VOYAGE FROM NEir SOUTH WALES to CANTON^ IN THE YEAR 1788, • -J -- v -.-H- r-.; ti^T^. O v: 'fr ■■'■v »•kitiM^ t. - ( X C't-v;v.o U J.K-s^^-.ViTjXlß^' . "t i • ' .gS^i. r :::: T V: r - • '.i'-'. ^ , -si^.!^-V- FROM NEW SOUTH WALES to CANTON, IN THE YEAR I788, WITH VIEWS OF THE ISLANDS DISCOVERED. BY THOMAS GILBERT, ESQ, COMMANDER OF THE CHARLOTTE. ■ r/f cirj-J Rnit.' a,, j.t J r ' .. . , : LONDON: PRINTED LY GEORGE STAFFORD, FOR. J. DEBRETT, opposite BURLINGTON-HOUSE, PICCADILLY, M.DCC.IXXXIX. t ; r .1) v 4 % fr ■ i • c • .r- - fs INTRODUCTION. PUBLICATIONS of Voyages are now fo frequent and numerous, that any addition to them appears intrufive, and might almoft be confidered as unneceflary : but as the following Voyage was made through a track many degrees more to the eaftward than was purfued by any of the circumnavigators, on their return to Europe, by way of the Indian feasj as, during it, feveral iflands, hitherto unknown, a were were fallen in with 5 and as it may become, in time, an eftablifhed paffage between our new fettlements in that part of the world, and the eaftern coaft of Afia ^ I truft I fhall Hand excufed for thus laying the particulars of it before the public. Indeed, when the knowledge of any circumftances have been obtained that may tend to improve navigation, it becomes the duty of the difcoverer - to make them known, for the general benefit. Neither emolument nor fame being my motive for engaging in the undertaking j and utility, rather than amufement, my view; I (hall do little more than give a plain, journalized narrative of the occurrences which happened during the paflage, without feeking for thofe thofe literary embellilhments which are ufually procured upon fuch occafions. My attention has principally been confined to the taflc of rendering it as ufeful as poffible to thofe who may hereafter make the fame voyage j and^ in order to ac-complifli this point, no remark that could be given, for the information of the mariner, has been omitted 5 the latitude and longitude of each day are regularly inferted ; and the winds and the weather particularly fpecified, that it might be judged how far the route I purfued is eligible for future navigators, or whether other feafons than that in which I happened to commence my voyage, may be more favourable for it. The manoeuvres of the fails, and the damages, to avoid prolixity, have not been mena z tioned tioned but upon particular occafions. It may be neceflary to obferve, that the extracts from the log-book are noted according to the nautical day. • When it is confidered that the veflel I commanded was a merchant-fhip, not fitted out from jany view of making difcoveries, and totally un-fuppiied with requifites for that purpofe, I flatter myfelf it will not be expected that my ob-fervations fhould be as copious as if I had been equipped for a voyage of fuch a nature. To this may be added the difficulties I had to encounter, in a palTage through a track never before explored j difficulties apparently the more in-furmountable, becaufe the fickly ftate of the crew fcarcely permitted me to indulge the hope of introduction. t of being able ever to gain the coaft of China. Thus cirumftanced, the mind could only have been flightly engaged upon any enquiries which did not immediately tend to the confummation of the grand obje^is, the prefervation of life, and the completion of the voyage. But during, a fecond voyage, which I am about to make,, in the fame employ, having been appointed to the command of the Neptune Eaft-Indiaman, limilar embarraflments may not arife; my attention will, confequently, be Icfs diverted from extending my obfervations, and my future communications, {hould the reception of thefe encourage them, may prove more extenfively beneficial. Such remarks as I was able to make, are 3 given. given with all poffible perfpicuity and corre«£t-nefs 5 in particular I can vouch for the exa61:-nefs of the bearings and appearance of the iflands I had the happinefs to difcoverj views of which, taken by myfelf, are annexed to the work, for the clearer elucidation of thofe de-fcriptions. And I fhall efteem myfelf amply repaid for entering on an undertaking, to which the preceding circumftances have, in fbme degree, rendered me inadequate, if they prove fervice-able to future navigators. It may be neceflary, for the information of fome of my readers, to mention, that the Charlotte, under my command, and the Scarborough, Captain Marftiall, before we left England, had been chartered by the Honourable the Eaft- India introduction. vn India Company, to proceed from New South Wales (after having landed the convicts and marines) to Canton, in order to bring home a cargo of Tea, on their account. In confequence of which we took our departure from Sydney Cove, in Port Jackfon, New South Wales, for that place, on the fixth of May, 1788, on which day the following Journal commences. The circumftances relative to the pafTage of the fleet under Commodore Phillip, from England to New South Wales, being minutely detailed in Mr. White's Journal of a Voyage to that place, illuflirated with accurate engravings of the various natural produäions of the new colony, a repetition of them here will be un-neceffary. All^ therefore, that I lhall have to ftatc concernmo: ^ii INTRODUCTION. concerning it is, that we touched at Teneriffe, at Rio de Janeiro, and the Cape of Good Hope, and proceeded from the laft mentioned place direöly to Botany Bay 5 during which we had as good weather as could be expected, confiderino: the immenfe tra^t of fea we had to O run over, till we came off the fouth cape of New Holland, when we had hard gales, with fcjually, unfettled weather. Soon after we had left the Cape of Good Hope, the commodore, in order to expedite the undertaking, parted from the fleet, and proceeded towards the place of his deftination, in the Supply, which was the fafteft failing veflel in the fquadron. He was followed by Lieutenant Shortland, with fuch tranfports and victuallers as were bell able to keep keep up with him, leaving his Majefty's (hip the Sirius to take care of the remainder; but, not-withftanding the difproportion of failing between the three divifions, we arrived at Botany Bay within twenty-four hours of each other. I had on board my (hip upwards of one hundred and thirty conviäs, male and female : many of the former were fellows of a moft abandoned and delpe-rate character, and only to be.4cept in order by the conftant exertions of the marine officers and myfelf. For the foregoing reafon I ihall not enter upon % any account of the new fettlement, my defign being to confine myfelf to fuch particulars, as, from their not having been made known by any other perfon, have novelty^ and I hope utility, to b recommend x introduction. recommend them. It may not, however, be improper to obferve, that though the country about Botany Bay did not by any means anfwer the fanguine expectations which had been formed of it, I am fully perluaded, as fb very material an alteration for the better has been found in the foil and productions at Port Jackfon, which lies but a little to the northward of Botany Bay, the intended place of fettlement, that ftill farther northward, or nearer to the line, every convenience neceflary for the colony may, with due cultivation, be, in time, procured. THOMAS GILBERT^ London, J^ov.28, 1789 Commander of the Charlotte. voyage FROM NEW SOUTH WALES to CANTON, IN THE YEAR 1788, IN THE charlotte, THOMAS GILBERT, Commander. H AVING whilft we remained at Port Jackfbn made fuch j-ygg, repairs as the fliip required, or at leaft fuch as circum- Tuefday, ftances admitted of, I took leave of Governor Phillip and his ^''J officers, and went on board to prepare for failing. And here let me embrace the opportunity which now prefents itfelf of acknowledging the juft fenfe I entertain of the civilities I received from thofe gentlemen; among whom I would particularly notice that valuable officer Captain Hunter; and at the fame time thus publicly exprefs the moft favourable fentiments of the prudence, attention, and judgment, with which the commodore conduced an expedition of fuch a nature, to a B part T788. part of the wovld fo little known. Every needful preparation being made, at eight o'clock A. M. we unmoored, and at a. eleven, weighing, ftood down the harbour with little wind, and that variable. During the d:iy we had light breezes, with frequent fliowers of rain. According to aftronomical obferva-tion taken by Mr. Dawes of the Sirius, on the point the north: fide of Sydney Cove, Port Jackfon lies in latitude 33° 52'S„, longitude 151° 16 E. the fouth head which fonns the harbour's mouth 33° 52' S. the north head 33^ 50' S. Wcdnefday^ 7tli. Weather the fame, wind N. E. At twc^ in the afternoon came to, with the beft bower anchor, in twelve fathoms' water, v/ithin two cables length of a fmalt ifland about five miles below his Majcfty's fliip Sirius. Aa foon as we had moored, Lieutenant Bradley of that fliip came on board, to enquire if any men had taken the opportunity of our failing to defcrt. Before I left England I had entered into the ufual obligation, binding myfelf in the forfeiture of a very coniiderable fum, not to fuffer any of the convids. under my charge to efcape, nor to bring any away with me it cannot therefore be fuppofcd that, with fuch a rifk, I fl:iould permit any of them to come on board; and being, equally confcious of not having given any room for fuch a fufpicLoa fufpicion with regard to the feamen, I immediately afTembled the 1788. officers of the {hip, who joined with me in declaring that we knew of none; and in order to remove all doubt, I requefted that a thorough fearch might be made. This was done ; and the lieutenant, not being able to find any, departed. At eleven he returned, accompanied by three petty officers, and made another fearch, but with no better fuccefs. In the morning I fcnt the yawl a fifhing with the feine j which camc back without having taken any fifh. We then weighed, and made fail, with very little wind, and the weather thick and hazy. By the affiftance of the yawl, towing ahead, endeavoured to work down to the entrance of the harbour. iTourfday^ 8th. Light breezes and hazy, wind variable, during the fore part of the day; the latter part moderate and clear, wind W. by S. At half pafi: one in the afternoon came to an anchor in thirteen fathom water, about a mile and half from the north fhore. At three in the afternoon I went in the yawl to examine the entrance of the harbour, and to found round the rock lying in the middle of the paflage up the harbour. The people employed in fifhing; the fmall boat fent on fhore for fand. At fix in the morning hoifteJ in the boats, in confequence of a heavy fwell, and fccured them, B 2 together 1788. together with the anchors, &c. &c. for fea. About half May. an hour after weighed, and flood out of the harbour with a moderate breeze from the weftward. At half paft feven, ^ with fome difficulty cleared the north and fouth heads of the harbour, I now launched into the Pacific Occan, with an extenfive fpace of Tea before me, through which, as the track I was to purfue had never been explored, there was no chart to guide me, and with the dangers of which I was entirely unacquainted. Whether I fhould be able to procure any of thofe refrefhments fuch a paffage may render needful, or what obftručlions might arife to impede my progrefs, was equally a matter of uncertainty. The attempt, in a fhip of fo fmall a fize, and with a crew not exceeding thirty in number, feveral of whom were boys, carried with it a difcouragement unknown to navigators ""whofe purpofe it is to explore new regions, and who are properly prepared for it. At eight the north head of Port Jackfon bore W. by S, four or five miles. At noon the north head bore W. S. W. feven or eight leagues; the weather moderate and fair. Stood to the north-eaft in fearch of an ifland named Lord Howe's Ifland, difcovered by Lieutenant Ball, commander of his Majefly's brig Supply, on his pafiage from Norfolk Ifland, where where a fettlement had been made under the direction of ' j^gS, Mr. King, fecond officer of the Sirius. I had heard fo May. very flattering an account of this illand and its produce, that I was determined to fearch ftridly for it, ahhough I had only received a hint of its fituation. Latitude at noon by obfervation 33° 51'S. longitude 151° 52' E. Friday^ 9th. The firft part of the day light airs and clear weather, wind W. S. W. the middle and latter parts cloudy with rain, wind the fame. The men were employed in fecuring every thing for fea. At half paft five in the afternoon, the extremes of the land bore from S, W. by S. to N, W. fifteen or fixteen leagues diftant j and foon after we loft fight of New Holland. Latitude obferved 3 3 18' S, longitude 153° 51' E. Saturdayy loth. The firft part light airs and cloudy, wind S. W. by W. the latter part inclinable to calm, wind E. N. E. At half paft eight in the morning we were taken aback. Latitude obferved 3 ž'' 42' longitude 54' E, Sunday-, nth. Firft part light airs and cloudy, wind N. N. E. latter part very fqually and unfettled weather, wind N. by W. At two in the afternoon we faw a ftrange fail in the fouth-weft quarter ftanding to the northward, which I took 2 to J 788. to be his Majefty's brig Supply, that veficl having failed from May. Port Jackfon about the time we did. Upon my fhowing colourSj they were anfwercd, and, as Ihad conjedured, fhe proved to be the Supply. No obfervation. Latitude by account 32° 16' S. longitude 156*' 04.' E. Monday^ 12th. Squally unfettled weather, with very heavy rain, wind N. by W.; towards the latter part of the day moderate breezes and clear, wind S. by W^ At daylight we faw the Supply bearing S. W. i W. diftant about half a mile. At five in the afternoon the brig was flill in fight to the leeward. Apprehending from fome converfation I had with the governor, when I took leave of him, that Captain Ball had diredlions to prevent my landing on this newly-difcovered land of proniife (for in that light was Lord Flovve's I (land confidered at Port Jackfon), as fooii ae it was dark I hauled to the northward, in order to avoid the brig; and at the fame lime to get into the latitude in which I had reafon to fuppofe the ifland I was in fearch of lay. The fituation of my fhip's company rendering it necefTary that I fhould, if poflible, procure a fupply of frefh provifions and vegetables, as the fcurvy had began to make a rapid progrefs amongft them, I was determined to endeavour to to furmount every difficulty, and to land upon the ifland, tySBi whatever obflmčtions might be thrown in my way. During May. our flay at Port Jackfon, we hauled the feine for fifh as often as poflible, but we found, that though this kind of food might palliate, in fome degree, the violence of the fcurvy, it did not prove an eHedtual remedy; and I believe that it is now-admitted, beyond difpute, that eating of fifti will not altogether eradicate that diforder. At day-break I was not a little furprifed to find the brig clofe under my weather quarter. At feven fhe bore up, and flood E. N. E. From thefe manoeuvres I con-jedured that Captain Ball did not chufe to keep us company, left it fhould be fuppbfed that he condučled us to the ifland ; I therefore kept on my courfe without regarding him. Latitude obfcrved 31° 33' S. longitude 156° 46' E. Tuefdaji 13th, Firft part light airs and cloudy weather, wind S. by E. afterwards clear and inclinable to calm, wind N. E. At nine P. M. wore fhip to the eaftward. At noon we found by obfervation that a current had fet us more than twenty miles to the northward. Latitude obferved 31° 3' S. longitude 157° 16' E. Wednejday^ 14th. Firfl: part light breezes and hazy, wind variable. At ßx wore fliip to the eaftward, and fhortened fail. Steady f!788. Steady breezes and clear, wind N. During the night lightning Majr. with rain. At midnight reefed the top-fails and brought to, fuppofing ourfelves not far from the land. At day break bore up and made fail. Moderate and cloudy. Up top-gallant-yards. Latitude obferved 31° 08' S, longitude 158° 05' E. 'fhurjdayy 15 th. The firft part of the day light airs and clear, wind N. N. W. the middle part hazy, wind W. S, W, the latter part fqually, with flying fhowers, wind S. by W. At two in the afternoon we faw land bearing E. S. E. about feventeen or eighteen leagues diftant, which proved to be the ifland we were in fearch of, named Lord Howe's Ifland. At four a very heavy fquall-; in top-gallant-fails, and lowered the top-fails. During the night fqually. At fix the next morning faw the land bearing eaft twelve or thirteen leagues diftant. At noon a very high pyramid—appeared to rife -gradually out of the water. The extremes of the idand then bore from E. by N. to N. E. by E. the pyramid E. i S. diftant feven or eight miles. Latitude obferved 31° 39 S. longitude 159° 12' E. Friday^ 16th. Frefh breezes and fqually, wind S. W. by S. middle and latter parts light airs and hazy, wind S, by W. Standing in for the ifland with a prefs of fall, at one p. m. VOYAGE TO CANTON. 