Researching Literary Tourism A Handbook for Students and Supervisors Authors Jasna Potočnik Topler Rita Baleiro Giovanni Capecchi Charles Mansfield July 2024 Title Researching Literary Tourism. Subtitle A Handbook for Students and Supervisors Authors Jasna Potočnik Topler (University of Maribor, Faculty of Tourism) Rita Baleiro (University of the Algarve, School of Management, Hospitality and Tourism) Giovanni Capecchi (University for Foreigners of Perugia) Charles Mansfield (UK Management College) Review Vesna Kalajžić (University of Zadar) Jordi Arcos - Pumarola (University of Barcelona, CETT School of Tourism,Hospitality and Gastronomy) Graham Busby (University of Plymouth) Language editing Charles Mansfield (UK Management College) Technical editor Jan Perša (University of Maribor, University Press) Cover designer Jan Perša (University of Maribor, University Press) Cover graphics Sara & Pubi – Slovenska pisateljska pot (Slovenian writer's path), photo: Jan Perša, 2024; Glavni trg, Maribor, Slovenia, photo: Rene Šešerko, 2023; Book archive (back cover page), photo: Rene Šešerko, 2023 Graphic material Source are own unless otherwise noted. Potočnik Topler, Baleiro, Capecchi, Mansfield (authors), 2024 Chapter pages Pages 9, 27, 41, 57, 65, 67, 73, 8, 99, photo: Rene Šešerko, 2023 Published by University of Maribor, University Press Slomškov trg 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia https://press.um.si, zalozba@um.si Issued by University of Maribor, Faculty of Tourism Cesta prvih borcev 36, 8250 Slovenia https://www.ft.um.si, ft@um.si Edition 1st Publication type E-book Published at Maribor, Slovenia, July 2024 Available at https://press.um.si/index.php/ump/catalog/book/897 Project name Establishing Literary Tourism Network in Higher Education Project number LIT-NET CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Univerzitetna knjižnica Maribor 338.48:81(0.034.2) RESEARCHING Literary Tourism [Elektronski vir] : a handbook for students and supervisors / authors Jasna Potočnik Topler ... [et. al.]. - 1st ed. - E-knjiga. - Maribor : University of Maribor, University Press, 2024 Način dostopa (URL): https://press.um.si/index.php/ump/catalog/book/897 ISBN 978-961-286-877-2 (Pdf) doi: 10.18690/um.ft.4.2024 COBISS.SI-ID 202109699 © University of Maribor, University Press / Univerza v Mariboru, Univerzitetna založba Text © Potočnik Topler, Baleiro, Capecchi, Mansfield (authors), 2024 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. This license alows reusers to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the material in any medium or format, so long as attribution is given to the creator. The license al ows for commercial use. Any third-party material in this book is published under the book’s Creative Commons licence unless indicated otherwise in the credit line to the material. If you would like to reuse any third-party material not covered by the book’s Creative Commons licence, you wil need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 ISBN 978-961-286-877-2 (pdf) DOI https://doi.org/10.18690/um.ft.4.2024 Price Free copy For publisher Prof. Dr. Zdravko Kačič, Rector of University of Maribor Attribution Potočnik Topler, J., Baleiro, R., Capecchi, G., Mansfield, C. (2024). Researching Literary Tourism A Handbook for Students and Supervisors. University of Maribor, University Press. doi: 10.18690/um.ft.4.2024 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS J. Potočnik Topler, R. Baleiro, G. Capecchi, C. Mansfield Table of Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................... 1 1 Why Is It Relevant to Research Literary Tourism? ........................................................................... 5 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 What Is the Relationship Between Tourism and Literature?.......................................................... 11 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3 The Historical Relationship Between Tourism and Literary Reading ........................................... 15 Context - Place Value, the DMO, Emotion and Pleasure in Holidaymaking and Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Land Ownership and Labour Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Auto-ethnographic approaches to understanding tourists' pleasure in literary places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Close-reading - a hermeneutics of the literary text for the reader and the tourism stakeholder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Sensitivity in Co-creation and Narrative Non-fiction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Futures: Curators of Geographical Literatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4 What Is Literary Tourism? .............................................................................................................. 29 5 What Should I Read When I Start to Research Literary Tourism? ................................................. 35 Finding new Reading with Google Scholar Alerts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 6 What are the Methodologies in Literary Tourism? ......................................................................... 43 The Range of Data Collection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 How to use Grounded Theory in Literary Tourism Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Additional Digital Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 7 How do I Design a Literary Itinerary? ............................................................................................ 49 8 What Academic Skil s Should I Have to Carry out Research in Literary Tourism? ....................... 55 9 How Can Literary Tourism Contribute to the Current Tourism Industry? .................................... 59 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 10 Is Literary Tourism Sustainable? .................................................................................................... 63 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 11 What Is Travel Literature? ............................................................................................................... 67 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. 12 What Are the Obstacles in the Promotion of Literary Tourism Products? ..................................... 71 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 13 Why Is the Concept of Place Critical in Literary Tourism Studies? ............................................... 75 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 14 Who Are the Literary Tourists, and What Are Their Motivations for Going on Literary Touring? 79 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 15 How May I Analyse Literary Texts in the Scope of Literary Tourism? .......................................... 83 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 16 Case Studies on Writers’ Houses .................................................................................................... 87 Approaches to Researching a Writer’s House . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Case Study Conclusion on Writers' Houses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 17 Case Study on Designing the Script for a Guided Itinerary ............................................................ 95 A Guided Walk linked to a Writer's Life and Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Themes and Layers in Guided Walk Design. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 The Route in Google Named Address Places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 18 Advice to PhD Supervisors .............................................................................................................101 Interrogating Biomass Regeneration and Carbon Sequestration in Literary Tourism Development . . . . . . . . . . 102 Question the research candidate to direct responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Writing, Meetings, Process, Rhythm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Criticality and construction is quality for research writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 Into the field during PhD research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 Authors' Biographical Notes .................................................................................................................. 107 Notes ........................................................................................................................................................ 111 2 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Dear Student (Undergraduate and Postgraduate), through Dublin or Pula, literary tourism offers profound ways to experience literature beyond the Welcome to the handbook RESEARCHING pages of the book. Many literary figures have been LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR adopted by cities and countries for the spirit or STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. essence of their writings and these authors are celebrated in public monuments and street names. Literary tourism is a field that is becoming increasingly interesting to students for numerous This handbook aims to be student-friendly and reasons. Research in this area has been on the rise equip you with the fundamental knowledge and the for several years, yet researchers of literary tourism necessary tools to begin research in literary often find it difficult to connect with others who tourism. The book wil guide you through the key have researched in this subject. There are, concepts, methodologies, and practical however, some exceptions in this field. One is considerations of conducting research in this TULE (Centre for Literary Tourism - Il Centro per interdisciplinary field by answering the questions il Turismo Letterario at the Perugia Foreigners' that arise while starting the research and during its University), which brings together literary tourism first steps. From understanding the historical researchers from Europe. In the creation of this significance of literary sites to engaging with local textbook, the editor, Dr. Jasna Potočnik Topler, communities and using digital technologies, this who is also a TULE member, invited her TULE handbook covers various topics essential for a colleagues Dr. Rita Baleiro (University of Algarve, comprehensive understanding of literary tourism, a CiTUR), Giovanni Capecchi (Università per field that combines literature, cultural studies, Stranieri di Perugia), and Dr. Charles Mansfield geography, history, linguistics and tourism (UK Management Col ege, Manchester), who management. research and teach literary tourism, to col aborate in writing a textbook on researching literary This handbook is also unique in its organisation. tourism. This handbook has been created in the By answering what the authors believe are essential frame of the TULE project, Establishing Literary questions at the start of each literary tourism Tourism Network in Higher Education (LIT- research project, the book aims to facilitate both NET). theoretical understanding and practical application. It includes an overview of the field, guidance on This handbook is designed to guide students and research methods, practical tips, and supervisors through the fascinating journey of recommended essential reading. exploring literary tourism — a field that blends literature, heritage, history, culture, social sciences The authors wish you a successful and enjoyable and tourism into a compel ing field of study. research project! The essence of literary tourism lies in its ability to connect readers with the places and landscapes of Acknowledgements their favoured authors and literary works. Whether This handbook was made possible by the col aborative efforts of it is walking through the woods and meadows that the TULE members, the University of Maribor Press, and the inspired Lovro Kuhar – Prežihov Voranc, visiting University of Maribor - Faculty of Tourism. Special thanks go to Mark Twain’s or France Prešeren's childhood Jasna Potočnik Topler, who proposed, initiated and edited the handbook, and to Jan Perša of the University of Maribor Press, who homes, or tracing the footsteps of James Joyce technical y edited and designed it. 6 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. In 2006, Nicola Watson recalled that the research perception motivated the expansion of literary and practice of literary tourism was a "palpable tourism, which offers organised and spontaneous embarrassment" among scholars, making them experiences to visitors, helping them better "thoroughly uneasy" (Watson, 2006, 5- 6). understand the text and its representations of However, this uneasiness often coexisted with an geographical references. The more that tourists undisclosed wish to go on literary pilgrimages or went on literary tours, the more interest participate in scholarly meetings that provided researchers had in this study field and that literary tours and literary readings in situ (Watson, expanded the research into literary tourism. This 2006). This attitude resulted from the predominant fact led us to the question: Why is it relevant to influence of structuralism and post-structuralism, study and research literary tourism? The answer is which advocated that the literary text is turned in that it is relevant for many reasons. on itself; the text is the creator of its own referent and does not commit what is “outside the text” (cf. Local literary heritage is becoming increasingly "il n'y a pas de hors-texte", Derrida, 1977, 136). In attractive in growing globalisation, as it serves their view, language and texts are self-enclosed numerous functions, including promoting systems in which the critical connections are those economic development, education, and critical between the text signifiers and not those between thinking. Ethnologists, humanists and tourism words and the natural objects they represent. researchers emphasise the role of participation and the "bottom-up" approach in achieving However, the context can always be addressed (cf. sustainability. Regarding all this, literary tourism Derrida, 1977), and the notion of the text without and literary routes have become recognised tools limits is also a fact. In this view, the referent of the in tourism for redirecting tourists and enriching text is external to the text, and it is a representation destination experiences, thereby increasing its of something external. Hence, the text is attractiveness and revenue. interpretable from elements outside itself and creates perceptions about these elements. With a posthumanist approach, literary routes also incorporate the natural environment and living Reader-response criticism and the transactional beings, promoting empathy and exploring the theory of meaning formation (Rosenblatt, [1978] social, geological, biological and cultural contexts 1993; Iser [1974] 1978) significantly contributed to of literary works. Technology, such as mobile this view by advocating that only the readers' active applications and augmented reality, further interaction determines the 'realisation' of the text. enhances the tourist experience. This principle seems to consciously or unconsciously motivate visitors to go on literary Literary tourism highlights the importance of tours; visitors who started to understand these revitalising literary heritage by involving various practices as a way to fil in the gaps after the stakeholders and technology that enables interaction between the projections of what they interactive interpretation. Cooperation and co-read and the elements they see in the space creation with local communities promote (Baleiro, Viegas & Faria, 2022). This view sustainable tourism and healthy living. transferred to tourism studies via the geographical (Herbert, 1996) and humanist (Pocock, 1987) However, proper communication and approaches to tourism, highlighting that the interpretation of literary heritage are essential for experience of the place aids in understanding the transmitting historical and cultural values and literary texts, the authors and the territory. This encouraging social dialogue. 1 Why Is It Relevant to Research Literary Tourism? 7. One of the most important reasons for literary Places associated with literature often become tourism research is that it contributes to literacy, important symbols for local communities. critical thinking, and creativity. Thus, the Understanding the dynamics of literary tourism concept of literary tourism integrates with Tribe’s helps communities leverage their literary (2002) Philosophic Practitioner Education, which heritage for cultural and economic benefits. requires reflection on positive vocational actions (Tribe & Paddison, 2021). Reflecting, in turn, is By researching literary tourism, researchers can among the communication skil s taught through contribute to developing strategies and policies reading and discussions, and is an essential student that enhance cultural tourism experiences and learning activity in higher education (Veine et al. , enrich them for visitors. On the other hand, literary 2020). tourism research has the potential to contribute to the preservation and conservation of literary Literary tourism has the potential to encourage heritage sites. By studying the impact of tourism on in-depth reading, which is essential for these sites, researchers can help develop developing understanding, accomplishment and sustainable practices that balance the need for critical thinking. But we can only afford it in this access with the imperative to protect and preserve fast pace of life if it is socially enabled and cultural and literary artefacts. encouraged. Literary tourism is closely related to slow tourism and encourages reading for pleasure, Research in literary tourism can inform best especial y during an individual’s leisure time and practices for managing tourist flows, preserving holidays. Reading complex texts contributes to sites, and ensuring the sustainable development of understanding the world's complexity and literary tourism destinations. This is particularly addressing complex social issues successfully. important to avoid negative impacts such as over-Again, al this is encouraged by literary tourism. tourism, which can harm the cultural and natural Understanding the connection between literature environment. and place can deepen readers' appreciation for diverse cultures and enable cultural Studying literary tourism often involves understanding, facilitating better interdisciplinary approaches, combining literature, communication and understanding of each cultural studies, tourism studies, and heritage other. By fostering a connection between readers management. and the places associated with their favourite authors or books, literary tourism can encourage Research in literary tourism is diverse and growing, reading and education. This connection can inspire focusing on marketing and management, tourism a love for literature and learning, promoting destinations, and tourist satisfaction (Xuemei et al. , literacy and a broader understanding of the 2023). It has a high potential as an academic field importance of storytel ing, which also contributes (Çevik, 2020). To promote literary tourism to society's egalitarianism, greater empathy among theoretical innovation, future research should be people and cross-cultural understanding. cross-disciplinary, focused on in-depth research on the evaluation of sustainable tourism, policies Furthermore, literary tourism provides insights and regulations, meanwhile communication and into how literature shapes and reflects values, col aboration among literary tourism researchers cultural identity, and heritage. Literary tourism can need to be strengthened (Xuemei et al. , 2023). contribute to a sense of community identity. 8 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. References Rosenblatt, L. ([1978] 1993]). The reader, the text, the poem: The transactional theory of the literary work (2nd ed.). Carbondale: Baleiro, R., Viegas, M., & Faria, D. (2022). Contributes to the Southern Illinois University Press. profile of the Brazilian literary tourist: Experience and Tribe, J. (2002). The philosophic practitioner. Annals of Tourism motivation. Anais Brasileiros de Estudos Turísticos, 12(1). Research, 29 (2), 338-357. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6643908. 7383(01)00038-X Çevik, S. (2020). Literary tourism as a field of research over the Tribe, J. & Paddison, B. (2021). Degrees of change: activating period 1997-2016. European Journal of Tourism Research 24, philosophic practitioners. Annals of Tourism Research, 91, Article 2407. Article 103290. Derrida, J. (1976). Of Grammatology. (Trans. G.C. Spivak). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2021.103290 Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. Veine, S.; Kalvig Anderson, M., Haugland Andersen, N., Espenes, Derrida, J. (1977). Limited Inc. (Trans. A. Bass). Evanston: T., Bredesen Søyland, T., Wal in, P. & Reams, J. (2020). Northwestern University Press. Reflection as a core student learning activity in higher Herbert, D. (1996). Artistic and literary places in France as tourist education - Insights from nearly two decades of academic. attractions. Tourism Management, 17(2), 77-85. International Journal for Academic Development 25(2), 147-161. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(95)00110-7. Watson, N. (2006). The literary tourist. Readers and places in Romantic Iser, W. ([1974] 1978). The implied reader: Pat erns of communication in and Victorian Britain. London: Palgrave Macmillan. prose fiction from Bunyan to Becket (2nd ed.). Baltimore: John Xuemei, L., Luthfi Abdul Rahman, M., Saravanan A. Veeramuthu Hopkins University Press. & Guanghui Qiao (2023). Evolutionary Paths and Trends Pocock, D. (1987). Haworth: The experience of a literary place. In in Literary Tourism Research: A Visual Analysis Based on Mol ary, W.E. & Simpson-Housley, P. (Eds.), Geography and Citespace, Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality & literature: A meeting of the disciplines (pp. 135-142). Syracuse, Tourism. New York: Syracuse University Press. https://doi.org/10.1080/1528008X.2023.2264506. 1 Why Is It Relevant to Research Literary Tourism? 9. 12 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Tourism and literature have a complex relationship in which they influence each other. Tourism can inspire literary works and be a theme in literary fiction ( e.g. , Olga Tokarczuk’s Flights) and non-fictional texts ( e.g. , Saramago’s Journey to Portugal). Furthermore, reading a literary text can contribute to assigning meaning to a place and create a new perception of that place; in other words, it adds a new layer of meaning. Indeed, visiting a place described in the text can potentially add extra layers of meaning to the literary text and change the perception of the place. This happens because literary texts act as 'files of representation', whose elements (i.e. symbols, images) can be drawn into the physical space and direct the gaze of visitors, leading them to attribute new meanings to what they see and the places they visit (Rojek & Urry, 1997, 53). This happens even if the reader knows they are reading a fictional text, even when the element depicted textual y is not a monument or Figure 1:The picture shows one of the literary places in Corfu, Greece. built heritage but a landscape or something more Source: Jasna Potočnik Topler abstract. This connection is also made possible because literary tourism rejects the notion that the meaning of a place is immutable; it is always possible, by using the literary heritage of a territory, to create a literary tourism product, for example, a literary walk itinerary, and from that to tel a new story of that space, interpreting it in the light of literature. This process adds a new layer of literary meaning to the area, increases its tourist attractiveness or even creates new literary destinations. Corfu is associated with many literary names. In the island's capital, the DMO has developed a tourist product that highlights the heritage of the Durrel brothers - writer and travel writer Lawrence Durrel (1912-1990) and writer and TV presenter Gerald Durrel (1925-1995). In the figure 2 you can see a tourist office providing information on literary tours in Corfu. Figure 2: Tourist office providing information on literary tours in Corfu, Greece. Source: Jasna Potočnik Topler 2 What Is the Relationship Between Tourism and Literature? 