UDK 677	ISSN 1580-2949
Professional article/Strokovni članek	MTAEC9, 49(3)461(2015)
THE STABILIZATION OF NANO SILVER ON POLYESTER FILAMENT FOR A MACHINE-MADE CARPET
STABILIZACIJA NANODELCEV SREBRA NA POLIESTRSKEM VLAKNU ZA STROJNO IZDELAVO PREPROG
Khashayar Mohajer Shojaei, Ali Farrahi, Hossein Farrahi, Ahmad Farrahi
Farrokh Sepehr Kashan Company (Farrahi Carpet), Kashan, Iran Khashayar045@yahoo.com
Prejem rokopisa - received: 2014-07-20; sprejem za objavo - accepted for publication: 2014-09-02
doi:10.17222/mit.2014.113
Nowadays, polyester filament yarns with permanent anti-bacterial characteristics are known as an innovative yarn in the textile industry for machine-made carpets and garments. Different methods, such as chemical modification, entrapment and encapsulation, have been applied to stabilize the silver nanoparticles on polyester filament yarn for use in machine-made carpets. In this article we modified the nano-silver particles by a chemical reaction in order to produce a polyester filament yarn with permanent anti-bacterial characteristics using a spraying method. The anti-bacterial tests were carried out on the nano-silver-coated machine-made carpet according to ATCC 27853, 25923 and 25922 some 72 h before and after the washing process. The results showed that the nano-silver-coated polyester machine-made carpet has a permanent anti-bacterial characteristic.
Keywords: anti bacterial characteristic, polyester filament yarn, machine-made carpet, DLS method, washing processes, bacteria, surfactant, Mac Farlen
Dandanes je preja iz poliestrskih vlaken s trajno protibakterijsko odpornostjo poznana kot inovativna preja v tekstilni industriji za strojno izdelavo preprog in oblačil. Različne metode, kot so kemijska obdelava, ujetje in enkapsulacija, so bile uporabljene za stabilizacijo nanodelcev srebra na vlaknih poliestrske preje za strojno izdelavo preprog. Članek predstavlja modifikacijo nanodelcev srebra s kemijsko reakcijo z naprševanjem za izdelavo vlakna poliestrske preje s stalno protibakterijsko odpornostjo. Protibakterijski preizkusi so bili opravljeni na strojno izdelani preprogi, prekriti z nanodelci, skladno z ATCC 27853, 25923 in 25922, 72 h pred pranjem in po njem. Rezultati so pokazali, da ima strojno izdelana preproga iz poliestra, prekritega z nanodelci srebra, trajno protibakterijsko odpornost.
Ključne besede: protibakterijske lastnosti, preja iz poliestrskih vlaken, strojno izdelana preproga, DLS-metoda, postopek pranja, bakterija, površinska aktivnost, Mac Farlen
disinfection of water in swimming pools and hospitals, 1 INTRODUCTION	wound healing, air disinfection and surface sanitation6-8.
It is believed that the germicidal property of metals, especially heavy metals, is due to oligodynamic effect in which the metal and metal compounds, when introduced into the interior of bacterial cells, have the ability to
Microbial organisms, bacteria and micro-organisms are the main reasons for sickness, infections and bad odours, etc. In fact, increasing death rates in many underdeveloped countries, such as many African countries, led to the legislation of global and social policies in	change andthen kill themin a specific way ,Copper and
order to overcome this challenge. Such problems and	silve9r are the most studied metals for oligodynamic ac-
needs have led to a resurgence in the use of silver- and	tion9. The data from silver suggest that its ions denature
copper-based antiseptics that may be linked to broad-	the proteins in the bacterial cells by binding to the reac-
spectrum activity and a far lower propensity to induce	tive groups, resulting in their inactivation10. microbial resistance than antibiotics1. Different factors influence the efficiency of silver-
The anti-bacterial characteristics of silver and silver	and copper-based compounds, such as the particle size
salts have been observed since antiquity2. Silver is	and particle size distribution. In these cases, a reduction
currently used to control bacterial growth in a variety of	of the particle size of silver and copper nanoparticles is a
applications, including dental work, catheters and burn	reliable solution to improve their efficiency and biocom-
wounds3,4.	patibility. In this field, nanotechnology has a direct effect
In fact, it is well known that Ag ions, Ag-based com-	on the elimination of particle size limitations and
pounds, copper and brass compounds have a strong	changing the world outlook regarding science10,11. biotical effect on many bacteria species, such as E. coli, In this study we investigated the stabilization of nano
P. aeruginosa and S. aureus5.	silver on polyester filament yarn in order to produce a
A lot of information is available about the practical	machine-made carpet with permanent antibacterial cha-
use of nanoparticles for food safety and hygiene, the	racteristics.