9 P. M. faw two ftrange fail clofe under the jQiorc. Wc vvere 17^8. now in a large bay, but found it impoflible to anchor with fafety, in confequence of a heavy fea rolling in from the S. S. W. I therefore hauled out, determined to ftand off and on till the weather was more moderate. At three wore fhip to the north-weft, in order to join the ihips we had feen. At four the extremes of the illand were from N. E. 1 E. to S. E. ~ E. off fhore four miles. At five joined the two ftrange fail, which I found to be the Supply, and the Lady Penrhyn, Captain Severs, the latter of whom had left Port Jackfon fome days before us, bound alfo to China, but by a different track. Captain Ball foon after fent for me to come on board, when he acquainted me that he had anchored in the bay, but had been obliged, the preceding evening, to flip his cablcs, and work out; the fea rolling too heavily for him to ride there. He further informed me, that the ifland afforded plenty of fine turtle, fowls, fifh, cocoa nuts, and cabbages. This I heard with great pleafurc, as I ftood fo much in need of fuch refreOiments for the recovery of my people; and refolving to land the next day, if poffible, I returned on board, and made fhort tacks off and on, during the night. At ten P. M. tacked fl:iip in company with the Supply and Lady Penrhyn, and ftood in fhore. c At 1788. At day-break, being clofe in with the land, hoifted out the yawl and jolly boat, and landed in a fine fandy bay. The paflage between the reefs which flielter the beach, I found to be fomewhat intricate. On landing, a very agreeable fcene prefented itfelf. At the head of the bay grew a fine long grafs, and the whole ifland appeared to be covered with treesj among which the mangrove, palm, and cocoa nut were confpicuous, befides many kinds I was wholly unacquainted with. There was a very thick underwood, con-fifting chiefly of a vine refembling what is called rattan, which crept along the ground, and greatly impeded us when in purfuit of the birds. The furface of the centre of the ifland was compofed of fea fand intermixed with marine fhells, though all the exterior parts were covered with wood. From the cafual view I had of the ifland, it feemed to be about fifteen or fixteen miles long. Great numbers of gannets, very large and fat, were walking with lefs fear and concern than geefe in a farm yard; and they were taken by hand, with much more eafe. We found their nefts in the long grafs at the head of the beach, in each of which there were a great number of eggs, very large, and well tafled when dreffed. On entering the woods I was fur-prifed to fee large fat pigeons, of the fame plumage and 3 make make as thofe in Europe, fitting on low bufhcs, and fo infenfible to fear, as to be knocked down with little . trouble. Partridges likewife, in great plenty, ran along the ground, very fat, and exceedingly well tailed. Several of thofe I knocked down, and their legs being broken, I placed them near me as I fat under a tree. The pain they fufFcred caufed them to make a doleful cry, which brought five or fix dozen of the fame kind to them, and by that means I was able to take nearly the whole of them, I might not otherwife have procured fo many; for, although they were by no means {hy, yet they ran very faft when chafed. No traces whatever of any human being were to be obferved in this ifland, except thofe made by the people of the Supply when they were here before. They had then carried away a great number of birds of different forts, and as many turtle as they could flow ; moft of which were landed at Port Jackfon for the ufe of the fettlement. Among the different kinds of birds we met with, there was one about the fize of a large barn-door fowl, quite white, with long yellow legs, and a remarkably ftrong red beak. I caught fix of them, by running them down among the low bufhes. The cocks were very beautiful, c 2 their 1788. their white feathers being tinged with azure blue. I faw likev/ife feveral birds that were not unlike peacocks, but caught none. At noon I returned to tlie beach, to go on board, when I found that the boat's crew had not been idle; as they had colleded cocoa nuts, cabbages, birds, &c. and had alfo caught a great quantity of fifh, by heaving a hook and line off the beech, baited with the flefh of gannet. At one I put off and got on board. At noon the extremes of the iÜand bore from N. E. by N. to S. E. i S. Latitude obferved 31" 32' S. three miles W. by S. of the anchoring place. Saturday^ 17th. Light airs and cloudy firft part, wind S, by E. afterwards moderate, with rain, wind S. S. W. At four in the afternoon the yawl camc on board loaded with a variety of fowls of different fpecies; and 1 lent her off again at fix, in order that the chief mate and crew might remain on fhore all night to turn turdes. At feven the next morning I made a iignal for the boat to return. During our ftay here we ftood off and on. At ten we faw a ftrange fail in the S. W. quarter, ftanding in for the land, Suppofing it to be the Scarborough» I made the private fignal that had been agreed upon between Captain Marüiall and tnyfelf before we left Port Jackfon,, which which fhe anfwered. At noon the extremes of the ifland bore 1788. from E. to S. E, by E. three miles off fhore. Latitude obferved May. 31" 29' S. Sunday^ 18th. Firft part moderate breezes and cloudy, wind S. W.J afterwards fqually, wind the fame. Standing off and on. At two in the afternoon the yawl returned, but had not turned a Tingle turtle during the night j the roughnefs of the weather having, as we fuppofcd, prevented them from going on fliore as ufual; the boat, however, was deeply laden with birds, cocoa nuts, cabbages, eggs, &c. which proved a fcafonable fupply to us. At three fent a boat to the Scarborough with fifh, fowls, cocoa nuts, &c. Soon after Captain Mar/hall came on board. It had been agreeed between us, while we lay at Port Jackfon, to keep company during the paffage to Canton ; but from fome miftake on his fide, he put to fea from the harbour's mouth, the day I hauled out of Sydney Cove. For a great part of the time Unce, he had been driven about by contrary winds and currents, and had loft his fore-top-fail-yard. At two A. M. fqually. At half paft fix wore, and flood in fhore. When day light broke we found the Lady Pcnrhyn gone. The Scarborough ftill in company. The bad weather continuing, and there appearing no probability J 788. bility of its getting better, I came to the refolntion of leaving Jf^I^ the ifland ; and fignified my intention of fo doing to Captain Marfhall, who coincided with me. I therefore, at nine o'clock A. M. took leave of Captain Ball, who is a good and adlive officer, and made fail, the Scarborough accompanying me. At noon the fouth-weft end of the ifland bore S. S. E. the northernmoft rock of ditto E. | S. diftant off fhore three or four miles. Latitude obferved 31° 29'S. • Monday^ 19th. Firft part frefh breezes and cloudy, wind S. S. W. afterwards clear, wind S. W, by W. At one P. M. the nothernmoft rock bore S. E. by S. diftant three miles. At two, point King bore S. W.; the body of the ifland, from which I take my departure, S. S. W. diftant fix or feven miles. I make, this ifland to lie in the latitude 334' S. longitude 159° 03' E. [See Plate N® i.] I left his Majefty's brig the Supply lying-to off the ifland. At ten in the morning Mr. Caird, my chief mate, to my great furprife, informed me of there being two ftrange people in the fhip. I fent for them, and found them to be a man and a boy who had deferted from the Sirius. As they came on board and were fecreted in the fhip, unknown to me and to my ofHcers, and it being entirely out of my power to put back and deliver them up, I protefted againft their /y./'/'A'. /. /ffiH^irtt I Kt4r/i,/,i y t<{/ft , /// /'/ft. (>/ Ö. /^i/f^ i/i r^ //. /'y • i. .'i f/- -/ -^fiiy^ //. '/y .i.' /. ////^'y '•f/tf/f //r/imy/t Ml-i '■^rtJ.jr/yc • > J.mIm. Jh/t/M ,IS /ir J,t Junis. / . l>r J Hri-r^. ■ • v. mA«»- ^.h: ' 1 ' . ■r % • . -.- *' •: -J vC-' • • .v -'X^ •H f - " ■.' . -iti Ti. 11 ■ ' .. v." • % f ■ ' ? K. -T'-tJ-)^. ■ . t ,.-7: ^^ ■ • t •-s- » ». • -V /s r < - p. Ste^L* -v. • • • --v • •. voyagetocanton. their condučt, and the confequences that might refult from 17S8. their defertion, and refolved to make an affidavit of the truth of this affertion the firft opportunity that offered for fo doing. Latitude obferved 30° 43' S. longitude 160° 49' E. Tuefday^ 2oth. Firft part freÜi breezes and clear weather, wind S. W. by S. The Scarborough in company. About nine P. M. it being fqually, with fliowers of rain, we carried away the larboard fore-top-fail fhset. Latitude obferved 29" 43' S, longitude 163° 11' E. JVedneJday^ 21ft. The firft and middle parts frefli breezes and clear, afterwards fqually, wind S. S. W. At two P. M. made the fignal to alter the courfe, and to fpeak the Scarborough, Latitude obferved 29" 13'S. longitude 165° 44' E. Ilourfday^ 2 2d. Frefh gales and heavy fqualls, with flying fliowers of rain, wind S. S. W. latter part frefh breezes and cloudy, with a very high fea, wind S. At midnight fqually, fhortened fail; at day-break made fail. At eight in the morning we faw Norfolk Ifland bearing E. ^ S. eight or nine leagues diflant. I intended to have landed on this ifland if the weather had permitted, in order to cut fpars for mafts and yards, that being an article for which I fliould have found a good market in China, Lieutenant King, late 1788. late of his Majefty's fliip the Sirius, as already obferved, is endeavouring to eftabliili a fettlement on it, but the difficulty of landing will be a great abatement to the advantages expeded from the difcovery and eftabliiliment of it. Captain Ball who carried him, and his people, chiefly convičls, from Port Jackfon, experienced great difficulty in going afhore, owing to the tremendous furf on all fides of the ifland, by the violence of which he had his boats ftoved : fortunately however he loft only one man. This ifland I judge to be about fourteen or fifteen miles in circumference. The appearance ot it is very beautiful, and the fir trees upon it are remaikubiy tiiick and high. Thefe were all the obfcrvations I was able to make relative to it; but while I was at New South Wales, I heard the productions of it fpoken highly of by the commander of the brig that returned; in particular, he faid there were fir trees on it fit formaftsfor the largefi: fhip in his Majefty's navy. Being thus deterred by the difficulty of landing from attempting it, in fuch weather, we proceeded on our voyage; and at noon the body of the iOarid bore E. by S. ~ S. fix or feven leagues diftant. Latitude obferved 2' S. longitude 167° 50' E, Friday J 23d. Firfi: part frefh breezes and cloudy, wind 2 8, E. voyage to canton. S. E. by E, latter part moderate and clear, wind S. E. by S. 1.788. At one P. M. founded in twenty-five fathoms hard fand. May. About five or fix miles north-weft of Norfolk Ifland, fpoke the Scarborough, and propofed to Captain Marfhall to fteer N. E. by N. At four o'clock Norfolk Ifland bore S. i E. five or fix leagues diftant. Latitude obferved 27"" 37' longitude 169" 20'E, Saturday^ 24th. The firft part of the day frefli and cloudy, wind S. E. by E. the latter part moderate and clear, wind the fame. At noon faw- a remarkable large white bird that foared to a confiderable height. The Scarborough in company. Latitude obferved 26° 19' S. longitude 170" 18 E. Su7iday, 25th. The firfl: part moderate and clear, the latter, frefh breezes with flying fqualls, and cloudy, wind S. E. by E. The Scarborough making the fignal to fpeak us, we bore down to receive her boat on board ; and at half paft one P. M. made fail. At five founded ; no ground with feventy fathom line. We this day faw a gannet. Latitude obferved 24° 41' S. longitude 171*^ 02' E. Monday^ 26th. Firft and latter parts frefh breezes, with occafional fqualls^ and a heavy fea ; middle part moderate and clear, wind E. S. E, Spoke the Scarborough. Variation D per j^gg^ per Azimuth, at four P. M. ii° 23'E. Saw a gannet and May, feveral other birds; from which fuppofed we were not far from fome unknown land, therefore kept a good look-out during the night. Latitude obferved 22° 53'S. longitude 171° 56' E. 'Tmjday^ 27th. Frefli breezes, with dark cloudy weather, wind E. S. E. ; middle part clear, wind E. At one P. M, after a fquall, the weather clearing up, we faw land bearing N. N. E. i E. nine or ten leagues diftant. At three it bore N. E. diftant three leagues; when we could difcern that it was a fmall ißand or rock. At fix it bore E. and was four or five miles diftant. It appeared like a high rock rifing out of the water, as reprefented in the -Vignette ; and feemed to be about five or fix miles in circumference. The top of it appeared to be fertile; and I thought I faw fomething on it which had the refemblance of an animal feeding. It was furrounded on all fides with a great variety of birds» At feven wore {Kip to the fouthward, and made fhort tacks off and on, intending to land in the morning, in order to take poffeflion of it, and to procure refrefhments, which we flood much in need of: but finding at day-light that the current had fet us confiderably to leeward, and the fea running very high, I did not think it prudent to get a boat out. At eight 3 in VOYAGE TO CANTON. in the morning it bore S. E. ^ S. three or four miles diftant. iyS8, The Scarborough being confiderably to the leeward, at nine May. I bore up to her, and made fail. As this reek has no place in any charts, and I have every reafon to fuppofe it had never been feen before, I named it Matthews's rock, after the owner of the Charlotte. It lies in latitude 22° 31'S. longitude 172" 16' E. At noon it bore S. by W. nine or ten leagues. Latitude obferved 22" 5' S. longitude 172° lO'E. Wednefday^ 28th, Firfi: part frefli breezes, and clear; latter part, dark and gloomy, with rain and fqualls, wind E. S. E. At feven in the evening carried away the fore-top-fail tye, and at ten the larboard main-top-fail fheet. At eight the next morning the Scarborough was three miles to leeward.' Many birds round the fhip. At noon the Scarborough in company. Latitude obferved 20^ 36' S. longitude 172® 17' Eaft. T'hurfday^ 29th. Moderate breezes and cloudy, with rain, wind E. during the firft part; afterwards frefh breezes and ftlll cloudy, wind S. E, At four in the afternoon the Scarborough made the fignal for feeing land. As we could not perceive it from the- m aft head I bore up and fpoke her. Captain Marfhall was of opinion that what he faw was land, and wi£htd to D 2 ft^nd ,-y88. ftand ofF and on till the morning, if 1 had no objeäion. To May. this I affented j and, Ihortening fail, at half paft feven wore fhip : but, at half paft lix in the morning, not being able to difcover any appearance of land, we gave up the idea of looking for it, and made fail. Latitude obferved 19° 43' S. longitude 173" 19' E, Fridayy 30th. Frefh breezes and cloudy, with rain, wind E. by S. during the whole day. The Scarborough in company. No obfervation. Latitude by account 17® 39' S* longitude 174.^. 13' E. Saturdayy 31 ft. Frefli breezes and cloudy, with rain. At one P, M. fqually, with heavy rain, wind S. E. by E. Split the main-top-gallant fail. At a quarter paft one very-heavy fqualls, clewed all up, reefed and handed the top-fails and main-fail ; at five thick hazy weather, with heavy rain. At half paft five, fired a gun as a fignal to the Scarborough, At fix, more moderate and clear; fpoke the Scarborough^ and mentioned to Captain Marftiall that I intended to fteer due north, and run under an eafy fail during the night. At half paft eight fet the fore-fail, and fhewed a light. 'From twelve to four A. M, frefti gales, with ftying fqualls from the S. E. At day-light the Scarborough in company. 3 At At ten made the fignal to fpeak her. At noon frcfli 1788, breezes and cloudy, wind S, E. Latitude obferved i5°3o'S, J""^-longitude, 174.° 26' E. Sunday, June ift. Firfi: part frefli breezes and cloudy, wind E. S. E. afterwards more moderate, but very dark and gloomy, wind N. .E. At three in the afternoon fcnt the jolly ■ boat on board the Scarborough ; at iive in jolly boat, and made fail. Soon after, the Scarborough made the fignal for feeing land. We anfwered his fignal, but could fee nothing of it from the mail head. No obfervation. Latitude by account 14" 12' S. longitude 174° 26' Monday, 2d. Light airs, and thick hazy weather, with rain, wind variable, from N. E. to N. W. by N. In the afternoon had a large flock of birds round the fhip; and (truck a porpoife, which we got on board. At fix pafled a large bamboo, upwards of thirty feet long. At eight fliowed a light to the Scarborough, and went ahcvid. During the night fqually, with rain. Latitude obferved 30' S. longitude 174° 32' E. 'Tuefdayi 3d. Light breezes and cloudy, with rain, wind from N, W.to W. by N. Shifted the fore-fail and mizen-top-fail.. Latitude obferved 12° 30' S. longitude 50' E. Wedmßay, 4th. Firfl part frec[ucnt fqualls, with heavy rain% 1788. rain, wind W. to S. S. W. latter part, light airs and clear. In the afternoon jCivv a large flock of birds, and had feveral fhoals of fifh round us; from which I conjedured that we were not far from fome unknown land. At noon, faw feveral gannets about the fhip. Kept a good look-out. Latitude obferved 11° 50' S. longitude 174° 50'E. Thurfday, 5th. At half paft noon, obferving the water to be difcoloured, I immediately founded, and to my very great furprife found but feventeen fathoms. Soon after, could fee the rocks under the (hip's bottom, I immediately hailed the Scarborough, to warn Captain Marfhall of his being in llioal water. By heaving the lead bri/kly, I found that we fhoaled our water from feventeen to fourteen fathom in about twenty minutes. I then wore, and flood off. As we ran on, hoifted out the boat, and fent her ahead to found. Seeing the water break, as I fuppofed, in feveral places, I ordered the boat to found there ; they had no ground thirty fathoms. Running off, E. N. E. we gradually deepened the water to twenty-nine fathom; then no ground at fixty fathom. I now concluded we were clear of the bank; upon which, after fending the jolly boat on board the Scarborough, I bore up, and flood N. N. E. as * 16 f 20 I p. M. * i6 4 P. M. + 22 * 15 + 23 *I4 t 24 2 P. M. * 16 5 P. M. t 26 * 16 t 28 * 17 t 29 3 P. M. Rocky bottom with coral, Broken fiiells and fmall ftones. * 17 As I have every reafon to believe we were the firft dif- 1788. coverers of this bank, it not being to be found in June, any chart whatever, I have named it Charlotte's Bank, During the middle part of the day we had light breezes and hazy, wind N. E. by E. towards the latter part moderate and fair, wind N. E. About feven in the morning favv a gannet. Latitude obferved 11° 51' S. longitude 175° 22'E. Soundings on Charlotte's Bank from half paft noon to five P. M. I P.M. * 17 3 P.M. *i7 Friday, 24- voyage to canton. 1788. Friday^ 6th. Light airs and clear, wind from N. E. to June. E. by S. At day-light the Scarborough was not in fight; at fix faw her in the fouth-weft quarter, and bore down to her; at noon fpoke her. Latitude obferved 11? 03'S.