Herojska The Heroic doba Age of Histrov The Histri Martina Blečić Kavur Založba Univerze na Primorskem / University of Primorska Press Arheološki muzej Istre / Archaeological Museum of Istria Založba Univerze na Primorskem / University of Primorska Press Arheološki muzej Istre / Archaeological Museum of Istria Koper / Pulj 2025 Herojska doba Histrov / The Heroic Age of The Histri Avtorica besedila in urednica / Author of the text and Editor Martina Blečić Kavur Uredniški odbor / Editorial Board Adriana Gri Štorga, Boris Kavur, Darko Komšo, Zrinka Mileusnić Recenzenti / Reviewers Martina Čelhar, Univerza v Zadru / University of Zadar Marko Dizdar, Inštitut za arheologijo / Institute of Archaeology, Zagreb Prevod v slovenščino / Slovene translation Boris Kavur Prevod v angleščino / English translation Neven Ferenčić Lektor za slovenščino / Slovene copyediting Davorin Dukič Lektor za angleščino / English copyediting Boris Kavur Korektorji / Proofreaders Martina Blečić Kavur, Adriana Gri Štorga, Boris Kavur, Zrinka Mileusnić, Milena Špigić Fotografije / Photos Slađana Bukovac, Tanja Draškić Savić, Philippe Groscaux, Vjeran Juhas, Alfio Klarić, Diego Martinčić – Turistička zajednica Ližnjan / Ližnjan Tourism Board, Damir Matošević, Kateryna Polishchuk – Alamy, Arhiv Dokumentacijskega oddelka Arheološkega muzeja Istre / Archive of the Documentation Department of the Archaeological Museum of Istria Rekonstrukcije / Reconstructions Laboratorij Arheološkega muzeja Istre / Laboratory of the Archaeological Museum of Istria Oblikovanje in prelom / Graphic design and typesetting Vjeran Juhas Objava te knjige je bila uresničena v okviru raziskovalnega projekta Osor onkraj mita (N6-0292) s podporo Slovenske agencije za raziskovanje in inovacije. / The publication of this book was realized within the research project Osor beyond the myth (N6-0292) with the support of the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency. Izdala in založila / Published by Založba Univerze na Primorskem, Koper / University of Primorska Press, Koper Arheološki muzej Istre, Pulj / Archaeological Museum of Istria, Pula Koper in Pulj, 2025 © 2025 Martina Blečić Kavur Brezplačna elektronska izdaja / Free electronic edition https://www.hippocampus.si/ISBN/978-961-293-440-8.pdf https://www.hippocampus.si/ISBN/978-961-293-441-5/index.html https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-440-8 Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani COBISS.SI-ID 231191299 ISBN 978-961-293-440-8 (PDF) ISBN 978-961-293-441-5 (HTML) Kristini v neskončnost in večnost To Kristina in infinity and eternity VSEBINA / CONTENTS Predgovori / Prefaces ............................................. 8 Obhod dežele Histrov / Tour of the Land of the Histri ............................................. 15 Prostor in čas / The Space and the Time ............................................. 19 Sledi in saznanja / Traces and Insights ............................................. 23 Mesto in dom / The Settlement and the Home ............................................. 31 Življenje in smrt / Life and Death ............................................. 37 Predmeti in simboli / Objects and Symbols ............................................. 43 Herojska doba Histrov / The Heroic Age of the Histri ............................................. 67 Katalog / Catalogue ............................................. 71 Literatura / Bibliography ............................................. 143 Herojska doba Histrov Predgovori Fakulteta za humanistične študije Univerze na Primorskem ima posebno čast, da je bila izbrana za zadnjo postajo predstavitve Herojske dobe Histrov, preden se bo kot del nove stalne razstave v Arheološkem muzeju Istre zlila s preostalim delom istrske zgodovine. Ob tem gre zahvala predvsem izr. prof. dr. Martini Blečić Kavur, ki s svojim raziskovalnim in pedagoškim delom odstira prazgodovinske tančice skrivnosti življenja nekdanjih ljudstev. S svojim delom je tako kot avtorica razstave Histre popeljala na njihovo zadnje potovanje, ki se je začelo v Trstu, nadaljevalo v Skopju in Sarajevu ter se preko Kopra približuje končni postaji v Pulju. A za Histre je prav konec vedno znova predstavljal tudi nov začetek. Že v antičnem obdobju so zaton tisočletne zgodovine Histrov, njihov katastrofalni poraz ter padec zadnje postojanke Nezakcij nekdanjim prebivalcem Istre zagotovili nesmrtnost. Njihovo ime je za prihodnje rodove ostalo ovekovečeno v antičnem zgodovinopisju kot metafora za herojsko držo pred premočnim sovražnikom. Rimski imperij stoletnega sovražnika kljub odporu in porazu ni izbrisal iz zgodovinskega spomina, še več, njegovo ime oz. ime njegove dežele je ostalo v uporabi in se je skozi različne države ter imperije, raznolike jezike in narečja prenašalo in ohranilo vse do danes. Zato lahko trdimo, da Histri še danes zbližujejo in povezujejo prostor in čas. So neizčrpen vir spodbud za oživljanje dediščine in tradicije, za lokalna poimenovanja ter oblikovanje izdelkov in vsebin kulturnega turizma. Histri in njihova arheološka dediščina so dokaz, da so raziskave najstarejše preteklosti našega prostora in s tem življenja, kultur ter navad nekdanjih prebivalcev osnova spoznavanja in ohranjanja dediščine, ki nam odpira vedno nove možnosti za razumevanje sedanjosti ter za razvoj in sobivanje v prihodnosti. Zato muzeji, ki hranijo in predstavljajo preteklost in našo dediščino, in univerze, kjer se slednja raziskuje in poučuje, predstavljajo neskončen krog izgradnje védenja in znanja. Prav razstava Herojska doba Histrov je primer dobre prakse promocije znanosti, prenosa znanja in rezultatov, v obliki predstavitev številnim javnostim v različnih kulturnih prostorih. Mnoge od njih zaznamuje zgodovina konfliktov, kot nas žal opozarja tudi aktualni trenutek sodobnega časa in prostora. Iz zgodovine Histrov pa se vsi lahko učimo kulture sobivanja, strpnosti in večkulturnosti. Na koncu velja dodati, da monografija, ki spremlja razstavo, ni le strokovno, poljudno in razumljivo napisana ter bogato ilustrirana publikacija, ampak je do sedaj edina arheološka monografija, ki predstavlja arheološko dediščino teh prostorov, objavljena pa je bila v štirih državah in v petih The H jezikih. Zato je kot taka še en prispevek k nesmrtnosti Histrov. er oic A ge of The Histri Prof. dr. Irena Lazar Dekanja Fakultete za humanistične študije, Univerza na Primorskem 8 Herojska doba Histrov Prefaces The Faculty of Humanities at the University of Primorska has the special honour of being the final stop in the presentation of The Heroic Age of the Histri before it becomes part of the new permanent exhibi-tion at the Archaeological Museum of Istria, merging with the broader history of