13. Not all writers agree regarding this connection can be mapped because "to tel a story is to draw a between literature and the territory. Two map, and drawing a map is always synonymous modernist writers personify a paradigmatic with telling a story" (Tally Jr., 2013, 4). However, it example of this divergence of opinion: Virginia is essential to remember that 'A map enunciates Woolf and James Joyce. On the one hand, Virginia our idea of the world, not its reality' (Onfray, 2007, Woolf states that 'A writer's country is a territory 31. Our translation). within his own brain; and we run the risk of disappointment if we try to turn such ghost-cities A literary map is always the result of a subjective into tangible brick and mortar . . To insist that [a selection and does not have the essence of the writer's city] has any counterpart in the cities of the literary text (Onfray, 2007, 31. Our translation). earth is to rob it of half its charm.' (Woolf 1905, However, the inscription of literary texts in space, 41). On the other hand, James Joyce said (to Frank through implicit and/or explicit representations of Budgen, one of his friends) that if Dublin were to places, favours the manifestation of the literary text disappear, his book Ulysses would illustrate it so as a map because the literary text, when it offers perfectly that it could be rebuilt: 'I want to give a readers descriptions of places, situates them in a picture of Dublin so complete that if one day the space that, despite being fictional, still provides city suddenly disappeared from the earth it could geographical reference points that allow the reader-be reconstructed from my book' (cited in Budgen, tourist to orientate themselves in space (Tally, Jr., ([1934] 1972, 69). 2013, 2) which can be "extraordinarily useful" for the visitor (Tally, Jr., 2019, 129) and the tourist In other words, in Woolf, space in literature is industry. Mapping the references of the literary understood as a construction of the imagination; in universe onto the geography of the "real" world Joyce, the literary portrayal of space reflects the and producing new places, literary places, which, in tangible materiality of the original so that Dublin turn, can result in literary tourism destinations. could be reconstructed from the text. (This happens not so much through description but through the perception that the reader gains References through the literary reconstruction of the city's Budgen, F. ([1934] 1972). James Joyce and the making of Ulysses, and other atmosphere (see Budgen [1934] 1972, 69-70). writings. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Onfray, M. (2007). La théorie du voyage: Poétique de la géographie [ The theory of travel: Poetics of geography] . Paris: Livre de Poche. In short, fictional or non-fictional literary texts are Rojek C. & J. Urry (Eds.) (1997). Touring cultures: Transformations of travel and theory. Abingdon: Routledge. perceived as a subjective representation of the real Tally Jr., R. (2013). Spatiality. Abingdon: Routledge. Woolf , V. ([1905] 1986). 'Literary Geography'. In A. McNeille (Ed.), that can build bridges to the real. Therefore, the The Essays of Virginia Woolf (pp. 28–42). London: Hogarth places of fiction, identified by literary cartography, Press. 16 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Two cultural practices became commercialised in tourism combines these two cultural practices of the second half of the eighteenth century, travel for tourism and reading published literary texts for pleasure and literary reading for pleasure. It is the pleasure, which, thanks to technology and period now known as Romanticism; the term emancipation, began to take root in Western derives from the European word for the novel, Europe from the Romantic era. With the growth roman. In particular, it is the novel of sensibilities, of mass education in the last two decades of the exemplified by Jane Austen's Sense and Sensibility of twentieth century, the two practices became 1811, which converts literary writing into a way of disciplines for study and research whilst also making a living for the writer, and for the creating an educated class of professionals in the publisher; in the case of this novel of Austen's the travel and heritage industry seeking meaningful commercial publisher was the Military Library. careers. Tourism, that is, travelling for leisure made This section outlines the state of this research, economically viable, often takes as its historical taking account of the departmental or disciplinary starting point the enterprise of the tour company, location of many schools of tourism in higher Cox & Kings founded in 1758. Thus, in Europe at education, notably in management studies and least, an emerging literary readership who valued business schools, and the impact that environment emotion and sensibilities coincided with the of understanding has on the place of literary invention of travel technologies that made longer tourism in commerce and the tensions of its journeys feasible and relatively more pleasurable. relationship with post-industrial capitalism, One such advance in travel technology, for economic development and consumerism. example, was Ackermann steering on horse-drawn carriages, which was invented in 1758 and patented Context - Place Value, the DMO, in England in 1818 (King-Hele, 2002). Emotion and Pleasure in Holidaymaking and Reading This section explores three productive lines of inquiry in the current state of literary tourism as a 'I am like the king of some rain-soaked land' research field and a practice and phenomenon in Baudelaire, (1857) Spleen, Fleurs de mal cultural consumption and commerce, and proposes future areas for its development and its This section explores the terms from ethnography contribution to knowledge. that inform tourism knowledge. The definition of destination management organisations, DMOs, is A study of tourism as a discipline in higher particularly explored here, for the part these education shows that in 'England, tourism and organisations play in tourism development. The hospitality are taught in 77 universities, whereas in DMOs of rain-soaked lands, for example Brittany France, 64 institutions deliver programmes in this or Manchester are led by elected local politicians area' (Mansfield & Séraphin, 2017, 59). The starting and staffed by local government employees. Their date for tourism teaching in universities was in the role is to encourage inward investment and to late 1960s, whilst English literature has been taught promote a welcoming image to potential visitors of since the 1860s (Bonel-Elliott, 2000), initially at the their cities or regions. Often, they have direct links University of Lil e, France. Meanwhile in the UK, with the planning consent process and their documents for teaching English as a literary writing strategies shape not only the communication of the discipline are extant in Quiller-Couch (1916), with destination image, but also what facilities may be his lectures delivered at the University of built in their area of control. Wealthier DMOs Cambridge from January 1913 onwards. Literary often sub-contract the marketing of their tourism 3 The Historical Relationship Between Tourism and Literary Reading 17. space to specialist consultancies, for example, the tourism development team in a city council, might English Riviera Bid Company for Torbay Council wel know that Anatole France once stayed in their in Britain, and in France, Finistère sub-contracted town and wrote there. However, if no significant their promotional strategy to a Paris-based tourist- group of people holds that writer's works in their engineering consultancy. In France, careers in personal cultural capital any longer then the city tourism engineering are accredited by the OPQIBI tourism staff wil never find potential tourists ready (Organisme Professionnel de Qualification de to invest in a visit there. For literary tourism to take l'Ingénierie Bâtiment Industrie). OPQIBI oversees place a conceptual framework is needed with at all engineering qualifications across building, least three points of reference, the place itself, the industry, energy, environment and tourism, and is personal cultural capital of the people who wil a membership organisation for companies in these seek out the geographical place, and the practices commercial fields. This ensures secure, that took place there in past times. professionalised careers for graduates entering this job market. Marcel Proust conveys this three-cornered framework in À la recherche du temps perdu, when his When Bourdieu wrote up his field notes from his narrator declares: time spent with the Kabyle people in Algeria at the end of the 1950s, (Bourdieu, 1972) he proposed a 'Going to the Champs-Élysées Garden was unbearable for me. If only Bergotte had described it in one of his novels, I would concept that is now wel -absorbed and taught in probably have wanted to get to know it, like al those things whose tourism knowledge studies, as the term, place- 'double' had been planted in my imagination. Description warmed value. Bourdieu attempted to isolate why a the things, made them live, gave them a personality, and I wanted to find them again in reality; but in this public garden nothing was particular field seemed to have a high value in the attached to my dreams.' (Proust, 1989 [Original 1913], 386) culture of the vil agers. He could not ascribe any economic reason to this singling-out of the special place by the local people; he therefore proposed the concept of gratuitous place value. Indeed, he coined the term 'symbolic patrimony' (Bourdieu, 1977, 182), which today is more frequently called intangible cultural heritage. Only later did he develop his ideas on the discriminatory practices that he had observed into the notion of personal cultural capital (Bourdieu, 1979). This latter concept, cultural capital, is part of undergraduate teaching in business schools. It provides a grounding theory for class discrimination and for distinguishing demographics for targeted promotions in selling holidays; 'in a destination marketing context, for example, background information or general knowledge about the history, sociocultural, economic, political, and demographic aspects of a potential market can often be put to conceptual use to develop plans' Figure 3: Proust's memories of the Champs-Élysées Garden now commemorated with a named walkway on the north-side (Xiao & Smith, 2007, 313). A destination of the main road. The study of naming streets is cal ed management organisation, for example, the odonymy. Source: Charles Mansfield 18 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Proust's contemporaries would have had the fewer innovations. Edward III of England claimed cultural capital to know that the character Bergotte, it for his heir in 1337, so that today the Prince of mentioned in the quotation, was model ed on Wales still owns 67,000 acres of it. It is land Nobel laureate, Anatole France (1844-1924). Both ownership from Europe’s feudal era. the tourism developers, and those seeking to make a living from literary publishing need to take Land Ownership and Labour regular soundings on the cultural capital of their Management readers and holidaymakers. UK readers of Proust today probably do not value that al usion to For literary tourism the ownership of the Anatole France. His writings are not part of any geographic space and the buildings on that land are campaign by publishers to keep his works in the a major consideration from a material and public eye in Britain. This is made clear when management studies point of view. In France a compared with, say, detective writer Georges membership organisation cal ed Writers' Houses Simenon, whose Maigret novels are renewed for operates under the law of 1901 to bring together British readers by the publishing activities of the state funding and sponsorships to promote and German company Bertelsmann, through their guide visitors and young writers. The association Penguin Books division (Spahr, 2019). was formed in 1986, and by 2011 employed 11 staff (Mel, 2021). In 2021, it offered writers' residencies For the researcher in literary tourism this creates a at 134 properties across mainland France. It is wel field of inquiry around axiology, where value can financed but the individual properties are owned in be explored for the readers, and whether a novel many and varied ways. In England, Wales and can have intrinsic value, that is, can it be good in Northern Ireland, the National Trust owns and itself? It leads then into the field of aesthetics and promotes as tourist destinations the houses that literary worth, but this consideration of pleasure wealthy families of writers have gifted to the trust. and beauty having a value is also studied in its In 2019, the not-for-profit trust reported record application to geographical space, probably income of £634 million (NT 2019). The houses brought into western thought by John Ruskin's once lived in by Woolf, Potter, Kipling, Coleridge travel guides from the 1870s. Of course, and Hardy along with Christie's Greenway home in geographical space has another system of Devon, England, are all owned and marketed as valuation, that of considering it as property. For literary tourism sites by the National Trust. literary texts, their fungibility as property, was Natural y, these old buildings need repair and incur made secure by the Copyright Act of 1911 that running costs. Furthermore, they need managing, evolved out of the Berne Convention of 1908. so the trust recruits graduates from tourism Authors, and publishers with capital, could trade management degree programmes offering careers and earn stable incomes from novels as property and personal development whilst interpreting the rather than writers only sel ing their labour on the literary geographies of the properties for its next piece they produced to fulfil a commission. members. Much of the labour, though, is unpaid. For Arthur Conan Doyle, who worked through In tourism management studies these unpaid this era, it meant that his story serialised from workers are termed entrepreneurial oriented 1901-1902 in The Strand Magazine, could also workers (Shaw & Williams 2004), who provide this become the book property The Hound of the free labour in the hope of accumulating Baskervil es, which still attracts literary tourists to its employability capital. setting on Dartmoor in Devon. The ownership of the literary tourism space of Dartmoor has seen 3 The Historical Relationship Between Tourism and Literary Reading 19. cultural economies. For example, work on Coimbra in Portugal, follows one of the typologies for literary tourism spaces (Quinteiro, Carreira & Rodrigues Gonçalves, 2020). The researchers 'started by collecting the resources resulting from the intersection between authors and physical space, and then of those resulting from the association between the texts and the physical space' (Quinteiro, Carreira & Rodrigues Gonçalves 2020, 368); their quotation encapsulates the two overarching general types from the detailed typologies of the geography of literary tourism. Figure 4: The Fax Room in the house of Agatha Christie (1890- This enthusiastic support of DMOs by academic 1976), Greenway, Devon. Since 2000, Greenway has been owned and run as a literary tourism site by the National Trust researchers continues with another example from in England. Montenegro (Vitić-Ćetković , Jovanović & Source: Charles Mansfield Potočnik Topler 2020): The same enthusiasm that drives people to take on 'Tourists visiting a destination are increasingly unpaid work in writers' former homes is manifest expecting an authentic experience and an in academics of literary tourism, too, taking them adventure that wil inspire and intrigue them, and beyond the academy to work with communities. in that sense, the storytel ing concept can be a Lindy Stiebel, for example, as early as 2004, specific addition to the existing cultural and demonstrated the intervention of interested, even tourism product of Cetinje.' (Vitić-Ćetković, activist academics into the realm of literary tourism Jovanović & Potočnik Topler, 2020, 91). when she developed a literary map of KwaZulu- Natal (Stiebel, 2004) specifically as a tourism In the literary tourism development above, the role development project to highlight local of catalysts and imprimaturs is examined. The contributions to literature. Stiebel considers literary publications of literary travel writers act as both tourism as a sub-set of cultural tourism and so tourist guides for sights and sites but also create deals with three key issues both in her academic new authors who are followed for their insight and publications and in the visitor facilities her work the pleasure their writing gives. Academics have has helped to build viz. (a) authenticity, (b) coined more precise technical terms for linking commodification, and (c) benefits. She emphasises literary texts and urban space since 2000, to that the question must be asked, who wil gain connect literary geography with their work in the benefits of any economic development work? At field. Sonia Anton, for example, at the University the time of writing over 100 writers were held on of Le Havre, uses the terms literary territory and the database for this province of South Africa, literary cartography to explain how writers from although continued funding for the visitor centre different eras have included the streets and cafés in property was in doubt for the first time in two Le Havre in their novels, letters and poetry (Anton, decades. 2013). She suggests that the urban space is created through these representations rather than simply Specialist research centres are now established in documented from nature. Michel Collot, who leads universities, not only to examine the phenomenon an ongoing research programme at Paris-3 (Collot, but also with Stiebel's activist aims, to develop 2020), speaks of an ecology of spatial creation literary tourism for the local commercial and 20 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. through layers of literary texts building on the Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse, an epistolary novel by earlier work of geocriticism, which emerged at the Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778). Watson University of Limoges around 2000 (Westphal, discovers, using her methodological approach of 2000). working through travel journals, that James Boswell in 1764 is the first literary tourist to search Auto-ethnographic approaches to for the locations of a fictional character, at least in understanding tourists' pleasure in the western tradition, For Boswel , the character is literary places Rousseau's Julie (Watson, 2006). Half a century later when the question of expressing emotion through developed sensibilities was being explored 'What an odd thing a diary is: the things you omit are more important than those you put in.' by Austen and the second wave of Romantic poets, Simone de Beauvoir (2006). The Woman Destroyed Mary Shel ey, Percy Bysshe Shel ey, John Keats and Lord Byron follow in Boswel 's footsteps from Ridanpää (2011), and slightly earlier Watson (2006) Britain to Lac Léman, Geneva where Rousseau can be considered as ushering in an embodied lived and set the novel. Watson applies a practice for investigating literary tourism. hermeneutic reading, which emphasises the Although it is omitted in their published works, psychological aspects in the text of the novel, to their method of fieldwork, which was to leave the show the production of literary tourism: academy to visit the sites where published authors had written, and had set their novels of sensibility, '[In his letters, the character] St Preux vividly delineates a mentality has al the hal marks of auto-ethnographic diary-common to the reader-tourist, who typical y suffers from a desire keeping. For both researchers, the phenomenon of to be included within or to experience first-hand the fiction, but, invisible, unnecessary, and secondary to the fiction, he or she is literary tourism is self-evident and establishes forever doomed to frustration'. (Watson, 2006, 137) within each of them an af ect from a geographical and literary topology, which they investigate as The literary tourist is driven on to movement and literary tourism. Lennon's reading of Merleau- travel by this frustrated desire to find the exact spot Ponty and Spinoza (Lennon 2015) makes their where the emotions are engendered in the novel's approaches psychological y intel igible: character. Watson finds this phrase 'the precise spot' in the Journals of Mary Shelley, 'We went again 'The imaginary shape the world takes for us is […] tied up with to the bosquet de Julie, and found that the precise ways of responding to and acting in relation to it […] this is what spot was now utterly obliterated' (Shel ey cited in we mean by claiming that it has af ective texture. […] Merleau-Ponty draws attention to the fact that once we experience the world as Watson 2006, 142). Ridanpää exploring the rural having a certain shape we already have a world which is expressive, edges of the Swedish vil age of Pajala, used in a which carries affective content' (Lennon, 2015, 61) [ our italics]. novel also expresses disappointment at the scene of the spot where the story unfolds (Ridanpää Literary tourism then, in the practice of Ridanpää 2011). Part of the urban built heritage, the Cobb at and of Watson, expresses the world as an Lyme Regis where Louisa jumps down the steps to accomplished shape rather than communicating a Captain Wentworth in Austen's Persuasion (1818), world independent of the forms of has become the archetype for literary pilgrimage communication. These forms of communication through the apocryphal quotation attributed to being both the literary text and the embodied Tennyson ( fl. 1830) 'Don’t talk to me of the Duke content adopted by the tourists and the researchers of Monmouth; show me the exact spot where at the literary sites. Watson sees the emergence of Louisa Musgrove fel ' (Tennyson, apocryphal). literary tourism as part of the dawning of Romanticism following the publication in 1761 of 3 The Historical Relationship Between Tourism and Literary Reading 21. Close-reading - a hermeneutics of the outside, all subtly create this deictic field so that the literary text for the reader and the literary tourist feels that they have already been in tourism stakeholder that space. Tourism stakeholders then need this type of detailed knowledge of the novels set in their destinations and towns. 