-longitude 175^ 18, E. Saturday^ 7 th. Firft part frefli breezes and cloudy, wind E. middle part moderate and clear; latter part fqually, with rain. At three in the afternoon ftruck fome bonitoes. At four variation per Azimuth 10" 58' Eaft. At ten fhortened fail for the Scarborough. Latitude obferved 9° 13'S. longitude 175" 41' E. Sunday, 8thr Firft part moderate breezes and hazy, wind E. N. E. middle part fqually, with heavy rain, afterwards light airs and fair, wind N. Variation per Azimuth, at feven A. M. 11° 30' E. Several birds round the fhip. Latitude by double altitudes 8° 26' S. longitude 175° 36'E. Monday^ 9th. Frefh breezes and fqually, with dark cloudy weather, and heavy rain, wind E. S. E, during the firft part; afterwards, light airs, but hot and fultry, wind S. 8. E. At two in the afternoon fplit the fore-top-gallant*fail. At eleven A. M. founded one hundred and fixty fathoms; no ground. Latitude obferved 8° 00' S. Latitude by double altitude 8° 02' \ S. longitude 175® 44' E. Tueflayy "Tuefclay, loth. Light airs and clear, wind S. S. W. 1788. afterwards W. At feven A. M. variation per azimuth ii° 30' JH^ Eaft. At eleven we ftruck a porpoife, and got it on board, in order to make oil for the lamp. Latitude obferved 7° 12' S. longitude by lunar obfervation 174° 25' E. TVednefday^ nth. Firft part moderate breezes, with rain, wind W. S. W. afterwards fair, wind N. W. At five in the afternoon made the fignal to the Scarborough, to inform them that the longitude, by lunar obfervation the preceding noon, was 174° 3b' E. Latitude obferved 6° 08' S. longitude by lunar obfervation 174° 56 E, ^Thurfday^ I2th. Light breezes and clear weather, but fultry, wind N. W. At four in the afternoon faw a man of war bird. Many porpoifes and bonitoes were round the fliip. At twelve at night we were taken aback. Variation per azimuth at eight A.M. ii°04'E. In the forenoon light airs and inclinable to calm. Latitude obferved 5° 44' S.; by double altitudes 5" 43 S.; longitude by lunar obfervation i75''32' E. Friday^ 13th. Hot and fultry, with calms, wind S. E. At eight in the morning the Scarborough brought to, and Captain MarOiall fent his boat on board. Latitude obferved 5" 34'S. longitude by lunar obfervation 175^50' E. E Saturday^ 1788. Samrdajii^ih, Light airs and clear for thefirfl part; A.M. light breezes with rain, and after that fair j wind E. N. E. Latitude obferved 4° 43' S^ longitude by lunar obfervation 175'55' E. Sunday J 15th. Firft and middle parts light breezes and fqually, with rain; afterwards clear, wind from E. to E. by N. Latitude obferved 3° 28' S. longitude by lunar obfervation 175' 45^ E. Monday i 16th. Cloudy, with fqualls and rain, wind N. E. At eleven P. M. a fuddeii fquall, attended with lightning and rain, fplit the fore-top-mafi; ftudding-fail to pieces. Latitude obferved 2* 38'^S. ; by double altitude 2° 39'. longitude by lunar obfervation 175° 40' E. Tuefday^ 17th. Firft part moderate and cloudy; about four P, M. fqually, with rain, afterwards moderate and clear, with fome flying fhowers, wind E. Saw feveral gannets, and Qther indications of land. Kept a good look-out. Latitude obferved 1® 13' S. longitude by lunar obfervation 175'' 54'F* Wednefday^ i8th. Wind and weather variable; at times moderate and fqually, with rain, wind from E. by N, to N. E. by N. At one A. M. it being fqually, with heavy rain, Üiortened fail. The watch on deck agreed with me that that we fmelt land. At fix in the morning the Scarborough made the fignal for feeing land. We at the fame time faw it, bearing N. ^ W. At half paft fix made the fignal for feeing land bearing N. N. W.; and again at eight, for feeing it N. W, by N. Sounded with forty fathoms; no ground. At ten were clofe up with three low iflands, that appeared to be woody. The cocoa nut and palm trees were very confpicuous. At noon the fouthernmoft of the three iflanda bore from N. 54 E. to N. 65 E. four or five leagues diftant. The middle one from N. 21 E. to N, 38 E. diftant three or four leagues. The northernmoft, from N. 16 W. to N. 34. W. diftant eight or nine miles. Being then abreaft of the middle ifland, which appeared to be about four or five miles long, I could plainly perceive a pretty large village. Several of the huts were lofty, and apparently well thatched. I faw many canoes or proas on the beach, and could obferve that a confiderable number were making towards the fhip. The three iflands extend^ as far as I can judge, about fifteen or fixteen miles. They feem to be narrow, and all of them have fine white fandy beaches. I make the latitude of the middlemofi: of them to be 00" 02'K, longitude by lunar obfervation 175° 54.'E. E 2 Thurfday^ 1788. 'Thurfday^ 19th. Firft part light breezes and clear, afterwards moderate and hazy, wind N. to N. E. At three P, M. the wefternmofl: of the three iflands bore from N. \ W, to N. E, by N. the north end of the third iüand N. N. W. two or three miles diftant. This ifland is rather longer than the firft and fecond, and has a reef from the north end ftretching N. W. about three quarters of a mile. I counted thirty proas making towards the fliip; and could plainly fee many more of the natives launching in a great hurry ofF the beach. At four the headmoft proa, that feemed to condud the whole, tacked in a very expeditious manner, by fhifting its latfeen fail (by which means the head became the ftern), and went off at a great rate. She had got within half a mile of the Scarborough, when Captain Marfhall fired a fhot at her, to my great regret and vexation, as I thought it commencing hoftilities with them too foon, even if they had been hoflilely inclined; and would efFeftually prevent our having any intercourfe with them. In order to difpel their apprehenfions, and invite a nearer approach, I difplayed a white flag; on which two. of the proas, one much larger than the other, bore down; but the reft kept aloof. At five one of them reached the Scarborough, and foon foon after came along-fide of us. They viewed with great 1788. attention the fides of the fliip, which I had caufed to be JZ"!^ painted red, fome of the voyages I had perufed pointing out that colour as the rnoft pleaßng to the natives of thefe climates; but all I could do would not prevail upon them to come on board. Having expreffed by ligns that they fliould be late before they reached the fhore, they went off. There were feven men in the large boat, and three in the fmaller. They appeared facetious, were in height about five feet ten inches, remarkably well made, had fine long hair, and were of a bright copper colour. Their boat was neatly made, with a well-conftrufted out-rigger, fimilar to thofe of the Ladrone Iflands; and their fail feemed to be compofed of matting made of the hufks of the cocoa-nut. At fix I fent the jolly boat on board the Scarborough. The wefternmoft ifland then bore from N. 40 E. to N. 73 E. the body of it N. 55 E. diftant twelve or thirteen miles. Sounded; no ground 160 fathoms. Latitude obferved 00° 31' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 175° 14'E. Friday^ 20th. Firft part light breezes and hazy; middle part fqually, with rain, wind variable from N. E, to E. ; towards the latter part moderate and clear, wind E. At midnight (hortened fail, and at day-break difcovered land ; made 1783. rneide fignal to tlie Scarborough, and hauled up for it. June. Repeated the ßgnal for feeing more land at different times; at five difcovered an ifland bearing E. ^ N.; at half paft five faw another bearing N.E.by E.; three quarters paft five perceived a third bearing N. N. E. ; and at eight a fourth, which was a fine large ifland, bearing N. E. feven or eight leagues diftant. At ten the ifland marked A, in Plate No. 2, bore E. S, E. feven or eight leagues diftant; that marked B bore S. E. by E. five or fix leagues diftant ; and the fouth end of C bore E. S. E. Being abreaft of the fecond ifland, we faw many proas making towards the fhip. At eleven, thirteen were in fight. At that time the north end of C bore E. by N. diftant four or five leagues. I now brought to for fome of the neareft proas, and difplayed a white flag, endeavouring, by every method I could think of, to invite them on board ; but without effect. Several large proas came within hail of the fhip, and then tacked. Their boats were of the fame fize and conftruäion as thofe we pafled on the nineteenth inftant. At noon the middle of the ifland C bore N. 40 E. diftant twelve or thirteen miles; and the fourth ifland bore from N. 10 E. to N. 84 E. diftant nine or ten miles. Being now abreaft of this ifland, the extremity ending in a beautiful clump of trees, I hauled up to look at the bay, It appeared to be fafe and commodious, flickered l'LATK.ll. ^ c^L^/Jz/^-J^^»» M-w./L/a (. ^^^ Mf /^u'. vr/f- Jy ( . 4- r /////'rf/,) , y^/^iUt/ y z 3 , ^i/fV ^ ^ ( ■ " ' i ^fir. at'- l,'f>// /.Jf/ , I .PnHakH M Or .irrrtt. 74 ^ 7JV, ty 1. M'rift. 'if' w m - V-,- ^ •• 4 •1. •»■.■-^' -. ~ i : r;-;v«^? SS. •■K." ^ v . "■its > J V . rr/". r >»3 VV i ^^ f K 4 i . ■..t. * iJff^^'.-X ■ - "J I- ' t ■■.•"fc'V • y.-' / - -v, , 7.1 ♦ ^ ■ f June. llieltered by a long reef running parallel with the illand, with two large inlets into the bay. The reef is about three quarters of a mile from the beach, and has feveral fmall iflands which appear like flower-pots. From the north end of this pleafant ifland runs a fmall reef, and five fmall woody iflands, two of which feemed to be high and woody. Probably the five are in one; but they appeared, in the fituation we were, to be in as many hummocks. To thefe I gave the name of Marlar's Iflands. I brought to off the north end of the large ifland. Soon after. I faw upwards of a hundred of the natives aflembled on the point, but whether to greet, or to obftručl our landing, I fhall not pretend to fay : notwithftanding they appeared fo friendly, I did not judge it prudent to put their intentions to the teft ; for, though the neceflity of procuring refrefliments prompted us to take every eligible ftep for that purpofe, the number and fituation of our crews did not warrant us to run any ri/k of being cut off by the natives, wliofe apparent friend-fhip is not always to be depended upon. The profecution of our voyage, and not making difcoveries, being the objed which alone ought to engage our attention, every appearance of temerity was to be avoided. Latitude obferved 42' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 175° 01' E. Saturday^ June 21ft; Firft part moderate breezes and I cloudy. 17S8- Saturday^ June 21ft. Firft part moderate breezes and cloudy, wind S. E.; middle part light airs and hazy, wind E. N. E,; and latter part moderate and dear, wind the fame. At two P. M. the third ifland bore from N. W. i W. to E. diftant five or fix miles. At three brought to, and fent the jolly boat to the Scarborough. At a quarter paft four in boat, and made fail. The fouthernmoft ifland of the chain, I left firft for Captain Marfliall to name, which he thought proper to name Gilbert's Ifland ; the middle, I named Marfhall's Ifland; and the nothernmoft, Knox's Ifland; [fee Plate 2.]—to the large iflürid with the clufter, I gave the name of Mathews's Ifland, in honour of the owner of the Charlotte ; [fee Plate i.]—the bay, I called Charlotte's Bay; the fouth point, which terminates the beautifulclufter of iflands, I have named Charlotte's Point; and the north point of thejfland, which forms the bay, Point William. It is fomething fingular that I could get no founding with one hundred and twenty fathoms line, although at times I was within half a mile of the fhore. At feven in the morning, being moderate and fair, the Scarborough fent her boat on board : and at half paft eleven ftie made the fignal for feeing land; which we likewife faw, bearing N.N.E, Latitude obfervcd 2° 42' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 174® 26' E. Sundayy 2 2d. Firft part moderate and clear, windN.E. 3 t/ by E.; middle and latter parts fre{h breezes and clear, wind N. E. 1788. At two P. M. being abreaft of an iiland, of a very pleafing ap- , J"/*^-pearance, bore up, and made thefignal to fpeak the Scarborough. At four the body of the ifland bore N. N. E. ^ E. diflant fix or feven miles. Being now abreaft of a low woody iüand, I brought to for fome proas that were ftanding towards us, but could not prevail on them to come on board. The firft proa that bore down to us had a white vane at the maft head ; and the fecond a fmall clump refembling a bird's neft. The crews of the different proas appeared to be tall, ftout, and well made. All of them had long black hair, were of a bright copper colour, and clothed about the middle. The proas were of the fame conftrudion as thofe already mentioned. In the evening, as I ran along the fhore, I faw feveral large fires; moft likely they were fignals for their boats that were out reconnoitring us. The water was very fmooth, and no ground one hundred and fifty fathoms. At five the fmall ifland bore N, by W. four or five leagues diftant; the main ifland from N. E. i E. to E. i N. four or five miles diftant. At ten, the north-weft point of the fmall ifland bore E. four or five miles diftant. At ten A. M. hove to, fent the jolly boat on board the Scarborough, atid then made fail. Sounded, F no 1788. no ground one hundred and fixty fathoms Latitude obferved June. 4° 09'N. longitude 174^ 00'E. Monday^ 23d. Firfl part moderate and cloudy, wind E.N.E.j middle part light fqualls, with lightning and rain, wind the . fame; latter part light breezes and hazy, wind N. E. At three P. M. hoiftcd in the jolly boat. About noon faw a gannet. Kept a good look-out. Latitude obferved 5° 22'N. longitude by lunar obfcrvatioii 173° 43' E. Tuefday^ 24th. The firft part hazy weather, wind N. E.; middle part heavy rain, wind E.; latter part fqually with heavy-rain, wind N. E. Sounded, no ground forty fathoms. At two P.M. a fudden fquall, with rain, fplit the fpankerj at fix fqually, and very dark and cloudy; in top-gallant fails and fhortened fail. At half pafl: feven obferving the Scarborough to wear fuddenly, I inftantly put the helm a-vveather, and hauled ofF, although the look-out man at the maft-head could fee nothing. Sounded, fifty fathoms, no ground. At half paft nine bore up, and fpoke the Scarborough. Captain Marfhall informed" me that he faw land bearing from N. to E. Concluding this to be the cafe, I propofed to ftand off and on till day-break; to which he aflented. During the night very heavy rain, with fuch vivid flaflies of lightning, all round the compafy, as as were never feen by the oldeft fcaman on board the fliip; 1788. it was really awful. At half paft feven A. M. made the fignal for feeing land bearing N. W. by N. about four leagues diftant [See Plate 2.]; we then ftood in for it, and ran down pretty clofe. Some boats appearing, I difplayed a white flag, and made fuch figns as I thought would invite them on board. At ten a fudden fquall fplit the fore-top-gallant fail, and middle ftay-fail. Till noon frequent fqualls, with heavy rain, which obliged us to (horten fail occafionally. Found the jibb boom fprung. Latitude obferved 5° 48' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 172° 55' E. Wedmfday^ 25th. The firft part moderate breezes, with dark cloudy weather, wind variable from N. E, to S. S. E.^ At two P. M. the extremes of the land bore from W. by N. to E. by S. off fliore about feven or eight miles. At five one of the proas, with about twenty-five perfons in it, came clofe to the fhip, and the men feemed inclined to venture on board. As I wiHied to eftablilh a friendly intercourfc with them, I immediately brought to, and, by fuch figns as we thought moft intelligible to them, endeavoured to prevail on them to leave thdr boat. Our endeavours were not ineffedtual; they foon after hauled down their fail, and F 2 paddled juiie. 1788. paddled pretty near. Among the people in the proa was an old man of an exceeding venerable appearance, with a remarkable long white beard, who, when they had got within hearing, chaunted a fong, in a tune, which, though confifting of little variation, was not altogether inharmonious. The whole of thofe in ihe boat joined him, making at the fame time ftrangc geftures. The old man then began a long oration, the tendency of which^ as well as the fong previoufly chaunted, feemed to be to affure us of their friendfhip, and to procure a favourable reception from ua. As no part of our condučt appeared to contradict this expedation, they put out their paddles, and moved Jflowly towards the fhip. When they had approached near enough, I caufed a few trifles to be thrown to them, with which they feemed to be much pleafed. In order to accelerate their coming on board, I veered a board with a line to them, on which were faftened fome fpike nails. Thefe they feized, with every appearance of that wonderful attachment the inhabitants of the iflands of the Pacific Sea are known to have for iron implements of this nature.. I then went over the taffrail, and fat in the ftern ladder. They feemed much pleafed with the confidence 1 placed in them, and immediately paddling up, came on board. As As a token of their friendfhip, they prefented me with a piece of matting, very neatly made, together with a few other things, fuch as fhells, See. and we were now upon the moft focial terms with each other, when an accident happened that was the occafion of their leaving us abruptly. In gibbing the ipanker, fix or feven of them, who were fitting on the fpanker-guy, which ky along the tafFrail, were thrown overboard. Such an incident, I own, was enough to make them doubt our intentions, and it had that effedt; for no fooner did thofe who were on the quarter-deck perceive the fituation of their companions, than they immediately leaped into the water, and getting into their boats, hoifted their fail, and went off with all fpeed. They, however, foon joined us again, accompanied by two other large proas. As there was fome reafon to fuppofe, from their precipitate departure, that they might be offended at what had happened, I was prepared to receive them in a hoftile manner, fliould it be neceffary. But, as I took care they fhould not fee in us any difpofition to a breach of that amity which had fo lately taken place between us, they endeavoured to convince us of their returning confidence, by holding up fome fruit, as if they wifiied us to accept of it. Perceiving this, I brought to, and 3 went -8 VOYAGE TO CANTON. 