The most of lichens in both areas lives on sites which are well exposed to light. Incidence of lichens requiring diffuse light is higher in Gorski kotar, where such light conditions are specific for the closed beech forests. Heliophytic lichens are largely present in Kvarner littoral, where low termophilous forests, thickets and open landscapes dominates.
Analyses of indicator values for humidity (F ig.
4)	shows a higher presence of hygrophytic and moderately hygrophytic lichens in Gorski kotar. This indicates climate specifities of the area, with high air humidity (> 80%), abundant rainfalls and frequent fogs. The lichens indicating dryness are more present in the subalpine and alpine belt, where higher solar irradiation, strong wind and frost during the winter cause rapid dessication of thalli surface. The climate in Kvarner littoral is subhumid and warm, with pronounced dry period and low relative air humidity (60-70%), so the mesophytic and xerophytic lichens prevails in the area.
Analyses of indicator values for eutrophication (Fig. 5) shows dominance of lichens indicating absence or very weak eutrophication in both areas. Due to specificity in relief and climate, like short vegetational period, Gorski kotar is a region not suitable for intensive agricultural production, and human population density is low. Areas of Gorski kotar at 1,100-1,500 m altitude can be considered as least impacted by anthropogenic eutrophication. Higher percentage of lichens indicating weak to middle eutrophication in Kvarner littoral is a consequence of continuous anthropogenic impact, especially from the middle of 19th century up to present days. Characteristics of this impact are increased urbanisation, mainly in tourism, and industrialisation. Significant sources of eu-trophication are emissions into air from road and marine transport, and industrial facilities, as well as long-range transboundary air pollution.
Analyses of indicator values for altitudinal range (Fig. 6), shows low presence of eumediter-ranean belt, and dominance of submediterranean belt in Kvarner littoral.
This corresponds to phytogeographical position of the area. The most of the coastal and insular area of Kvarner belongs to submediterranean vegetational zone, while the Eumediterranean vegetational zone is at boundary of its distribution (Vukelić et al. 2008). Lichens indicating montane and oroboreal vegetational belt prevails in Gorski kotar. Number of lichens decline in subalpine and alpine belt due to harsh weather conditions and lack of suitable phorophytes for epiphytic lichens, so terricolous and muscicolous are the most frequent (Prügger 2005).
In relation to substrate reaction, mean indicator value for the lichen flora of Gorski kotar is almost equal to that for Dinaric area in Slovenia, mainly due to similarities in relief, climate and phyto-geographical position. Alpine area in Slovenia has lower value due to difference in forest cover and dominance of spruce, characterized with acid bark. The mean value for Kvarner littoral is higher then for areas in Slovenia (Tab 3). Mean values for light are almost equal for Gorski kotar and Di-naric area in Slovenia, while the values are higher in Kvarner littoral and Alpine area in Slovenia (Fig. 7). Both areas in Slovenia and Gorski kotar are moderately hygrophytic, while Kvarner littoral is dryer. Comparison of mean indicator values for
eutrophication shows that all of the areas are characterized by weak eutrophication. Kvarner littoral has the lowest mean value for altitudinal range, which corresponds to thermophillic submediter-ranean vegetation belt. Gorski kotar and Dinaric and Alpine areas in Slovenia have mean values indicating montane and subalpine belts, whose climazonal forest vegetation prevails.
High incidences of oceanic and suboceanic elements in the lichen flora of Gorski kotar and Kvarner littoral (70 species or 26.5%), shows significant similarity with the lichen flora of the Italian regions along the Tyrrhenian Sea. Nimis and Tretiach (1999) reported following values: 21.2% for Campania, 25.2% for Calabria, 27.1% for Tuscany and 27.5% for Lazio. Compared to Tyrrhenian coast and the eastern (Croatian) Adriatic coast, oceanic and suboceanic elements are significantly less frequent in the lichen flora of the western (Italian) Adriatic coast, with percentage of 11.1% in Molise, 14.0 % in Veneto, 15.2% in Emilia-Romagna and Marche and 16.6% in Venezia Giulia. Impact of orography on amount and precipitation pattern in the Adriatic Sea area is significant. The eastern Adriatic coast is characterized by the proximity of the coastal Dinaric Mountains, enabling humid climate with annual precipitation from 1,000 mm to above 3,000 mm. The western Adriatic coast has less broken relief and its inland is covered by lowlands. The climate is more drier with annual precipitation of600-900 mm. Thus, the occurence of oceanic and suboceanic
lichens is reliable indicator of the climate humidity,
as reported by Loppi et al. (1999).
Conclusions
1.	A total of264 taxa of epiphytic and terricolous lichen mycota were recorded for Gorski kotar and Kvarner littoral (western Croatia). The lichen mycota of Gorski kotar consists of 184 taxa, and of Kvarner littoral contains 170 taxa.
2.	Nine species: Bryoria implexa, Calicium glaucellum, Fellhanera bouteillei, Lepraria eburnea, Lepraria rigidula, Lobaria virens, Mycobilimbia sanguineoatra, Pertusaria pupillaris and Usnea intermedia, are new to the lichen flora of Croatia.
3.	Relief of the Karst Dinarides and climate characteristics along the eastern Adriatic coast enables high incidence (70 species or 26.5%) of oceanic and suboceanic elements in the lichen flora of Gorski kotar and Kvarner littoral.
Acknowledgement
The author would like to thank Professor Dr Helmut Mayrhofer (Institute for Plant Sciences, Karl-Franzens University of Graz), for the help with identification of lichen samples material and valuable comments.
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