'Nobody was in their right place, nothing was done as it ought to be.' Jane Austen (1814). Mansfield Park. If this deictic field maps onto identifiable street names, buildings and accessible views in the Can close-reading practices from literary studies contemporary urban space, the literary tourist wil help the researcher understand why certain novels gain satisfaction from the experience of exploring contribute to tourism place value? Can they help as they realise the cultural capital gained from the reader-holidaymaker towards a sense of reading the novel. The stakeholder has to complete fulfilment, to gain satisfaction from the holiday this close-reading exercise on any candidate quest and to experience accomplishment? Can this literature for their tourism offer. If a novel is approach help stakeholders, for example the DMO sufficiently wel -known, for example, from or hoteliers, to find the best books for their town? combining both the national identity for the visited Best, of course, here is freighted with the use of country, and part of the reading culture of the space in the real world, societal values and personal tourist's own country then place value accrues cultural capital. from the literary text. Belsey (1980) develops from Althusser's idea of In their discussion of textual pleasure, Combettes interpel ation (Althusser, 1971), the proposition & Kuyumcuyan (2010) explain the narrative device that the reader is hailed by the literary text during called free indirect discourse, as they establish from reading (Belsey, 2002). Readers are called in to whose point of view event phrases are uttered 'work by themselves in the social formation' (Combettes & Kuyumcuyan, 2010, 31). The (Belsey, 2002, 67) that is under creation in the moments of free indirect discourse cannot be unfolding text of the novel that they are reading attributed to any character in the story, nor easily and, simultaneously, in the powerful society that to the narrator. They appear to emanate as social has produced the discursive practice of the realist norms to which readers and characters must novel. Althusser's concept of the hailing of the adhere. Consider the Austen quote from Mansfield reader, translates into the reading experience as Park, 'Nobody was in their right place, nothing was readers having already been to the destination, done as it ought to be.' (Austen, 1814). The voice when they have read the novel. The literary text of free indirect discourse speaks with the authority hails by deploying the deictic field during narration of doxa, that is, what may be permitted in this as if the reader were there. Simple, almost space. The doxa thus socialises and constrains the overlooked phrases of space, for example, 'a noise behaviours and thoughts leaving the liveable world came up from the street' reposition the readers out limited but comprehensible. In the same way that of their home environment and into the space of the holidaymaker faces a blank social canvas when the narrative, and very specifically into the exact arriving in a new town, the reader of the novel is spot where the addressee is being addressed. In 'up initially free to interpret any utterance in any way, from the street' they are not placed in the street but social mediation begins to limit the practices that above the street, up in, for example, a hotel room may be played out until the reader-tourist adheres with the protagonist in the novel. Other phrases to the established order, the doxa. In the novel, this and shifters including, this one, that, over there, social mediation is performed by the third voice, 22 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. often called, free indirect discourse. The DMO contribution to the emancipation of women in the needs to be aware of what social norms this west (Brown 2016, 172). This demonstrates how discourse establishes in any novel chosen to form representation of space in the symbolic form of part of their destination image branding in order to literature is not the only reason that visitors seek handle it sensitively for the reader-visitor. out a closeness with authors they admire. Sensitivity in Co-creation and Commemorative statues and graves to writers also Narrative Non-fiction fulfil this function but the public authority that has built and maintained them often nuances their 'The Moving Finger writes; and, having writ, / Moves on' purpose to celebrate them as part of national or FitzGerald (1859). English translation of the Rubáiyát of state culture. The south transept of Westminster Omar Khayyam Abbey in London has become known as Poets' Corner for the writers commemorated there. In the The use of literary travel writers in tourism Iranian city of Nishapur, a visitor centre at the engineering is discussed in relation to economic mausoleum of Omar Khayyam (1048-1131) development in relatively unknown towns in attracts local Iranians to celebrate this Persian Europe (Vitić-Ćetković, Jovanović & Potočnik mathematician, whilst readers of English verse visit Topler, 2020); this clear shift from pure research to the mausoleum to celebrate him as a poet after economic development is apparent in funding Edward FitzGerald's 1859 translation of the opportunities from many research councils in the Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyam. Agatha Christie keeps UK and EU. From this, it can be seen that a this line alive, from quatrain 51, for an English-cultural practice as personal as literary tourism reading public in the title of her novel The Moving requires sensitive handling by the DMOs to avoid Finger, published original y in the United States in destroying the emotional value experienced 1942, and in this, makes visible the process of through the sensibilities of the readers. Those in layers of culture proposed by Shelagh Squire in economic development also face the challenge of tourism (1994) after Johnson's (1986) circuits of the unknown town, where their hoped-for culture model. A process which underpins the holidaymakers do not even know that a famous creation of literary tourism spaces by literary travel writer is associated with spaces in their destination. writers exploring destinations, writing of the However, heavy-handed intervention wil activities of previous authors there, and passing on. discourage the type of tourists who seek the mystery and denouement of personal discovery, Table 1: Writers buried at the Panthéon, Paris normally revealed by following challenging clues in the literary geography of the place. Year Name Lived 1791 Voltaire 1694-1778 1794 Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1788 Many literary tourists seek out the final resting 1885 Victor Hugo 1802-1885 place of their authors, for example, research from 1908 Émile Zola 1840-1902 Lorraine Brown interviewed 53 visitors to the 1967 Antoine de Saint-Exupéry 1900-1944 graves of Simone de Beauvoir and Jean-Paul Sartre 1996 André Malraux 1901-1976 in the cemetery in Montparnasse (Brown, 2016) 2002 Alexandre Dumas 1802-1870 2011 Aimé Césaire 1913-2008 over six weeks in summer 2013. The analysis of this 2020 Maurice Genevoix 1890-1980 research provides a list of motivations for literary tourism, including an admiration for the writers' The popular commemoration of writers for their politics, their attitudes to marriage, Sartre's beliefs, with a visitor monument rather than a engagement with a colonial war, and de Beauvoir's grave, can be seen in the Kabyle vil age of Tizi 3 The Historical Relationship Between Tourism and Literary Reading 23. Hibel. Here the author of The Poor Man's Son owned under a system that limited personal (1950), Mouloud Feraoun (1913-1962) is freedom and mobility. Minnie Tal ulah Grant was celebrated for his belief in education as a route out a sharecropper in Eatonton, Georgia when her of subsistence agriculture. He embraced the daughter Alice Walker was born in 1944. This lack French language as his writing medium, rather than of ownership of any geographical space, and its one of the local Berber languages, for instance concomitant lack of security leaves little physical Kabyle, which has 6 million speakers. Nor did trace of the writer for readers of The Color Purple Feraoun choose Arabic, which was the official y (1982) to visit. However, Eatonton-Putnam recognised language until 2002. French as the Chamber of Commerce, have designed a driving literary language of choice stil has a complex geo- route along Wards Chapel Road which passes a political value for Kabyle intel ectuals as can be tree that stands where Alice Walker's birthplace seen in Lynda Chouiten's 2021 novel, A Waltz. was demolished. The final stop on the literary trail Chouiten begins with an epigraph quotation taken is Grant Plantation where Minnie Tal ulah Grant from Albert Camus to signal this global literary was born. Echoes of Feraoun's notion that heritage (Chouiten, 2021). Chapter 2 of The Poor education is the first step on the road to freedom Man's Son (Feraoun 1995), [original 1950] is a are brought out in Walker's life, who began school, reminder that tourism was already valuing Kabyle unusually early, at only 4 years old. DMOs and places in the Atlas mountains in the 1950s, which Chambers of Commerce need detailed was the same decade that Bourdieu started his understanding of the history and politics of the fieldwork that led to the theory of gratuitous place novels and their authors to provide interpretation value (Bourdieu, 1977, 182). for literary trail tourists. MacLeod, Hayes & Slater (2009) explore this process in the UK. They examined 46 literary trails using content analysis. From their work, they propose a typology of three forms of literary trail: 1. Biographical, eg The Agatha Christie Mile in Torquay, Devon. 2. Literary Landscape Trail, eg The Robert Burns Trail in Dumfriesshire. 3. Generic Literary Trail, eg Bristol Literary Trail. Since their process analysed in detail the promotional and interpretation materials, their results provide DMOs with useful information on content and language use. They found that the language is similar to promotional copy from advertisers and that the leaflets emphasise the role Figure 5: The Panthéon, Paris built between 1758 and 1790 is now the resting place of at least 9 famous writers (list is of the institutions involved in the design of the provided in table above). trail. Thus, a less authentic narrative is Source: Charles Mansfield communicated to the literary tourist, who sees only The United States has its own nationally feted limited evidence for the writers' lives or their works writer whose childhood began in subsistence in the curation process (MacLeod et al. , 2009, 168). agriculture. Her family lived on land that was In their recommendations to trail curators, to 24 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. designers and to interpretation writers they suggest becomes drawn into literary tourism during her the following to make the trail into a more research for his biography, 'And ten years after satisfying experience for tourists: [Wertach town had opened the Sebaldweg] I walked down the Sebald Way myself' (Angier, 1. Engagement stories, which include: Emotional 2021, 57-58). Angier is alert to how Sebald carries prompts, and, sensory prompts. Kafka with him when she shows how Sebald 2. Personalisation opportunities, which include: borrows a character from Kafka for the travel Interaction, and co-creation (after MacLeod et book, Vertigo (Angier 2021, 72). For the generation al., 2009, 165). of reader-tourists after Sebald, it is copies of Sebald's books that they wil carry with them to Thus, a more sensitised catalyst text is needed to find the exact spot where Max stayed in his old maintain the connection between literary space, the home town of Wertach when walking and writing literary author and the reader-visitor. This is in November 1987. discussed in futures below. Futures: Curators of Geographical Literatures Literary travel writing offers up to holiday readers the necessary research to associate locations with the lives and works of literary authors. This publishing genre presents the geographies of earlier writers with the sensitivity required to maintain trust and interest for the specialist literary visitor; the travel framing also makes the books attractive to those planning the same journey described in the work. Two key example writers, from European literature are, W G Sebald (1944- 2001), especially in his short travel pieces set in Corsica, Campo Santo (2003), and in his more detailed journey through East Anglia, narrated in The Rings of Saturn (1995); and Sven Lindqvist (1932-2019) with his journey into Africa, Exterminate All the Brutes (Lindqvist 1996), original Swedish in 1992 as Utrota varenda jävel. Both Sebald and Lindqvist carry previous writers' works with them, for example, those of Franz Kafka, Joseph Conrad, and Stendhal, whom Sebald disguises with Stendhal's family name of Beyle. This disguising, erasure and gentle dissimulation in Sebald's travel narratives contribute to the mystery, and create puzzles to solve for the literary tourist (Sebald, Figure 6: The Unic Hotel at 56 rue du Montparnasse, 75014 Paris, France, around which much of Modiano's story revolves 2003); (Sebald 1995). It seems Angier (2021) falls in The Black Notebook (2012). Visited in 2017 during under Sebald's literary travel writing spel and fieldwork on Modiano's locations. Source: Charles Mansfield 3 The Historical Relationship Between Tourism and Literary Reading 25. However, contemporary authors are stil under- to this collection. Indeed, even at the risk of being represented by literary travel writers. An example didactic here, page 15 in Chevreuse is a complete set of a contemporary novelist who represents piece of narrative curation since Modiano finds a narrative geographies that a sensitive literary travel way of marking the page in the character's copy of writer could explore is Nobel laureate, Patrick the lost memoirs. Later, he returns to a topological Modiano (b. 1945). Modiano has been mapping a folding of space (Shields, 2013, 131) by declaring literary geography of Paris over half a century, that, over time, memories of places will form a which crosses into the twenty-first century with secret province, whose existence no map can ever Dora Bruder (1997), La Petite Bijou (2001), Dans le café disprove (Modiano, 2021, 42). Modiano uses the de la jeunesse perdue (2007). [ In the Café of Lost Youth] pre-revolutionary geographical term of province and L'Herbe des nuits (2012). [ The Black Notebook]. here as an echo of Retz's concern with the inflamed Like Simenon before him with The Yel ow Dog provinces in his journal entries for 1649 (Gondi (1931), which was set in the emerging seaside town 1899). Modiano refers to very specific maps in his of Concarneau in the 1930s, Modiano also chooses literary geography, the maps drawn up by an resorts and spaces of leisure for his settings. In occupying force, called l'état-major in French. These Villa Triste (1975) the story opens in the spa town types of maps were made of Vietnam in July 1945 of Annecy in 1960 on the Boulevard Carabacel, when a dividing line was drawn by the chiefs of which can easily be found by visitors today. staff at Potsdam along the 16-degree latitude. By Modiano continues to catalogue the street names December 1946, war had broken out between the and places, Avenue d'Albigny and the old hotels French and the Việt Minh. The main story of where the literary travel writer can research while Chevreuse returns to this time period, repeatedly; the carrying a copy of Villa Triste to understand the time when the occupying force attempted 'to sensibilities of the young Victor on the run from striate the space over which it reign[ed]' (Deleuze national service and the Algerian War (1954-62). & Guattari, 1988, 385). Recent experimental approaches are providing a research methodology In Modiano's recent novel, published in October for uncovering the rich, entangled spaces of literary 2021, the author creates a geographical literature of geography by deep-mapping (Mansfield, Shepherd holiday spaces accessible from Paris. The book's & Wassler, 2021) similar to the way in which title, Chevreuse, begins this characterisation of Modiano works in fiction. known locations, which Modiano deliberately conflates with a character's name Marie de Rohan In conclusion then, literary tourism is constantly (1600-79), also known as the Duchess of renewed but remains invisible or unmapped, with Chevreuse. Modiano constructs this connection in geographies only co-created in the sensibilities of the method of a literary travel writer by telling of readers. The canon of classic novels and their the loss of a book on the train back from authors are celebrated and made visible in the Normandy to Saint-Lazare station in Paris. In the properties that have been acquired and maintained story, readers learn that The Memoirs of the Cardinal as museums and visitor centres. As a career, de Retz (Gondi, 1899) is the misplaced volume literary tourism demands a knowledge of two (Modiano, 2021, 15) in which Madame de disciplines, but these are taught widely in university Chevreuse plays a significant role. Modiano thus departments and have a long history. Finally, three acts as curator, showing by careful collection rather main avenues of research have been opened up in than didactically, what would make perfect holiday this essay which reflect the current state of reading for emotional explorations west of the knowledge in this field; it is hoped that this wil capital, and at the same time adding his own novel 26 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. inspire further work at this level to better that incorporate an experiential design perspective. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 18(2), 154-172. understand the phenomenon. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368620802590183 Mansfield, C. & Séraphin, H. (2017). A comparative study of tourism and hospitality education in the United Kingdom and France. Rivista scientifica trimestrale di Cerimoniale, References Immagine e Comunicazione, 2(2), 55-95. Mansfield, C., Shepherd, D. & Wassler, P. (2021). Perry – Deep Angier, C. (2021). Speak, silence. In Search of W. G. Sebald. London: mapping and emotion in place-writing practice. In Bloomsbury. A.Scribano, M. Camarena Luhrs & A.L.Cervio (Eds.), Anton, S. (Ed.) (2013). Le territoire lit éraire du Havre dans la première Cities, Capitalism and the Politics of Sensibilities (pp. 97-114). moitié du XXe siècle : Suivi de Raymond Queneau, Portrait London: Palgrave Macmillan. littéraire du Havre. Rouen: Presses Universitaires de Rouen. Mel (2021). Le site de la maison des écrivains, 67, Bd. de Althusser, L. (1971). Ideology and ideological state apparatuses. In Montmorency, Paris 75016. Online at: www.m-e-l.fr Lenin and Philosophy, and Other Essays (pp.121-173). Trans. [Accessed 14.6.21]. Ben Brewster. London: New Left Books. NT (2019). Annual Report 2018-19, Swindon: National Trust Austen, J. (1814). Mansfield Park. London: Penguin. Available online at: Belsey, C. (2002). Critical practice. Abingdon: Routledge. https://nt.global.ssl.fastly.net/documents/201819-annual- Bonel-Elliott, I. (2000). 'English Studies in France. In B. Engler & report.pdf [Accessed 14.6.21]. Renate, H. (Eds.), European English Studies: Contributions Proust, M. ([1913] 1989). À la recherche du temps perdu. Paris: Pléiade. towards a History of the Discipline (pp.69-88). Leicester: The Ridanpää, J. (2011). Pajala as a literary place: In the readings and English Association for ESSE. footsteps of Mikael Niemi. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Bourdieu, P. (1972). Esquisse d'une théorie de la pratique. Paris: Seuil. Change 9(2) 103-117. Bourdieu, P. (1977). Outline of a theory of practice. Cambridge: https://doi.org/10.1080/14766825.2011.562979 Cambridge University Press. Quiller-Couch, A. (1916). On the art of writing. Cambridge: Bourdieu, P. (1984). Distinction: A social critique of the judgment of taste. Cambridge University Press. Trans. R. Nice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Quinteiro, S., Carreira, V. & Rodrigues Gonçalves, A. (2020). Brown, L. (2016). Tourism and pilgrimage: Paying homage to Coimbra as a literary tourism destination: landscapes of literary heroes. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18: literature. International Journal of Culture, Tourism and 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2043 Hospitality Research, 14(3) 361-372. Chouiten, L. (2021) Une valse. Algeria: Casbah Editions. Sebald, W. (2003). Campo Santo London: Penguin. Col ot, M. (2020). La nature a lieux [Nature has places. Nature Sebald, W. (1995). The Rings of Saturn London: Penguin. happens]. Towards a Literary Geography. Paris: Université Shaw, G. & Williams, A. (2004). Tourism and tourism spaces. Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris-3. Thousand Oaks: Sage. Combettes, B. & Kuyumcuyan, A. (2010). Les enjeux interprétatifs Shields, R. (2013). Spatial questions. London: Sage. de la prédication averbale dans un corpus narratif : Spahr, W. (2019). BMG Parent Bertelsmann to Acquire Full Stake énoncés nominaux et représentation fictionnelle de in Penguin Random House. Bil board. New York: Eldridge. processus énonciatifs et cognitifs. Discours (6). Squire, S. (1994). The cultural values of literary tourism. Annals of Deleuze, G. & Guattari, F. (1988). A thousand plateaus. London: Tourism Research, 21, 103-120. Athlone. Stiebel, L. (2004). Hitting the hot spots: Literary tourism as a Feraoun, M. (1995). Le fils du pauvre. Paris: Seuil. research field with particular reference to KwaZulu-Natal, Gondi, J. (1899). Memoirs of Jean François Paul de Gondi Cardinal de South Africa. Critical Arts: South-North Cultural and Media Retz. Boston: Page. Studies, 18(2), 31-44. King-Hele, D. (2002). Erasmus Darwin’s improved design for Vitić-Ćetković, A., Jovanović, I., and Potočnik Topler, J. (2020). steering carriages and cars. Notes and Records of the Royal Literary tourism: The role of 19th century travel literature Society of London, 56(1), 41–62. in the positioning of the smal est European Royal Capital - Johnson, R. (1986). The story so far and further Transformations. Cetinje' Annals for Istrian and Mediterranean Studies, 30(1), 81-In D. Punter (Ed.), Introduction to Contemporary Cultural 98. Studies (pp.277-313). London: Longman. Watson, N. (2006). The Literary Tourist. Basingstoke: Palgrave. Lennon, K. (2015). Imagination and the imaginary. Abingdon: Westphal, B. (2000). La Géocritique mode d’emploi. Limoges: Presses Routledge. Universitaires de Limoges. Lindqvist, S. (1996). Exterminate al the brutes London: Penguin. Xiao, H. & Smith, S. (2007). The use of tourism knowledge: MacLeod, N., Hayes, D. & Slater, A. (2009). Reading the Research propositions. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(2), landscape: The development of a typology of literary trails 310-331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.09.001 30 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Tourism is a social phenomenon, 'a worldmaking Pumarola, 2019). Literary tourism results from the medium' (Hollingshead, 2004, 30), a practice of promotion of the literary heritage of a territory in producing and consuming products and order to highlight the uniqueness of that territory. experiences and an instrument for creating, Worldwide there are many instances of this mediating and reformulating identities and strategy to increase tourist demand and meanings of the world. Tourism, conceived as simultaneously preserve literary heritage. An travelling for leisure, first appeared as a business il ustrative example of this process is the city of with the formation of the travel company, Cox & Concord, in Massachusetts, USA, which has Kings, in 1758. Literary tourism is a niche of adopted the title of' 'literary mecca' thanks to its cultural tourism as it relates to cultural heritage connection with Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry (Robinson & Andersen, 2002). Literary tourism David Thoreau, Louise May Alcott and Nathaniel refers to travel ing to places represented in fictional Hawthorne. and non-fictional literary texts, places associated with writers' lives and deaths, places that have Although literary tourism is an increasingly popular inspired literary authors and places produced to cultural and heritage tourism niche, it is not new, celebrate literature and its authors (Hendrix, 2008, and diverse shapes of literary tourism have existed Croy, 2012). In literary tourism, literary even in ancient times. Back in the 1300s, there were intermediation is a structural element. Literary pilgrimages to the places associated with the intermediation refers to one of the effects of memory of Francesco Petrarca and Laura (the literature, either in the text or outside the text, as a woman loved and sung about in Rerum Vulgarium memorial element or material element that Fragmenta) in Provence, southern France (Hendrix, becomes an intermediate between the reader and 2008). Also in the 1300s, people travelled to Dante the space, the past and the future, the nearest Alghieri’s tomb in Ravenna. Giovanni Boccaccio, places and the furthest. in his Trattatello in laude di Dante (whose first draft dates back to the years 1350-1355), pointed out Literary tourism journeys may have a long or short how Florence, the city in which the author of the temporal duration and spatial dimension and they Divine Comedy was born and from which he had might comprise visits to the places where a writer been exiled for political reasons, had lost to the lived or to the real or imaginary places featured in benefit of Ravenna, then and in the centuries to their work, visits to the landscape that inspired his come. or her texts, visits to booktowns that may host literary festivals, e.g. , the small Welsh village of An important chapter of literary tourism, however, Hay-on-Wye, has become internationally famous concerns the period between the late 1700s and the since Richard Booth opened the first secondhand first half of the 1800s. In Romanticism, as bookshop there in 1961, and it is now home to admiration for the subjectivity of the creative poet numerous bookshops. Its festival structure has became established, tours to the places of writers been copied by several places around the world, for and their books intensified. The Grand Tour example, the FestivaLetteratura in Mantua, Italy; travellers and intellectuals in this historical and the Folio Festival, in Óbidos, Portugal. Literary cultural period visited places associated with poetry tourism may also comprise visits to the UNESCO and writing: Lord Byron, for example, during his Cities of Literature, for instance Exeter or stay in Italy went to Arquà, where Petrarca spent Edinburgh which is known as the city of Walter the last years of his life, to Ravenna, linked to the Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson and Robert Burns, memory of Dante and to Ferrara, the city of to whom a Writers Museum is dedicated (Arcos- Ludovico Ariosto, author of Orlando Furioso and of 4 What Is Literary Tourism? 