1788. over the lide of the fhip, in order to renew the commu- june. nication with them ; upon which they hauled down their fail, and, ^taking the painters of the boats in their hands, fwam with them to the fhip, and having made them faft, came once more on|board. They now prefented me with another piece of matting, and fome fruit of a fpecies I was unacquainted with ; and in return I gave them fome fifli-hooks, nails, &c. which tliey feemed to think a fufEcient compenfation. As it now began to grow dark, and their ftay on board would not only have been inconvenient, but might have proved dangerous, their number being increafed to upwards of thirty, I haftened their departure, and got them into their boats. As they were going off I caught one of them taking away the head pump handle. The man, on being detedled, appeared quite unconcerned, and feemed to think it no crime to carry off whatever he could find : an idea that feems to prevail throughout all the newly-difcovered iflands in this quarter of the globe. Thefe people were of the fame complexion as thofe before defcribed, and, like them, were covered only about the middle. They were remarkably well made, and I found them not only of a focial difpofition, but, as far as I could judge from their behaviour, difpofed to be friendly. By the figns they made made I could readily perceive that they wifhed me to go on 178S. fliore ; and they further gave me to uhderftaiid that they would leave hoftages for my fafety ; but as I did not think it prudciit to run any rifk of that kind, I declined the offer, and proceeded on my voyage. At fix P. M. the northernmoft extremity of the fecond ifland bore N. W. by W. diftant feven or eight miles. During the night it was fqually, with heavy rain; and not thinking it prudent to run all night, I fpoke the Scarborough, and brought to. At half pift three A. M. bore up to join the Scarborough j at half paft four again brought to; and at half paft five bore up and made fail. At day-light faw the land bearing from N. by E. to N. E. by E. off lliorc about nine or ten miles. Still fqually with rain. At ten the north-weft end of the third iHand bore S. E. diftant five or fix leagues. The heavy fqualls, with rain, continued, which obliged us to /horten fail occafionally ; and the weather was ftill dark and cloudy. No obfervation. Latitude by account 6° 10' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 172° 35' E* Hjurfday, 26th. At one P. M. fqually, with rain, wind E. N. E. ; at midnight fhortened fail; at two fpHt the jibb.: Continual rain till near midnight, then fair and more moderate, wind -the fame. At day-break we difcovered low land, bearing from N. E. to S. E. cff fhore about two or three leaguesj 1788. leagues, and made the fignal to the Scarborough. This land June, confifted of iflands, which I named Daniel's, Pedder's, and Wv—.J Arrowfmith's Iflands; between the two ktter we were drifted by the current in the night, and which I named Fordyce's Paffagc. [Sec Plate, No. 3.] At a quarter pail five A. M, the low land bore from S. by W. to S. W. by W. diftant three or four leagues. At eight the extremes of the land bore from E. N. E. to S. E. by S. ; the weather calm and cloudy. At noon the land bore from E. by N. to S. S. W. off Ihore four or five leagues. Sounded 150 fathoms, no ground. This day we caught three fharks, and got them on board, in order to procure oil for the lamp from their livers. Latitude obferved 19' N, longitude by lunar obfervation 173° 30' E. Friday^ 27 th. Fiift part tliick hazy weather, and calm, » with a fwell from the north-eaft; middle part light airs, inclinable to calm, wind N, E. by E.; afterwards frefh breezes an^l thick haze, with rain, wind E, N. E. At a quarter paft eleven A. M. we faw land bearing north, feven or eight miles diftant. Made the fignal to the Scarborough. At three quarters paft eleven we faw more land, bearing N. N. W. nine or ten miles diftant. No obfervation. Latitude by account 7** 5 7' N, longitude by lunar obfervation 172" 05' E. Saturday^ 20th. Firft part frefli breezes and hazy, with rain. ft/fI / Ur///r/j. f//'. ^fw/M yitf/f.* (/ff/fr J -Jfajf/n'O. / r I .(' 4 or -^fityni» fr iHiiipi%wpapii Hb' t ^/(f/ft^*. \ /ff/r/f/'.J I /If/j . J/' Ji. J^ouivn. ^Nulv./ ^tU- .l--/ Jirf h S^p: li . ly I w; J I» > .«. M: .V ' C ' t» V; ♦ ♦'.m «K. t .«fr T' ' -.J.. . .TSi,: ■ h. ■V-- I- -" • v 'V t •.«p- - 1' t : V' , '".T * ♦ ♦ t •ft* # 'fj -t: • ^ - . • 1 i. / M. « • : ^ If' • rain, vvind E. by N.; middle part light breezes and hazy, 1788. wind E. N.E.; latter part moderate and fair, wind N. E. J«"»?-At four P. M. the extremes of the land bore from N. to E. S. E. This land is a clufter of iflands of a very pkafing appearance* I ran down among them within two or three miles, and as I proceeded could perceive fome proas on the different beaches, but I could fee no inhabitants. I gave them the name of Ibbetfon's Iflands. [See Plate, No< 3.] Our people counted upwards of twenty of them; but I do not think that there are fo many. I could only difcern twelve or thirteen, with a good glafs, from the main-top-gallant yard. At four P. M. the northernmoft ifland in ßght bore N. by W. diftant three or four leagues; the fecond or middle ifland N. E. diftant four or five leagues; and the mi/4rlle of the third or fouthcrnmo/t ifland E. N. E. diftant five or fix leagues. At fix P. M. the northernmoft . ifland in fight bore N. E. by N. four or five leagues diftant. At feven fpoke the Scarborough, when I propofcd to, Captain Marfhall to ftand on under an eafy fail during the night; to which he affented. Ac a quarter pafl four A. M. made fail, and at five difcovered land bearing from N. N.E. to E. N. E. off fliore two or three leagues; upon which I made the fignal to the Scarborough. At noon the / G northernmoft 1788. northernmoft ifland in fight bore E. by S. ~ S, diftant fix or June, feven leagues. I counted about fifteen of thefe iflands, and they extend nearly as many leagues. Thefe I named Calvert's Iflands, and the extremities of which I called Point Camden and Point King. [See Plate, No. 3.] Sounded, no ground 160 fathoms. Latitude obferved 8°,58'N. longitude by lunar obfervation 171° 41'E. Sunday^ 29th. Firft part frefh breezes and cloudy, afterwards hazy; at noon frefh breezes and clear, wind N. E. At five P. M. we difcovered land bearing from W. to N. five or fix leagues diftant. At fix wore fhip, and flood off". Spoke the Scarborough. The northernmoft of thefe iflands at dark bore N. N. W. three or four leagues diftant. At two A. M. made rlie fignal, and ware fhtp. At daylight faw the land bearing from N. E. to W. ofF fhore three or four leagues; made the fignal to the Scarborough, and made fail. At eight we faw a fmall ifland'and reef, bearing N. N. W, diftant one mile j and another ifland S, by E. diftant five or * fix leagues. At half paft eight we were abreaft of a clufter of iflands on each fide. From the extent of thefe iflands, and the tremendous reef running from them, I was doubtful of finding a paflTage. Our fituation, however, from the ftrength of of the wind and current, admitting of no retračlion, I puflied 1788. on with a prefs of fail, in order, fliould we be able to efFed a palTage, to make our way through as foon as pofTible, for fear of calms. We could get no foundings, although I ran along the reef within half a mile of it. I faw a few inhabitants, and one large proa, which puflied hard to get up with us, but without effect; for, as there was no time for loitering, I did not bring to. From the fouthernmoft of thefe iilands, till noon, I ran by the log upwards of fourteen leagues, and did not fee the extent of the reef till two o'clock. At half paft two (thank God) we happily cleared all. I have named thefe jflands Chatham's Iflands. [See Plate, No. 4,] They lie in the lat. of 9° 25' N. long. 171® 11'E. At^noon the north end of the reef bore E. N. E. diftant five or fix miles. Lat. obferved 9" 29' N. long, by lunar obfervation lyi" ii'E. Monday^ 30th. Firft part frefii breezes and clear, wind N. E.by E. ; middle part moderate and cloudy^ wind N. E.; latter part frefli breezes and clear weather, wind the fame. At three P. M. difcovered an ifland bearing N. N. W. diftant four or five leagues; and at half paft three faw aclufter of iflands bearing from S.S. W. to W. diftant about five leagues, which I fuppofe to be thofe named by different navigators the Pifcadore G 2 Iflands. j^gg. Iflands. At three quarters paft three faw a fand-fpit, dry June. about half a mile, bearing W. by N. diftant one mile, [See Plate I.] Hauled up in order to clear it. At fix we difco-vered a fmall ifland bearing N. E. by N- diftant four or five leagues. The northernmofl: extreme of the clufter of illands bore W. by N. four leagues diftant ; and at fun-fet the middle of the clufter bore W. S. W. At eight we ftiortencd fail, and fpoke the Scarborough ; when I propofed to wear at ten, and ftand to the eaftward; to which Captain Marftiall afl^ented» At day-break, out all reefs, and made fail. Ever fince we firft fell in with thefe iftands, we have been in continual danger ; and our fituation admitted of no remedy whatever. Anchors were not of the leaft fervice, as we could get no foundings^ even within half a mile of the fhore, though we never omitted to found conftantly throughout the twenty-four hours; and in bearing up for one clufter, we fell in with another. We, however, at length, happily made our way through them; but without being able, from different circumftances, to procure at any one of them the refreftiments we flood in need of. From the number of the iflands we have lately fallen in with, it is not improbable that there are many others lying nearly in the fame degrees of latitude and longitude, and perhaps extending Fl An: K h., ■]' . ('>. <>r j^J — AuKj/fm t! /'! ■tt/ / I^ndtm . l^ihUsitil ai tbtJd- ^teU.S^'' jpQ hy J ""WwV?. . . _ '.Lt M t J* .ijC- ■ •v 't 1» IR » »- - JS i - } > k >.. t - >i v f »i- 'A ' ■ i. ^ m - ^ ' -i -t" .3 • # »r * -'i-: ' ■ ■ -'M . ..T lü •t' nI \ I 'v - ' .4) ^ .t ft « t-. -J* t ^ t - Ä m V . "iT^J J - - iT"-*- *... - » - 'J ' V?.' • . ; 41- # .2 V .-• ■ % ■ A % tending to the eaft and north-eaft : and as there is a profpečt 1788. of an intercourfe being in time eftabliflied between New South . Wales and China, fome of them poiUbly may prove to have fafe and convenient harbours, and to abound with fuch necef-faries as fliall render the paflage much more agreeable than we found it. Latitude obferved 10° 39' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 170" 58 E. Tuefday, July ift. Frefli breezes and clear weather, wind N. E. by E. during the day. At eight P. M. in top-galknt fails, and fhortened fail, in order to fpeak with the Scarbo* rough. At daylight we made fail. Latitude obferved longitude by lunar obfervation 170° 21 E. Wednefday^ 2d. At one P. M. frelli breezes and cloudy; at two a light fquall with fome rain j at four moderate and clear, wind N. E. which continued during the remainder of the day. At eight P. M. we Ipoke the Scarborough, and at day-break made fail. At half paft eight A. M. made the ßgnal to the Scarborough to fet up the rigging. We accordingly fhortened fail, and fhifted the top-fails; ßayed the lower mafts, and fet up the rigging. At noon the Scarborough fent her boat on board. Latitude obferved 13° 21'N. longitude by lunar obfervation 167'' 26' E. Thurfday^ July. 1788. Hurfday^ 3d. At one P- M. frefli breezes and cloudy, wind N. by E. Stayed the top-mafts and top-gallant mafts, and fet the rigging up. At four we faw fome tropic birds and fheer waters. At eight A- M. removed the fliifting ballaft aft. We now found that the fliip failed infinitely better fince I let the mafts in the partners aft. Latitude obferved 14° 54' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 165° 50' E. Friday^ 4th. Moderate breezes, and fine, clear, pleafant weather, wind N. E^ At foui la the afternoon we again faw fome fheer waters. Latitude obferved 16° 12' JN.'longitude by lunar obfervation 164° 46' E, Saturdayy 5th. Firft part light breezes and clear ; middle part hazy; latter part moderate and cloudy; wind N. E. Nothing particular happened during the courfe of this day,-Latitude obferved 17° 07' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 163° 51'E. Sunday^ 6th, Firft part light breezes and hazy, with a fmooth fea ; wind N. E, Latitude obferved 17® 36' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 162® 57' E, Monday^ 7th. Firft part moderate breezes, with light fqualls, and cloudy ; middle part moderate and cloudy ; latter part moderate and fair; wind E, N. E. during the day. At At two P. M. founded, no ground fixty fathoms. At five we 1788. fpoke the Scarborough; when Captain Marfliall informed J^'y-me that ten of his men were down with the fcurvy. Having been fo long without procuring any refrefhments from on fhore, that diforder, fo fatal to feamen, now began to grow alarming in both fhips. Latitude obferved 18® 16' N. longitude by lunar obfervation iGi'^ 47' E. Tuefdayy 8 th, Firft part light airs and cloudy, with fhowers of rain, wind E. S. E.; middle part the fame, with fmall rain, wind variable; latter part calm and cloudy, wind S. E. In the forenoon we faw feveral tropic birds and fheer waters. At noon founded, no ground 160 fathoms. Latitude obferved 18^ 52' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 161® 07'E, Wednefday^ gth. Firft part light airs and clear, wind E. S. E.; at fix P.M. light fqualls with rain, wind variable ; during the night light breezes and clear, wind E. S. E. fucceeded by fqualls with heavy rain; latter part hazy, and very unfettled weather, wind variable. Latitude obferved 19° 28' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 160° 11' E. Thurfday^ icth. Firft part light airs, and dark cloudy weather, wind variable j middle part moderate and cloudy, wind E.; latter part dark unfettled weather, wind the fame. A At 1788. At eight P. M. we fpoke the Scarborough, and informed Cap-July. tain Marfliall that the longitude by lunar obfervation the preceding noon was 159° 10'E. At feven A. M. variation per azimuth 9° 30' E. No obfervation. Latitude by account 22° 2' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 159® 38' E; Friday y iith. Firft part light breezes and cloudy; after» wards moderate and clear ; wind during the day variable. At ten P. M. the Scarborough fpoke us. In the forenoon we fav/ feveral tropic^kds and fheer waters. This day the carpenter became indifpofed, and his illnefrinctcaC-d the fick lift to nine out of twenty-eight; a number that, conlidering the diftance we were at from any place where there was a probability of procuring neceffaries for their relief, as well as for preventing a further addition to the lift, carried no little degree • of alarm with it. Latitude obferved 20® 42, N. longitude by lunar obfervation 15 8 16' E. Saturdayy 12th. Firft part moderate breezes and hazy, wind N. E.; middle part cloudy unfettled weather with fqualls, wind variable ; latter part thick, hazy, and fqually, with rain, wind E. S. E. The fcurvy now began to make rapid ftrides, and the number of Tick on board was this day increafed to ten, with a profped of feveral more being foon down, the fymptoms 3 gaining gaming ground upon them, notwithftanding we had plenty of good beer of our own brewing, wine, and other antifcorbutics. ^ . Latitude by account 235'N. longitude by lunar obfervation 156" 45' E. Sunday^ 13 th. Firfi: part moderate breezes and cloudy, wind S. E.; middle part fqually and cloudy; latter part heavy fqualls, with rain, wind the fame. At feven P, M. we fpoke the Scarborough. At five A. M. fLifted the main-top-gallant maft, At eight we faw a gannet, and kept a good look-out. Latitude obferved 22° 23' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 152° 51'E. Mondayy 14th. Firft part heavy fqualls, with rain, wind S. S. E.; middle part frefli breezes and cloudy, wind variable ; latter part fqually, with heavy rain, wind S. by W. At three p. M. we faw a gannet, and at feven A. M. feveral more were in fight. When I fpoke the Scarborough, the preceding day, I propofed to Captain MarfKall to wear in:imediately, in order to get to the fouthward as foon as poffible; being convinced that the fouth-weft monfoon had reached us, and that it would be necefiliry for fecuring our paffage to China to round the Bafhee lilands as clofe as we might have it in our power to do. Here it muft be very apparent to every nautical man, that from H the 1788, the latitude we were then in, and the fouth-weft monfoon blowing, we fliould not be able to fetch the Ifland of Formofa ; and getting to leeward of it would effedually prevent our reaching China till the north-eaft monfoon fliould fet in; and, from the fickly ftate of the crew, I was apprehenfive we fhould be equally retarded on the coaft of Japan, where the current is rapid and uncertain. From the little plan I had laid down for the government of our voyage, previous to our failing, it will appear that I neveiL^intended to have gone fo far to the north* ward. There, however, was no alternative, Lut that of returning again to the fouthward, while we had it in our power to do fo, by being well to the eaftward, and confequently not too much influenced by the monfoon. We accordingly wore and flood to the fouthward. No obfervation. Latitude by account 22°35'N. longitude by lunar obfervation 150° 48' E. Tuefday^ 15th. Firft part moderate breezes and cloudy, with rain, wind S, S. W.; middle part heavy fqualis, with rain, wind S,; latter part dark and gloomy, with flying fhowers, wind the fara^ At four P. M. we had a large fwell from the S. W. and a vaft number and variety of birds were about the fhip; This day I conceived myfelf not far from the iflands called the Gardens, laid down in feveral charts nearly in this latitude. No No obfervation. Latitude by account 22" 30' N. longitude by lunar obfervation r 51° 44' E. . - ww Wednefdayy i6th, Firft part moderate breezes, with thick gloomy weather, and light fhowers at times, wind S. by W.; middle part fqually, with rain, and much lightning from the fouth, wind S. S. W.; latter part cloudy, wind the fame. A t five P. M. we had a heavy fwell from the S. S. W. and a great number of birds were ftill round the fhip. At ten A. M. fent the jolly boat on board the Scarborough, which returned at noon. No obfervation. Latitude by account 22 05' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 152' 36 E. *fhurfday-i 17th. Firft part light breezes and cloudy, unfettled weather, with heavy rains, wind S. W.; middle part light airs and hazy, wdth rain, wind variable ; latter part moderate breezes and cloudy, wind S. At four P. M. wore (hip ; and likewife at half paft feven, when in top-fails. At three A. M, wore fliip to the weftward, and at four to the eaftward ; at feven we were taken aback; and at half pafl feven again wore fliip. Latitude obferved 21" 55 N. longitude by lunar obfervation 152'' 28' E. Friday^ 18th. Firft part light breezes and eloudy, wind S.; middle part moderate and clear, Wind S. S, E.; latter part hazy, H 2 wind 1788. wind S, by E. At one P. M. we wore fl:iip, and alfo at half J^!^ paft twelve A. M. At four the Scarborough fpoke us. At fevem variation per azimuth S*' 10 E. At half paft feven Captain Marfliall fent his boat, to inform me that his brother was takea dangeroufly ill, and requefted that I would come on board. I went immediately, carrying with me fuch medicines and other things as, from the account given me, I thought he flood in need of; but, to my great concern, before I could reach the fhip, he expired. Though neither Captain Marfhall nor myfelf had a furgeon on board, yet having h ^ooa medicine cheft, with direčlions, together with Buchan's Domeftic Medicine, I did tolerably well, and I flatter myfelf prevented the fcurvy from proving fo fatal as it otherwife might have done, Mr. Marfhall's cafe was, however, very obflinate; he had languifhed for fome time under that diforder ; and, as we were not able to make any land, where the fole effectual remedy againft it could only have been obtained, from the benefit of the air on fhore, and from the ufe of fruits and vegetables, it had now arrived to fuch a height as to deprive him of life; and that, at laft, in a manner fomewhat fudden. Latitude obferved 21° 44.'N. longitude by lunar obfervation 152° 17' E. Saiurdajy 19th. Firfl part light breezes and cloudy, wind' S. S. E.; S, S. E. ; middle part moderate and clear, wind S. E.; latter 178?. part the fame, wind S. E. by S. In the afternoon a great many birds, of various forts, were about the £hip. The number of fick on board ftill amounted to ten. Latitude obferved 21" 07' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 151? 