2	MATERIALS
A nano-silver colloid was obtained from US Research Nano Material Company. The polyester filament yarns as a pile, warp and weft in a machine-made carpet were provided by the Farrokh Sepehr Kashan Textie Company. Gluteraldehyde (cross linking agent) and «-amino propyl tri-etoxy silane were provided by the Sigma-Aldrich Company on a laboratory scale. An amphoteric surfactant based on amino betaine was provided by the Carp Company.
3	METHODS
Nano-silver colloids, including a cross-linking agent and amphoteric surfactant in different concentrations, were applied to the polyester filament yarn and the back of a machine-made carpet using a spraying method. The nano-silver-coated polyester filament yarn and polyester machine-made carpet were dried and cured in the stenter at 130 °C for 6 min.
The FTIR analysis of the obtained solution from washing the nano-silver-coated polyester filament was carried out using Fourier-transform spectroscopy in the range 300 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1.
The distribution of nano-silver on the back of the polyester-filament machine-made carpet was analysed using the FESEM method in 1.89 KX (Philips model FESEM).
5 PREPARATION METHOD
The Mac Farlan solutions of different bacteria such as P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and E. coli (ATCC 25922) at a concentration of 1.5 X 108 CFU/mL were prepared in the first stage.
During the next stage, the nano-silver-coated machine-made carpet and the reference machine-made carpet were put in contact with the Mac Farlen solution of different bacteria for 24 h. After the cultivation and incubation process for 72 h at 37 °C, the growth of the bacteria were analysed.
4 ANALYSIS
To predict the stability of the anti-bacterial characteristics, the nano-silver back-coated polyester machinemade carpets were analysed according to ATCC 27853, 25923 and 25922 some 72 h before and after a washing process in the Pasteur Institute of Iran.
The anti-bacterial characteristic of the nano-silver-coated machine-made carpet were measured based on the growth of different bacteria, such as E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus with respect to the reference sample.
The stability of the nano-silver colloids and their particle size distribution were analysed using the DLS (dynamic light scattering) method at 25 °C (Malvern seri nano (zeta sizer) model DLS).
6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1	Particle size distribution of nano-silver colloid
The particle size distribution of the nano-silver colloid was measured using the DLS method. The results showed that the average size of the nano-silver colloid and the Pdi constant were about 49.08 nm and 0.408 nm, respectively. Figure 1 shows the size distribution of the nano-silver.
6.2	Stability of the nano-silver colloid
The stability of the nano-silver colloid was measured using the DLS method according to the zeta-potential value. The results showed that the nano-silver colloid has
Figure 1: Size distribution of nano silver colloid
Slika 1: Razporeditev velikosti nanodelcev srebra v koloidu
Figure 2: Zeta-potential distribution of nano-silver colloid Slika 2: Zeta potencial razporeditve nanodelcev srebra v koloidu
a suitable stability under normal conditions. In Figure 2, the zeta-potential distribution of the nano-silver is shown. According to Figure 2, the zeta-potential for a nano-silver colloid is about -17.2 MV. In addition, the nano-silver particle colloid has a suitable stability against sedimentation.
6.3	Distribution of nano-silver on the back of polyester machine-made carpet
The distribution of the nano silver on the back of the machine-made carpet is shown in a FESEM micrograph in 1.89 KX. According to Figure 3, it can be concluded that the anti-bacterial characteristics of the polyester-filament machine-made carpet is due to the nano-silver material that was applied on the polyester filament yarn and the back of the machine-made carpet.