Istria. Special thanks go to Assoc. Prof. Dr. Martina Blečić Kavur, whose research and teaching work uncover the prehistoric mysteries of ancient peoples’ lives. As the exhibition’s author, she has guided the Histri on their final journey, which began in Trieste, continued through Skopje and Sarajevo, and is now approaching via Koper its final destination in Pula. For the Histri, however, every ending always represented a new beginning. Even in antiquity, the fall of their millennia-old history, their catastrophic defeat, and the loss of their final stronghold, Nesactium, secured their immortality for the former inhabitants of Istria. Their name was immortalized in ancient historiography as a metaphor for a heroic stance against an overwhelmingly superior enemy. Despite their resistance and defeat, the Roman Empire did not erase this century-old adversary from historical memory. On the contrary, their name – and the name of their land – remained in use, carried through various states and empires, diverse languages, and dialects, surviving to the present day. Thus, we can say that the Histri still unite places and times. They are an inexhaustible source of inspiration for reviving heritage and tradition, for local naming, and for shaping cultural tourism products and contents. The Histri and their archaeological heritage are proof that research into the most ancient past of our region – and with it, the lives, cultures, and customs of its former inhabitants – forms the foundation for understanding and preserving heritage. This, in turn, continuously opens new possibilities for com-prehending the present and fostering development and coexistence in the future. Therefore, museums, which preserve and present the past and our heritage, and universities, where this heritage is studied and taught, together form an endless cycle of knowledge building and discovery. The exhibition The Heroic Age of the Histri is a prime example of best practices in science promotion, knowledge transfer, and the dissemination of research findings through presentations to diverse audi-ences in various cultural settings. Many of these settings are marked by a history of conflicts, much like the challenging realities of our present time and space. However, the history of the Histri teaches us all about the culture of coexistence, tolerance, and multiculturalism. Finally, it is worth noting that the monograph accompanying the exhibition is not only a scholarly, en-gaging, and clearly written work but also a richly illustrated book. It is the first and only archaeological monograph to date that presents the archaeological heritage of this region and has been published in four countries and five languages. As such, it represents yet another contribution to the immortality The H of the Histri. er oic A ge of The Histri Prof. Dr. Irena Lazar Dean, Faculty of Humanities, University of Primorska 9 Herojska doba Histrov Od začetka projekta Histri v Istri ter od prve velike tematske razstave o Histrih v Muzejsko-gale-rijskem prostoru Sveta srca v Pulju je minilo več kot desetletje. Toliko časa je bilo potrebnega, da je zgodba o Histrih, njihovi kulturi in običajih, prešla hrvaške meje istrskega polotoka, kjer so prebivali in ki je po njih dobil ime. Po prvi razstavi v tujini, postavljeni v Trstu v Muzeju starin »J. J. Winckelmann«, je sledila razstava v Skopju, v Arheološkem muzeju Republike Severne Make-donije, nato pa še v Sarajevu, v Deželnem muzeju Bosne in Hercegovine. Končno je razstava, v prilagojeni obliki, pričakana tudi na Univerzi na Primorskem, na Fakulteti za humanistične študije. O medsebojnem trgovanju in vplivih Histrov ter prazgodovinskih narodov na območju jadranskega bazena in celotnega Balkanskega polotoka najbolje govori sama razstava, ki je nekakšen medse-bojni ogled kultur; o njih danes največ izvemo tako, da jih medsebojno primerjamo in povežemo. Pod naslovom Herojska doba Histrov razstava tako nadaljuje svojo pot po muzejih jugovzhodne Evrope. Izbor najpomembnejših predmetov, predstavljenih na razstavi, je zajet tudi v tej, četrti po vrsti, luksuzni dvojezični monografiji Herojska doba Histrov, ki je pred vami in vas bo popeljala v svet prvega znanega naroda, ki je naseljeval Istro v zadnjem tisočletju starega veka. Zahvaljujem se vsem partnerjem, s slovenske in hrvaške strani, ki so omogočili realizacijo tega velikega muzeološkega in razstavnega projekta. Prav tako se zahvaljujem vsem zaposlenim na Univerzi na Primorskem in Fakulteti za humanistične študije ter zaposlenim Arheološkega muzeja Istre, ki so se izjemno potrudili, da je tudi ta razstava zagledala svetlo dneva. Še posebej se za-hvaljujem avtorici razstave, Martini Blečić Kavur z Univerze na Primorskem v Kopru, ki je prevzela to odgovorno nalogo od naše preminule kolegice Kristine Mihovilić, največje poznavalke Histrov. Kristini, brez katere o Histrih ne bi vedeli niti približno toliko, kot vemo danes, posvečamo tudi to razstavo. Darko Komšo Ravnatelj Arheološkega muzeja Istre The H er oic A ge of The Histri 10 Herojska doba Histrov It has been over a decade since the launch of The Histri in Istria project and the first major thematic exhibition about the Histri at Pula’s Sacred Hearts Museum and Gallery. Enough time for the story of the Histri, their culture and customs, to cross the Croatian border of the Istrian peninsula on which they lived and to which they gave their name. Following its first international presentation at the »J. J. Winckelmann« Antiquities Museum in Trieste, this exhibition continued in Skopje at the Archaeological Museum of the Republic of North Macedonia, and then to Sara-jevo, at the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Finally, the exhibition was welcomed in an adapted form at the University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities. This exhibition best reflects the trade in goods and ideas that existed between the Histri and the prehistoric peoples of the Adriatic basin and the whole of the Balkan Peninsula, a kind of mutual reflection of cultures; our surest route to their discovery is by mutual comparison and connection. With the title The Heroic Age of the Histri this exhibition continues its journey among the museums of the European southeast. The select artefacts presented at this exhibition are covered in the remarkable bilingual monograph before you, The Heroic Age of the Histri, opening a window into the world of the people who inhabited Istria in the final millennium of the ancient era, the oldest people known to us to have inhabited the peninsula. I wish to extend my gratitude to all out partners—Slovenian and Croatian—who made this major museum and exhibition project possible. I also wish to thank