27' E. Sunday, 20th. Light airs and clear throughout the day, wind fromS. E. to S. S. E. At feven A. M. the Scarborough Ipoke us. Latitude obferved 20° 38' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 150° 51'E. Monday i 21^. Firft pait light airs and clear, wind S, middle part clear and calm ; latter part light airs and cloudy, wind W. At one P. M. fent the jolly boat on board the. Scarborough. The fick lift this day decreafed to nine. Latitude obferved 20° 24 N. longitude by lunar obfervation 150° 45' E-. Tue/day^ 2 2d. Firft part light airs and cloudy, with rain, wind W.; middle part variable; latter part moderate and fair^ wind N. At ten A. M. feveral birds were round the fhip. Theftate of the fick as yefterday. Latitude obferved i9°44.'N.. longitude by lunar obfervation 150° 26' E. Wednefday, 23d. Firft part light breezes and clear, wind N. N. E.; middle part light airs, inclinable to calm ; latter part calms at noon hot and fultry, 'wind S. S. W,. The wales and. 1788. and bottom of the fliip being now become exceedingly foul, we got the boat out and fcrubbed the ftarboard fide. The ftate of the fick as before. Latitude obferved 19' 28'N. longitude by lunar obfervation 150® 12' E. Thurfday^ 24th. Firft part light airs and cloudy, wind S. W.; middle part inclinable to calm ; latter part moderate and cloudy, wind S. W. by S. At two P. M. fent the boat on board the Scarborough. This -afternoon fcrubbed the larboard fide of the fhip;- Fiuin one to fonr hcf head was all round the compafs. Many birds were this day about the Ihip. The ftate of the fick as before. Latitude obferved 19® 01' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 150° 00' E. Friday, 2 5th, Firft part light breezes and hasEy, wind S. W.; middle part lightning in the S. W. quarter, wind the fame; latter part dark, gloomy weather, with fqualls, wind W.; and at noon N. W. by W. In the afternoon many birds were about the fliip J and the next mornihg a great number were ftill ob-fervable. The ftate of the fick as before. Latitude obferved 18° 05'N, longitude by lunar obfervation i^o^oo'E. Saturday, 26th, Firft part dark, gloomy weather, wind W.; middle part thick, hazy, and unfettled, wind S. S. W.; latter part moderate and hazy, with rain, wind variable. A great number number of birds around the fliip during the whole day. At 178S. • fix P. M. lightning in the fouth-weft quarter. The ftate of the fick as before» No obfervation. Latitude by account 17 2 2' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 149° 47'E. Sunday^ 2 7th. Firft part calm, with heavy rain ; middle part moderate and cloudy, wind S. by W. ; latter part freQi breezes and cloudy, wind S. A great number of birds, of various kinds, about the fhip. The ftate of the fick as before. Latitude obferved t 57' N, longitude by lunar obfervation 149° 47'E. Mondayy 28 th. Firft part moderate breezes and cloudy, wind S. by E.; middle part cloudy, with fqualls, wind the fame; latter part moderate and fair, wind ftill S. by E. At three P. M. the Scarborough fpoke us. At two A. M. a fudden fquall, with rain, fplit the fore-top-gallant fail. At eleven the Scarborough again fpoke us, when Captain Marfhall acquainted me that he had loft another of his ftiip's company by the fcurvy. Our lift of Tick was this day increafed to ten. Latitude obferved 16° 35' N.; longitude by lunar obfervation 148° 27' E. Tuefdayy 29th. Firft part moderate breezes and cloudy, wind S. by E.; middle part the fame, wind S. E.; latter part 3 moderate ^788- moderate and fair, wind E. Notliing material occurred through ] July. this day. The ftate of the licit remained as before. La- I—^—I ^ titude obferved 16' 04' N. longitude by lunar obfervation i4So 47' E. Wednefday^ 30th. Light airs and clear during the whole day, wind from E. N. E. to S. E. In the afternoon we faw feveral gannets. The fick lift was now increafed to twelve. Latitude obferved 150 26' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 146» 47' Er - I'hurfday^ 3ifi:. Light airs and clear, from s. E. to S. S. W. At two P. M. we faw feveral gannets. At midnight fhortened fail. At day-brealc made fail. At four A. M. I fpoljie the Scarborough, and informed Captain Marfliall that the ifland of Tinian, according to Commodore Wallis's account, bore from us S. 61° W. diftant 20 leagues. And here I muft pay the tribute due to the nautical knowledge of this good ofEcer, by obferving, that wherever his track and mine coincided, I not only found his voyages ufefu], but remarkably correa. At fix A.M. faw land bearing W. f S. nine or ten leagues diftant; At noon the fouthernmoft extreme of the land bore W. S. VV. \ W.; the northernmoft W. ; the body of the ifland s W. by S. diftant feven or eight leagues. The ftate of the the fick as before. Latitude obferved 15° 14' N. longitude by j^ss. lunar obfervation 146" 22' E. ' Auguft. Friday J Auguft ifl. Firft part light breezes and hazy, wind S. by W.; middle part light airs, inclinable to calm, wind S. S. W.; latter part light breezes, with flying fliowers of rain, ,wind S. W. by S, At four P. M. the extremes of the land, which I took to be the ifland of Saypan, bore from S. W. by S. to W. } S. diftant three or four leagues. At feven the fouthernijioft point bore S. W. ^ W.; the northernmoft ditto W. ^ S. At eight A. M. the extremes of the'land bore from N. W. by W. to S.W. rThe ftate of the fhip's company rendered the fight of land moft grateful to our eyes ; and excited the warmeft hopes that we fhould be able to procure the refrefliments we fo much flood in need of. The fcurv^y had now arrived to fuch a height among the crew that eleven were unable to move; and the remaining part were fo exceedingly feeble, from the effeds of it, as fcarcely to be able to navigate the fhip: fo that our fituation was become extremely critical, which induced me to make the beft of my way to the ifland of Tinian; and this I fignified to Captain Marfliall. No obfervation. Saturday^ 2d. Firfl: part light airs and cloudy, with rain, wind S. S. E,; middle and latter parts the fame, wind variable, i from 1788. from S, S.W. to W. by S. At three P. M. we bore down Auguft. and fpoke the Scarborough, and at five her boat came on board. At fevcn the extremes of the land bore from N. E. to S. W. i W- diftant two or three leagues. Latitude obfervcd 15= 5 N. Su?iday, 3d. Firft part light breezes, with fliowers of rain^ wind S. W. by S.; middle part light airs and hazy, wind S. S. W.; latter part the fame, wind S. W. At one in the afternoon tacked, and, being near the ifland of Saypan,. fent the jolly boat on fhore, in oidw to procure refrefh^ ments for the fick, which returned at fix, when we again made fail. At feven the extremes of the land bore from 8. W. by W. to N. W. by N. off fliore four miles. At eight A, M. the fouthernmofl: point of Tinian bore W. S. W. f S. diftant four or five leagues. Latitude obferved 14° si N. Monday^ 4th. Fir ft part light airs and clear, wind S. W. by S.; middle part light airs, hazy, and fqually with rain, wind S. by W. latter part cloudy, with rain, wind the fame. At four P. M. the fouthernmoft point of Tinian bore W. by S. At eight Tinian bore W. i S. diftant four leagues. At daylight the fouth point of Tinian bore W. N. W. diftant five or fix. miles J miles; and at nine it bore E. two miles diftant, I now fent the jolJy boat to found the bay, and to come to a grappling* when a convenient birth was found for the fhip to lie. In order to do this, I directed the mate to bring the fame bearings on which Commodore Wallis had taken, when he anchored his Majefty's fhip the Dolphin ; and, to facilitate the buflnefs, I copied the bearings from the commodore's voyage, which I had by me, and delivered them to the mate. I further directed him to hoift an union jack, if the ground was good. The boat returned at noon, having found a convenient birth, and left a buoy thercj as a mark for the l3iip*s anchorage. At noon the fouth point bore S. by E. diftant a mile and a half. Standing into the bay of Tinian. 'luefday^ 5th. Firft part light airs and fair, wind W. ; middle part moderate breezes, wind S. by W, 5 latter part moderate, with rain, wind S. S. W. At one P. M. we were taken aback. At two came to, with the beft bower^ in twenty-five fathoms, hard fand, with coral rocks; the South Point bearing S. E. by S.; Cocoa-Nut Point N, N. W.; the North Point N. W.; about a mile and half from the fliore, and one mile from the reef, nearly in the fpot where Captain Wallis i 2 lay, 1788. lay, in his Majefty's fliip the Dolphin. At three I Tent the Auguft. jolly boat on fhore; and at fix £he returned, with oranges, cocoa-nuts, fome cabbages, &c. and alfo a wild hog. Encouraged by this fupply, at four A. M. I fent the yawl on fhore, in order to procure more refrefhments; and at eight A. M. I fent twelve of the fick on fhore, that they might receive the benefit of the land air as early as poffible. And, as we found the well, mentioned'in Anfon's Voyages, to be dry, and no water to be met with^ that we could difcover, within three mileVof thc-Uiiding-pUces, I like wife fent fome ca/ks on fhore, together with one of the lower ftudding-fails, in order * to catch water from the rain that fell. During the remaining part of the day the boats were employed in bringing aboard fruit, &c, &c. for fea-ftores.^ Wednefday^ 6th. Firft part frefh breezes, with rain, wind S. W.; middle and latter parts the fame, wind S. The fick not being in a ftate to come off, at three P. M. I ordered their bedding to be fent on fhore, together with a fail and fome tarpaulins, for the purpofe of making them a tent for the night. About nine in the morning a fmall party, confifting of thofe whofe health would bear the fatigue, fatigue, made an excurfion into the country, to kill cattle, hogs, 1788. fowls, &c. ^^ Tlurfday, 7th. Firfi: part frefli gales, with a heavy fwell from the weftward, wind W. S. W.; middle part fqually, with rain, wind S. W.; latter part the fame, wind S. S. W. and variable. At one P. M. finding the beft bower to come home at times, let go the fmall bower, bent the fheet cable, and got the anchor over the fide. The boat employed in bringing on board fruit, 8cc. &c. At five the hunters returned^ with two wild hogs and a fmall pig. At midnight, in founding, loft a deep fea lead, the line being cut by the coral rocks. At five A. M. hove vtp the fmall bower, and found one of the bends cut off"; upon which we proceeded immediately to fecure the clinch. At nine a fquall coming on, we again let go the fmall bower, and veered away on both cables a long fcope. Hoifted in the yaul. Down top-gallant yards. Our fituation being now neither pleafant nor fafe, I fen t afhore for all the fick. In the mean time we employed ourfelves in getting ready for fea, in cafe the wind fiiould admit of laying out of the bay, fo as to clear the north point of the breakers, Friday, 8 th. Heavy fqualls, with rain, during the whole day, wind variable from S. to W. S. W. A very heavy fea rolling 62 v o Y A g e t o c A N t o N. 1788. rolling in from the weftward, at one P. M. we got, with great difHculty, all the lick on board, which afforded fome abatement to the anxiety of my mind on their account. We loft to-day another deep fea lead, cut, as before, by the coral rocks. At day-break we found ourfelves within two cable's length of the reef, and a very heavy fea ftill rolling in from the weftvvard; at the fame time the fhip's company were fo extremely weak and feeble, as not to be able to purchafe either of the anchors. Indeed th?re appeared to be no poffibility of heaving, from the heavy pitching of the ftxlp that the people could not ftand to the bars of the windlafs: and the weather growing, if poßlble, vvorfe, I determined, rather than run the rifk of riding it out, to cut and put to fea. The danger was new fo imminent, that it became abfolutely neceffary 1 fhould carry this determination into execution without further delay. I accordingly got a fpring on the ftarboard cable, to caft the fliip, and at half paft ßx A. M. cut both cables at the windlafs, and flood out of the bay. At three-quarters paft ftx, a very heavy fqualj, with rain, fplit the jibb, and main top-maft ftay-fail. Had the fhip remained a quarter of an hour longer in the bay, I am fully perfuaded, and niy officers and the whole üiip's company aie of the fame opinion, that £he muft inevitably have driven aüiore upon the reef. reef. We^ however, by half paft feven, cleared the north point 1788. of the breakers. Clofe reefed the top-fails, and ftruck the topgallant mafts. At eight handed the top-fails. 'Split the fore and main courfcs; brought a new fore-fail to the yard immediately. At ten the body of Tinian bore E. by N. diftant fix or feven leagues. The illand of Aguian bore S. E. by E. diftant eight or nine leagues; and Saypan N. E. ~ N. diftant ten or eleven leagues. Thus did I find myfelf obliged to forego all the benefits I hoped to have received from touching at this ifland. The Scarborough, whofe fituation was nearly fimilar to ours, cut out at the fame time. The latitude of the body of the ifland of Tinian I make to be 15° 00' N. and its longitude 146° E. In Anfon's Voyage, Tinian is defcribed as being nearly a terreftrial paradife. Tlie air is iaid to be uncommonly healthy^ and the foil dry and fertile ; the land to rife in gentle Hopes, from the beach to the middle of the ifland, often interrupted by vallies of an eafy defcent, many of which wind irregularly through the country, and the whole beautifully diverfified by woods and lawns: the woods confifling of tall and well-fpread trees, free from underwood or buflies, and moft of them celebrated either lor their afped or their fruit 5 the lawns exten-five, and compofed of fine tuif, covered with trefoil and various^ 3 kinds. 1788. kinds of flowers ; altogether affording the moft enchanting profpečls. Nor are the allurements of Tinian, in the account there given, confined to the beautiful appearance of the country. It was at that time fo well flocked with cattle, that it was not uncommon to fee herds of feme thoufands feeding together in a large meadow, all of them milk white, and fo far from being wild, that they were fhot, or run down, with eafe. The ifland abounded likewife with wild hogs, poultry, and all kinds of tropical fruits and vegetables. It had, befides, a great number of fprings and wells of good^i^erl fu tkat- it_was one of the moft delightful and commodious places a fliip could touch at. Such is the ifland of Tinian dcfcribed in Anfon's Voyage to be in September 1742. When viiited by Commodore Byron, in July 1765, the flate of it appears to have been very different. Inftead of the beautiful lawns and meadows before defcribed, a party that were fent out to kill cattle found the trees fo thick, and the I , ground fo overgrown with underwood, that they could ^ fcarcely fee three yards before them. And after having, with incredible labour and difficulcy, penetrated through this brake, to their great furprife and difappointment, they found the lands entirely overgrown with a ftubborn kind of a reed reed or brufh, in many placcs as high as their heads, which greatly impeded their progrefs. During their excurfion, they were covered with flies from head to foot. The cattle which are before defcribed to have been fo numerous and tame, were now fo % that the hunters could fcarcely get a fhot at them; and none were to be met with within three or four miles of the landing-place. As to the climate, Mr. Byron gives it as his opinion that it is one of the mod unhealthy fpots in the world; at leaft; he fays, it was fo during the feafon he was there, the rain being violent and inceflant, and the heat fo cxceflive as to threaten them with fuffocation. They further found it to fwarm with centipedes and fcorpions, and likewife with a large black ant, fcarcely inferior to either in the malignity of its bite; belides which, there were many other venomous infeds. The water of the well from which the Centurion had been fupplied, was the worft they had met with during their whole voyage, it (being not only brackifli, but full of worms. According to the account given of it by Captain Wallis, who was there in September 1767, the weather was then fo very fultry and hot, that their flefli meat would fcarcely keep a day. He tells us that not a fmgle cocoa-nut was K to 1788. to be prociircd within three miles of the landing-place; and that the people he Tent out to kill cattle, not only endured incredible fatigue, from being frequently obliged to go ten or twelve miles, through one continued thicket, but found the cattle fo fcarce, and fo wild, as to occafion them very great trouble in the purfuit. From the obfervations I was able to make, during my fliort ftay at this illand, the defcription given by Captain Wallis feems to correfpond the neareft with the prefent ftate of it. The ground was much overgrown wltU^ unjierj^d, and the cattle did not appear to be by far fo plenty as defcribed in Anfon's Voyage, nor fo eafily gotten at, I have already faid that the well, at which Lord Anfoii watered, was dry; and as for the numerous fprings there fpoken of, few of tliem fell in my way. The neareft water to the landing-place lay too far off for me to receive any benefit from it, in the prefent debilitated ftate of the fhip's company. Among the trees I obferved great numbers of the cotton-tree, in full bloom; and fell in with a village, the huts of which appeared to have been for fome time deferted. However, the little time I was there, I got great abundance of cocoa-iiu's, cabbages, bread-fruit, wild hogs, I fowls, fowls, ccc. &c. I favv fcvcral large herds of white cattle, but 1788. was not able to manage any of them, except a few of their calvcs. Knowing the badnefs of the load in which the fliip lay, and the critical fituation I was in, from the fickly ftate of my people, I had not time to make tho/e obfervations I otherwifc might have done, as fuch different accounts had been given of this ifland. Saturday^ 9th. Firfh part freOi gales and fqually, wind S. S. W.; middle part frefli gales and cloudy, wind S.; latter part fqually, with rain, wind the flime. At one P. M. the Scarborough, which had fortunately got out of the bay at the fame time we did, was in company. At two we had very hard fqualls, which carried away the fore-tack and fheet, and fplit the new fore-fail and main-fail, and blew away the fore-top-maft flay-fail. At fix a heavy fwell from the weft ward. At eight A. M. the Scarborough making the fignal to fpeak to us, we bore down, and received her boat on board, when the chief mate informed me that Captain MarHiall was dangeroufly ill. The many difficulties that had attended the voyage, particularly the difappointment we had juft experienced, when we thought the recovery of our men was on the point of K 2 being 1788. being effecled • together with the gloomy profpeft that ftill prefented itfelf, from the fickly ftate of the fliips' companies, was more than his fpints were able to bear up againft, though a good and adtive feaman, and his health became affeäed by it. Having myfelf thirteen unable to do any duty, and the remaining part being exceedingly weak and feeble, from the fatigue during the late gale, I came to the refolution of making the beft of my way to Macao ; more efpeclally as the_illnefs of the crew effedu-ally deprived me of the power of putting back, in order to recover the cables and anchors, which had unavoidably been cut and left in Tinian Bay. The ftate of the water on board proved an additional obftručtion to doing this; as it now ran fo fliort as not to admit of the leaft delay in the profecution of our voyage. Had I been obliged to leave the fick behind, of which, at one time, I was very ap-prehenfive, the bringing them away would have been an obje(ii that required every exertion; but the welfare of the whole (Kip*s company was not to be put in competition with the lofs of two cables and anchors. No obfervation. Latitude by account 15° 25' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 144.