31. Torquato Tasso, the poet who, in the second half and its growing interest in the scope of cultural of the 1500s, wrote Gerusalemme Liberata and was tourism. Additionally, the Guide is exceptionally imprisoned in the asylum of Sant’Anna for being thorough in the information it provides to considered a mad poet. The cel in which Tasso prospective visitors. The number of tourist guides was confined became an attraction. Apart from increased significantly in the early 2000s, namely in Byron, also Percy Bysshe Shel ey, Samuel Rogers Italy, as a consequence of the creation of Literary and Stendhal went to Florence to visit the church Parks (Persi & Dai Pra’, 2002; Marengo, 2022). of Santa Croce, to which Ugo Foscolo had dedicated verses in Sepolcri. In 1847, Gustave The post-Covid years, finally, signal a further Flaubert, together with his friend Maxime Du development and increase in literary tourism, Camp, went to St. Malo to pay homage to the associated with the growing need for travel ing sepulchre that Chateaubriand (also among the with cultural motivations and to discover places visitors to Torquato Tasso’s prison in Ferrara) had less travel ed by mass tourists. Some tourists look built for himself on a smal island in front of the for itineraries that favour slowness and Breton town (Capecchi, 2021-2022). sustainability. This recent and ongoing phase is also matched by the intensification of studies and In the 1700s, the topographical accuracy of some research on the subject and the growing attention literary texts opened up the novel to the real world of the tourism industry to this expanding tourism and precipitated the desire to visit these places niche (Pitakso et al. , 2024). first-hand. Nicola Watson (2006) recalls that as early as 1764, a traveller, James Boswell, walked in Literary tourism then combines two cultural the footsteps [the literary places] of the character practices: travel ing and reading, which, thanks to Julie from Jean-Jacques Rousseau's epistolary technologies in transport and in printing alongside novel Julie, ou la nouvelle Héloïse (1761). This novel social emancipation, began to take root across the was probably the biggest bestsel er of the century, classes from the Romantic era and the novel of making Rousseau the first celebrity author after sensibilities, epitomised by Jane Austen's Sense and Petrarch in the 16th century (Darnton, [1984] Sensibility of 1811. With the growth of mass 2009, 243-244). education in the second half of the twentieth century, the two cultural and commercial practices In the 1800s and early 1900s, literary tourism trips became research objects and research subjects were mainly undertaken by individual men, not whilst also creating an educated class of groups of visitors as now (Capecchi & Mosena, professionals in the travel industry seeking 2023). After the second half of the 1900s,, new meaningful careers. products were created to promote travel ing to the places of writers and writing. One of the first The link between study and research on the one products designed to promote literary tourism in hand and economics on the other is one of the European countries was the Homes and Haunts of the fundamental elements of literary tourism. If writers Most Eminent British Poets, published in 1847. can create literary tourism places (Pocock, 1981), it However, the majority of these guides were is necessary to study the link between an author published in the 1900s and 2000s. The Guide and a place and to select the passages of their work lit éraire de la France (1964) is an exemplary and in that tel the story of that particular site. In this many respects pioneering case of the growing sense, research concerning literary travel ers offers interest in literary tourism. In its introduction , the preliminary information for building, around there is an important reflection on literary tourism the literariness of a place, adequate tools (such as 32 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. literary guides, either printed or in Apps, but also between the field of research and tourism more concise publications, such as leaflets and professionals. Literary tourism needs to be brochures) and literary tourist products and approached, at the same time, from several points experiences that tourism operators wil be able to of view and with distinct skil s, as its very nature is manage. For literary tourism products to emerge, transdisciplinary: literary, geographic, literature must meet economics, and scientific and museographic, economic, and marketing academic research must provide the basis for better knowledge are needed to define it and to stimulate defining literary products’ content and it. Literary tourism does not address only the promotional and communication strategies. Some (admittedly small) audience of literary experts. fundamental reflections are connected to this However, it aims to involve those who are more development, and consequences must be generically attracted to cultural travel, have an considered when determining literary tourism. We interest in reading, and are sensitive to the limit ourselves to highlighting some of them. interweaving of knowledge, experience and Scientific research without practical application emotions. does not generate literary tourism products, but tourism products unsupported by scientific Without the possibility of tracing, in this research and theoretical reflection have, in general, handbook, a complete panorama of the present, we fragile foundations and are inadequate from a conclude this section by saying that literary tourism cultural point of view. Hence the necessary link has become the focus of systematic study and Table 2: Forms of Literary Tourism Form Description Examples Places Represented in Travel ing to real or imaginary Visits to settings from novels, such as Pride and Texts locations depicted in literary works. Prejudice locations in England. Writers' Life and Death Visiting sites associated with the Tours of Shakespeare's birthplace in Stratford- personal lives and deaths of authors. upon-Avon or Hemingway's home in Key West. Inspirational Exploring landscapes that inspired Trips to the Lake District, which inspired Landscapes literary works. Wordsworth and Coleridge. Literary Festivals and Attending festivals or visiting towns Hay Festival in Hay-on-Wye, Wales; Booktowns dedicated to books and literature. FestivaLetteratura in Mantua, Italy. UNESCO Cities of Travelling to cities recognized for their Literature literary heritage and contributions. Edinburgh, Scotland; Melbourne, Australia. Memorial Sites Visiting memorials and tombs of Dante’s tomb in Ravenna, Italy; Chateaubriand’s famous writers. sepulchre in St. Malo, France. Homes and Haunts Guided tours of places associated with 'Homes and Haunts of the Most Eminent Tours prominent authors. British Poets' tours. Literary Parks Exploring designated parks that Literary Parks in Italy, dedicated to various celebrate literary heritage. authors and their works. Literary Walks and Participating in guided walks and set Jane Austen’s walking tours in Bath, UK; literary Itineraries routes exploring literary themes and histories. walks in Paris exploring Hemingway’s haunts. Pilgrimages to Literary Historical and modern journeys to Pilgrimages to Petrarch’s locations in Provence Sites places of literary significance. or Dante’s sites in Florence and Ravenna. Romantic and Grand Historical travels to sites associated Lord Byron’s visits to Italian literary sites; Grand Tour with Romantic and earlier literary figures. Tour destinations in Europe. Writers’ Museum in Edinburgh dedicated to Literary Museums Visiting museums dedicated to specific authors or literary movements. Walter Scott, Robert Louis Stevenson, and Robert Burns. Post-Covid Slow and Focusing on sustainable, cultural y Post-Covid emphasis on discovering less- Sustainable Tourism motivated travel to lesser-known literary sites. travelled literary destinations. 4 What Is Literary Tourism? 33. research activities (Çevik, 2020); (Mansfield, 2015). Capecchi, G. (2021). Sul e orme dei poeti. Let eratura, turismo e promozione del territorio. Bologna:Pàtron. In Europe and beyond European borders, there is Capecchi, G. (2022). In the poets’ footsteps. Literature, tourism, and a flourishing number of publishing initiatives about regional promotion. Leiden: Brill. Capecchi, G. & Mosena, R. (Eds.) (2023). Il turismo let erario. Casi this tourism niche, which is progressively more studio ed esperienze a confronto. Perugia: Perugia Stranieri present in the proposals of tour operators. University Press. Çevik, S. (2020). Literary tourism as a field of research over the Expressions such as “literary journey”, “literary period 1997-2016. European Journal of Tourism Research, 24, 1-25. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v24i.409 itinerary”, and “literary walk” are now used with Croy, G. (2012). Literary Tourism In P. Robinson (Ed.), Tourism: The increasing frequency on tourism marketing web Key Concepts (pp. 119-121). Abingdon: Routledge. Hendrix, H. (2008). Writers’ houses and the making of memory. pages, while literary heritage is increasingly valued Abingdon: Routledge. as a promoter of a territory and a propel er of visits. Hollingshead, K. (2004). Tourism and new sense: Worldmaking and the enunciative value of tourism. In M. Hal , & H. However, “more and more” does not mean Tucker (Eds.), Tourism and postcolonialism: Contested discourses, identities and representations (pp. 25-42). Abingdon: “always”: as such, there is, in the field of literary Routledge. tourism, ample room for work to make sure that Kahrs, A. & Gregorio, M. (2009). Esporre la let eratura. Percorsi, pratiche, prospettive. Bologna: Clueb. the added value that literature can guarantee to a Lemmi, E. & Siena, M. (2010). Le “Book Towns”: un progetto di place is discovered, studied and communicated, to sviluppo. Il caso Hay-on-Wye e di Montereggio. In P. Persi (Ed.), Territori emotivi. Geografie emozionali. Urbino: motivate travel and thus, with the consequent Università di Urbino. Mansfield, C. (2015). Researching Literary Tourism. Plymouth: positive economic effects, literary tourism. Shadows. Marengo M. (2022). Geografia e letteratura. Piccolo manuale d’uso. Bologna: Pàtron. This table il ustrates the various forms of literary Persi P. & Dai Pra’ E. (2001). “L’Aiuola che ci fa. .”. Una geografia per tourism, emphasising the diversity of experiences i Parchi Let erari. Urbino: Università degli Studi di Urbino. Pitakso, R., Srichok, T., Khonjun, S., Gonwirat, S., and destinations available for literary enthusiasts. Nanthasamroeng, N., Boonmee, C. (2024). Multi-objective sustainability tourist trip design: An innovative approach for balancing tourists' preferences with key sustainability considerations. Journal of Cleaner Production, 449, 2, 141-486, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141486 References Pocock, D.C.D. (Ed.) (1981). Humanistic Geography and Literature. Essays on the Experience of Place. London: Croom Helm. Arcos-Pumarola, J. (2019). Assessing Literary Heritage Policies in Robinson, M. & Anderson, H.-C. (2002). Literature and Tourism: the Context of Creative Cities. Journal of Spatial and reading and writing tourism. London: Continuum. Organizational Dynamics, 7(4), 275–290. Watson, N. (2006). The literary tourist. Readers and Places in Romantic and Victorian Britain. London: Palgrave Macmillan. 36 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. This handbook is useful introductory reading when case studies, capable of linking literature and starting research on literary tourism as it offers economics, the book is itself a journey: a trip to real essential information and many suggestions for or imaginary locations, in the footsteps of poets, to further reading in the sections headed, References. discover places that have hosted and inspired great For a deeper understanding of the literary tourism writers. phenomenon, it is important to explore a range of foundational texts, academic papers, and books Agarwal, S. & Shaw, G. (2018). Heritage, that provide both theoretical frameworks and case Screen and Literary Tourism. Bristol: Channel studies. Here are some recommendations: View Publications. MacLeod, N.E. (2024). Literary Fiction The book by Agarwal and Shaw offers a broad Tourism: Understanding the Practice of introduction to the concept of literary and movie-Fiction-Inspired Travel (1st ed.). Abingdon: induced tourism, tracing its history and exploring Routledge. its various dimensions. MacLeod's monograph places literary fiction Watson, N.J. (2006). The Literary Tourist. tourism within its historical, theoretical, and London: Palgrave Macmillan. managerial frameworks, and examines the current offerings of literary tourism sites and experiences. Watson's book is an introduction to the concept of It emphasises the connection between imaginative literary tourism in its early form as an emerging worlds, literary reputation, and tourism. The book research topic. delves into various forms of literary tourism globally, including biographical sites, imaginative Roberts, Z. (2022). Literary Tourism: Linking sites, literary trails, and book towns, highlighting Cultural Capital, Tourist Experiences and the chal enges of interpreting and managing these Perceptions of Authenticity Plymouth: Pearl. for visitors. A useful source of guidance is to find a completed Capecchi, G. (2022). In the Poets’ Footsteps. PhD thesis by a successful doctoral candidate in Literature, Tourism and Regional Promotion, the field of literary tourism. The example discussed Leiden-Boston: Brill. here is by Dr Zoë Roberts (2022), Literary Tourism: Linking Cultural Capital, Tourist Experiences and This book comprehensively explores the space of Perceptions of Authenticity. It is available to download literary tourism and how literature can introduce, free from a stable url by searching with this DOI promote, and contribute to the awareness of reference DOI 10.24382/742 cultural landmarks. Aimed not only at literature enthusiasts, but also at those who love to travel Dr Zoë Roberts' thesis is useful to you near the along less beaten paths; it tel s the story of literary start of your writing for its structure, which she tourism between the beginning of the 1800s and shows in table form on pp.28-30 as Table 6. today. Capecchi surveys the methods most used Consider Roberts' way of dealing with her today, namely printed and online literary guides, Literature Review, for instance, where she has that offer a wide panorama of writers' homes and broken the review down into (2a) Literary Tourism evaluates literary festivals as events capable of - for an overal look at the whole field, then (2b) giving cultural and economic opportunities to the and (2c) to explore her two main theoretical territories that host them. Rich in examples and 5 What Is Literary Tourism?What Should I Read When I Start to Research Literary Tourism? 37. positions, videlicet: authenticity and cultural capital she has reviewed back in chapter 2 and using her after Bourdieu (Roberts 2022, 28). analysis of the empirical data that she col ected during her literary tourism project. You should always make your methodology clear for your own reference and your supervisors' and Finally, in a business management setting, always then later for your external examiner and other include a chapter at the end on management readers if they want to test your results or pick up implications. This wil give you the opportunity to on the study where you left off. One of the roles show applications for your findings and for your of PhD research is to add your contribution to the new theories to employers, entrepreneurs, DMOs growing field of knowledge in a particular area. or other stakeholders in the area that you have Roberts' Table 6 clearly shows how to make it researched. straightforward for the examiner to find and look at your analysis of the various corpora of data that Sebald, W. G. (1990). Vertigo [Original you have col ected. German - Schwindel. Gefühle] Frankfurt: Eichborn Verlag. W G Sebald's travel book, Vertigo, is available translated into many languages now. This makes it useful for tourism studies since many language groups wil have access to Sebald's method of literary travel writing; furthermore, the two key authors that Sebald carries with him in this travel narrative, Kafka and Stendhal, are also available across many languages. Vertigo provides the researcher with a literary travel text to study as an example of what we call a catalyst text for tourists who go on to visit the places that Kafka and Stendhal knew. The style and genre of Sebald's Figure 7: Granite bench instal ed overlooking the beach at Perranporth, Cornwal UK, to commemorate the novelist, writing are also examples of methods that Winston Graham (1910-2003). Winston Graham had a hut on researchers can adopt themselves to fol ow the this spot where he would do his journaling and writing. footsteps of an author and later design a travel Roberts visited this site during fieldwork for her doctoral research. route that wil be relevant to the appreciation of Source: Charles Mansfield that author. For example, the narrative-building feature called 'twill' (Mansfield & Potočnik Topler Analysis is not enough at postgraduate Level 8 2023, 20-22) is explained by analysing an extract study, that is PhD level, you must synthesise new from the English translation of Vertigo (2002) for knowledge. That is why Roberts has al ocated a literary travel writers in the tourism industry. A whole chapter to this, chapter 6. She deliberately Portuguese translation is available as Vertigem uses the language and the processes of her (2008), translated by José Marcos Mariani de methodology to arrive at this new knowledge. For Macedo for Companhia das Letras. example, she proposes a new theory, that of the authentic gaze in Section 6.1, from p.349 onwards Robison, M. & Andersen, H.-C. (Eds.) (2002). (Roberts 2022, 349), basing her argument for this Literature and Tourism: Essays in the reading new contribution to knowledge on the literature and writing of tourism. London: Thomson. 38 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. This book by Mike Robinson and Hans-Christian Potočnik Topler, J. (2020). Literarni turizem in Andersen is a valuable and pioneering contribution priložnosti za njegov razvoj v Sloveniji : Louis to literature and tourism studies. It reveals how Adamič - pisatelj z zgodbo, ki povezuje literature has often been a crucial inspiration for Slovenijo, Balkan in Združene države tourists and how tourism has always inspired Amerike. 1. izd. Maribor: Univerzitetna literary authors. Departing from North American, založba Univerze, 2020. 132 str., ilustr. ISBN British, and European literary authors and texts of 978-961-286-408-8. diverse periods and genres, this book thoroughly https://press.um.si/index.php/ump/catalog examines the intersection between literature and /book/519, DOI: 10.18690/978-961-286-407-1. tourism. Useful for research can be the consultation of Rita Baleiro, R. & Pereira, R. (Eds.) (2022). Baleiro (CiTUR), Giovanni Capecchi (TULE), Reading between the scenes: Cinematic Jordi Arcos-Pumarola (CETT) - Orgs., E-representations of literary tourism. In R. Dictionary on Literary Tourism: Baleiro & R. Pereira (Eds.), Global https://www.unistrapg.it/it/ricerca/ricerca/dipar Perspectives on Literary Tourism and Film- timenti-e-centri/centro-per-il-turismo-letterario-Induced Tourism (pp. 1-16). Hershey, PA: IGI tule/dizionario-tule-e-dictionary-of-literary-Global. tourism This chapter is included in a volume that brings Capecchi, G. - Mosena, R. (ed.) (2024). together contributions from nine countries and Turismi danteschi. Itinerari, esperienze, addresses the concepts of literary and film-induced progetti. Pergugia: Perugia Stranieri tourism. They all stem from pivotal research on University Press, these tourism niches and offer new advances and pdf online: innovative methodological approaches. This https://www.unistrapg.it/sites/default/files/docs chapter by Rita Baleiro and Rosária Pereira is likely /university-press/turismi-danteschi.pdf the first to examine cinematographic representations of literary tourism. Departing from The volume collects the proceedings of the the analysis of the two films ( The Leisure Seeker conference on Dantesque tourism, organised by (2017) and Paterson (2016)), the authors reveal how the TULE Centre and held at the University for these two cinematographic productions convey Foreigners of Perugia in spring 2023. The places diverse portraits of literary tourism and literary where Dante lived, for long or even very short tourists. In The Leisure Seeker, the literary tourism periods, along with the geography in his writings, experience is portrayed from the visitor’s beginning with the Divine Comedy, have become or perspective in a manner that clearly reveals can become the starting point for the promotion disappointment, in Paterson, the experience is much for cultural and literary tourism. The text compares more positive. the most important experiences that have arisen in Italy to enhance the territory and present new In case you would like to read about literary itineraries and projects that are linked to the author tourism in the Slovene language, the following of the Divine Comedy, proposing a route, from monograph is available (in print and online version Ravenna to Rome, that crosses Tuscany, Marche that is free): and Umbria. 5 What Is Literary Tourism?What Should I Read When I Start to Research Literary Tourism? 39. Capecchi, G. - Mosena, R. (ed.) (2023). Il The following article: turismo letterario. Casi studio ed esperienze a confronto. Perugia, Perugia Stranieri Busby, G. & Shetliffe, E. (2013). Literary University Press. pdf online: tourism in context: Byron and Newstead https://www.unistrapg.it/sites/default/files/docs Abbey. European Journal of Tourism, /university-press/tule-turismoletterario.pdf Hospitality and Recreation, 4 (3), 5-45 discusses literary tourism in Byron’s hometown. Index: Capurro R., I musei manzoniani. Tra storia, narrazioni e dialogo con il territorio; Mosena R., Finding new Reading with Google Carducci e Castagneto “in poesia”. Notizie di un Scholar Alerts caso studio tra ieri e oggi; Bagnoli L., Un’escursione letteraria nel Parco nazionale del Of course you wil be searching for new articles Gran Paradiso. La novella Il Re Vittorio Emanuele using your university library search facility to create in Valle d’Aosta di Giuseppe Giacosa your literature review and you might already have centocinquant’anni dopo; Capecchi G., Da discovered Google Scholar and even set up your Castelvecchio di Barga a Castelvecchio Pascoli: own page in Google Scholar Citations. However, presenze poetiche e promozione territoriale; Google offers an academic reference search service Pedroni M., L’acqua, la storia e il turismo di due that runs in the background and alerts you if any vallate alpine. Testi e riflessioni per un percorso new articles or books appear in your specified letterario; Gouchan Y., Dalla verità biografica alla search range. creazione di uno spazio letterario e turistico: come Il iers divenne Combray; Zidarič W., Un percorso Start at Google Scholar and use the side menu franco-italiano da fine ’800 a oggi, tra luoghi veri e drawer to ask for Advanced Search. Then type your luoghi inventati, per una breve cartografia letteraria keywords and dates into the relevant boxes. An di Roma; Ubbidiente R., ’Nu teatro antico, sempre example is given below. It is useful to specify apierto. Per una mappatura dei loci “pari” e 'without the words', because in urban literary “dispari” del a Napoli eduardiana; Marino T., tourism, footbal articles often crowd out the Strategie semiotico-narrative di rappresentazione literary tourism references in your search. degli ambienti e tecniche linguistiche di navigazione nel o spazio: la Napoli di Anna Maria Ortese; Baleiro R., Literary «time capsules»: A taxonomy proposal of Portuguese literary museums; Arcos-Pumarola J., The literary landscape in the framework of literary tourist destinations. There are, of course, many more sources, particularly given postgraduate and supervisor readership, among them: Seaton, A.V. (1996). Hay on Wye, the mouse that roared: Book towns and rural tourism. Tourism Management, 17 (5), 379-382 (the article Figure 8: Search fields to design an alert to new literature in discusses the case of the town Hay on Wye first as your chosen subject field. Notice how when setting a search for cities it is wise to avoid references to 'footbal ' as this will booktown and then as festival). create too many redundant returns. Source: Charles Mansfield 40 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Try out a few attempts to design your Advanced wil continue to run in the background. You do not Search Specification and run it. When you feel your have to remember to run it. If you start to be search design finds the new articles that interest overloaded with alert messages then use this page your work then set that design as an Alert using the to cancel or refine your search design. button over in the screen's margin If you have a free Google Account and Gmail address a more general worldwide web alert service is available to alert you to mentions of a particular city and writer. Simply Google for 'Google Alerts'. You can turn on and off these general web alerts Figure 9: Create alert but beware, once you have chosen which gmail Google Scholar then returns you to a screen address to send them to, then that email address showing all the alerts that you have set. This search cannot be changed. 