the employees of the University of Primorska and the Faculty of Humanities and of the Archaeological Museum of Istria for their exceptional efforts in bringing this exhibition to fruition. My particular gratitude goes to the au-thor of the exhibition, Martina Blečić Kavur of University of Primorska in Koper, who has picked up the torch left to us by our late and esteemed colleague Kristina Mihovilić, the preeminent authority on the topic of the Histri. We dedicate this exhibition to Kristina, without whom our present understanding of the Histri would be modest indeed. Darko Komšo Director, Archaeological Museum of Istria The H er oic A ge of The Histri 11 Herojska doba Histrov Pisati o Histrih je velik izziv, še večji pa je predstaviti njihovo tisočletno dediščino na razumljiv in dostopen način širši javnosti. Ta naloga je bila, zahvaljujoč ravnatelju Arheološkega muzeja Istre v Pulju, kolegu Darku Komši, in spletu ugodnih okoliščin, zaupana meni. Sprejela sem jo z velikim spoštovanjem, tako do samih Histrov kot do institucije, ki že več kot stoletje na najboljši možni način skrbi za njihovo materialno zapuščino. Nastanek knjige je spodbudila mednarodna razstava z enakim naslovom, ki je v sodelovanju s kolegi in z institucijami iz obsežnejše regije omogočila predstavitev tem, povezanih z identiteto skupnosti Histrov in njihovih elit v prostranem kulturnem kontekstu ter v obtoku številnih sprememb v poslednjem tisočletju pr. n. št. Razstava je hkrati ponudila priložnost za sintezo dosedanjih spoznanj in postavila nekatere nove perspektive v razmišljanju o tej oddaljeni, a pomembni istrski preteklosti. Reprezentativna materialna kultura, kot odraz histarske družbe v celoti, je hkrati prispevala k razumevanju vključenosti in povezanosti Histrov z različnimi kulturnimi okolji – od alpskega in italskega preko podonavskega in balkanskega pa vse do sredozemskega prostora. Predstavljenih skoraj 240 predmetov je izjemno širokemu krogu javnosti omogočilo vizualno in interaktivno spoznavanje te tematike. S tem je bila vzpostavljena pomembna povezava med znanstvenim diskurzom in muzejsko predstavitvijo, saj so znanstvene raziskave dobile svoj nujno potreben odmev v javnosti, medtem ko je sama razstava spodbujala nove razprave in možne interpretacije. A ta knjiga ni zgolj kronika nekega davno preživetega časa; skozi različne perspektive osvetljuje kompleksnost preteklosti in njen odmev v sedanjosti. Pred vami je torej četrta v nizu razstavnih monografij Herojska doba Histrov. To je logično nadaljevanje publikacij, ki so spremljale razstavo, katere osnovni cilj je bil predstaviti to izjemno dediščino zunaj meja Hrvaške. Histri so svojo pot začeli leta 2023 z gostovanjem v Trstu, v Muzeju starin »J. J. Winckelmann«, kjer so se prvič predstavili italijanski javnosti ter širši regiji severnega Jadrana in alpskega zaledja. Velik uspeh je bil ponovljen tudi v Skopju, kjer so se v Arheološkem muzeju Republike Severne Makedonije prav tako prvič predstavili makedonski javnosti in obiskovalcem z osrednjega Balkana. Sledila je razstava v Deželnem muzeju Bosne in Hercegovine v Sarajevu, kar je omogočilo predstavitev tudi na območju zahodnega Balkana. Nazadnje je razstava leta 2025 v prilagojeni, didaktični obliki prispela tudi v Koper, s čimer se je njen dolg in zanimiv krog simbolično zaključil prav v slovenski Istri. Tokrat pa ni bila postavljena v muzej, temveč na univerzo – v središče ustvarjanja in širjenja znanja, v prostor komuniciranja znanosti, kjer je na voljo novim generacijam, ki med drugim na neposreden način pridobivajo vpogled tudi v pradavne tradicije tega prostora. Vse navedeno so omogočili številni sodelavci in kolegi, ki so s svojim prispevkom obogatili ta projekt, ga nadgradili z vsakim novim izkustvom ter omogočili, da je zgodovina Histrov še enkrat oživela v novi luči in v novem ambientu. Vsem njim izrekam iskreno zahvalo, še posebej kolegicama Maji Čuki in Andrei Dugandžić iz Arheološkega muzeja Istre v Pulju, saj so bili njuni nesebična pomoč, podpora in zaupanje neprecenljivi v vsaki fazi tega izjemnega ter pomembnega projekta. The H er Izr. prof. dr. Martina Blečić Kavur oic A ge of The Histri Oddelek/Inštitut za arheologijo in dediščino Univerza na Primorskem, Fakulteta za humanistične študije 12 Herojska doba Histrov Writing about the Histri is a great challenge, and an even greater one is presenting their millennia-old heritage in a comprehensible and accessible way to the wider public. Thanks to the director of the Archaeological Museum of Istria in Pula, my colleague Darko Komšo, and a fortunate turn of events, I was entrusted with this task. I accepted it with great respect—both for the Histri themselves and for the institution that has been safeguarding their material legacy in the best possible way for more than a century. The creation of this book was inspired by an international exhibition of the same name, which, in collaboration with colleagues and institutions from a broader region, provided a platform for presenting topics related to the identity of the Histri community and their elites within a vast cultural context and amidst the numerous transformations of the last millennium BCE. The exhibition also offered an opportunity to synthesize existing knowledge while introducing new perspectives on this distant yet significant Istrian past. As a reflection of Histrian society, the representative material culture also contributed to a deeper understanding of their in- volvement and connections with various cultural environments—from the Alpine and Italic regions, through the Danubian and Balkan areas, to the broader Mediterranean space. Nearly 240 exhibited artefacts allowed a wide audience to engage with the subject in a visually rich and interactive manner. This established an important link between scientific discourse and museum presentation, as academic research gained much-needed public resonance, while the exhibition itself encouraged new discussions and possible interpretations. However, this book is not merely a chronicle of a long-gone era; it highlights the complexity of the past and its echoes in the present through different perspectives. Before you is the fourth in a series of exhibition monographs, The Heroic Age of the Histri. This is a logical con- tinuation of the publications accompanying the exhibition, whose primary goal was to present this exceptional heritage beyond the borders of Croatia. The journey of the Histri began in 2023 with an exhibition in Trieste at the “J. J. Winckelmann” Antiquities Museum, where they were introduced for the first time to the Italian public and the wider region of the northern Adriatic and its alpine hinterland. This great success was repeated in