* 36' K Sunday^ Sunday, loth. Firft part frefli gales and cloudy, wind 1788. S. S. W.; middle part moderate breezes and cloudy, wind S.; latter part moderate and fair, wind the fame. At four P. M. a heavy fwell from the fouthward, which continued during the night. All the fick that had been landed at Tinian, not-withftanding the time they were on lliore was fo fliort, and the refrefhments we were able to procure there, fo few, had recovered furprifingly of the fcurvy; but were ft ill very weak and emaciated. The Hck lift continued at thirteen. Latitude obferved 15" 45' N. longitude by lunar obfervadon 143° 29' E. Monday, nth. Firft part moderate breezes and hazy, wind S. ; middle part light airs and hazy, wind S. S, E. ^ latter part ditto and dear, wind the fame. At three P, M, font the jolly boat on board the Scarborough. Sick lift twelve; among whom were the carpenter and boatfwain. Latitude obferved 15° 27' N. longitude by lunar obfervation 142° 38'E. 'Tuejday, 12th. Firft part fqually, with fmall rain, wind S. E* by £.j middle part moderate breezes and cloudy, wind N. E.; ' latter part the fame, wind E. N. E. In the forenoon we brought to for the Scarborough's boat, then filled and made fail again, 3 Sick VOYAGE TO CANTON. J7S8, Sick lift this day decrcafcd one. Latitude obfcrved 14.^ N. w^li, longitude by kinar obfcrvation 141° 06'E. Wednefdayy 13th. Fiifl; part moderate breezes and hazy, wind E.; middle part light breezes and clear, wind S. S. E.; latter part moderate and lair, wind the fame. At fix P. M. the Scarborough fpoke us. At lix A. M. variation per azimuth 3^54,' E. Sick lift tweWe. Latitude obferved 14" 28'N. longitude by lunar obfervation 139° 41' E. Iburfday^ 14th, Firil part moderate breezes and fair, wind E. ; middle part fqually, wind S. E.; latter piirt frefli breezes and clear, wind E. S, E. This day, our water growing fliort, I put every one on board to an allowance. At four P. M. faw a gannet, and confequently kept a good-look out; but, though we faw no land, I ftrongly fufped there are iflands unexplored liereabouts. As it was not my bufinefs to fearch for danger, as before obferved, but to avoid it, I did not feek after them. Sick lift increafed to thirteen. Latitude obferved 14" 15'N. longitude by lunar obfervation 137° 37' E. Friday, 1 5th. Firft part moderate and cloudy, with now and ' then flying fqualls, and light fliowers, wind W.; middle part frcfti breezes and cloudy, wind the fame; latter part moderate and cloudy, with light fliowcrs of rain, wind the fame. At eleven eleven A. M. the Scarborough fpoke us. The fick lift this day increafcd to fifteen. No obfervation. Latitude by account 14° 27' N, longitude by lunar obfcrvaticn 135^ 39 E. Saturday^ 16th, Fird part moderate breezes and cloudy, wind S. by E.; middle part frelli breezes and cloudy, wind the fame; latter part clear, wind flill S. by E. Our flck lift was now increafed to fifteen, fo that more than one half of tlic fiiip's company were totally incapacitated from attending their duty, and many of the remainder very ill-prepared to encoiintcr a gale of wind. Latitude obferved 15® oi'N. longitude by Junar obfervation 133" 32'E. Sunday^ 17th. Firft part moderate breezes and clear, wind S. W. by S.; middle part light airs and cloudy, wind S. W,; latter part light airs, and hazy, wind S. S. W. In the afternoon we faw a large flock of birds. Kept a good look-out. Sick Hfl: thirteen. Latitude obferved 15° 17' N. longitude by account 132° 05' E. Monday^ 18th. Firfl: part light airs, inclinable to calm, wind S. S. W.; middle part calm and cloudy ; latter part light airs and cloudy, vvind variable. Sick lift fourteen. Latitude obferved 15° rS' N. longitude 132° 51' E. Tuefday^ 19th. Firft part light airs and hazy, wind E.; middle middle part wind and weather the fame ; latter part thick and hazy. Sick lift as before. No obfervation. Latitude by account 15° i6'N. longitude by account 132° 30' E. Wednejday^ 20th. Firft part light airs and hazy, wind E. S. E.; middle part light fqualls, with rain, wind W. S. W.; latter part moderate and clear, wind S. W. I had the pleafure to find the Tick decreafed this day to feven. Latitude obferved 35'N"' longitude by account 131° 55' E. Thurfday^ 21 ft. Moderate breezes and cloudy, with light ftiowers of rain, wind S, W.; middle part fqually, with rain, wind the fame; latter part fqually unfettled weather, wind W. During the night fplit the fore-top-gallant fail, and carried away the jibb-ftay; and the rain was fo heavy that we filled a ton of rain water. State of the fick as yefterday. No obfervation. Latitude by account 16° 19' N. longitude by account 129° 47' E. Fridayy 2 2d. Firft part frefti breezes and fqually, with rain, wind S. W. by W.; middle part fqually, unfettled, weather, wind variable; latter part the fame, wind W. by 8. At two P. M. filled two tons and a half of rain water. At fix a fquall fplit the main-top-maft ftay-fail. Early in the morning a heavy fea from the S. W. At noon we faw faw a gannet. Sick lift as before. Latitude obferved 17° 27' N. 1788. longitude by account 129° 00' E. Auguft^ Saturday, 23d. Firft part frefh breezes and fqually, wind W. S. S.J middle part the fame, wind S. W.; latter part ftill fqually and unfettled, wind W. by S. At one P. M. fplit the main ftay-fail. Sick lift eight. No obfervation. Latitude by account 17® 57' N, longitude by ditto 128° 09'E. Sunday^ 24th, Firft part frefti gales and fqually, with rain, wind S. W. by S. ; middle part heavy fqualls, with rain, wind S. W.; latter part fqually and unfettled, wind S.S. W. At three A. M. lowered the top-fails. At eleven the Scarborough fpoke us. The ftate of the lick as yefter-day. Latitude obferved 18® 21' N. longitude by account 127° oo'E. Mondayy 25th. Firft part frefh breezes and hazy, wind S. S, W. middle part the fame; latter part fqually, with rain, wind S. W. At two P. M. a heavy fwell from the weftward. At four A.M. lowered the top-fails. Sick lift as before: No obfervation. Latitude by account 18° 52' N. longitude by ditto 125° 45' E. • Tuefday^ 26 th. Firft part frefh breezes and cloudy, . J. wind 1788. wind S. W. by S.; middle part moderate breezes, with rain, Auguft.^ wind S. by W.; latter part freüi breezes and hazy, wind the fame. The Tick lift, to my great fatisfadion, this day reduced to live. An attention to the medical diredions before mentioned, and the ufe of fuch other antifcorbutics as we had on board, were produčlive of effečls more falutary than could have been expected, confidering that I had no furgeon on board. Latitude obferved 29" 15' N. longitude by account 124° 22' E. Wednefday^ 27 th. Firft part frefli breezes and fqually, with rain, wind S. by W.; middle part frefb breezes and cloudy, wind variable; latter part moderate and clear weather, wind S. by W. Sick lift four. Latitude ob-» ferved 15'. N. longitude by account 122° 59' E. Thurfdayy 28 th. Firft part moderate breezes and hazy, wind S. by E; middle part the fame, wind S. S. E.; latter part light breezes and hazy, wind S. W. The ftate of the fick as yefterday. Latitude obferved 18° 44' N. Friday^ 29th. Firft part light breezes and cloudy, wind N. W.; middle part unfettled weather, with lightning in all quarters of the horizon, wind N. N. W. I latter latter part frefli breezes and dear, wind variable. At one 1788, P. M. pafied a great quantity of fea-weed ; as we likewife Anguft. did about ten the next morning. At three P. M. made the fignal to the Scarborough for feeing land. The ftate of the Tick as before. Latitude obferved 18" 48'N, Saturday^ 30th. Firft part fteady breezes and clear, wind N. by W.; middle part the fame, wind N. by E. ; latter part frefh breezes and fair, wind N. N. E. At a quarter paft noon faw the ifland of Luconia bearing W. by S. diftant eleven or twelve leagues. At ten at night fliewed a light to the Scarborough. At fix A. M. faw the land, bearing W. by S. ten or eleven leagues diftant. At ten perceived three high rocks, out of the water, which bore W. N. W. diftant three or four leagues. A heavy fwell from the N. E, at eleven. At twelve the Scarborough fpoke us. The fick lift remained in the fame ftate as before. Latitude obferved 19" 17' N. longitude by account 122° 08' E.' Sunday-i 31ft. Firft part moderate and fair, wind R N. E.; middle part light airs, inclinable to calm, wind N.; in the forenoon fqually, with rain \ at noon moderate and fair, wind the J. 2 . fame. 1-788. fame. At three P. M. the three high rocks, feen in the forenoon September, of ycftcrday, now bore S. W. by W. diftant fix or feven leagues. At four a very heavy fwell from the N. E. At elevea A. M. the Scarborough fpoke us. The fick lift was now happily reduced to four. Latitude obferved 19° 32'N. longitude by account 122° 11' E. Monday^ September ift. Firft part moderate breezes and clear, wind N.; middle part moderate and cloudy, wind N. N. W.; in the forenoon fqually, with rain, wind N. N. E. ; at noon clear weather, wind N. W. by W. At three A. M, it being fqually, we were taken aback; and the fame at five.-Sick lift as before. Latitude obferved 19° 32' N, luefday^ 2d. Firft part moderate breezes and clear, wind W. N- W.; middle part the fame, wind W, j latter part frefli breezes and hazy, wind S. W. At two P. M. "feveral pieces of pumice ftone pafled us. At eleven A. M, made the fignal to the Scarborough for feeing land bearing W. by S. At noon the land bore W. by N. diftant eight or nine leagues. Sick lift as before. Latitude obferved 20° 23' N. iaji 3d. Firft part light breezes and clear, wind S. W.; s.w.; middle part moderate and clear, wind S. W. by W. 1788. From fix A. M. to eleven calm; at noon light airs and s^pte^e^ hazy, wind E. At two P. M. three iHands were in fight. At three the Scarborough fpoke us. At fix the northernmoft ifland in iight bore W. by N. leven or eight leagues diftant. At eight the fouthernmoft illand bore S. W. ty W. diftant eight or nine leagues; and the northernmoft W, by N. diftant feven or eight leagues. During the night we ran along the iflands, with very little wind. At eight in the morning we lay becalmed; when the extremes of the iflands bore from S. W. by S. to W. i N, At the fame time the fouthernmoft of the Baflice Iflands bore S. 35° W. diftant fix or feven leagues; No. 2, S. 46° W. five or fix leagues; No. 3, S. 55® W. fix or feven leagues; No. S. 64® W, five or fix leagues; No. 5, S. 86° W. four or five leagues; No. 6, N. 84" W. three or four leagues. At noon; the fouthemmoft of the iflands, or No. i, bore S. 20° W^ diftant nine leagues; No. 4, S. 33" W. feven or eight leagues; No. 5, S, 42 W. twelve or thirteen miles; No. S. 4.6" W. eleven or twelve miles. The extremes of the iflands bore from S. S. W. to S. W. i W. diftant five or fix leagues. Latitude obferved 21" 24 N. I'hurfdayi 1788. Thür [day y 4tli. Fir ft part light breezes and cloudy, s^pteinhen ; middle part fteady breezes and clear, wind the Cime; latter part moderate and fair, wind the fame. At one P.M. the Scarborough lay clofe in witK the land, becalmed; but at two, making way towards us, I bore up, and made fail. At three the northernmoft of the Bafliees, or Grafton's Ifland, bore S. 8° W. diftant five or fix leagues. At four it bore S. five or fix leagues. In the year 1779, Captains Gore and King, in the Refolution and Difcovery, on their return to England, by way of Canton, endeavoured to fiiake thefe iflands. For this purpofe they referred to the bearings laid down by Commodore Byron and Captain Wallis; the former of whom makes Grafton*s Ifland to lie in latitude 21° 08' N. longitude 118° 14,' E.; the latter in latitude 2i°04'N. longitude 121" E.; but though they got into the latitude there mentioned, and ran down their longitude till they muft have got to the weftward of them, they could not fall in with them. At fix we faw land, bearing N. N. W. ^ W. thirteen or fourteen leagues diflant. At fix A.M. the northernmoft of the Bafhees bore E. S. E. i E. diftant ten or eleven leagues ; the land bearing N. W. by N. thirteen or fourteen leagues. At ten the Scarborough made the the fignal to fpeak us. The ftate of the Gck as before, 1788. Latitude obierved 21° 17' N. longitude 119° 51' E. Septemher. Fridayy 5 th. Firft part frcfli breezes and cloudy, wind S. E.; middle part fqually, with rain, and lightning from the S. W. wind S. E. by E.; latter part frefli gales and cloudy, wind E. At ten P, M. during a fquall, with rain, accompanied with lightning, carried away the lower ftudding-fail boom, and fplit the ftudding-fail. At five A. M. in another heavy fquall, with rain, fplit the fore-top-gallant fail. At feven made the fignal to alter the courfe. State of the fick as before. Latitude obferved 19° 59' N. longitude 117= 51' E. Saturday, 6th. Firft part frefli gales and cloudy, wind S. E. by E.; middle and latter parts the fame, with fqualls at times, and a heavy fea, wind E. N. E. Nothing material during the day. Sick as before. Latitude obferved> but not to be depended on, 19' 43' N. longitude 115» 32' E. Sunday^ 7th. Firft part frefli gales and fqually, wind E. N, E.; middle part the fame, wind N. E. by E.; latter part frefh gales, with dark, hazy, unfettled weather, wind the 1788, the fame. At five P. M. fpoke the Scarborough. Sick ^>pteniHffr.^ lift as bcforc. Latitude by double altitude 21" 56' Monday y 8 th, Fir ft part frefh gales and cloudy, wind E. by N. ; middle part fqually, with rain, wind E. j latter part very hard fqualls, with heavy rain, wind E, by N. At half paft two P. M. we faw land bearing W. by N. diftant three or four leagues; upon which we made the fignal to the Scarborough, and brought to. At five the CKtremes of the land bore from W, by N. to N. W. off fhore four or five leagues.^ At ten P.JvI. fhewed a light to the Scarborough, At half paft five A. M. faw the Lima Iflands, bearing N, W. by W. diftant five or fix leagues. At eight the extremes of the Grand Limas bore from E. by N. to W. by N. At ten the extremes of the land bore from E. N, E. to W. by N. off fhore fix or feven miles. At eleven brought to, and founded, twenty-one fathoms, foft mud. No obfervation, "Tuefday, 9th. Firft part frefh gales and fqually, with heavy rain, wind E. by N. ; middle part moderate and cloudy, wind the fame. At two R M. the Grand Ladrone, ifland lying off Macao, bore W. N. W. diftant four or five five leagues. I now fliortened fail, and brought to for a 1788* pilot. The weather being exceedingly hazy and tempef- ^pte^ber-tuous, I agreed to give forty dollars to one, to condučl the (hip to Macao. At three bore up, and made fail. At four the Scarborough fpoke us. At five pafled the Grand Ladrone; and at half paft feven came to with the befi: bower, in five fathoms and a quarter, in Macao-road; the town bearing E. N. E. feven or eight miles j the Typa N. E. We found a country fhip of the Eaft-India Company's riding here. The city of Macao, which is fituated on an ifland, at the entrance of the river ,of Canton, belongs to the Portuguefe. It was formerly richer, and more populous than it is at prefent, and totally independent of the Chinefe; but it has loft much of its ancient confequence; for though inhabited chiefly by the Portuguefe, under a governor appointed by the King of Portugal, it is entirely in the power of the Chinefe, who can ftarve or difpoflefs the inhabitants whenever they pleafe. The harbour of the Typaj which is formed by a number of iflands, is about fix miles diftant from Macao, Wednefday^ loth. Firft part moderate and hazy ; middle and latter parts frefli gales and fqually, with rain, M wind 1788. wind E. N. E. In the afternoon, finding that the fuper-September.^ cargocs belonging to the Honourable the Eaft-India Company were at Macao, I went on (hore, and delivered the packet I had brought for them, containing the Company's directions relative to the cargo of tea I was to take on board. A large DaniÜi Eaft-Indiaman came this day to an anchor in the road. Hurfdajy iith; Frefb gales and fqually, with rain, wind from E, N. E. to E. At ten the Bar well Eaft-Indiaman, from Eencoolen, anchored here. Fridajy I2th. The weather moderate and cloudy, the wind from E. N. E. to E. and E. S. E. At ten A. M. the pilot came on board, to take the fhip to Whampoa. At half paft eleven weighed and made fail, and at half paft nine P. M, came to an anchor in five fathoms and a half water. Saturdayy 13th. The firft part fqually; the middle and latter parts light breezes and clear weather, wind E, N. E. and N. E. At fix A.M. weighed and made fail, the yawl ahead, towing; and at half paft eleven brought to in fix fathoms and a half. Sunday i 14th. Light breezes and clear weather, wind ' E. N. E. E, N. E. to N, E. ' At half paft five P. M. weighed and 1788. made fail, working up the river, and at half paft two September. A. M. came to an anchor in five fathoms, on the eaftern fliore. At eight weighed again and made fail. Monday, 15 th. Light breezes, clear and fultry weather, wind, during the firft part of the day, E.; the middle part N, E.; and latter part W. N. W. At half paft noon came to an anchor in fix fathoms, about fix or feven miles below the Bocha Tigris. At eight weighed again and made fail; and at half paft midnight came to in fix fathoms and a half, one mile below the Bocha Tigris. At a quarter paft nine weighed again, and made fail, both boats ahead, towing. The Bocha Tigris is a narrow paffage at the mouth of the river of Canton, fomewhat more than a mufquet-fhot over. It is formed by two points of land, on each of which there is a fort; that on the right hand fide confifts of a battery, with eighteen embrafures, reaching to the water's edge; that on the oppofite fide is a large caftle, refembling thofe in England, fituated on a high rock ; and, being furrounded by a grove of trees, has an agreeable and romantic appearance. Thefe forts arc thirteen leagues dif-tant from Macao. M 2 Tuefdayy g^ voyagetocanton. 