44 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. In his 2020 research, one of Çevik's research − CONTENT ANALYSIS: Close reading and questions was which research methodologies were examining literary works, such as novels, applied in scientific articles on literary tourism poems, and travelogues, to identify themes, between 1997 and 2016. Çevik (2020, 8) representations of place, creation of emotional established that the majority of the reviewed af ect in readers, and their possible impact on papers were qualitative; they accounted for 86.29% tourism. of al published empirical papers, and in these − QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS: Using studies case study design was the most commonly statistical techniques to analyse large datasets, used qualitative research design. Only 6% of the such as tourist arrivals, expenditures, and reviewed papers were designed as conceptual socio-demographic profiles, to identify trends papers, and quantitative papers comprised 7.26% and patterns in literary tourism demand and of al publications reviewed in the research. supply. − ETHNOGRAPHY: Conducting fieldwork in 'Observation and interview techniques were mostly literary tourism destinations to study social applied to gather data in qualitative studies. In interactions, rituals, and meanings attached to addition, a considerable number of studies, literary heritage by different stakeholders. especially in travel writing, have used textual − SURVEYS: Collecting data from tourists analysis, document analysis, or discourse analysis visiting literary sites or from stakeholders techniques to gather data.' Çevik (2020, 8) participating in literary-themed activities to understand their motivations, experiences, and Literary tourism research, indeed, employs various decision-making. methods to explore the intersection of literature − and tourism. Some common research methods in CASE STUDIES: Analysing specific literary this field include: destinations, events, or initiatives in depth to explore their development, management, and The Range of Data Col ection impacts. − INTERVIEWS (SEMI-STRUCTURED Techniques INTERVIEWS) & CODING: Conducting in- depth interviews with tourists, authors, local − DATA COLLECTION AND DATA residents, and tourism stakeholders to gain COMPILATION, also called DESK insights into their perceptions, attitudes, and RESEARCH that includes DESCRIPTION behaviours related to literary tourism is a OF BASIC TERMINOLOGY AND common research method in literary tourism. LITERATURE REVIEW (books, journals, Coding is the systematic process of organising scientific articles, archives, statistical and categorising qualitative data obtained from databases). interviews. It includes transcription of the − ARCHIVAL RESEARCH: Researching interviews, reading through the transcripts historical documents, manuscripts, and multiple times in order to gain an correspondence to trace the origins and understanding of the content, to identify evolution of literary tourism destinations and recurring themes, and develop a coding activities. Authors' own letters to friends and scheme. Codes are short phrases or keywords publishers can reveal much about the places that capture the essence of the content of the they were visiting whilst working on one of interview and are systematically applied to their novels. relevant sections of the interview transcripts; in 6 What are the Methodologies in Literary Tourism 45. the initial phase the coded data is analysed to PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION: When identify insights, patterns, maybe some trends. researchers use this method, they join in literary tourism activities to be active observers of analysed Some sample interview questions, using the town topics and interactions. of Novo Mesto and the writer Dragotin Kette as examples. The questionnaire can of course be MAPPING: Employing maps, Google Maps and adapted to other places and use different writers: other available tools to mark literary houses, landscapes, routes and the tourism businesses of 1. In your opinion, which type of tourism do you other stakeholders in tourism and hospitality. . think is the most important for Novo Mesto, and which type of tourism is potential and LOCAL STORIES: Research in literary tourism would be reasonable to develop? can be designed to explore local literary stories that 2. What are the most common reasons for can add value to the community by building the visitors to visit Novo Mesto? collective and individual connection to place, and, 3. In your opinion, how wel -developed is literary simultaneously strengthen the tourism offer. From tourism in Novo Mesto? this perspective, key research questions can be 4. What do you think are the barriers to the suggested, including the following: development of literary tourism in Novo Mesto? − What is the role of literary stories and literary 5. How does the Municipality of Novo Mesto heritage in building a storyworld of a incorporate literary tourism into its tourism destination? offerings? − Can communities reclaim their identity and re- 6. What knowledge in the field of cultural and discover their place and its potential in the literary heritage do you believe tourism world through tel ing literary stories of place? workers should have? − Is the value of storytel ing central to 7. How would you describe the poet, Dragotin regenerative development? Kette and how is he included in the tourism − What is the value of literary stories at offerings in Novo Mesto? destinations? 8. Do you have an idea of any new tourism − offerings related to Dragotin Kette that would How can literary tourism be used as a tool for be sensible to include? mitigating overtourism? 9. In your opinion, how would the visitation of − How can literary tourism be inclusive? the city be influenced by a literary festival − How can literary tourism and travel writing honouring Dragotin Kette, and why do you help to raise awareness about climate change? think so? 10. How does the poet Dragotin Kette contribute One of the students formulated the following to the development of literary tourism in Novo research questions for their BA final thesis on the Mesto through his works and recognition? author Dragotin Kette: 11. What is your vision for the development of the municipality, what role does tourism, and − What knowledge does a tourism provider need specifical y literary tourism, play in it? to promote literary tourism? 12. How could we achieve the realisation of your − In what ways does the Municipality of Novo vision? Mesto in Slovenia incorporate literary tourism into its tourism offers? 46 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. − What place does literary tourism hold in the theme. It is good practice to add layout design to Municipality of Novo Mesto? the boxes as tables, including a working title, and − How does the author Dragotin Kette colour coding of a category word at a higher level contribute to the development of literary to group the gerunds. Here is an example grounded tourism in Novo Mesto through his works and in the text from the table 4. recognition? − How can we create an interesting tourism Table 3: Two-column template for gerund coding for re-use in grounded theory research coding. Designed during the product based on the author's heritage? research for the book: (Mansfield & Potočnik Topler 2023, 90). How to use Grounded Theory in Gerund Coding using actions Stanzas from the respondent’s Literary Tourism Research words ending in - transcribed testimony ing Friday 28 March 2014 Constructing theory that is grounded in the data The world is a book and those who do col ected during fieldwork in literary places is a not travel read only one page”, this is probably my al -time favourite quote highly productive method in tourism studies, written by St Augustine. I want to travel. following the work in grounded theory by Kathy Al my life I have wanted to travel. To discover new places, the more remote Charmaz (2014). Three steps characterise this the better. It is only when travelling that I feel truly at peace with myself. Any method: elicit longer testimonies of recounted journey is for me as much a journey of experience, analyse the passages of the testimony Discovering self. self-discovery as of discovery of an unknown environment. In just under using gerund coding, and form new hypotheses Documenting self. two weeks we leave for Concarneau. It using memo writing. The researcher should break Displaying own is stil too soon for me to have the cultural capital butterflies in my stomach as one might the interview transcriptions into stanzas, single have just before leaving on any trip, but excitement is mounting. This time units of meaning; to read more on stanzas and to anticipation for travel is greater than see examples, please see the work by Catherine usual. I would classify myself as a very spontaneous and last minute traveller. Riessman on narrative methods in research On the 3rd of January I went to Paris, I (Riessman 2008, 34). booked the flight the day before!! This time planning and research have gone into organising the journey. I think this is the first time I've read a book set For a researcher in literary tourism, when somewhere and then specifical y conducting these inquiries in literary locations, a planned to go and visit that place. source of valuable interviewees can be the other Table 4: memo-writing template for re-use in the post-coding visitors enjoying the experience. The gerund phase of grounded theory projects. coding of the transcribed interviews reveals the Designed during the research for the book: (Mansfield & Potočnik Topler 2023, 90). acts that these respondents believe they are making during the period they are recounting. Additional y, MEMO-WRITING – Creating the identity of the travel IDENTITY travel writer’s blog posts can be treated as stanzas writer of data and can be examined using the coding Sentences are written using the first person or I-narrator, establishing the cultural capital of the narrator. The notion that process. A 2-column table is a practical method of the narrator is prepared to display their own cultural capital, and breaking up the testimony into separate stanzas make discoveries about the self is made clear early in the data. and adding the gerund coding alongside, like table After spending time carefully journaling the idea in 3. memo-writing format, the emerging themes are followed-up from the academic texts studied When a theme emerges from the coding, the during the first literature review or, if not already researcher opens memo-writing boxes for discovered, then through additional academic journaling their thoughts and to develop the 6 What are the Methodologies in Literary Tourism 47. reading. Indeed Charmaz (2014) even proposes Additional Digital Resources that additional literature review work is completed Please explore our additional resources for methods and during this process. References and quotations are methodologies in the companion Google Drive folder at this url address or scan the QR Code: then added into the memo-writing box until sufficient evidence has been accumulated to write- up the new synthesis of theory grounded in the interpreted data. References Çevik, S. (2020). Literary tourism as a field of research over the period 1997-2016. European Journal of Tourism Research, 24, 2407. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v24i.409. Charmaz, K. (2014). Constructing Grounded Theory, Thousands Oaks: Sage. Figure 10: QR Code link to Google Drive folder of additional Mansfield, C. & Potočnik Topler, J. (2023). Travel Writing for Tourism resources and slides. Where recordings exist for and City Branding: Urban Place Writing Methodologie s. presentations then the YouTube links are given on the Abingdon: Routledge. presentation slides. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003178781 Riessman, C. (2008). Narrative Methods for the Human Sciences. Thousand Oaks: Sage. 50 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. The construction of a literary itinerary is based on The collection of al this material constitutes the study and research work. First, it is necessary to wealth of information for the construction of a carefully reconstruct the life of the author to whom literary itinerary. Based on the material col ected, it the itinerary is dedicated and to careful y read their becomes possible to identify points of interest, to works. The study of the author's biography and the which the biography and work of an author is books they wrote must be carried out paying linked. These points of interest become the stages particular attention to the places: from this point of the itinerary. Typical y, the itinerary is projected of view, literary research with the aim of onto a map or chart, so that the route to be constructing an itinerary must be characterised by followed is evident to those who wish to follow it. a topographical approach. As far as the author's life Each stage is marked with a sign (usually a number) is concerned, the focus is on tracing the places and is accompanied by an explanation. where he or she lived: the house where they were born or the house in which they stayed for a limited The size of the textual part accompanying each period of time (these buildings have sometimes stage may vary, especial y depending on the become museums, other times they are marked by information tool used. The most common cases plaques or signs, other times they are not marked are as follows and recognisable); the places they frequented, the café where she or he used to go, the streets he or − paper or map (printed or electronic) with the she used to walk, the library where she or he went literary itinerary. In this case the textual part to study; some places that are linked to their life must be limited and contain a few basic and their posthumous celebration (the cemetery indications to understand why that place is where the grave in which she or he is buried is signposted; located, the monument erected in their honour in − brochure. The brochure, which of course may a square, in a park or along a street). have more or fewer pages, nevertheless allows the use of longer texts, even if even these tools Their literary works must also be explored in do not envisage the insertion of too substantial search of the places described in the text: streets, a textual part; it is general y limited to a concise squares, buildings, landscapes. There are literary explanation of why the place is a point of works that contain precise indications of places: in interest, with the possibility of adding a short this case, it wil be easy to extrapolate descriptions text by the author referring to that specific or brief quotations that can be placed at an exact place; point of the itinerary. Other literary works might − App or online itinerary. This tool has an describe landscapes and environments without information base that is close to that of the specifying the precise point to which these brochure. It al ows, however, to include in- descriptions refer, but very often these depth information (also with longer texts by descriptions contain elements capable of the author) and also provides audio support: effectively restoring the soul of a place and its the explanation of the author's time there can profound character. Final y, the research should be heard in the reading (in one or more not neglect other possible documents: for example, languages) sometimes done by a computerised epistolary documents, journals or diaries and voice but (preferably) entrusted to a biographies, but also photographs and audiovisuals professional reader; showing a writer in the places where he or she lived − printed literary guide. The literary itinerary can can be useful. also produce an actual literary guide. In this case the textual part may be more extensive. It 7 How do I Design a Literary Itinerary? 51. is important to emphasise that the guide Ruta di Don Quijote in Spain and along the Strada proposing the itinerary may take on different degli scrittori in Sicily. aspects depending on the audience it is aimed at. If it is intended for a public of the curious Who drives and how does a literary itinerary take but not exclusively literary experts, it should place? The literary itinerary can take place not contain excessively long texts and should autonomously by the travel er who has procured have al those components that make a guide the necessary information tools or who pauses to interesting for tourists: an accurate and read the signs. However, literary itineraries for attractive iconographic apparatus, graphic groups have also been experimented with: these aspects that favour the readability of the text, itineraries can be organised on special occasions useful information for the travel er (where to (an anniversary linked to the writer, a particularly eat, for example, or where to stay overnight), significant holiday, a literary festival) but can also maps and charts with the literary route. be offered on a more regular basis, especially at weekends and in seasons when the climate is more The literary itinerary can also be signposted stage suitable for outdoor walks. In some cases, the by stage. Even in this case, there are different itinerary is led by an actor, who recites the author's communication strategies and different types of texts along the way. information signs. The information sign, however, which must fit into the surrounding environment In the Literary Parks, one type of itinerary is called without causing negative visual impact, must have 'Sentimental Journeys'; along the Cammino di a limited textual content, always bilingual (often Dante in Casentino (Italy), the guide generally with English as a second language) and it is wears a costume reminiscent of Dante's dress. In advisable to have a QR code that refers to order for tourism-related economic activities to be additional texts and information for those who consolidated from literature and for the studied wish to explore further. and planned itineraries to become a tourist product, it is essential that these itineraries are The construction of a literary itinerary must managed by professional guides and promoted by measure itself against two other important aspects: tour operators and tourist agencies. This step is not the place where the itinerary is located and the easy and stakeholders must appreciate the length of the route. The itinerary can take place in investment required for these: literary itineraries a city or an inhabited area, but it can also take place often remain cultural proposals put forward on in countryside landscapes: immersed in the certain occasions by voluntary associations or landscape of Provence, France, are, for example, public institutions. For a consolidation of literary the promenades and randonnées dedicated to Jean tourism experiences, the objective must remain Giono. It can also be short (a few kilometres, with that of creating a tourist offer entrusted to a duration of 1-2 hours) or longer, until it becomes professionals and specially trained literary guides. a ful -day walk or spread over several days. The This step guarantees the quality and durability of itinerary needs appropriate signposting and tools, the literary itinerary proposal, but for this to which are aimed at those who go on foot (e.g. the happen, there must be profit margins for the tour Cammino di Dante which, in Italy, connects operator. The economic value of the itinerary can Florence and Ravenna and which is appropriately be better ensured by interweaving the literary signposted according to the trekking system, with itinerary with an itinerary to discover the typical the logo reproduced on tree trunks or on smal productions of a place, starting with food and drink signs) but also at motorists: this happens along the productions, which constitute important aspects of 52 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. the culture and traditions of each region of the Please also see in section 16 the 'Case Study on world. In this way, the literary tourist will be able Designing the Script for a Guided Itinerary' to follow his or her route through the places where an author has lived and described, stopping, for J.-L. Carribou, 10 balades lit éraires à la rencontre de Jean Giono, Marseille, Le Bec en l’air, 2004 e 15 balades lit éraires à la example, at a craft workshop, a wine cel ar or a rencontre de Jean Giono, Marseil e, Le Bec en l'air, 2012 typical restaurant. Cammino di Dante da Firenze a Ravenna: https://www.ilcamminodidante.it/ Ruta de Don Quijote: https://www.spain.info/es/ruta/don- quijote/ Strada degli scrittori: https://www.stradadegliscrittori.com/ Figure 11 (right): Paris in 1956-57 where he wrote the novella, No One Writes to the Colonel (1958). The site is now a hotel and this bronze bas relief sculpture and plaque commemorate his sojourn. A letter from the French poet, Arthur Rimbaud also shows that Rimbaud lived in this same building in June 1872. Source: Charles Mansfield 56 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. To carry out research in literary tourism, a student- familiar with mapping and Geographic researcher should possess a combination of skil s. Information System (GIS). Among some of the key skil s are the following: − Knowledge-management systems design to keep and find your own critical writing and − Analytical and problem-solving skills will help ideas journaling over the years of the research you critically analyse information and literary project. texts, historical and cultural contexts, assess − Organisational and managerial skills are data, evaluate them and implement solutions. necessary for managing your research in terms − Communication skil s in general (reading, of time, objectives, methods, resources, writing, listening, speaking) are essential. limitations and decision making. Especially the ability to write, articulate your ideas, interpret, present and discuss your For further reading the following book is findings and results. In addition to that, recommended: speaking and listening skills are significant, especially when you decide to employ Baleiro, R. & Quinteiro, S. (2018). Key concepts in literature and tourism studies. Lisbon: University of Lisbon. interviews as a method of your research. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330113803_Ke − Digital skil s and being able to use a computer, y_concepts_in_literature_and_tourism_studies Working Definitions in Literature and Tourism – A Research Guide tablet or mobile phone, various apps and digital (2022). Edited by Sílvia Quinteiro & Maria José Marques. tools is significant for searching, storing and Algarve: CIAC / Universidade do Algarve. Project: Lit&Tour : Research in Literature and Tourism Studies. analysing information. It is good if you are https://publicacoes.ciac.pt/index.php/litntour/working- definitions-in-literature-and-tourism. 