Skopje, where the Archaeological Museum of the Republic of North Macedonia hosted the exhibition, offering the Histri their first presentation to the Macedonian public and visitors from the central Balkans. The exhibi- tion then travelled to the National Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo, ensuring its presence in the western Balkans as well. Finally, in 2025, the exhibition reached Koper in an adapted, didactic layout, thus symbolically completing its long and fascinating journey in Slovenian Istria. This time, however, it was not displayed in a museum but at a university—a centre for knowledge creation and dissemination, a space for scientific communication—where it is now available to new generations who, among other things, gain direct insight into the ancient traditions of this region. Everything mentioned was made possible by numerous collaborators and colleagues who significantly con- tributed to this project, enriching it with each new experience in a new environment and allowing the history of the Histri to come to life once again in a new light and setting. I extend my sincere gratitude to all of them, especially to my colleagues Maja Čuka and Andrea Dugandžić from the Archaeological Museum of Istria in Pula, whose selfless help, support, and trust were essential in every phase of this remarkable and important project. The H er Assoc. Prof. Dr. Martina Blečić Kavur oic A University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities ge of The Histri Department/Institute of Archaeology and Heritage 13 Herojska doba Histrov The H er oic A ge of The Histri 14 Herojska doba Histrov Obhod po deželi Tour of the Histrov Land of the Histri Ime Istre je le eden, a najpomembnejši podedovani ele- Istria’s name is but one – albeit the most significant – ment monumentalne železnodobne dediščine, ki med inherited element of its Iron Age heritage, and stands as preteklosti je predstavljen tudi na tej razstavi, ki je »našla« history is showcased at this exhibition, which has opened to us yet another magical route through which to tour the še en čaroben način za obhod po deželi Histrov in njihovi drugim odraža identiteto tega prostora. Delček te daljne an expression of its identity. A small part of this distant land of the Histri and their heroic past. This exhibition, junaški preteklosti. Simbolični naslov Herojska doba Histrov with the symbolic title The Heroic Age of the Histri, picks je nadaljevanje impresivne razstave Histri v Istri, ki jo je up on Kristina Mihovilić’s work in creating the remarka- leta 2013 v Pulju postavila Kristina Mihovilić in s katero ble The Histri in Istria exhibition, staged in Pula in 2013, je bil poudarjen neizbrisen pečat tisočletnega bivanja which aimed to underscore the indelible legacy of the Histrov v tem prostoru (Mihovilić 2014). Kot nekakšen millennial Histrian presence in Istria (Mihovilić 2014). kontinuum razstava odraža pomen predstavljanja histrske Continuing on this work, this exhibition addresses the kulture zunaj meja Istre in Hrvaške ter tako spodbuja in importance of presenting the Histrian culture outside of širi poznavanje tisočletne istrske dediščine. Istria and Croatia as a whole, nurturing and promoting our understanding of the millennial Histrian heritage. Razstava in s tem tudi to delo v manjšem, a usmerjenem obsegu predstavljata trenutna spoznanja o Histrih, o njihovi smaller but more focused scope our current knowledge The exhibition, and this publication, thus encapsulates in kulturi življenja skozi obrede in načine pokopa ter skozi re- of the Histri and their culture, through rituals and burial prezentativne predmete bogate materialne kulture. Čeprav methods, as reflected in representative artefacts of their je bilo do danes objavljenih veliko študij o oblikovanju in rich material culture. Although many papers have been razvoju histrske kulture ter izvedene številne raziskave, published on the subject, and many archaeological in-predvsem grobišč, veliko manj pa naselij, nam ta kultura v vestigation campaigns have been performed – primarily marsičem ostaja terra incognita. Generacije raziskovalcev of necropolises, much less often of the settlements – so v zadnjih 150 letih zavzeto poskušale sestaviti delček the formation and development of the Histrian culture za delčkom te skrivnostne istrske preteklosti. Ti fragmenti, remains largely terra incognita. Over the past 150 years najbolje ohranjeni v grobovih in predmetih, omogočajo numerous researchers have made an earnest effort to dosledno sledenje trajnosti bivanja in razvoja v istrskem uncover, piece by piece, Istria’s hidden past. With these prostoru skozi celotno 1. tisočletje pr. n. št. fragments, best reflected in the graves and in the pre- served artefacts, we are able to trace a continuity of Nosilci te železnodobne kulture so nato že v 6. stoletju st habitation and development in Istria across the whole of the 1 millennium BCE. pr. n. št. posredno stopili na zgodovinski oder, in sicer po zaslugi grških piscev in njihove epske tradicije potovanj ter The people of this Iron Age culture emerged on the his-novih spoznanj. Najzgodnejša omemba imena Ίστρια se torical scene in the 6th century BCE, indirectly, i.e., by way The H pojavi v delu »Svetovni potopis« prvega grškega geografa of Greek writers and their epic tradition on the subject of in zgodovinarja Hekataja iz Mileta, s čimer je ljudstvo tudi travels and novel discoveries. We find the earliest record er of the name Ίστρια in the Periēgēsis (“Tour Round the oic A formalno poistoveteno s Histri (Križman 1979, 25–27; Šašel Kos 2005, 97–99, 103–104; 2016, 42–44; Mihovilić World”) of Hecataeus of Miletus, the first Greek geog- ge of The Histri 2014, 24). Podobno kot Japodi, Liburni in druge skupnosti rapher and historian, from whence the formal Histrian identification of this people (Križman 1979, 25–27; Šašel na severovzhodnem Jadranu tudi Histri ne spadajo med Kos 2005, 97–99, 103–104; 2016, 42–44; Mihovilić 2014, Ilire ali ilirske skupnosti, kar so že zgodaj jasno razlikovali Limski kanal / Lim Channel 15 Herojska doba Histrov rimski pisci, kljub tradicionalnemu rimskemu umeščanju v 24). Like the Iapodes and Liburni, and the other commu- Ilirik kot skupni geografski prostor vzhodnojadranske obale nities of the northeastern Adriatic, they are not numbered (Starac 1999, 9–10; prim. Šašel Kos 2005, 123–132, 187, among the Illyrians or the Illyrian peoples, something 238–244; Matijašić 1991; 2017; Matijašić 2011, 291–293; clearly differentiated even among Roman writers, not- 2022, 124). withstanding the fact that Rome traditionally saw them under the umbrella of Illyricum as a shared geographic Posebej velja izpostaviti še dva grška avtorja, sodobnika zone of the coastal eastern Adriatic (Starac 1999, 9–10; cf. Šašel Kos 2005, 123–132, 187, 238–244; Matijašić 1991; Histrov. Prvi je Psevdo-Skilaks, geograf iz 4. stoletja pr. 2017; Matijašić 2011, 291–293; 2022, 124). n. št., ki je v svojem delu Períplous (»Opis plovbe«) opisal plovbo vzdolž severnega Jadrana (Pobežin 2016, 36–37). Also notable are a further two Greek writers and contem- Po njem histrska obala sledi za venetsko, za histrsko pa poraries of the Histrians. First and foremost, this pertains liburnska. Dve stoletji kasneje so v delu Periégesis (»Opis« to the geographer Pseudo-Scylax, whose 4th century BCE ali »Razlaga«) Psevdo-Skimnosa Histri navedeni takoj za Períplous (“Circumnavigation”) describes navigating območjem Venetov (Križman 1979, 37–40, 59–65; Katičić along the northern Adriatic coast (Pobežin 2016, 36–37). 