1788. Tmfdayy i6th. Light airs and fultry, wind variable. At September. half paft noon the boat of the Ardefor, a country fhip, came to aflift us up, and, at a quarter paft two, we anchored in feven fathoms water, abreaft of the lowermoft {hipping, at Whampoa. In the morning we again worked up the river, and at nine came to in lix fathoms and a half,* abreaft of French Ifland. Whampoa is a fmall Chinefe town, nine leagues above the Bocha Tigris, at which the fhips of the different nations who trade here lie, in order to take in their lading. Oppcfire to the town are feveral fmall iilands, which are allotted to the different fadories, who have warehoufes on them, containing ftores for fuck fhips as have occafion to difmantle and refit here. As you fail up the river of Canton, the country exhibits an agreeable profpečt. For the firft part, the ground on each fide is level,, and laid out in rice-fields; but, as you advance, it rifes gradually into hills, the fides of which are cut into terraces, and planted with fugar-canes, yams, plantains, and the cotton-tree. The view is enlivened by many lofty pagodas, and a number of confiderable towns within the reach of the eye. From this time the men were employed in over-hauling 3 the the rigging, 6cc. and making fuch repairs as the /hip re- 1788. quired. On the 29th the boatrwain died, and the body Sjp^^^j^ was carried on fliore the fame day, to be interred on Dean's Ifland. This was the only perfon, belonging to the fhip's company, whom I loft by death, from the time I left England till my return; and his'deceafe was more to be attributed to intemperance, while on fhore, than to any diforder incident to fo long a voyage. No occurrences worthy of infertion happening during my ftay in China, I fliall only add, by way of conclu-fion, that I was difpatched with the fame regularity and expedition as the eftablifhed Indiamen ufually are, and proceeded to England with a valuable cargo of teas and china-ware. And here I mufl: not omit to mention, with grateful remembrance, the repeated civilities and attention I received from the fupercargoes of the Eaft-India Company,, ^ refident there. FINIS. - j t-' ajs . £i:>fj"i ^nidr^izi btiß tS^iffii"* fii;:. .iWifc .flbsvA^six} oifj Uli^i 3:il iiO fiCf ' <) .'/sh ofb cirrft n«) t - '-J f.: i I -Jib mo^i-tjbii^b t . I , /i -- kv .»^tjm^.a'qirfl o3 inocü Birw vlxr-'.-t^fe'^.'l-.iv^is' jn-joj-j« vca 'I i hr:^.^-';^'! ^V:-c1 iiyiU ro c:? , c ' »cgß^ov Ji d\ , ^r.ibbni luLiolit» iiii. viiiüft'g.i amil vib a:-:'"// F/JiLv^^r.lib -ai-a*. I jj^i^^tuuu i".-- I ivSfJr.mr. 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EXTRACTS OF LETTERS from ARTHUR PHILLIP, ESQ. G.OVERNOR OF NEW SOUTH WALES,- T O LORD SYDNEY; TO WHICH 19 ANNEXED A DESCRIPTION OF NORFOLK ISLAND, BT { ^ \ 'I PHILIP GIDLEY KING, ESQ. AND An Account of Expences incurred in tranfporting Convičls to NEP^ SOUTH WALES, LONDON: PRINTED FOR J. IJEBRETT, OPPOSITE BURLINGTON-HOUSE, PICCADILLY. MDCCXCI. > t —• r-/ v.- > , \ • v t- -i - arr ' ~ ^ T ^ •.V-, ■ . - f ^ -fT '-^r-' -v T M . * »- . ' * I : : v T . Ji*, ■ ■ .. vSJi.U A-V?, i,"?-' 8 . '-i OV-^O'i^.i: V C ■ ''' ^v • -^.C-iSfcvfll-.. . ..iÄ.»- '-.-:!;' --.-^^-.»- • 4 -V , "V - • • • J ^ -----------— — ^^^ Ha EXTRACTS o f letters, ^c. Extraäs of a Letter from Governor Phillip to the "Right Honourable Lord Sydney, dated Sydney Cove, 12th "February 1790. When the Supply left Norfolk Ifland, the people were all I very healthy, and they had vegetables in the greateft abundance ; they get fifli when the weather permits to the boat to go without the reef, and, at times, in fuch quantities, that fiÜi is ferved to the people in lieu of fait provifions. They make their lines from the flax plant, but unfortunately wc have not any perfon who underflands how to drefs it. Half a pod of cotton being found on the ifland, fuppofed to be brought there by a bird, and a cocoa-nut which was perfedliy found, and appeared to have been but a fliort time in the water, B being being thrown upon the beach, have given fome reason to fup-pofe that both thefc articles will be found in fome iüand at no great diftancc. Lord Howe Ifland has been examined, but no frefli water, or good anchorage, being found, it can be of no other advantage to this Settlement, than occaüonally fupplying a few turtle. I had the honour of informing your Lordfliip, that a Settlement was intended to be made at a place I named Rofe Hill.— At the head of this harbour there is a creek, which at half Bood has water for large boats to go three miles up ; and one mile higher the water is frefh, and the foil good. A very in-duftrious man, who I brought from England, is employed there at prefent, and has under his direction one hundred convids, who are employed in clearing and cultivating the ground. A barn, granary, and other neceflary buildings, are erečled, and twenty-feven acres in corn promife a good crop. The foil is good, and the country for twenty miles to the weftward, which is as far as I have examined, lays well for cultivation ; but even there the labour of clearing the ground is very great j and I have feen none that can be cultivated without cutting down the timber, except fome few particular fpots, which from their fituation (laying at a diftance from either of the harbours) can be of no advantage to us at prefent; and I prefume the meadows mentioned in Captain Cook's voyage were feen from the high grounds about Botany Bay, and from whence they appear well to to the eye, but when examined arc found to be marflies, the draining of which would be a work of time, and not to be attempted by the firfl: fettlers. The captain's guard, which until lately did duty at Rofe Hill, is now reduced to a lieutenant and twelve privates, and intended merely as a guard to the ftore which contains the provifions, and which is in the redoubt, for I am now fenfible there is nothing to be apprehended from the natives; and the little attention which had been defired of the ofHcers, more than what was immediately garrifon duty, when at Rofe Hill, is now no longer required. At Sydney Cove all the officers are in good huts, and the men in barracks; and although many unforefcen difficulties have been met with, I believe there is not an individual, from the governor to the private foldier, whofe fituation is not more eligible at this time than he had any reafon to expečt it could be in the courfe of the three years ftation. And it is the fame with the convičts; and thofe who have been any ways induf-trious have vegetables in plenty. The buildings now carrying on are of brick and ftone. The houfe intended for myfelf was to confift of only three rooms, but having a good foundation has been enlarged, contains fix rooms, and is fo well built that I prefume it will ftand for a great number of years. The ftores have been lately over-run with rats, and they are equally numerous in the gardens, where they do confiderable B 2 damage; damage; and as the lofs in the ftores could only be known by removing all the proviiions, that was ordered to be done, and many cafks of flour and rice were found to be damaged or totally deflroyed. The lofs in thofe two articles by the rats, fince landing, has been more than twelve thoufand weight. Vegetables and provifions having been frequently fielen in the night from convidls and others, twelve convičls were chofen as anight watch; and they have aAually anfwered the end pro-pofed, no robbery having been committed for feveral months, and the convičts in general have lately behaved better than I ever expected. Only two convičls have fuffered death in the laft year.—Four were executed the firft year. As near two years have now pafled fince we fiirft landed in this country, fome judgment may be formed of the climate, and I believe a finer or more healthy climate is not to be found in any part of the world. Of one thoufand and thirty people who were landed, many of whom were worn out by old age, the fcurvy, and various diforders, only feventy-two have died in one-and-twenty months; and by the Surgeon's returns it appears that twenty-fix of thofe died from diforders of long flanding, and which it is more than probable would have carried them ofF much fooner in England. Fifty-nine children have been born in the above time. In December the corn at Rofe Hill was got in : the corn was exceeding good i about two hundred bufliels of wheat, and fixty iixty of barley, with a TmaU quantity of flax, Indian corn, and oats, all which is preferved for feed.—Here I beg leave to ob-ferve to your Lordfhip, that if fettlers are fent out, and the convids divided amongft them, this Settlement will very fhortly maintain itfelf, but without which this country cannot be cultivated to any advantage; at prefent I have only one perfon (who has about a hundred convids under his diredion) who is employed in cultivating the ground for the public benefit, and he has returned the quantity of corn above mentioned into the public ftore ; the officers have not raifed fufficient to fupport the little flock they have. Some ground I have had in cultivation will return about forty bufhels of wheat into ftore ; fo that the produce of the labour of the convičls employed in cultivation has been very fhort of what might have been cxpeded, and which I take the liberty of pointing out to your Lordfhip in. this place, to fhew as fully as pofllble the ftate of this colony, and the neceffity of the convičts being employed by thofe who have an intereft in their labour. The giving convifls to the officers 'has been hitherto necefTary, but it is attended with many inconveniences, for which the advantages arifing to the officers do not make amends. It will not, therefore, be continued after this detach ment is relieved, unlefs particularly diredcd. The numbers employed in cultivation will of couife be cncreafed, as the neceffary buildings -are finished, but which will be a work of time for the numbers in this Settlement who who do nothing towards their own fupport exceed thofe employed for the public. In November the Supply failed for Norfolk Ifland with fome convičts, and returned after being abfent fix weeks. All the people in that ifland were well, and their crops, after all they had fuffered from rats, birds, and a worm which had done them confiderable damage, fo good that they had grain fuffi-cient for fix months bread for every one upon the ifland, re-fcrving fufficient for their next year's crops. Early in January i79o_tKc Supply again failed for Norfolk Ifland with more convids; and in her paflage left a fmall party on Lord Howe Ifland, to turn turtle; but in fifteen days only three were taken ; fo that no great advantages will at pre-fent accrue from thence. The ifland has frefli water, but no good anchoring ground, , Since the deaths mentioned in a former part of this letter, one woman has fuffered for a robbery, five children have died, and twenty-eight children have been born; making in all feventy-feven deaths, and eighty-feven births. ExtraSi of a Letter from Governor Phillip to the Right Honourable Lord Sydney i dated Sydney Co've, i^th of February 1790. In order to get a knowledge of the country round this Settlement, frequent excurfions have been made fince the fliips failed in November 1788 ; foon after which I went to Botany Bay, and from new south wales. 7 and the five days fpent in that harbour confirmed me in the opinion I had firft formed of it—that it afforded no eligible fitua-tion for fixing the Settlement, and was a bad harbour, not affording good fecurity for fhips againft the eafterly winds, which frequently blow very hard in the winter, and which has been further proved by Captain Hunter, and the firft lieutenant of the Sirius, when there to furvey the Bay. After having been feveral times with the boats to Broken Bay, in order to examine the different branches in that harbour, n, river was found ; but the want of provifions obliged us to return without being able to trace it to its fource, which has fince been done ; and in the fixteen days we were then out, all thofe branches which had any depth of water were traced as far as the boats could proceed. The breadth of this river (named the Hawkefbury) is frorrx 300 to 800 feet; and it appears from the foundings we had to be navigable for the largeft merchant fhips to the foot of Richmond Hill ; but as the water near the head of the river fometimes rifes after very heavy rains thirty feet above its common level, it would not be fafe for fhips to go fo far up ; but fifteen or twenty miles below Richmond Hill they would layin frefh v/ater, and perfeaiy fafc. I fpeak of Richmond Hill as being the head of the river, it there growing very fhallow, and dividing into two branches. The high rocky country which forms Broken Bay is loft as you 8 extracts of letters, you proceed up the Hawkefbury, and the banks of the river arc there covered with timber, the foil a rich light mould ; and, jucjging from the little we faw of the country, 1 fhould fuppofe it good land to a very confiderable extent j the other branches of frefh water are fKoal, but probably run many miles further into the country than we could trace them with our boats. On thefe rivers we faw great numbers of wild ducks, and fome black fwans j and on the banks of the Hawkefbury fcvcral decoys made by the natives for to catch the quail. Richmond Hill (iieaf^he foot of:^whlch a fall of water prevented our proceeding further with the boats) is the fouthern extremity of a range of hills, which, running to the northward, moft probably join the mountains which lay nearly parallel to the coaft, from fifty to fixty miles inland. The foil of Richmond Hill is good, and it lays well for cultivation. Our pro-fpečl from the hill was very extenfwe to the fouthward and eaftward ; the country appearing, from the height at which we were, to be a level covered with timber: there is a flat of iix or feven miles between Richmond Hill and a break in the niountains, which fcparates Landfdowne and Carmarthen Hills; and in this flat, I fuppofe, the Hawkefbury continues its courfe, but which could not be feen for the timber, that, with very few exceptions, covers the country wherever the foil is good. The great adv..ntagcs of fo noble a river, when a Settlement can be made on ils banks, will be obvious to your Lordfbip. Ihe The Settlement made at Port Jackfon, near the head of the harbour (Rofe Hill) very fully anfvvers my expeaations—the foil is exceeding good, lays well for cultivation, and is well watered. Six miles to the fouthward there is a fmall frefli water river, and twenty miles to the weftward there is a more conßderable river, the fource of which I fuppofe to be at the foot of the mountains. The banks of this river, which mofl probably empties itfelf into the Hawkefbury, arc high ; the foil a good light mould, and covered with trees; the wood of fome of thofc trees is very light; they are about the fize of large walnut trees, which they refemble^ they fhed their leaves, and bear a fmall fruit, which is faid to be very wholefome. This river likewife frequently rifes thirty feet above its common level; it is, as far as I have feen it, from 300 to 400 feet in breadth, I named it the Nepean, and its fource will be traced in the courfe of the winter, and from its banks I hope to reach the mountains, which has been attempted by a party who croffed the river, but after the firft day's journey they met with fuch a conftant fucceffion of deep ravines, the fides of which were frequently inacccffible, that they returned, not having been able to proceed above fifteen miles in five days; when they turned back they fuppofed themfelves to be twelve mile sfrom the foot of the mountains. As the land for fcveral miles to the fouthward, and twenty miles to the weftward of Rofe Hill, that is, to the banks of C the the Nepean, is as fine land for tillage as moft in England (fome few particular fpots excepted, the foil of which is poor, but bears a very fmall proportion to the good land), I propofe that trad of land for thofe fettlers which may be fent out; and though they will be placed at fome diftance from each other, for the conveniency of water (fiom one to three or four miles), they will have nothing to apprehend from the natives, who avoid thofe parts we moft frequent, and always retire at the fight of two or three people who are arnied. As the labour of clearing the ground of timber will be great, I think each fettlcr fbould not have lefs than twenty men on his farm, which I fuppofe to be from five hundred to one thoufand acres: It will be neccflary to give that number of convids to thofe fcttlers who come out, and to fupport them for two years from the public ftores; in that time, if they are any ways induftrious, they will be in a fituation to fupport themfelves, and I do not think they will be able to do it in lefs time. At the expiration of the two years they may return half ' the convids they have been allowed, and would want no further affiftance from government. It may be neceffary to grant lands to officers and foldiers, who becoming fettlers will of courfe be entitled to every indulgence ; but few of the officers now here have reaped any great advantage from being allowed convids; and it is attended with unavoidable inconvenience from thofe conviäs being left fo fo much to tliemfelves, and from their mixing with tbe foldičrs. It may be found more to the advantage of the Crown and the officers likewife, if officers on duty in this Settlement uere allowed a certain quantity of grain to fupport their live flock, until they have a market to go to, and I make no doubt but that in the third year from the time fettlers arrive there will be a market well fupplied with grain, poultry, hogs, and goats, of all which there has been a great increafe, but killed, from wanting corn to fupport them ; and the natives fo frequently fetting fire to the country, which they do to catch the opoflum, flying fquirrel, and other animals, has prevented fwine from bcino- turned out, as was intended. o ' If this plan, of diftributing amongft the fettlers thofc convicts who are not immediately neceflary for carrying on the public works, is approved of, and which I propofe, as appearing to me the moft likely to render this Settlement independent for the necelTaries of life in the fhorteft time po/llble, there are many regulations which will of courfe take place. Extraäs of a Letter from Governor Vhiu.hi? to Lord Sydney; dated