60 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Literary tourism is part of cultural tourism and proposed in the Algarve, and the Fondacio Josep therefore occupies a niche space in the tourism Pla near Girona proposes a knowledge of the industry. This niche, however, appears to be territory through its literary culture near the Costa increasingly expanding, as can be seen from the Brava, traditional y visited for its sea and nightlife. numerous initiatives that have sprung up around literary tourism projects: literary guides in print or In most cases, however, literary tourism projects online, literary itineraries proposed with increasing aim to make people discover new territories and frequency, and the promotion of literary heritage regenerate marginal areas. Among the expected pursued with greater determination and attention consequences, there is also that of helping to even by public administrations. In this context, rebalance - at least in part - tourist flows, by shifting tourist agencies and tour operators proposing trips a part (even a smal part) of the tourism that goes to places of literature are also on the increase, at to places that are saturated in terms of tourist least in Europe: from this point of view, a targeted presences, towards places that are little visited search for geographical areas, regions and today. Literary projects that originate in marginal countries of one's competence and interest is places have considerable relevance from an suggested, and everyone can check on portals and economic point of view: they can help regenerate tourist websites for the increasingly widespread abandoned or depopulated vil ages and depressed presence of literary tourism proposals. The areas. In these contexts, literature often represents increase in spaces for literary tourism is linked to the added value to be used. In Italy, there are recent several factors: the tiredness of places already wel and more distant examples that deserve to be taken known and visited by mass tourism; the desire and into consideration: Aliano, the village in Basilicata curiosity to discover city districts, villages and where the writer and painter Carlo Levi was landscapes still little visited; the link that exists, in confined between 1935 and 1936, has been reborn many cases, between literary tourism and slow as a vil age thanks to the Carlo Levi Literary Park, tourism; the emotional and experiential value of established in 1998 and focused on the valorisation literary travel. After the Covid-19 pandemic, more of Levi and his book Cristo si è fermato a Eboli [Christ attention is being paid to journeys linked to Stopped at Eboli] (1945), which recounts the walking and open-air itineraries and also to experience of exile and describes Aliano (called, in journeys involving a more conscious and profound the novel-testimony, Gagliano); more recently, in approach to the places visited. 2021, a Literary Park dedicated to the writer and lexicographer, Policarpo Petrocchi, author of the Literary tourism experiences can fit into contexts first important dictionary of the Italian language characterised by a strong presence of tourists, (1887-1891), was created in Castello di Cireglio, a sometimes even in situations of over tourism. In smal vil age in the mountains around Pistoia, these cases, of course, the aim is not to make where 80 people live in winter. These are just two tourists discover new tourist destinations, but to examples of places outside the tourist spotlight that make them more aware and respectful of an area invest in literary heritage. In the case of Aliano, the that also has a literary history and must be results are obvious: in the vil age, where there were experienced with respect. It is therefore a no tourist beds or restaurants and where the old relationship with the tourism industry that aims to part of the vil age was abandoned and in ruins, make the impact of tourism on territories more today there are 200 beds, there are three restaurants sustainable. With these objectives in mind, for and much of the old vil age has been restored (also example, the Eugenio Montale Literary Park in the with European funding) and is public property: Cinque Terre, Italy was born. A literary itinerary is among other buildings, the house where Levi lived 9 How Can Literary Tourism Contribute to the Current Tourism Industry? 61. has been renovated and has become a museum, A curious case of the link between literary tourism and an art gallery has been created with some of and the tourist industry concerns those buildings Levi's works. that were once the homes of writers and now house tourist activities. The house in Edinburgh The challenge of literary tourism, which generally where Robert Louis Stevenson, author of Treasure involves people with a high educational Island (1883) among others, lived, now houses two qualification and medium to high spending power, rooms for bed and breakfast, while the home is therefore to be the starting point for projects that where the Italian, Niccolò Machiavel i wrote Il combine culture and economy. The cultural Principe [The Prince] in 1513 (located in San element is the fundamental prerequisite: literary Casciano, near Florence) is home to the Gruppo tourism is created to remember an author and their Italiano Vini; a B&B was created in the house in work, to promote reading, to bring a potential Lisbon where Fernando Pessoa lived, and the same audience of curious people and the younger thing happened with the small villa on the Sicilian generations closer to literary texts in general. But sea (in Punta Secca, Ragusa) that was used as the the cultural project also becomes a tool for home of Inspector Salvo Montalbano in the highly territorial promotion and has an economic spin- successful television adaptation of Andrea off: in terms of activities and professions linked to Camilleri's novels. tourism (accommodation facilities, restaurants, tourist agencies, guides and tour leaders) and in terms of the typical products of the various References territories. In fact, an entire territory might be Baleriro R., Viergas M., Faria D. (2022). Contributes to the profile promoted around literary tourism: craft of the Brazilian literary tourist: Experience and motivation. Revista Anais Brasileiros de EstudosTurísticos, 12(1). productions or those linked to food and wine https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6643908 become an integral part of the project and can Colangelo A., (2023). Miscel anea leviana. Il “Cristo”, Aliano e la Lucania. Napoli: Giannini, benefit from a renewed attractiveness of the areas Fundacio Josep Pla: https://fundaciojoseppla.cat/ Parchi Letterari: https://www.parchiletterari.com/ in which they are located. Quinteiro, S. & Baleiro, R. (2019). A rota litéraria do Algarve . Cultur, 13(2), 98-114. https://doi.org/10.36113/cultur.v13i2.2638 64 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. How and why is literary tourism sustainable? Why limited to peak holiday seasons. Literature indeed can literary tourism be significant in rural or remote has the potential to be the foundation of new destinations? What are the benefits of literary tourism products and destinations, especial y in tourism for the local populations? What are the rural and remote areas, where it can provide the potential benefits of literary tourism? foundation for an alternative revenue stream. Literary tourism is strongly connected to the Literary tourism contributes to slow tourism and identity of the locals and consequently, local to sustainability (Jovanović & Potočnik Topler, communities can be empowered by engaging with 2022). Many literary tourism activities, such as literary tourism through involving the locals in the walking or hiking tours, visits to museums and creation of tourism experiences. This participatory authors’ places of birth, and attending literary approach is a prerequisite of sustainability and it festivals, are considered low-impact and ensures that tourism development aligns with environmentally friendly. They require minimal community values and needs. infrastructure and have a lower carbon footprint compared to other types of tourism. Literary routes, for example, often lead travel ers to less References known villages, historic landmarks, and cultural Ilić, J., Lukić, T., Besermenji, S. & Blešić, I. (2021). Creating a and natural attractions. They, thus, contribute to literary route through the city core: Tourism product authentic experiences and give to the local testing. Journal of Geography Institute “Jovan Cvijic” , 71(1), 91-community a chance to improve economic gain 105. https://doi.org/10.2298/IJGI2101091I (Yang & Wall, 2009). Jovanović, I. & Potočnik Topler, J. (2022). Slow tourism in the post-Covid era: The case of Montenegro. In J. Potočnik Literary tourism has become a popular tool for Topler (Ed.). Cultural tourism as a tool for sustainable development of rural areas (pp.7-24). (1. Ed). Maribor: attracting cultural tourists, a tool in the University of Maribor, University Press. redistribution of tourists and income from the https://doi.org/10.18690/um.ft.4.2022 most visited areas to less crowded ones (Ilić et al. , Meyer, D. (2004). Tourism routes and gateways: Key issues for the development of tourism routes and gateways and their potential for 2021; Potočnik Topler, 2022). Literary routes have Pro-Poor Tourism. London, UK: Overseas Development the potential to increase enjoyment and offer Institute. educational experience, increase visibility in the Potočnik Topler, J. (2022). Literary tourism and literary routes. In J. Potočnik Topler (Ed.). Cultural tourism as a tool for tourism market and the length of stay and tourism sustainable development of rural areas (pp.25-39). (1. Ed). spending, introduce less known attractions, and the Maribor: University of Maribor, University Press. routes have the ability to improve the destination https://doi.org/10.18690/um.ft.4.2022 Yang, L., & Wall, G. (2009). Authenticity in ethnic tourism: image (Meyer, 2004; Ilić et al., 2021). In addition to domestic tourists’ perspectives. Current Issues in Tourism, that, literary places and literary destinations can 12(3), 235–254. attract visitors all year-round, rather than being https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500802406880 68 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Travel literature is often used in conversational Alfred Bassermann printed Dante's Footsteps in Italy. discourse, but scientific articles or dictionaries do In many other cases, travel literature has generated not provide an exact definition. It is often further literary journeys or has been used to characterised as 'an elusive genre' (Pérez-Martínez, enhance places and landscapes narrated by 2023, 197). Pérez-Martínez (2023, 197), who travel ing writers. In the context of the Grand emphasises that 'travel literature can be a way of Tour, for example, Goethe's Journey to Italy, which approaching eudaimonia and an interdisciplinary originated from the itinerary undertaken in the meeting point', offers a historic overview of travel second half of the 18th century, was used and accounts, mentions not only ancient Greek continues to be quoted for the phrases or pages in travel ers and Homer's Odyssey where 'Ulysses goes which a city, a region, or a landscape traversed by through many cities' (2023, 201), but also the the German writer in love with Italy is described. Grand Tour. Davey (2023), who also uses the term 'accounts of travel' (Davey, 2023, 283), argues that A widespread tendency today is to have a writer travel literature has been wel il ustrated since the describe a city or a country. This has been done, 18th century with various drawings, paintings, for example, by José Saramago for Portugal, Tahar engravings, and lithographs of architecture, Ben Jel oun for Morocco, the Italian Simonetta topography, people, flora and fauna, and later on Agnel o Hornby for London, the city where she with photography. Cogeanu (2014, 2) writes that has lived for many years. The subjective view of 'travel literature presents a peculiar characteristic: writers helps to make different journeys, to follow an element of personal involvement, i.e. the lesser-known itineraries even in cities with a strong textualised presence of the author. The presence of tourist presence. Writers also generally have the this organising consciousness makes the difference ability to condense the soul of a place into a few between a scientific travel report and a literary sentences. travel account.' And continues: 'Travel literature adapts as a consequence: References subjectivity, even idiosyncrasy becomes the Cogeanu, O. (2014). What makes travel literature? The International condition certifying the authenticity of vision' Journal of Humanities & Social Studies, 2(6), 1- 4. Davey, G. (2023). Travel and the travelogue as innovative research (Cogeanu, 2014, 3). methodology: knowledge creation for advancing urban health and health equity in the 21st century. Cities & Health, 7(3), 283-287. DOI In some cases, travel literature was born to narrate 10.1080/23748834.2023.2176202. Pedroni, M. (2023). Travel writing. In R. Baleiro, G. Capecchi & J. literary journeys. Particularly significant, for Arcos-Pumarola (Orgs.). E-Dictionary of Literary Tourism. instance, are the journeys made and recounted by University for Foreigners of Perugia: https://www.unistrapg.it/it/travel-writing intel ectuals, scholars and writers to the places Pérez-Martínez, Á. (2023). Travel literature as an example of where Dante Alighieri lived or that were recalled in human flourishing. In M. Las Heras, M. Grau Grau & Y. Rofcanin (Eds). Human Flourishing (pp. 197-209). New his Divina Commedia. In 1839, Jean-Jacques Ampère York: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031- 09786-7_13. published his Voyage Dantesque, while in 1897, 72 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. This question does not have a straightforward not necessarily limited to literary tourism), effective answer, as the reasons vary across different marketing (employing traditional and social media), destinations depending on the circumstances at community engagement (collaboration with local each destination. Promoting literary tourism stakeholders), and leveraging technology products involves several challenges that can (organising online and virtual tours, apps). Literary hinder their development and success. One of the tourism products can be effectively promoted, challenges is that the literary tourism market is especially if they are created by the locals, heterogeneous (Ingram et al. , 2021). Obstacles to employing the bottom-up approach, and successful promotion can therefore be related to combined with other activities and other types of the lack of finances, lack of tourism infrastructure tourism, creating enriching experiences for visitors and accessibility issues, issues regarding the local and tourists. In this way, literary tourism products stakeholders and community engagement, policy support the local economies and preserve literary and many other place-specific issues. It has to be heritage. emphasised that active participation of the local community and local stakeholders is essential. Col aboration and active engagement are pointed References out also in the research by Hoppen et al. (2014). Hoppen, A., Brown, L. & Fyal , A. (2014). Literary tourism: Stil , there are some recommendations for Opportunities and chal enges for the marketing and branding of destinations? Journal of Destination Marketing & successful promotion. They involve a combination Management, 3(1), 37-47. of strategic planning (identifying the target https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2013.12.009. Ingram, C., Themistocleous, C., Rickly, J. M. & McCabe, S. (2021). audience and, based on that, developing engaging Marketing “Literary England” beyond the special interest tourist. Annals of Tourism Research Empirical Insights, 2(2). and authentic literary tourism experiences that are https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annale.2021.100018. 76 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. The concept of place is critical in literary tourism visitors knew about the author's life, work and studies because place is that meaningful unit of geographical context (Hendrix, 2009). In the space that makes the intersection of tourism and visitors' active interaction with these places, there literature possible. Literary tourism takes shape in is often a process of adding or confirming texts' place. meaning via observing the physical scenario where the writer wrote the text or the physical setting of Place is concrete, whereas space is abstract: 'What the events depicted in the fictional or non-fictional begins as undifferentiated space becomes place as literary texts. Hence, the experience of the literary we get to know it better and endow it with value.' place is paramount to establishing 'high-cultural (Tuan, 1977-2011, 6). The process that transforms associations' and enabling the acquisition of the abstract into the concrete is the attribution of 'literary capital' made possible by reading and social meaning – or the process of placemaking – enjoying the literary site (Urry & Larsen, [1990] which can be individual or collective. In the 2011, 154). tourism industry context, the decisions of visitors or stakeholders endow meaning to places. In the The visitors' active interaction with the literary case of the former, meaning is created after a place recalls the transactional theory of meaning complex interpretation process conditioned by the formation (Rosenblatt, [1978] 1993), which visitor's prior knowledge and experience, advocates that only the reader's active interaction emotional interaction, and personal and collective determines the realisation of the text (Iser, [1974] memory, among other elements. Al these 1978). In this view, the literary text is incomplete components take part in placemaking. until readers interact with the black marks on the page and complete the text by fil ing in the gaps On the other hand, in the tourism industry, the with projections of what they consider valid. promoters pre-interpret, create and map the place Likewise, visitors co-create literary places (and, after identifying its heritage, cultural value, and ultimately, literary tourism experiences) after their attractiveness to visitors. However, this does not transaction with the elements in space. This mean the visitors play a passive reception role; in process does not eliminate the fact that, in most their interaction with the place, visitors must play cases, the tourism promoters have created and an active role in decoding and constructing the site. encoded meaning to the literary place through instructions that trigger the visitors' hermeneutics In literary tourism research, the attribute, literary, and perception work (Zhao et al. , 2013). However, complements the concept of place, revealing that a until the interaction of the visitors, neither the literary place is meaningful after acknowledging its place nor its meaning is complete. This interaction connection with literary texts and literary authors. calls for a pause, not for movement, which meets Literary places are at the core of every literary Tuan's perspective when he states that the place tourism experience and destination of literary al ows pause. Its counterpart – space – allows touring (Herbert, 1996). movement, and '[…] each pause in movement makes it possible for a location to be transformed On their first visits to literary places five hundred into place.' (Tuan, 1977-2011, 6). years ago (Hendrix, 2008), most visitors shared a combination of admiration and dissatisfaction that The concept of (literary) place is critical in motivated the literary touring: admiration for the destination differentiation, in the visitors' author, seeking to celebrate the genius at its source perception of the destination (i.e., its cultural and (Hendrix, 2008), and dissatisfaction with what literary significance), in destination marketing, in 13 Why Is the Concept of Place Critical in Literary Tourism Studies? 77. sustainability (i.e., it promotes the preservation of References the literary heritage and literary landscape) and in Herbert, D. (1996). Artistic and Literary Places in France as cultural and literary exchange and enhancement. In Tourist Attractions. Tourism Management 17(2): 77-85. Hendrix, H. (2008). Writers’ houses and the making of memory. London: short, the concept of place is a foundational Routledge. element in tourism studies, and the construct of Hendrix, H. (2009). From Early Modern to Romantic Literary Tourism: A Diachronic Perspective. In Watson, N. J. literary place is the most significant component in (Ed.), Literary Tourism and Nineteenth-Century Culture (pp.13-24). London: Palgrave Macmillan. creating literary tourism products and in the Iser, W. ([1974] 1978). The implied reader: Pat erns of communication in experience of literary travel: a medium through prose fiction from Bunyan to Becket (2nd ed.). Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. which a range of cultural meanings and values is Rosenblatt, L.M. ([1978] 1993]). The reader, the text, the poem: The communicated (Squire, 1994). transactional theory of the literary work (2nd ed.). Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press. Squire, S. (1994). The cultural values of literary tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 21, 103- 120. Tuan, Y.-F. (1977-2013). Space and Place: The Perspective of Experience. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Urry, J. & Larsen, J. ([1990] 2011). The tourist gaze 3.0. London: Sage. Zhao, L., Chen, Q. & Zhou, W. (2013). The ontology description and intention construct of tourism experience under phenomenology perspective. Tourism Tribune, 28(10), 97– 106. 80 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Literary tourists travel to literary places, that is, Along with nostalgia, emotional engagement and places of literary significance. However, it is often willingness to learn, literature is a potentially great chal enging to isolate literature and literary authors motivator for tourists to visit literary landscapes: from among a broader range of motivations for 'Without doubt, literary connections are visiting a particular destination, as it may happen fundamental reasons for tourists and travel ers to that visiting a literary site may just be a seek particular experiences' (Price, 1996: 375). In consequence of another primary motivation to this scope, travel literature that portrays landscapes travel. This means that while there is a large and interprets characters may directly motivate number of visitors who travel to literary sites, only tourists to travel (Tetley, 1998). a few might have purposefully chosen those sites because of their connection to literary art. Thus, Due to discrepancies in the levels of motivation to literary tourists are a niche audience in tourism, as go on literary tours, Bu and colleagues’ (2021) most literary tourism is 'incidental [.. ] with the research concluded that the visitors they surveyed literary theme forming a smal part of their could be divided into three clusters: the 'Literary itinerary' (Croy, 2012, 121). As such, genuine Inspired' tourists with medium motivation scores, literary tourists may be defined as those who the 'Literary Neutral' tourists with the lowest primarily travel to literary festivals, book festivals, motivation scores, and the 'Literary Motivated' writers’ home museums, and literary landscapes, tourists, who were strongly motivated by literary among other literary sites. Hence the identification art. A review of related literature helps to of literary tourists precedes the identification of summarise that literary tourism motivations their primary motivation. include spiritual and cultural enhancement (Macionis & Sparks, 2009; Robertson & Radford, Motivation entails an intricate system of biological 2009), emotional connection (Herbert, 2001), and cultural influences that provides value and engagement with history and heritage authenticity steers travel choices, behaviour and experience (Busby & Klug, 2001; Chhabra et al., 2003;), escape (Pearce, Morrison & Rutledge, 1998; Pearce, 2011). (Gentile & Brown, 2015); engagement with the A literature review of literary tourism motivations plot, history and heritage (MacLeod, Shel ey, & reveals the various motivations associated with Morrison, 2018; Ryan et al. , 2009; Wang & Zhang, particular literary sites. Squire (1994) studied the 2017), a search for an authentic experience (Fox, visitors to the Beatrix Potter Museum, near Sawrey, 2008). a Lake District village in England and identified nostalgia as the main driver: a nostalgia towards childhood memories associated with the reading of References the author and her texts and a nostalgia for the Bu, N., Pan, S., Kong, H., Fu, X. & Lin, B. (2021). Profiling English countryside, which connects with the literary tourists: A motivational perspective. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 22, 100659. physical geography of that literary place. Herbert Croy, G. (2012). Literary tourism. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Tourism: (2001) analysed the visitors’ motivations to go to The key concepts (119-121). New York: Routledge. Pearce, P., Morrison, A. & Rutledge, J. (1998). Tourism: Bridges across Dylan Thomas’ burial place in Laugharne, France continents. Sidney: McGraw-Hill. Pearce, P. (2011). Travel motivation, benefits and constraints to and to Jane Austen’s places in Chawton, England destinations. In Y. Wang & A. Pizam (Eds.), Destination and concluded that some wished to learn about the marketing and management: Theories and applications (39–52). Cambridge: CAB International. authors’ lives and texts and to emotional y engage Squire, S. (1994). Cultural values of literary tourism. Annals of with the author’s and texts’ places in a leisurely, Tourism Research, 21, 103-120. Tetley, S. (1998). Visitor attitudes to authenticity at a literary tourist relaxing environment. destination. Doctoral thesis. Sheffield Hallam University. 