1995, 45–46; Starac 1999; Šašel Kos 2005, 187; Mihovilić According to this writer the Histrian shores come after the 2014, 24–26; Matijašić 2022, 124, 139). shores of the Veneti, while beyond the Histri lie the Liburni. Two centuries later the Periégesis of Pseudo-Scymnus Rimski pisci, zlasti Livij, Plinij, Polibij in Strabon, so podob- also gives the Histri as inhabiting the lands beyond those of the Veneti (Križman 1979, 37–40, 59–65; Katičić 1995, no kot mnogi drugi podali različne podatke o geografskem, 45–46; Starac 1999; Šašel Kos 2005, 187; Mihovilić 2014, kulturnem in političnem določanju Histrov. Pri tem so se 24–26; Matijašić 2022, 124, 139). opirali na starejše zapise, jih kritično vrednotili in uporab- ljali z namenom boljšega razumevanja svoje cesarske Roman writers – Livy, Pliny, Polybius, and Strabo in par- Histrije (Križman 1979; Matijašić 1991; 2017; Katičić 1995, ticular – and many others, have provided us with a range 28; Starac 1999, 7–10; prim. Šašel Kos 2005, 103–105; of data concerning Histrian geography, culture, and pol- Mihovilić 2014, 26). itics, referencing and even providing critical reviews of earlier writers, all with the aim of better understanding Da je bila Istra že v tistih časih terra magica, pričajo šte- the Histri, now in the imperial embrace (Križman 1979; vilni primeri mogočnih gradišč, bližnjih grobišč z elitnimi Matijašić 1991; 2017; Katičić 1995, 28; Starac 1999, 7–10; grobovi, materialna kultura ter ovekovečena umetniškega cf. Šašel Kos 2005, 103–105; Mihovilić 2014, 26). stvarjenja. Ti dokazi nas učijo o prepletenosti neštetih That Istria had at that time also been terra magica is borne družbenih odnosov, identitet in gospodarskih procesov out by the many magnificent hillfort settlements, the znotraj heterogenih kulturnih skupnosti, ki so bile ze- nearby necropolises with burials of the social elite, the ma- mljepisno bolj ali manj oddaljene, povezane in pogosto v terial culture, and the immortalised works of art. They all različnih hierarhičnih razmerjih. Histrska dediščina se v also testify to and speak to us of countless and complex marsičem razlikuje od drugih vzhodnojadranskih avtoh- societal interactions, identities, and economic processes tonih skupnosti železne dobe, kar se odraža v sistemih within heterogenous cultural communities of greater or simbolov, verskih prepričanj in ritualov. Posebej izstopa lesser geographic proximity, mutually interconnected, monumentalna kamnita plastika, ki nosi tako ideološki kot and in varying hierarchical relationships. Manifested in er elementi, zlasti eksotični in luksuzni predmeti noše in na- heritage stands in many ways outside the bounds of the other, indigenous, eastern Adriatic communities of the oic A The H semiotic, symbolic, religious, and ritual systems, Histrian estetski pomen. Prav tako niso nič manj pomembni manjši kita, orožja ter posode, ki pričajo o elitni ideologiji statusa Iron Age. In this sense, monumental stone sculpture is ge of The Histri in prestiža histrske aristokracije. V celoti obravnavani nam indicative, both for its ideological conception and for its prikazujejo hierarhično skupnost, ki je odprto sprejemala aesthetic significance. The smaller elements, especially nove trende in načine reprezentacije. V smislu kulturnih the exotic and luxurious elements of the garb and jew- prenosov in družbene integracije ti elementi odsevajo ellery, the weaponry and ware, are by no means inferior 16 Herojska doba Histrov širjenje globalnih značilnosti in univerzalnih idej, različne in this respect; evidence of an elitist ideology of status komunikacijske mreže ter strukturirane interakcije. S tem and prestige among the Histrian aristocracy. Considered so bili tudi Histri enakovredno vključeni v globalno pove- integrally, they speak to us of a hierarchical community zanost tedanjih družb. receptive to novel trends and modes of representation. In terms of cultural transmission and social integration, they reflect the dissemination of globalist qualities and universal ideas, a variety of communication networks, and structured interactions, and thus the Histri, engaged on an equal footing, contributed to a global connectivity among the societies of the period. I Sava VENET IAPODES Po APSOR TES MENT ORES ETRUSCI The H PICENI er oic A ge of The Histri Histri in sodobniki / Histri and their contemporaries 17 Herojska doba Histrov ITALIA Trst Trieste Koper SLOVENIJA Umag Buzet Opatija Pazin Plomin Rovinj The H Pula er oic A ge of The Histri Bela, siva in rdeča Istra / White, Grey and Red Istria 18 Herojska doba Histrov Prostor in čas The Space and the Time Zgodovinska spirala nas vodi več kot 3.000 let v preteklost Our story takes us back through the spiral of history over in umešča na območje največjega jadranskega polotoka three thousand years on what is the largest of the Adriatic – v Istro. Skupaj z bližnjim Kvarnerjem geografsko tvori peninsulas: Istria. In geographical terms it and the nearby del severovzhodnega jadranskega bazena, medtem ko z Kvarner region, a part of the northeastern Adriatic basin, the nearby Karst hinterland, and the neighbouring Italic okoliškim kraškim zaledjem in sosednjimi italskimi regijami regions, together form the upper Adriatic, i.e., the Caput tvori posebno celoto zgornjega Jadrana ali območje Caput Adriae. It is here that the Mediterranean, by way of the Adriae. Na tem geografskem položaju Sredozemsko morje Adriatic, reaches deepest into the broad European heart- preko Jadrana najgloblje prodira v širni evropski kopenski land, where there is a mingling of two differing geographic prostor, kjer se prepletata dva različna geografska miljeja: zones; the Adriatic/Mediterranean with the inland Alpine/ jadransko-sredozemski in celinski, alpsko-panonski (Rogić Pannonian regions (Rogić 1982, 15; cf. Magaš 2013). It 1982, 15; prim. Magaš 2013). Prav