Government Hoitfe, Sydney Cove, April nth, 1790. rp 1 HE quantity of flour brought from the Cape of Good Hope by the Sirius was lefs than I cxpe^ed—Four months flour only for the Settlement, and a year's provifions for the fhip's company i and it was neceffary to give the fhip a very con- C 2 fiderable liderable repair before flic could be fent to fea again, which was not completed before the middle of January, when I had reafon to cxped Hiips from England in the courfe of a few weeks. The fending to the iHands would have anfwcred as far as procuring live ftock to breed from, but which was not immediately wanted; and what the Sirius could have brought for the confumption of fuch a number of people, would have been but a very fniall relief, Howe Ifland has been tried feveral times, and only a few turtle procured. The goodnefs of tl^ foil on Norfolk Ifland, and the induftry of thofe employed there, render"ed that ifland a refource, and the only one that offered, when, from the time which had pafled iince my letters might be fuppofed to have been received in England, there was reafon to fuppofe fome accident had happened to the ftore fhips fent out. I therefore ordered two companies of marines to be ready to embark with a number of convids, by the 5th of March, if no fhip arrived before that time ; and a proportion of what provifions and ftores remained in this Settlement being put on board the t^irius and Supply, fixty-five officers and men, with ßve women and children from the detachment and civil depart-nienr, one hundred and fixteen male and fixty-feven female conviäs, with twenty-feven children, embarked and failed the 6th of Alarch. The advantage I expcded by fending away fuch a number of of peoplejwas from the little garden ground they would leave, and which would alfo aflift thofe who remained, and the fifli which might be caught in the winter would go the further; at the fame time thofe fent to Norfold Ifland would have refources in the great abundance of vegetables raifed there, and in fifli and birds, which this Settlement could not afford them ; and it was my intention to have fent more convičts to that ifland, if there had not been this neceflity. The provifions fent, with what was on the Illand, and the wheat and Indian corn raifed there, more than would be necef-fary for feed, was calculated to laft full as long as the provifions in this place; and at Norfolk Ifland, from the richnefs of the foil, a man may fupport himfelf with little afTiftance from the ftore after the timber is cleared away. As I wifhed to fend an officcr to England who could give fuch information as cannot be conveyed by letters, and the detachment was now divided, I replaced the officer who was fuperintendant and commandant at Norfolk Ifland, by Major Rofs; the officer I have recalled having been two years on the ifland, is very capable of pointing out the advantages which may be expelled from it, and I think it promifes to anfwer very fully the end propofed by making the Settlement; it will be a place of fecurity for the convičts, where they will foon fupport themfelves, and where they may be advantageoufly employed in cultivating the flax plant. Extraiis ExiraSfs from Inßruälotis given by Governor Phillip fo the Lieutenant Cover-nor t during his Command at Norfolk Ißand-, dated 2d March y 17 90. " V . X OU will caufe tbe convids to be employed in the cultivation of the land, in Tuch manner as fball appear to you the beft calculated to render that Settlement independent, as far as refpedls the neceffaries of life, paying fuch attention to the cultivation of the flax plant as your fituation will admit of, and which is to be the principal obječl, when the necefiaries of life are fecured to the fcttiers. " As from the great increafe "ot com and other vegetable food, which may be expeded from a common induftry and in fo fertile a foil, after a certain quantity of ground is cleared and in cultivation, as well as from the natural increafe of fwine and other animals, it cannot be expedient that all the convi(5!ts fliould be employed in attending only to the objeli of provifions, you are to caufe the greatefl pofl'ible number of thefe people to be employed in cultivating and drefling the flax plant, as a means of acquiring cloathing for themfelves and others perfons, who may become fettlers, as well as for a variety of maritime purpofes, and for which its fuperior excellence renders it a dcfirable object in Europe. You will at every opportunity tranfaiit to me all fuch remarks or obfervations as you may make refpečting the nature of the foil on the ifland, and point out fuch means as may appear appear to you the nioft likely to anfwer the views of government in the cultivation of the flax plant, and Iq rendering that ifland independent for the necefTaries of life, and for the order and government of the fettlers thereon, that fuch information may from me be tranfmitted to his Majefty's Minifters.'* description of norfolk island. Norfolk Ifland is fituated in the latitude 29° 00', and in the longitude of 168° 00' eaft : its form is nearly an oblong, and contains from twelve to fourteen thoufand acres. The face of the country is hilly, and fome of the vallies are tolerably large for the fize of the ifland; many of the hills arc very fleep, and fome few fo very perpendicular that they cannot be cultivated ; but where fuch fituations are^ they will do very well for fuel; on the tops of the hilLare fome extenflve flats. Mount Pitt is the only remarkable high hill in the ifland, and is about one hundred and fifty fathoms high. The clifts which furround the ifland are about forty fathoms high, and perpendicular; the bafis of the ifland is a hard firm clay. The whole ifland is covered with a thick wood, choaked up with underwood. The ifland is well fupplied with many flfreams of very fine water; water; many of which are fiifficiently large to turn any number of mills. Thefe fprings are full of very large eels. From the coaft to the fummit of Mount Pitt is a continuation of the richeft and deepeft foil in the world, which varies from a rich black mould to a fat red earth; we have dug down forty feet, and found the fame foil; the air is very vvholefome, and the climate may be called a very healthy one; there has been no ficknefs fince I fiift landed on the ifland. There are five kinds of trees on the ifland, which are good timber, viz. the pine, livt oaU, a yellow wood, a hard black wood, and a wood not unlike the Englifli beech. The pine trees are of a great fize, many of which are from i8o to 220 feet in height, and from fix to nine feet in diameter. Thofe trees, which are from 100 to 180 feet in height, are in general found ; from the root to the lower branches there is from 80 to po feet of found timber, the reft is too hard and knotty for ufe ; it fometimes happens, that after cutting off twenty feet from the butt, it becomes rotten or fliakey, for which reafon no dependance can be put in it for large mafts or yards. The timber of the pine is very ufeful in buildings, and is plentiful along the coafl:; its difperfed fituation in the interior parts of the ifland is well calculated for ereäing fuch buildings as may be neceflary. From what I have feen of this wood, I think it is very durable. Two boats have been built of it, and have anfvvered the purpofe fully. The The live oak, yellow wood, black wood, and beech, are all of a clofe grain, and are a durable wood. The flax plant of New Zealand grows fpontaneoufly in many parts of the ifland, but moftly abounds on the fea coaft, where there is a very great quantity of it; the leaves of which the flax is made is, when full grown, fix feet long and fix inches wide5 each plant contains feven of thofe leaves; a ftrong woody ftalk rifes from the centre, which bears the flowers ; it feeds annually, and the old leaves are forced out by young ones every year. Every method has been tried to work it, but I much fear that until a native of New Zealand can be carried to Norfolk Ifland, that the method of drefling that valuable commodity will not be known ; and, could that be obtained, I have no doubt but Norfolk Ifland would very foon cloath the inhabitants of New South Wales. There are a great quantity of pigeons, parrots, hawks, and other fmaller birds, which are now in a wild ftate. The ground is much infefted with different kinds of the grub worm, which are very deflrudive to the growth of vegetables; they are moflly troublefome about the fpring. It is to be hoped that^when more ground is cleared away, that this evil will ccafe. There is no quadrupede on the ifland except the rat, which is much fmaller than the Norway rat: thefe vermin were very troublefome when flrft we landed, but at prefent there are but very few. . D The The coafts of the iflaiid abound with very fine fifh. No opportunities were ever loft offending the boat out, which enabled us to make a favingof two pounds of meat, each man, a week. The coafts of the iftand are in general fteep too, and excepting at Sydney, Anfon, Ball, and Cafcade Bays, they are inac-cefiible, being furrounded by fteep perpendicular clifts rifing from the fea. Some rocks are fcattered about clofe to the fhore. Sydney Bay, on the fouth fide of the iiland, is where the Settlement is made: landing at this place entirely depends on the wind and the weather; I have feeri as - good landing as in the Thames, for a fortnight or three weeks together, and I have often feen it impracticable to land for ten or twelve days fuc-ceffively, but it is much oftener good landing than bad. Anfon Bay is a fmall bay with a fandy beach, where landing is in general good, with an off-fhore wind and moderate weather; but as the interior parts of the ifland are fo difiicult of accefs from thence, no jftiip's boats have ever landed there» Ball Bay is on the fouth-eaft fide of the iiland, the beach is a large loofe ftone: when landing is bad in Sydney Bay, it is very good here, as it alfo is in Cafcade Bay, on the north fide of the ifland. During the winter months, viz. from April to Auguft, the general winds are the fouth and fouth-weft, with heavy gales at times. In the fummer the fouth-eaft wind blows almoft conftant. The The fpring is vifible in Auguft, but the native trees, and many plants in the ifland, are in a conftant ftate of flowering : the fummer is warm, and fometimes the droughts are very, great; all the-grain and-European plants feeded in December; from February to Auguft may be called the rainy reafon, not that I think there is any ftated times for rains in thefe months, as it is fometimes very fine weather for a fortnight together, but when the rain does fall, it is in torrents; I do not remember above three claps of thunder during the time I was on the ifland. The winter is very plcafant, and it never freezes. The proper time for fowing wheat and barley is from May to Anguft, and is got in in December; that which has been fowed has produced twenty-five fold, and I think the increafe may be greater. Two bufliels of barley fowed in 1789 produced twenty- -four bufliels of a found full grain.- The Indian corn produces well, and is, in my opinion, the beft grain to cultivate in any quantity, on account of the little^ trouble attending its growth, and manufadturing for eating. The Rio Janeiro fugar cane grows very well, and is thriving. Vines and oranges are very thriving; of the former there will, be a great quantity in a few years. Potatoes thrive remarkably well, and yield a very great increafe ; I think two crops a year of that article may be got with = great eafe. D 2 E.Veryv Every kind of garden vegetable thrives w^ell, and comes to great perfedion. The quantity of ground cleared, and in cultivation, belonging to the public, was, on the 13th March 1790, from twenty-eight to thirty-two acres, and about eighteen cleared by free people and conviäs for their gardens. PHILIP GIDLEY KING. London, January loth, 1791. All AN ACCOUNT 0 f The Number of Convičts which have been fhipped from England for New South Wales, and of the Number intended to be fent in the Ships now under Orders for that Service : Made out purfuant to an Order of the Honourable Houfe of Commons, dated 9th February 1791. Cotivičts fhipped — — — — Convl£b. intended to be fent in the SHIps now under Orders — — Numbers. 2,029 1,830 3.859 Treafury Chambers, i8th March, 1791. CHARLES LONG. AN ACCOUNT of the Expence incurred in tranfporting Convidls to New South Wales, as far as^ the fame can be made up : Purfuant to an Order of the Honourable Houfe of Commons, dated the 9th of February 1791. NATURE OF THE EXPENCES. Freight of the Tranfport Ships, with the Expe nee of fitting vUotn for the Service — — Clothing, Slops, and Bedding — Victualling and providing for the Convidts and the Marine ' Guard, prior to failing, as alfo on the l^aflage, and for a Store there; viz. Prior to failing — On the PalTage — For a Store at New South Wales Wine, Effence of Malt, &c. .. d. 4,324 1 II 7,310 12 2 16,205 3 — 3Ö1 15 1 Handcuffs and Irons for fecuring the Convifts — ■— Stationary for the CommifTary of Stores and Provifions, and for the Commanding Officer of Marines — — — Tools, Implements of Hulbandry, &c. — — ■— Marquees and Camp Equipage for Marine Officers — — Portable Houfe for the Governor — — — Medicines, Drugs, Surgeons Inftruments, and NeceflTaries — Seed Grain — — — — — Old Canvas fupplied from Portfmouth Dock Yard, for Tents, &c. for the Convids, until Huts could be erečlcd — — Hearths, Coppers, &c. for the Ufc of the Settlement —■ Pay and Dilburfemenis of the Agent to the I runlports employed on this Service — ■— — — This Expence has been incurred upon the Firft Expedition, and it all paid — — '— AMOUNT. i s- d, 42,271 — 4 4:939 »ö ^ 28,221 12 2 42 — 1 63 19 4 3,056 b 7 "389 4 I ,30 — — 1,42g »5 5 236 17 4 69 — 9 Uli 10 3 881 6 6 81,899 II 6 NATURE OF THE EXPENCES. Brought over — Charge of clothing, vičtualling, and tranfporting Female Convids in the I.ady Juliana, hired in December 1788 j viz. J. ä. Paid already upon Account — — 18 9' Eftimate of what more may be due, upon the Sup-pofition that the Ship may have been difcharged at Port Jackfon from the Pay of this Board, at the End of Auguft laft — — — 3 2, Charge of the Juftinian, hired in November 1789, for a Store Ship to Port Jackfon, and from thence to proceed to China to bring home Teas for the Eaft India Company; viz. £' d. Freight for Two Years, the Time calculated for the Performance of thofe Services out and home — 7>3%-- Dedučl what may be cxpefted to be received from the Company for Freight of the Teas Ihe may bring Home •— — — 5,000 — — There remains the Sum of — Note.—C^'^Z- oFthe Sum of;^.2,389, being the Amount of the Expence incurred on Account of this Ship, according to the above Eftimate, has been already paid, which leaves a Balance due of 1,765. 18. Pay and Difburfements of the Two Agents who went out in the Lady Juliana and Juftinian •—• — — — Charge of victualling, clothing, and tranfporting Convidts, according to Agreements with Mr. Whitlock, in Auguft 1789, and with MeU'rs. Camden, Calvert, and King, in November 1790; viz. Paid upon Account to Mr. Whitlock — —. D° -- to Meflrs. Camden, Calvert, and King — — The Total Expence cannot be known until the Service is over, and the Accounts are fettled; but it is eftimated that what will remain due upon the ribove two Agreements will not probably be lefs than — — j. d. 9 30,100-- 47'563 3 9 — 20,000 —^ AMOUNT. 81,899 II 6 7,724 I II 2,389-- 1,500 — 3 9 160,075 n 2 The Expence incurred on his Majefty's Ships fent on Service to New South Wales, is eftimated to be as under j viz, s- d. On the Sirius — -r- 45,183 — — Supply Tender — »79183 — — Guardian — — 22,924 — — Gorgon — — 10,211-- 95,601-- Whitehall, Treafury Chambers, i8thMarch, 1791. CHARLES LONG. N. B,—In the preceding Account, the Charges incurred for the Tranfport of 200 ConviČls from Ireland are included. An ACCOUNT of the Qiiantity and Coft of the Provifions and Stores which have been fent to New South Wales for the Maintenance and Support of the Settlements there, as far as the fame Account can be made up: Purfuant to an Order of the Honourable Houfe of Commons, dated 9th February 1791. d, 600 Tons of Provifions fliipped in June and July 1789 12,034 {j 6 300 Tons of Provifions Hiipped in December — 1789 6,178 4 450 Tons D® — D" — February 1791 9,514 10 2 CJothing, comprehending Leather, Shoes, Stockings, Hats, Cloth, Ozenburgs, Blankets, Rugs, Tape, Thread, &c. — — — - 16,865 2 3i Implements, &c. comprehmdlng Implements of Huf-bandry. Iron, Steel, Blackfmith, Armourer, Carter, Bricklayer, and Mafons Tools, Nails, Hoes,' Axes, Giafs, Iron Pots, Tin Plates, Fifhing Tackle, Hooks, Twine, Thread, Rope, Hawfers, Pig, and Sheet Lead, Shot, Ball, Gunpowder, Bowls, Paints, Oil, Canvas, Bibles, Prayer and other Books, Weights, Scales, Meafures, Waggons, 8ic. — 11,772 10 3I Medicines, Hofpital Stores, comprehending a moveable Hofpital, Sheets, Blankets, Rugs, Paliiaffes, Chirur-gica Inftruments and NecefTaries, Pewter, Tin, and Copper Ware, Kettles, Wine, Vinegar, Groceries, Flannel, Salt, Hammocks, Soup, Oatmeal. Barley, Rice, Sago, &c, — — — 23,129 8 — Off Dlfcounts — Amoiint of Bills drawn by Governor Phillip and Com-milTary Miller on the Lords of the Treafury for lun-dry Provifions, Stores, and NecefTarics for the Ufe of the Settlement — — 51,767 — 7i 2,011 2 I I. s. d. 2 8 49.755 18 7,070 3 6 »4.553 4 Si- In the aforegoing Account is included the Coft of Twelve Months Provifions Clothing, Stores, &c. for 200 Convicts from Ireland, after their Arrival. ' Trcafury Chambers, i8th March 1751, CHARLES LONG. t An ACCOUNT of the Charge and Expence of the Civil and Military Eflablifli-mcnts in the Settlements of New South Wales: Purfuant to an Order of the Honourable Houfe of Commons, dated the 9th of February 1791. Civil EftabKbment to loth of Oftober 1790 ^ Military Eftablifhment. . • Pay of Marines to ift January 1791, about — Charge of the New South Wales Corps, from 5th June to 24th December 178g, including Levy Money, the Allowani^t fur ciomiug, <>»<1 Accoutrements, and Contingencies — The Charge of the fald Corps for the Year 1790, according to the Eftablilhment — — Total Expence of the Civil and Military Eftablifhment, from the Commencement thereof in 1787 to the pre-fent Period — — — Future Annual Expence of the Civil Eftablilhment — Future Annual Charge of the Military Eftablifhment d. 18,78+-- 8 II 6,134 7 3 -1 J. 3,856 — 6,13+ 7 3 9'990 7 3 £• s. i, 13,190 17 S. 29,669 16 2- 42,860 13 10 Treafury Chambers, 18th March, 1791. CHARLES long. '.-K ».T. .T- S ,. ~ , .. - • , ^ J - 1. ■ - -■■■v; - . - ■■ . ^ ; - ■ ■ . v; .--, .-h : .. . / ■ --o" i . -■■Sli;- v^ i ^ '.-H-V; ■■ ■ C'.]- - ■ --p .... .... 5, . .t- ^T^-j - ■' ■'i - ■ ■vri ' i; I T-;- f-i "v m J . • . . . 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