84 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. One approach to analysing novels and other frangipane (Proust, [1913] 2002,115). This opens a literary texts is to find places in the story that are long section where the delicate flowers become a identifiable, and possibly stil in existence today so symbol. The section, often referred to by literary that tourists can enjoy discovering places from the critics as the Tansonvil e Hedge, contains a book. If the identifiable places carry a particular particularly emotional and powerful moment as the emotional y charged moment from the story then narrator, the young Marcel, peers through a hedge these spots are all the more exciting for the visitor, of mayflowers, some blossoms turning pink rather the researcher and potential y those planning a than the usual white colour (Latin name: Crataegus literary walk. The skills you will need to find these monogyna, or in French aubépine). This literary moments in the text are diverse, from exploration is a long diffraction of al that the understanding metaphoric and imagistic language petals and stamens of the delicate, yet abundant through to botanical and climate awareness for blossom can stir in the young Marcel. The affect of different geographical locations, in al , what may be this section can be a trigger to encourage readers cal ed a heightened sensibility to affect in writing. to seek out Tansonvil e to see if the pink-tinged hedge can stil be found today. Figure 13: Dense hedge of Portuguese Laurel in flower in late May in Southern England and Normandy. Latin name Prunus lusitanica. Source: Charles Mansfield Figure 12: Mayflower or hawthorn blossoms in mid-May in In Gide's 1909 novel, Strait is the Gate, a dense Britain. (Latin name: Crataegus monogyna, or in French hedge of Portuguese Laurel plays a key role in the aubépine). These have the rare pink-tinged blossoms. Source: Charles Mansfield unfolding story set in gardens in Normandy, in Fongueusemare near Le Havre. This type of laurel The inclusion of plants by authors, especial y in is evergreen in England and Western France and fictional garden or park settings can provide a so is often chosen as a hedging plant to provide point of analysis for the literary tourism researcher. privacy for garden perimeters or garden rooms all Consider, for example, the role and symbolism of year round. This planting adds mystery to a smal the hawthorn flower in Proust's first volume of In space used in domestic situations which, in turn, Search of Lost Time. First, the young Marcel, as the lends itself to intrigue in literary narratives. narrator, alerts readers to the bitter-sweet scent Without spoiling the story by revealing something that mayflowers exude, like that of almonds in too soon, here is Gide's scene-setting for one of 15 How May I Analyse Literary Texts in the Scope of Literary Tourism? 85. the moments that literary tourists might want to re- substantiate the unfolding story. He provides his capture since it is charged with emotion: readers with what seem to be authentic discoveries of secret journals, private letters, diary entries and 'One evening, I was lingering out of doors reading, conversations that provide voices which are not and as I lay in the grass in the shade of one of the the narrator's and thus read dialogical y across the big copper beeches, separated from the flower- single authorial point of view. With this in mind, a walk only by the laurel hedge, which prevented me researcher creating materials or travel writing to from being seen but not from hearing [. .]' (Gide accompany a walk with André Gide would play 2024. loc. 326) with this idea of including discovered texts that provide both mystery and dénouement. Literary tourism researchers wil need to understand some of Gide's key tropes and interests not only to read the novel more closely but also to References align themselves with the avid readers of Gide's Gide, A. (2024) Strait is the Gate. Delhi: Grapevine. [Original work and enjoy what it is that they enjoy in his French 1909] Proust. M. ([1913] 2002) In Search of Lost Time 1 - The Way by books. For example, Gide has a deep interest in Swann's. London: Penguin. [Original French 1913]. bringing in other texts and other voices to 88 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Examples of living writers welcoming visitors to tax and spending purposes these communes create their own homes during their lifetimes may be a problem of uneven size since they may have a found in biographies and autobiographies, here for population as smal as Lourmarin or as large as example is a note from a recent biography of Paris. There are about 37,000 communes, so over Albert Camus (1913-1960): 2000 of the smaller ones are, since 1992, allowed to federate into communautés de communes. 'Over the winter, Camus had been living and working in the village Income for this level of administration is raised by of Lourmarin, between Aix and Avignon in Provence. He and a business tax and is spent under Article L5214-16 Francine had bought an old house there in 1958 with his Nobel Prize money. Here he was as contented with life as he had ever of French law on two areas directly related to been. [. .] He could have written a lyrical pitch for a real-estate tourism growth: agent or the Loumarin tourist office. 'The intense light, the infinite space transport me.' He rhapsodized about lizards and wisteria. Here he felt at home, mingling with poets (René Char, an − promoting economic development in the old friend from Resistance days) and footbal ers (members of communes Lourmarin United).' (Martin, 2012, 268) − upkeep and management of public space Martin speculates that the vil age in Provence could Looking at another writer's house, in fact, the use their literary connection as part of their home of two writers, Elsa Triolet (1896-1970) and destination image or place-branding is correct; Louis Aragon (1897-1982), it is useful, if you are Lourmarin's web pages do indeed show a planning to undertake tourism income research, to silhouette of Camus and an edited quotation from demonstrate the ownership and management mix. essay by the author, Albert Camus: Aragon wil ed their house directly to the state upon his death, with the wish that it should become a '[Mais] qu'est-ce que le bonheur sinon l'accord vrai entre un être centre for research and literary creation. It [Lourmarin use the gender-specific word homme here, changing Camus' original text, être] et l'existence qu'il mène ?' contains some important literary tourism artefacts, (Camus, 1959, 65) for example, Triolet's writing desk, movable property from a legal point of view (Midoux, 2011). 'But what's happiness other than the true agreement between a being [man] and the existence it leads?' [Translation mine, C. Mansfield] The commercial relationship for tourism and the property market in Lourmarin is quickly established in this simple destination branding by the smal town with a population of only 1000. With a little more research, Loumarin's DMO could have used Martin's new biography to offer more information for English-speaking tourists. If the DMO receives visitor tax, or their business model relies on entrance fees from tourists then more skilful marketing intelligence would be aware of their incoming demographics. Of course, often writers’ houses are owned by elected DMOs with Figure 14: The French Post Office issued a set of 4 public-funding, the true smal est DMO unit may commemorative stamps celebrating Elsa Triolet in Spring wel be the French town, like Lourmarin, which is 2010, maintaining her image and importance in French defined as a commune in French. However, for cultural life. Source: Charles Mansfield 16 Case Studies on Writers’ Houses 89. The state, in this case represented by the Ministry support of Cocteau's house is achieved through of Culture & Communication in France, has given skilful sponsorship arrangements with six public responsibility to a legal association, under the 1901 bodies along with Cartier, the French jewel er. We law, for the management of the writers' house, now shal see this pattern of multiple sponsorship from called La Maison Elsa Triolet-Aragon. The the public and private sectors in other forms of association has changed its name, to be able to literary tourism, demonstrating the funding accept paying membership subscriptions to management skil s of the entrepreneurs involved. support its work; it is now called, l'Association pour le soutien de la Maison Elsa Triolet-Aragon Approaches to Researching a Writer’s (Midoux, 2011). Financial support for different House events at Triolet's house comes from the state, the region, the département and the commune. Through trust-building by the researcher of literary Entrance fee is under 10 euros. The table below tourism, access to the accounts of a writer’s house provides an overview of the complexities of might be possible via a helpful gatekeeper. If your ownership of Writers' houses in France: research project is also a development or management consultancy project, then this access Table 5: Ownership of Writers' Houses in the Ile-de-France, after (Midoux, 2011, 56) might be more readily granted. However, there are methods and data that are more general y Writer's House Opened Owners accessible to the theoretical or scientific researcher. Zola (Médan) 1985 State supported (Willed) Indeed, social science style research with a good Maeterlinck report can be part of the trust-building that wil (Château de Médan) 1990 Privately owned Maison littéraire Victor Hugo encourage better access by a gatekeeper later in a (Bièvres) 1991 Private partnership Maison Elsa Triolet-Aragon longer study such as a PhD. (Saint-Arnoult) 1994 State owned (Willed) Daudet (Draveil) 1996 Privately owned In my PhD research, I analysed the attraction Mac Orlan Municipality of reviews for the writer’s house of Victor Hugo in (Saint-Cyr-sur-Morin) 2009 Saint-Cyr-sur- Morin (Willed) Paris. This is desk research that you can readily Cocteau Society of start out-of-season and early in your PhD. You can (Milly-la-Forêt) 2010 Friends of Jean Cocteau build up background knowledge, propose new grounded theory and refine your research The acquisition of a writer's house in the UK and questions based on these new findings from your western Europe wil necessarily be a large own primary research. The reviews are publicly-investment by any DMO or start-up enterprise, for accessible and were taken from the travel social example, a group of enthusiasts for a writer, since media web-site, TripAdvisor (TripAdvisor, 2013) property has become an integral part of capital so this avoids any ethical clearance. For the writer's accumulation in western economies. The initial house, La Maison Victor Hugo in Paris, 81 reviews purchase and renovation of Jean Cocteau's house, were available by the end of 2013. Comments from for example, required 4.5 mil ion euros (Midoux, the reviews were coded in two passes, initially for 2011); if the literary tourism researcher sets this points where value was expressed by the against visitor numbers, estimated at 40,000 a year respondent and then in a second pass, into at 10 euros each, this leaves investors a long period categories suggested by the review itself; the to recuperate their capital. On top of annual NVivo software calls this second process in-vivo maintenance, the human resource costs need to be coding. In-vivo language is language used by the found each year, too. The interpretation and case study participants themselves, as it were, live 90 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. from the visitor experience. These formed 16 from the surrounding apartments. For the literary nodes in NVivo. Please see table below: researcher this presents a complex problem, how to separate the physical surroundings from the literary interest? However, in this case the use of bosquet planting provides a connection, via Romanticism, between the author's genre and the urban space, which may be accidental but could be used by the attraction manager to develop the narrative of artistic movements that surround the work of Hugo. None of the reviews makes this connection. The existence of a particular group of visitors, accidental literary tourists, can emerge from your theory-building during analysis of your data from the reviews you have accumulated. In the respondents' reviews on the Victor Hugo house, Figure 15: NVivo Coding Nodes for TripAdvisor Reviews of for example, four clear instances of this are Victor Hugo House, Paris reported: Source: Charles Mansfield 1. ‘…We came across this by accident as we were Although the review contributors discussed the exploring Paris.’ author's novels at seven points in the material, the 2. ‘… [W]e happened upon this and were group of three categories, art, architecture, and thrilled.’ décor, figure most significantly in the reviews. The 3. ‘…We stopped here after stumbling upon it architecture and the views from the windows of while wandering around the Place des Vosges.’ Hugo's house on the Place des Vosges arguably 4. ‘…We came upon the Museum during a stroll give value and receive reviewers' accolades because through Place Des Vosges.’ the town-planning here under Henri IV from 1605 to 1612, was deliberately designed to be attractive. (TripAdvisor, 2013) The first floors of European town houses, the piano nobile, have long been planned to look out The last two comments reveal more, it is the Place over gardens to give the best effect for the des Vosges, a wel -advertised tourist zone that has occupants gazing from the high vantage point of drawn them close enough to the literary house for their premium accommodation. One TripAdvisor highly localised signage to complete the conversion contributor re-discovers the piano nobile here: of these chance visitors to literary tourists, using the term, conversion, in a sales sense. Careful 'the views from the museum over the square are special because it is on the first floor, giving a panoramic view not available from the study of the location, its signage and the square itself.' approachability of local residents to explain access (TripAdvisor, 2013) to the house would provide an attraction manager with useful tools for completing that same Indeed, in modern times a formal bosquet of lime conversion to a literary attraction near or within a trees has been planted to make the square even more wel -known and publicised tourist zone. more attractive to strol ers or to people viewing 16 Case Studies on Writers’ Houses 91. Reviewers mostly comment upon what the ‘And the museum staff were very much doing their specified jobs attraction manager has placed there, or on the – one to show you to the ticket desk, one to issue the obligatory ticket even though entry is free, and another to take your bag – all existing architecture, but could a focus on three people standing within touching distance of one another. A disappointment give clues to what visitors seek in delight!’ a building used to commemorate a famous author? (TripAdvisor, 2013) These three from the set of five disappointed comments set up a pattern: 1. ‘I'm a Victor Hugo lover, so I was hoping to see a bit more into the life of the man by visiting this home, but it felt mostly like a hollow shel .’ 2. ‘I hoped that it would be more of a museum commemorating victor hugo and his works. But it literal y was, just his house and the rooms and it just wasn't interesting at al .’ 3. ‘Don't go to learn about Victor Hugo, there are lots of pictures of him but no detail. It's about his house.’ (TripAdvisor 2013) These visitors all feel a sense that something is missing. They al echo what begins to sound like a set of empty rooms unpopulated by the figure of Victor Hugo. The Shakespeare Birthplace Trust in Stratford, attempt to remedy this in their literary properties by employing actors in period costume, Figure 16: Twelve month pass for Shakespeare's Birthplace. Source: Author's own fieldwork 9.11.13 C. Mansfield please see image from their Twelve-month Pass (figure 16). The above reviewer clearly had prior knowledge of employment practices and staff roles in publicly- This would entail the employment of additional funded organisations in metropolitan France and staff and so would be a cost and training drew pleasure from seeing this, their cultural consideration. Useful y two comments are made knowledge being played-out. Herbert (2001) pays concerning the existing French staff of the Vitor particular attention to visitors' prior knowledge in Hugo House, one in this category of his data collection but does not draw any disappointment: conclusions from his findings on their knowledge of, say, an author's novels. However, the reviewer ‘I would have given it a five star if the people working upstairs were a little more happy with their job.’ who had time to observe and then feel sufficiently (TripAdvisor, 2013) affected to comment upon the activities of the attraction staff, leaves a strong indicator that And, in complete contrast, one comment from the visitors find value in observing tourism industry category of value: staff and reflecting on their social practices. In this case, the staff were not staged as performers, indeed the pleasure drawn from watching them at 92 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. work was unspoken, a use of tacit knowledge house. A very difficult two-pronged point to elicit mobilised by the viewer's imaginary. Within the from visitors to literary sites is ‘who in your party circulation of cultural production can be seen actually decided to make this visit?’ and ‘what made regulation and power relations, and that them make the decision and expend the effort and furthermore, a failure by the DMO and tourism cost?’ For both the theoretical researcher in scholars to understand how imaginaries are literary-induced travel and the marketing manager embedded within powerful institutions, for of the house, answers to these would be invaluable. example, the state and local government, results in a loss of the development of new tourism practices Further reading: (Salazar 2011). This visitor, though, has connected through the designed experience within the house Baleiro, R. (2023). Understanding visitors’ experiences at Portuguese literary museums: An analysis of TripAdvisor thanks to the material prompts of three characters reviews. European Journal of Tourism Research 33, from Les Misérables (1862): 3305.https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v33i.2839 Departing from the assumption that in tourism ‘also pictures and statues of his books' characters like Cossette, Jean Valjean and Javert. . you wil go to the past and live with them studies, the analysis of online review websites is a for an hour and I think you wil enjoy it.’ gateway to understanding visitors’ experiences, (TripAdvisor, 2013) Rita Baleiro (2023) conducts an exploratory and qualitative research examines visitors’ experience at The reviewer's imagination has used the prompts Portuguese literary museums, as revealed by to bring the fictional characters to life and re-enact national and international visitors on TripAdvisor. the past in the way that Caughey discusses The researcher used NVivo R.1.6 software and (Caughey, 1984; Caughey, 2006). It is difficult with thematic analysis to identify the common such scant evidence to suggest what has happened experiential tropes in the visitors’ online here, however, from the detailed knowledge of spontaneous feedback. The findings indicate that character names, revealed by the reviewer coupled most reviewers perceive this experience as a with the fact that none of the disappointed reviews platform for gaining knowledge about the authors, mentions characters that it is the respondent's work and historical context. The results also reveal depth of knowledge that has rendered the that the writers’ objects (even when replicas), the experience more satisfying, brought more value curational options, and the tour guiding staff and avoided disappointment. This is something contribute significantly to sensing a connection Herbert (2001) hints at but never makes explicit, with the author, stepping into the past and co-and that would warrant the term: personal cultural creating an aura of authenticity in the museum capital. experience. Case Study Conclusion on Writers' Houses References Baleiro, R. (2023). Understanding visitors’ experiences at Exploring your chosen writer’s house from your Portuguese literary museums: An analysis of TripAdvisor desk before making the journey to start your field reviews. European Journal of Tourism Research 33, 3305. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v33i.2839 work can be completed quite easily out of season Camus, A. (1959). Noces suivi de L'été. Paris: Gallimard. Caughey, J. (2006). Negotiating cultures & Identities – Life history issues, and it wil provide you with better focus for your methods, and readings. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. first visit to the house. It wil help you prepare Caughey, J. (1984). Imaginary social worlds – A cultural approach. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. more searching interview questions to pose to the Claval, F. (2011). Personal correspondence. Victor Hugo House Press literary visitors that you encounter later at the Office. 16 Case Studies on Writers’ Houses 93. Herbert, D. (2001). Literary places, tourism and the heritage Salazar, N. (2011). Tourism imaginaries: A conceptual approach. experience. Annals of Tourism Research, 28(2), 312-333. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 863-882. Martin, A. (2012). The Boxer and the Goalkeeper – Sartre vs Camus. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.10.004 London & New York: Simon & Schuster. TripAdvisor (2013) Attraction Reviews of Victor Hugo House. Midou, M. (2011). Les maisons d'écrivains en Île-de-France: Patrimoine, Needham, Massachusetts. TripAdvisor [online] Available culture, tourisme. at: http://goo.gl/Lt5c07 [Accessed 28.12.13]. Université Paris IV-Sorbonne, Mémoire de Master 2. 