na tem območju so was here that the groundwork was laid for the mingling of bili ustvarjeni pogoji za posredovanje mediteranskih in prehistoric Europe’s Mediterranean and mainland zones. kontinentalnih vplivov prazgodovinske Evrope. The Istrian peninsula is notable for its pronounced ge- fen ekosistem, ki ga na severu določa masiv Ćićarije, na bounded to the north by the Ćićarija highlands, to the northeast by the Preluk cove, and to the northwest by severovzhodu zaliv Preluk, na severozahodu pa Miljski Istrski polotok ima izjemno geostrateško lego in polimor- ostrategic position and its polymorphic ecosystem, zaliv. Hriboviti severni rob polotoka predstavlja visoko northern periphery of the peninsula is an upland zone the Milje cove overlooked by Muggia. The mountainous območje, imenovano Bela Istra. Zanjo so značilne različne known as White Istria. It is characterised by differing ori-smeri plastenja kamnin, ki so posledica močnih tektonskih entations of the geological strata resulting from robust premikov – tako je apnenčasto sleme Ćićarije dinarskega, tectonic motion, such that the limestone range of the gorski greben Učke pa meridionalnega poteka. Nižje flišno Ćićarija highlands is of Dinaric alignment, while the ridge gričevje osrednje Istre, znano kot Siva Istra, je zaradi erozije of Mount Učka is of meridional alignment. Erosion has močno znižano in razčlenjeno s številnimi vodotoki. Zaradi lowered and many rivers and streams have intersected izrazite vegetacije je ta del znan tudi kot Zelena Istra. Z the lower–lying flysch uplands of central Istria, referred erozijo flišnih plasti so se izoblikovala vzpetinska območja to as Gray Istria. The thick vegetation has also earned iz trdnejših vmesnih kamninskih slojev, na katerih so se v this region the name of Green Istria. The denudation of prazgodovini oblikovala gradišča (Riđanović 1975; Lončar flysch deposits revealed elevations of solid layers in the 2005; Magaš 2013, 154–157). flysch, upon which hillfort settlements were established in the prehistoric period (Riđanović 1975; Lončar 2005; Nizke apnenčaste planote z rdečo prstjo in s številnimi Magaš 2013, 154–157). The H kraškimi pojavi, kot so uvale, vrtače, brezna in jame, kjer The area of low–lying limestone plateau, red soil, and prevladujejo večinoma obdelovalne površine, so določe- numerous karst phenomena, including uvalas (karst eroic A ne kot Rdeča Istra. Limska draga ter dolini rek Mirne in valleys), sinkholes, pits, and caves, dominated by largely Raše so globoko vrezane v planoto ter delijo območje na arable land, is known as Red Istria. The Lim valley, and ge of The Histri manjše regionalne celote. Zahodna in južna obala Istre, ki the valleys of the Mirna and Raša rivers, cut deep into je plitvejša in bolj razčlenjena, s številnimi otoki in otočki, the plateau, separating the area into smaller regions. ima značilen potopljeni kraški relief. Posebej izstopajo The western and southern shore of Istria, shallower and 19 Herojska doba Histrov brionski arhipelag, edinstvene oblike med Medulinom in much more indented, with its islands and islets, is typ- Premanturo, Limski zaliv ter naravno prostorno pristanišče ical of submerged karst relief. Notable here are the Bri- Pulja. Vzhodna obala Istre je strma in usmerjena proti juni islands, the specific coastal morphology between Kvarnerju in kvarnerskim otokom, pri čemer posebej iz- Medulin and Premantura, the Lim ria, and the naturally stopa globoka uvala Budava, nad katero se dviga Nezakcij spacious harbour facing Pula. Istria’s eastern shores are Plodna notranjost, dostopnost vodnih virov in razčlenjenost particularly notable and deep Budava cove above which Nesactium rises (Riđanović 1975; Lončar 2005; Mihovilić obale kot pomemben naravni vir za različne gospodarske (Riđanović 1975; Lončar 2005; Mihovilić 2014, 288–290). steep and face the Kvarner bay and its islands, with the 2014, 288–290). A fertile interior, access to water, and an dejavnosti so omogočile aktivno prisotnost človeka v vseh obdobjih histrske in tako tudi istrske preteklosti. derpinning a range of economic activities – provided for indented coastline – significant natural resources un- robust human industry in the various periods of Histrian Kljub temu naravno opredeljeni geografski okvir ni v celoti history and the history of Istria in general. zajemal t. i. etničnega prostora Histrov. Uveljavljeno je mne- nje, da ga je na severozahodu omejevala reka Rižana, na The geography thus described did not, however, encom- pa reka Raša, saj se je prav ta etnična razširjenost kasneje view is that it was largely limited to the lands bound to the northwest by the Rižana River, to the north by the Ćićarija ujemala z administrativno mejo rimske Istre (Matijašić severu in severovzhodu gorovji Ćićarija in Učka, na vzhodu pass the whole of the Histrian ethnic sphere. The general and Učka highlands, and to the east by the Raša River, 1991; Mihovilić 2014, 26). Vendar pa je izjemno nehvaležno in obremenjujoče govoriti o fizičnih, administrativnih ali administrative borders of Istria under Rome (Matijašić as this ethnic distribution would correspond to the later političnih mejah v smislu, kot jih poznamo iz časa rimske 1991; Mihovilić 2014, 26). To speak, however, in terms države, ali celo z današnje perspektive, kadar obravnavamo of the physical, administrative, and political frontiers tedanje skupnosti. Ljudje železne dobe namreč prostora that existed during the time of the Roman state, or even in časa niso doživljali na tak način, kot si ju predstavljamo from the perspective of present–day borders, is both danes, še manj pa svojih ali sosednjih območij. Etnične very much injudicious and incongruous with regard to meje, še posebej zunaj tako (rimsko) določenega prostora the communities of that time. The people of the Iron Age Histrov, so bile zabrisane, težje določljive in predvsem simply did not conceive spatial or temporal bounds in življenjske (Starac 1999, 11–15). these terms, and this was true to an even greater extent of their concept of their own and neighbouring lands. Že od 3. in 2. tisočletja pr. n. št., v času bronaste dobe, se Ethnic boundaries, especially outside of the (Roman) na celotnem območju Istre oblikuje dobro organizirano contours of Histria, were fluid, less defined and, above prebivalstvo, nastanjeno na vzpetinah v zaščitenih gra- all, dynamic (Starac 1999, 11–15). diščih s protourbanimi značilnostmi (Buršić-Matijašić From as far back as the 3rd and 2nd millennium BCE, dur- 2007). Ena izmed teh naselbin, večjih dimenzij, je bila ing the Bronze Age, across the whole of Istria we see a zagotovo na Monkodonji v zaledju Rovinja in je trenutno well organised population, residing in