6.4	Anti-bacterial test
The nano-silver back-coated machine-made carpets before and after washing were tested according to ATCC 27853, 25923 and 25922 in 72 h. In Tables 1 and 2, the
Figure 3: SEM micrographs of samples: a) polyester-filament yarn, b) nano-silver-coated polyester-filament yarn
Slika 3: SEM-posnetka vzorcev: a) vlakna poliestrske preje, b) z nanodelci srebra prekrita vlakna poliestrske preje
concentration of bacteria before and after the washing processes are presented.
The results showed that the nano-silver-coated polyester-filament machine-made carpet before and after
Table 1: Anti-bacterial characteristics of samples before washing Tabela 1: Protibakteriiske lastnosti vzorcev pred pranjem
Name of test bacteria
Bacteria concentration (CFU/mL)
The growth of bacteria after 72 h (CFU/mL)
E. coli (ATCC 25922)
1.5 X
Sample control
Anti bacterial sample
1.5 X 106
8.5 X 10
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
1.5 X
Sample control
1.5 X 106
Anti bacterial sample
7.5 X 10
aureus (ATCC 25923)
1.5 X
Sample control
1.5 X 106
Anti bacterial sample
7.5 X 10
Table 2: Anti-bacterial characteristics of samples after washing Tabela 2: Protibakteriiske lastnosti vzorcev po pranju
Name of test bacteria
Bacteria concentration (CFU/mL)
The growth of bacteria after 72 h (CFU/mL)
E. coli (ATCC 25922)
1.5 X
Sample control
Anti bacterial sample
1 5 X 106
8 5X10
P. aeruginosa (ATCC 27853)
1.5 X
Sample control
1 5 X 106
Anti bacterial sample
7 5x10
S. aureus (ATCC 25923)
1.5 X
Sample control
1 5 X 106
Anti bacterial sample
7 5x10
Figure 4: FTIR analysis a) nano silver b) solution from washing Slika 4: FTIR-analiza, a) nanodelci srebra, b) raztopina pri pranju
the nano-silver-coated polyester-filament machine-made carpet.
Moreover, the lack of any peak at 1634 cm-1 and 1384 cm-1 indicates that the washing process had no effect on removing the silver nanoparticles from the anti-bacterial polyester-filament machine-made carpet.
7 CONCLUSION
The results showed that the nano-silver-coated polyester-filament machine-made carpet has a permanent anti-bacterial characteristic. This is due to the modification process carried out on the nano-silver before applying it to polyester-filament yarn and the back of the machine-made carpet. Having permanent anti-bacterial characteristics in the machine-made carpet make it more suitable for use in crowded places by removing the bad smells in a machine-made carpet due to the direct contact of people with machine-made carpet's surface.
Acknowledgement
This work was done in the Farrokh Sepehr Kashan Company. Mr. Ali Farrahi and Mr. Ahmad Farrahi are grateful for the financial support.
washing has suitable anti-bacterial characteristics against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. aureus (99.9 % anti-bacterial characteristic).
6.5 FTIR analysis of nano-silver-coated polyester-filament machine-made carpet
In order to demonstrate the permanence of the anti-bacterial characteristic in a polyester-filament machine-made carpet, FTIR analyses carried out on a nano-silver colloid and the obtained solution from washing the nano-silver-coated polyester-filament machinemade carpet. Figure 3 shows the FTIR analysis of the nano-silver colloid and the obtained solution from washing the nano-silver-coated polyester-filament machinemade carpet (Figure 4).
According to Figure 4a, the sharp peaks at 1634 cm-1 and 1384 cm-1 indicate the formation of asymmetric and symmetric stretching modes of metal carbonyl groups. This is due to the stabilization of the silver nano particles by the -COO- group of amino betaine (as an amphoteric surfactant). The peaks at 3432 cm-1 and 2922 cm-1 are related to the C-H stretching bond of the propyl and the amine groups of the a-amino propyl tri-etoxy silane12.
According to Figure 4b, the sharp peaks at 3444 cm-1 and 2934 cm-1 are related to the O-H and C-H groups of the soap solution, which are used for washing
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