96 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. A Guided Walk linked to a Writer's Life the main monument or museum at plateau number and Work 4. The el ipse also provides the tour guide with a shortcut to speed up, or look for lost visitors, see This case study can be read alongside our section 6 plateaus 3 and 5. on the design of an itinerary. The example author in this case study is the philosopher and writer, Spinoza (1632-1677), who lived and worked in Amsterdam during the Dutch Golden Age (1588- 1672). The case study explores how the researcher and then the itinerary designer can incorporate elements from the writer's life to make them relevant to visitors today. It uses a story design approach with three classes of information for the visitor to enjoy: themes, seeds and layers. Themes and Layers in Guided Walk Design Figure 17: The el iptical hexis of plateaus for planning a A Guided Walk is a design, a design for the tourists' literary walk, either as a travel writer or as a tour guide. Source: Charles Mansfield & Jasna Potočnik Topler experience within the space of the destination. The design aims to provide the visiting tourists with Returning to the writing though, the scriptwriter insight, value and entertainment about a period of adds layers to provide continuity between the history and the writer who lived and worked in that stopping places, the plateaus, so that a strong link location. For this designed experience, the and sense of coherence is given to the whole design scriptwriter needs to answer the question, what is of the route. Layers allow time and repetition of the walk going to be about? The answers to this more complex historical or geological information become the themes. Usually one of the themes wil so that the tourists can assimilate this in simplified, be the biography of the author. In this model being smaller packets. From this repetition, a layer of studied here, the historical character chosen is the knowledge is built up in the listeners, since they philosophical author, Spinoza. Spinoza's writing have earlier packets to refer back to. Historical on ethics has become very influential again as layers are written into the script to help the university studies have turned to posthumanism. listeners position the character, from the themes, in a timeline and to see this era in terms of their The basic route for a walking itinerary is the el ipse own history timeline. For example, a group of 50-so that the guide can return the visitors back to the somethings from the UK would know what the starting point; this may be the hotel, the transport word, Elizabethan meant or, in Shakespeare's time, link or coach. This start point is label ed 1 on the but this periodisation would not work for 20-route map. The points are cal ed plateaus because somethings from France. The designer is aiming flat, safe spots are found for the group of about 12 for moments of epiphany in the tourist, often visitors to stand safely for each item of expressed by 'Oh, now I see!' as they make a link commentary narrative to be spoken or read. The back to an earlier piece of accumulated information el ipse route means that the visitors do not have to from the script. repeat walking down the same street after seeing 17 Case Study on Designing the Script for a Guided Itinerary 97. Seeds of ideas are added by the scriptwriter in the Please see below, the colour-coding for my script early phases of writing. This is the first, or library design: A) Land Creation, at the very start of the step of the writing process. These seeds may be guide's script. Then, too, the notes with arrows developed into layers or, if the piece becomes too from a spoken rehearsal to test the ease of cluttered, then these seeds can be removed to leave performance and the listener's experience: the main themes clearer to see. Seeds, too, give you, as a designer of co-created experiences, opportunities for including real experience for one of the five senses, some ideas for Spinoza and Amsterdam include: a taste of nutmeg, a moment to listen to traffic or to running water, the smel from a coffee-shop, touching a stone surface especially granite, looking at the scale of an architectural feature which, in this walk, is the void or vide in the Arcam building. Table 6 Figure 18: Colour-coding to analyse, then improve the recurrence of themes in your script for a guided walk. Themes Seeds of ideas Layers + Business and A) New land (i) Protest, living in commerce The Route in Google Named Address creation and social space. change of use for and Places immigration. and and # Era - The Dutch B) Character 1 - (i ) Coffee Golden Age of the 1. 1 Waterlooplein, Nieuwe Herengracht 2, 1011 The life and (iii) Water 1600s and where it legacy of Spinoza. (iv) Lenses sits on the timeline RL Amsterdam of the visitors' world. 2. 2 Waterlooplein 129, 1011 PG Amsterdam 3. turn right at Jodenbreestraat 96A, 1011 NS If you colour-code your themes, layers and even Amsterdam the seeds of ideas that you might want to include 4. 3 Maupoleum, Amsterdam. Looking for you can see these at a glance in your long script. Spinoza's boyhood home. Then consider the distribution of colour-coding 5. 4 Arcam, Prins Hendrikkade 600, 1011 VX across the whole guided walk of 6 stopping places. Amsterdam Do you feel that the golden-yel ow coding of the 6. 5 Scharrebiersluis, 1018 AB Amsterdam main character, Spinoza, occurs soon enough in 7. Continue along Nieuwe Herengracht crossing the six stops? And is he part of the conclusion? If wide Plaza bridge access to you feel that he is not introduced early enough. 8. 6 De Overkant, Nieuwe Herengracht 71, 1011 What would you do in a re-write to remedy that? RR Amsterdam Test the readability when performed in spoken Notice, please, the el iptical route traced onto the voice. With a peer-partner take it in turns to read street map of Amsterdam's Waterlooplein which out-loud the commentary for each script. Note any starts near a public transport link and with a direct words or constructions that are either difficult to view of a key cultural building which is easy to find. articulate for the performer or are not easy to The route means that visitors do not have to comprehend by the listening audience. Edit the retrace their steps back down the same street but phrases in a re-write and perform again. 98 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Figure 19: Route-planning map of the #SpinozaWalk in Amsterdam. Source: Charles Mansfield do arrive back next to the starting plateau. Places https://sites.google.com/site/touremetkt/home/ for comfort breaks are also included. amsterdam If you would like to listen to the spoken audio and read the 6 plateau texts of the guide's script then References they are all available for free download at Mansfield, C. (2019). Commentary Script for a Guided Walk in Amsterdam with 6 Stops from Stopera via Waterlooplein to Arcam and back on an El iptical Tour. Amsterdam. http://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.36556.16004 102 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Most often a potential doctoral candidate wil imagination, and we had imagined a beautiful approach you to become their main supervisor, country park teaming with holidaymakers. their Director of Studies, with an outline of their area of research interest. It may be a topic they enjoy and feel strongly about. For example, they might have a real passion for moving on from sustainability in tourism to discover if literary tourism can contribute to restoring the natural environment or returning carbon dioxide to the earth. Even in an initial interview, or through your email discussion, this passion can be re-formulated as a way of questioning or finding out what is happening in this field of inquiry or what could happen in this area of study. Ask your candidate to use keywords from your discussion, like this, to create a more formal working title: Interrogating Biomass Regeneration and Carbon Sequestration in Literary Tourism Development Very quickly, too, the place in which the research wil be done needs pinning down, close to the Figure 20: The Ted Hughes (1930-1998) Poetry Trail in Stover Country Park, Devon university or to the candidate's home. In literary Source: Charles Mansfield tourism studies, the candidate often wants to travel to a distant destination that excites them. Do not Question the research candidate to discount this, but temper this with what we might direct responsibility call a pilot study on a very local site. So, taking that working title as an example, where is the very I cannot emphasise good questioning too much. nearest literary site that already attracts visitors, or The director of studies can teach and direct using that could be a tourist site? With a very local space, questions rather than trying to tel the candidate both you and the candidate can visualise what is what to do at every supervisory meeting. A feasible when gathering data. You can walk there question demands that the candidate deploys their and ask, do enough tourists visit this place to let knowledge. In western, anglophone cultures when the candidate do interviews? Is it warm enough to someone is questioned, it creates a moment when interview during the academic year? they have to search in their experience for a solution. Usually this also requires simultaneously Zoe and I imagined that the Ted Hughes Poetry a process of creation, bringing together separate Trail in Devon UK, only 25 kilometres away, elements of knowledge, modifying them to the would be a good place to collect data but (1) it was situation and synthesising a new solution. A good often completely empty of visitors, and (2) it rained question wil exercise knowledge. It may be the and rained during the period that we had set for first time the candidate has formulated and data col ection. Literary tourism works in the expressed that knowledge, so questions are very 18 Advice to PhD Supervisors 103. powerful teaching tools. Responding to a question resolve these. At the first meeting, this written text is enacting knowledge. The candidate can move under scrutiny wil be the PhD Research Proposal. forward in their understanding by responding with The questions posed by the DoS are diagnostic adequate ideas. questions and questions that seek clarification of what has been submitted, for example: what do you The Director aims to move the responsibility onto mean by valuable in this paragraph here? Written the candidate at level 8, PhD level. Rather than the comments by the DoS wil be stored on the candidate coming into supervisory sessions to ask working document. The candidate wil be expected for help or emailing questions through the week, to use their notes from the meetings, along with the relationship must be directed the other way to the written comments from the DoS, and new create authority and capability in the candidate. It reading to write an additional 2000 words to clarify is a chal enge, because at levels 6 and 7, lecturers and improve the quality of the older writing. This are often the most knowledgeable person in a is then stored as around 5000 words, a large part of taught module. Administrative and technology a chapter. Stress that the candidate is responsible questions need to be addressed to the university for documenting the supervisory sessions, this support departments directly by the candidate so should be a mix of handwritten notes, or typed, that these issues do not use the precious time and use of voice recording and transcribing al ocated to the Director of Studies for supervision software. of the PhD. A complicity with the candidate should be built up so that they do not disturb their The second half of the supervisory session wil turn special relationship with their Director of Studies, to the setting of the writing for the following work who is their knowledge specialist and who is period. The DoS wil pose 2 questions that each guiding them through the most complex part of require 1500 words of writing to answer, for the PhD, the creation of new knowledge. The PhD example, during the literature review, the DoS is the time for the candidate to experience what it might ask, can you read up on Bourdieu’s personal feels like to take the lead, make decisions and cultural capital and show where Bourdieu's record the consequences of their choices. concept can be made relevant to your investigation? With two of these progression Writing, Meetings, Process, Rhythm briefing questions the candidate wil have 3000 new words to write. The candidate submits these 4 The supervisory meetings should build a rhythm working days before the next supervisory session for the candidate’s writing productivity and to give time for meaningful feedback preparation performance. With a September start, you wil hold by the DoS. 3 formal supervisory sessions before the winter break and 3 more in the spring and early summer. Remember, too, that they are also writing 2000 Also plan a whole doctoral study day in the late words of quality clarification making a total word spring. The sessions wil only last 1 hour 15 count of 5000 before the next meeting. In the minutes, maximum, otherwise the session wil be autumn term this gives the candidate just under 5 overloaded and al the effort wil be lost. Therefore, working weeks, 20 clear days to complete this word the initial half hour should be used for the Director count, this is 250 words per day. In my writing, I of Studies to ask 3 questions based on the last piece can write 325 words an hour but that is without of writing the candidate has submitted. Avoid reference to journal articles or theory books. It administrative problems and technology issues; helps PhD researchers to encourage them to find technical staff are available to the candidate to out their writing productivity and how to improve 104 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Figure 21: Chapter word counts for project management. Source: Adapted with permission from Mansfield & Potočnik Topler (2023, 84) their performance for quality critical writing. I writing from the guidance published by the Quality suggest using a spreadsheet, and opportunities for Assurance Agency in England, as a guide writing days and workshops. In the book (Mansfield 2020, 2). A key statement from this (Mansfield & Potočnik Topler 2023, 84), Table 5.3 extract sounds al the notes that a PhD researcher page 84 gives a spreadsheet-type word count list should be doing in their written output: that can easily be tailored to suit each PhD thesis. 'Produce clear, accurate, artistical y coherent and technical y This rhythm of submitting 3000 new words of a sophisticated written work, which articulates a combination of research and creative ideas'. From QAA (2016) Section 3.2 pp.8-9. chapter four clear days before each supervisory Cited in (Mansfield 2020, 2-3). session, followed by the clarification writing of 2000 words will give the candidate 30000 words by Rationality means giving a reason. The way to the start of summer at the end of their first year. demand a reason in writing is to ask why. Asking And 60000 by the end of year 2. This is very why prompts the use of the word, because. reassuring; it wil keep morale very high, and helps everyone in the team to enjoy the research. Why are the ground-floor windows so high from Affirmative working like this on the text of the the ground in this Tudor building from 1580? thesis reduces the negative emotions created by technology, administrative systems, and other impacts on the attention of the team. Knowing that you have an increasing stock of finished, high quality chapters releases you for more exciting experimentation with your increased knowledge. The questioning approach by the DoS wil also mean that the candidate is ready for their viva voce examination. The team wil be able to stop, too, to take proper holidays. Criticality and construction is quality for research writing Figure 22: The Seymour House at Berry Pomeroy Castle, Devon circa. 1580. The text within the thesis must be critical, rational Source: Charles Mansfield and construct arguments and eventual y must also The question that starts with 'why', demands a construct new knowledge. I extracted advice on response that gives a reason beginning with 18 Advice to PhD Supervisors 105. 'because […]'. Giving a reason is rational writing. activities should be encouraged, and at least one This use of the word rational, places it somewhere completed in December or January. Doctoral between interpretation and constructivist creation Study Days are fine for the late Spring, but the first of new knowledge propositions. A helpful pilot probably has to be an interview indoors with checklist is given in Mansfield (2020, 20). At first, someone who is already an expert at presenting the DoS wil need to keep asking why, often in the their literary heritage site. In my example, the margins of the draft thesis, but eventual y the docent at a writer's house or museum, as a candidate wil begin to question themselves. respondent for a new PhD researcher, is already very comfortable with talking and answering Criticality in writing is not about being negative. It questions even if the researcher has not properly includes demonstrating that the researcher has designed their questions. The data generated questioned the text or phenomenon they are creates a nice challenge for capture. Should I exploring. It includes, too, seeking chal enges to record it? I wish I had switched on my voice the text you are reviewing. Again, like the why recorder! A third way of gaining experience in data question, you can chal enge a text by using the col ection is to use a ready-made, public-facing word, 'but', or 'however'. 'The linking adverb, blog text. Our example in Table 5.4 page 90 however, works like the word but, but it lets you (Mansfield & Potočnik Topler 2023, 90) uses a start a new sentence to chal enge the proposal of blog, breaking it into stanzas as suggested by the academic article you are analysing’ (Mansfield Reissman, and applying gerund-coding. To gain 2020, 21). experience in question design, though, the candidate can test a single question on a social Into the field during PhD research media platform in an account they plan to use specifically for their research engagement, this is Weather is difficult in winter in Europe, just when often called citizen science. you want to start col ecting data. If you started your project with the new academic year in September We hope our handbook has inspired you to start then you wil want to col ect your first data as your own research in literary tourism. winter approaches. In fact, pilot data col ection 108 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Dr Jasna Potočnik Topler ORCID ID 0000-0002-1138-3815 Dr. Jasna Potočnik Topler is an Associate Professor at the University of Maribor, Faculty of Tourism. Her field of research spans across multiple disciplines, encompassing tourism, cultural tourism and its subtypes, tourism communication, and education. She is the author of several monographs, scientific articles, conference lectures, and an editorial board member of many journals, in addition to delivering guest lectures at foreign universities. Within the framework of her home faculty and international research networks (CEEPUS-TRANS, TULE, ATLAS), she engages in projects in both local and international environments. She has just completed two international projects (Cultural Tourism as a Tool For Sustainable Development of Rural Areas and Active and inclusive teaching of literacy and communication skil s for enhanced employment and sustainable economic growth (IN-COMM GUIDE) and is currently engaged in an Erasmus+ EDU-FIT project. An important part of her work represents collaboration with the local community and students (tourism projects). She has shared her knowledge not only in the lecture theatre, but also in the community and has won many awards for her mentoring and pedagogical work. For more than a decade she worked as a journalist and completed a BA in journalism. Her latest book is on travel writing, published by Routledge, and it is one of the results of research and pedagogical collaboration with Dr. Charles Mansfield and the University of Plymouth. Dr Charles Mansfield ORCID ID 0000-0003-0791-1985 Dr Charles Mansfield works with UK Management Col ege, a Higher Education provider in Manchester and Derby, UK. In 2024 he was commissioned by the British Council as part of their Cities of Literature initiative as a place-making writer. Charles specialises in implementing methodologies for researchers to achieve direct public impact using narrative techniques. For DMOs, he equips professionals with narrative journaling and knowledge management methods to create place value in city branding. He has previously completed a CNRS-funded project on heritage management for the University of Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne. His current research, using literary travel narratives, is in experience co-creation for the blue economy with a focus on the Channel ports of Normandy. Dr Charles Mansfield is a member of the Scientific Council of Research for Literature & Tourism at Lisbon University School of Management and the University of the Algarve. Dr Rita Baleiro ORCID 0000-0002-3188-5150 Dr Rita Baleiro is a coordinating professor at the University of the Algarve (School of Management, Hospitality and Tourism) and an active member of CITUR (Centre for Research, Development and Innovation in Tourism) and TULE (Centre for Research in Literary Tourism). She has been co-chief editor of Dos Algarves: Tourism, Hospitality and Management Journal since 2007. Her research interests include literature studies, academic writing, and the intersections between literature and tourism. She has authored, co-authored, and edited various national and international scientific publications. Authors' Biographical Notes 109. Dr Giovanni Capecchi Dr Giovanni Capecchi is Professor of Italian Literature at the University for Foreigners in Perugia, Italy. He mainly deals with literature of the 19th and 20th centuries and one of his fields of research concerns literary tourism. He is the author of a literary guide dedicated to the Pistoia mountains (2008) and since 2014 he has been the director of the territorial promotion magazine Naturart. In 2019, he published the volume Sul e orme dei poeti. Letteratura, turismo e promozione del territorio [In the Footsteps of Poets. Literature, tourism and regional promotion] reprinted in an expanded edition in 2021 and released in English and Spanish translation. In 2021, he founded the Research Centre for Literary Tourism (TULE), which he directs; in the TULE publishing series, he edited (together with Roberto Mosena) the volumes Il turismo let erario. Casi studio ed esperienze a confronto [Literary tourism. Case studies and comparative experiences], 2023, and Turismi danteschi. Itinerari, esperienze, proget i [Tourism in relation to Dante. Itineraries, experiences, projects], 2024. 112 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. My research ideas Notes 113. Possible topics 114 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Why is my research proposal important? Notes 115. The goals of my research 116 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Research questions & hypotheses Notes 117. Possible methods 118 RESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS. Limitations DOI R https://doi.org/ ESEARCHING LITERARY TOURISM: 10.18690/um.ft.4.2024 A HANDBOOK FOR STUDENTS AND SUPERVISORS ISBN 978-961-286-877-2 JASNA POTOČNIK TOPLER ET AL. University of Maribor, Faculty of Tourism, Brežice, Slovenia jasna.potocnik1@um.si The textbook Researching Literary Tourism: A Handbook for Students and Keywords: Supervisors is intended for students and supervisors, offering basic knowledge and literary tourism, handbook, guidelines for successful research in literary tourism. The textbook begins with an research, introduction to basic terms and concepts, enabling students to understand the stakeholder context and the importance of literary tourism. The authors provide specific cooperation, sustainable development examples, guidelines, and propose qualitative and quantitative methods for research, aiming to encourage students to plan their own studies and engage in field research. The goal is to develop key research skil s in the field of literary tourism, such as data collection, analysis, critical thinking, and writing. Researching the interdisciplinary field of literary tourism, which has certain special characteristics, can significantly contribute to the development of tourist destinations, the promotion of cultural heritage, and sustainable economic development. Document Outline Foreword 1 Why Is It Relevant to Research Literary Tourism? References 2 What Is the Relationship Between Tourism and Literature? References 3 The Historical Relationship Between Tourism and Literary Reading Context - Place Value, the DMO, Emotion and Pleasure in Holidaymaking and Reading Land Ownership and Labour Management Auto-ethnographic approaches to understanding tourists' pleasure in literary places Close-reading - a hermeneutics of the literary text for the reader and the tourism stakeholder Sensitivity in Co-creation and Narrative Non-fiction Futures: Curators of Geographical Literatures References 4 What Is Literary Tourism? 5 What Should I Read When I Start to Research Literary Tourism? Finding new Reading with Google Scholar Alerts 6 What are the Methodologies in Literary Tourism? The Range of Data Collection Techniques How to use Grounded Theory in Literary Tourism Research References Additional Digital Resources 7 How do I Design a Literary Itinerary? 8 What Academic Skills Should I Have to Carry out Research in Literary Tourism? 9 How Can Literary Tourism Contribute to the Current Tourism Industry? References 10 Is Literary Tourism Sustainable? References 11 What Is Travel Literature? References 12 What Are the Obstacles in the Promotion of Literary Tourism Products? References 13 Why Is the Concept of Place Critical in Literary Tourism Studies? References 14 Who Are the Literary Tourists, and What Are Their Motivations for Going on Literary Touring? References 15 How May I Analyse Literary Texts in the Scope of Literary Tourism? References 16 Case Studies on Writers’ Houses Approaches to Researching a Writer’s House Case Study Conclusion on Writers' Houses References 17 Case Study on Designing the Script for a Guided Itinerary A Guided Walk linked to a Writer's Life and Work Themes and Layers in Guided Walk Design The Route in Google Named Address Places References 18 Advice to PhD Supervisors Interrogating Biomass Regeneration and Carbon Sequestration in Literary Tourism Development Question the research candidate to direct responsibility Writing, Meetings, Process, Rhythm Criticality and construction is quality for research writing Into the field during PhD research Authors' Biographical Notes Notes