protected hillfort najbolje raziskano gradišče v Istri (Hänsel, Mihovilić, Teržan settlements at elevated places with proto–urban char- 2015). V tem času se življenje začne tudi v gradiščih na acteristics (Buršić-Matijašić 2007). Monkodonja, inland Velikem Brionu, Vrčinu ali Nezakciju kot tudi v številnih of Rovinj, was certainly one such large settlement and manj raziskovanih naseljih (Buršić-Matijašić 2007; prim. is currently the most thoroughly investigated Istrian hill- The H fort site (Hänsel, Mihovilić, Teržan 2015). It was at this Mihovilić 2013). time that hillfort settlements were founded on Veli Bri- er jun island, Vrčin, and Nesactium, and at numerous less Vendar pa oblikovanje histrske kulture v tem prostoru in oic A well investigated settlements (Buršić-Matijašić 2007; cf. v tem času ne izhaja neposredno iz starejših, bronasto- ge of The Histri Mihovilić 2013). dobnih tradicij; predvsem je povezano z velikimi kulturnimi spremembami, ki so se zgodile v 14. in 13. stoletju pr. n. The formation of the Histrian culture in this area and št. Gre za širitev t. i. kulturnega kompleksa žarnih grobišč, at that time does not, however, develop directly out of 20 Herojska doba Histrov panevropskega fenomena, ki ga dosledno označujeta the older Bronze Age tradition. It is primarily associated obred sežiganja pokojnikov in obred odlaganja kovinskih with the profound cultural changes that occurred in the predmetov (npr. Fokkens, Harding 2013). Bronastodobni course of the 14th and 13th centuries BCE. These changes staroselci Istre se novim, hitro širečim se spremembam are primarily associated with the spread of the urnfield niso mogli upreti. V nekaterih naseljih se življenje takrat cultural complex, a pan–European phenomenon that is drugih v smislu akulturacije in asimilacije traja skozi celo deceased and the custom of depositing a hoard of metal objects (e.g., Fokkens, Harding 2013). The indigenous zadnje tisočletje stare dobe (Nezakcij, Bale, Rovinj, Limska popolnoma preneha, kot na Monkodonji, medtem ko v consistently characterised by the ritual cremation of the Bronze Age population of Istria was overwhelmed by the gradina in drugje). To je čas, ko prevladuje uporaba železa v splošni uporabi, zato je to obdobje po splošnem dogovoru some settlements (like Monkodonja) were deserted, while rapid advance of these novel and sweeping changes, and znano kot železna doba. Obsežne kulturne spremembe, others (like Nesactium, Bale, Rovinj, and Limska gradina) nedoločenih in heterogenih etničnih pripadnikov, so se were assimilated and survived through the whole of the najjasneje odražale v izvajanju obredov prvih pokopov v last millennium of the ancient epoch. This is the period žarah na območju večjih grobišč, kot so Limska gradina, of the dominant and ubiquitous use of iron, i.e., the Iron Nezakcij, Pulj in Picugi (Mihovilić 1972; 2001a; 2012; 2014, Age. The profound cultural change, and the indetermi-60–66, 70–75, 82–86, 90–96; Betic 2005). nate and heterogeneous ethnicities, were most clearly reflected in the first performances of urn burials at major Na podlagi načinov pokopavanja, različnih obredov in do- necropolises such as Limska gradina, Nesactium, Pula, stopne materialne kulture s posameznih najdišč se že več and Picugi (Mihovilić 1972; 2001a; 2012; 2014, 60–66, kot stoletje poskušajo opredeliti procesi nastanka, razvoja 70–75, 82–86, 90–96; Betic 2005). in propada histrske kulture. Neprekinjena kronološka sled There have been efforts for over a century, drawing on the se sistematično spremlja od oblikovanja skupnosti Histrov burial method, the various ritual forms, and the available v pozni bronasti dobi, torej nekje od 12. in 11. stoletja pr. material culture from various sites, to describe the origin, n. št. Razvojna pot je razdeljena na dve večji obdobji: sta- development and decline of the Histrian culture. There rejšo železno dobo, od 10. do konca 5. stoletja pr. n. št., in is an unbroken chronological succession from the for-mlajšo železno dobo, od 4. do 2./1. stoletja pr. n. št., skozi mation of the Histrian community late in the Bronze Age, šest večjih faz istrske skupine (Gabrovec, Mihovilić 1987, i.e., at some point in the 12th and 11th centuries BCE. The 300–301; Mihovilić 2001a, 37–39; 2014, 114–116; 2021, developmental path is divided into two broad periods; the 510–517). Herojska doba Histrov se končuje s usodnimi boji early Iron Age, from the 10th to the late 5th century BCE, leta 177 pr. n. št., torej z osvajanjem Nezakcija, njihove- BCE, through six major phases of the Istrian group (Ga-brovec, Mihovilić 1987, 300–301; Mihovilić 2001a, 37–39; ga zadnjega zatočišča, in s končnim padcem histrskega proti Rimljanom in z dramatičnim porazom kralja Epulona and the late Iron Age, from the 4th to the 2nd to 1 st century 2014, 114–116; 2021, 510–517). The Heroic Age of the kraljestva. Takrat se začenja progresivna romanizacija širšega območja in leta 12./11. pr. n. št. bo Istra zaradi dramatic defeat of the king Epulon in the year 177 BCE, Histri closes with a decisive war with the Romans and the svoje pomembnosti in vrednosti vključena v X. regijo Italije, i.e., the Roman capture of Nesactium, their final refuge, skupaj z Veneto, čemur je sledilo začetno upravno-pravno and the final fall of the Histrian kingdom. This saw the vključevanje v nov zgodovinski kontekst rimskega vladanja beginning of a progressive Romanisation of the broader regiji Histriae (Starac 1999, 55–60; Šašel Kos 2005, 242; region, and in the year 12/11 BCE Istria would, in light of Matijašić 2009). The H its importance and its value, join Veneto to form the 10 th Italic region, which in the administrative and legal sense er marked the dawn of a new historical context, one of Ro- oic A man dominion over the region of Histriae (Starac 1999, 55–60; Šašel Kos 2005, 242; Matijašić 2009). ge of The Histri 21 Herojska doba Histrov Picugi 1 Picugi 2 Picugi 3 The H er oic A ge of The Histri 22 Herojska doba Histrov Sledi in spoznanja Traces and Insights Geografski prostor je eden od osnovnih predpogojev, skla- Geography was one of the primary contributing factors dno s katerim so se v času pozne bronaste in železne driving significant and diverse socio–cultural interaction dobe odvijali pomembni ter raznoliki družbeno-kulturni within the historical circumstances of the Late Bronze and prepleti takratnih zgodovinskih okoliščin. To se je seveda the Iron Age. This was also reflected in the formation and odražalo v oblikovanju in razvoju kulturnih razmer kot tudi development of the cultural setting, and in the actual his- arheološki znanosti obravnava kot posebna istrska skupina that academic archaeology began to comprehended the Iron Age in Istria in the sense of a separate Istrian group, šele od 60. let prejšnjega stoletja, s pionirskimi pregledi, ki v zgodovini njihovega raziskovanja. Železna doba Istre se v tory of our study of these cultures. It was only in the 1960s with the pioneering papers penned by Š. Batović, B. Čović, so jih predstavili Š. Batović, B. Čović in S. Gabrovec ter R. Vasić (Batović 1966; 1987; Čović, Gabrovec 1971, 329–332; Gabrovec 1971, 329–332; Vasić 1973, 50–55). Although S. Gabrovec, and R. Vasić (Batović 1966; 1987; Čović, Vasić 1973, 50–55). Čeprav so bila železnodobna najdišča there had by that time already been over a century of raziskana že več kot sto let prej, je bilo zbrano gradivo v the investigation of Iron Age sites, the collected material kulturno-zgodovinskem kontekstu večinoma interpretirano was, in terms of the cultural history, largely interpreted v okviru venetske kulture (Mihovilić 2014, 18–20). Takšna as being a part of the Veneto culture (Mihovilić 2014, razlaga je bila povezana z razvojem stroke in s širjenjem 18–20). These interpretations were associated both with splošnega znanja o kulturnih spremembah na območju the development of this field of study and progress in Caput Adriae kot tudi z raziskovalnimi prizadevanji, ki so our overall understanding of Iron Age cultural change in se skozi leta in stoletja množila ter izboljševala. Razisko- the Caput Adriae area, and with investigative efforts that, vanje Histrov se torej lahko razume v okvirih štirih večjih systematically and over the years and centuries, were etap v zadnjih 150 letih, povezanih tudi s pomembnimi improved and grew in number. The investigative search spremembami političnih struktur, ki so vplivale na Istro v for the Histri can thus be understood as roughly covering novejši zgodovini. four major phases over the past 150 years, which also relate to the major political upheavals in which Istria has been caught up in in recent history. Prva etapa raziskovanja Histrov zajema obdobje začetnih zabeležb gradišč v drugi polovici 19. stoletja, z ustanovi- The first phase in the investigation of the Histri covers the tvijo Pokrajinskega arheološkega muzeja Istre v Poreču period from the initial identification of hillfort settlements leta 1884 in Mestnega muzeja v Pulju leta 1902, torej do in the second half of the 19th century, and includes the začetka institucionalizirane arheologije na območju Istre time of the founding of a regional archaeological muse-(Matijašić 1983). V to obdobje spadajo vsa raziskovanja, um in Istria in Poreč in the year 1884 and of a municipal ki so se izvajala tako na gradiščih kot na grobiščih in so museum in Pula in 1902, i.e., up to the beginning of insti-bila tesno povezana z razvojem naravoslovnih znanosti. tutional archaeology in Istria (Matijašić 1983). This period se je že leta 1883 začelo prvo izkopavanje železnodobnih and at necropolises, closely related to the development of the sciences. The more comprehensive investigative nekropol Beram in nato Picugi, desetletje kasneje pa so sle-Obsežnejša raziskovanja so bila usmerjena v grobišča, saj includes all the investigations performed at hillfort sites, dila sistematična izkopavanja grobišč v Pulju (1898–1909) The H efforts were targeted at the necropolises, and 1883 saw in Nezakciju (1900–1905) (Moser 1884; Amoroso 1885; cropolises at Beram, then Picugi, while a decade later the launch of the first excavations at the Iron Age ne-1889; Marchesetti 1884; Puschi 1905; Gnirs 1925, 44–91; er we see systematic excavations of the Pula (1898–1909) oic A Mihovilić 2001a; 2014, 10–14). Izkopavanja so večinoma and Nesactium (1900–1905) necropolises (Moser 1884; ge of The Histri izvajali arheologi in konservatorji iz Trsta (C. Marchesetti, Amoroso 1885; 1889; Marchesetti 1884; Puschi 1905; B. Benussi, P. Sticotti, B. Schiavuzzi, A. Puschi) ter z Dunaja Gnirs 1925, 44–91; Mihovilić 2001a; 2014, 10–14). The (C. Moser, M. Hörnes, A. Gnirs), saj je bila Istra na prehodu investigative work was largely led by archaeologists and stoletja kot Avstrijsko Primorje vključena v avstro-ogrsko conservators from Trieste (C. Marchesetti, B. Benussi, P. Tri gradišča Picugov / The three hillforts of the Picugi 23 Herojska doba Histrov monarhijo, gravitirajoč k moderniziranemu Trstu, zaradi Sticotti, B. Schiavuzzi, A. Puschi), and Vienna (C. Moser, česar je del gradiva še danes shranjen v muzejskih usta- M. Hörnes, A. Gnirs) as, at the turn of the century, Istria novah teh mest. Nekatera izkopavanja so izvajali tudi was Austrian coastal territory, part of the Austria–Hun- lokalni raziskovalci, zlasti A. Amoroso za poreški muzej, gary dual monarchy, gravitating towards the what was ki je raziskoval Beram in Picuge (Amoroso 1885; 1889). then a modernised Trieste, as a result of which part of the archaeological material continues to be held by the Poleg tega velja izpostaviti avtorje, ki so ponudili prve sin- museums of these cities. Some of the excavations were performed by local investigators, A. Amoroso in particular, teze in predloge za rekonstrukcijo načina življenja prazgo- who worked for the museum in Poreč, and investigated dovinskih prebivalcev Istre. Delo R. F. Burtona Notes on the the Beram and Picugi sites (Amoroso 1885; 1889). Castellieri or Prehistoric Ruins of the Istrian Peninsula (1874) predstavlja prvo znanstveno vrednotenje predzgodovinskih Of note are the authors who proposed the first syntheses naselij, medtem ko je C. Marchesetti v pregledu Castellieri and reconstructions of the lives of the prehistoric inhab- preistorici di Trieste e della Regione Giulia kritično obravnaval itants of Istria. R. F. Burton’s Notes on the Castellieri or posamezna naselja in uvedbo obredov sežiga ter žarnih Prehistoric Ruins of the Istrian Peninsula thus constitutes grobišč v kontekstu začetka železne dobe Istre, Krasa in the first academic treatment of these prehistoric hilltop Kvarnerja (Marchesetti 1903; prim. Buršić-Matijašić 2007; settlements (Burton 1874), while C. Marchesetti’s review 2012; Mihovilić 2014, 14, 34–36). Castellieri preistorici di Trieste e della Regione Giulia (“The Prehistoric Castles of Trieste and the Giulia Region”) is a critical consideration of particular settlements and Naslednje obdobje se nanaša na čas do 50. let 20. stoletja, of the emergence of the cremation rite and cremation ko so se politične okoliščine temeljito spreminjale. Zaključi- necropolises in the context of the Early Iron Age in Istria, lo se bo s koncem druge svetovne vojne in z oblikovanjem and the Kras and Kvarner regions (Marchesetti 1903; cf. nove države Jugoslavije ter z ustanovitvijo specializirane Buršić-Matijašić 2007; 2012; Mihovilić 2014, 14, 34–36). muzejske ustanove za arheologijo, Arheološkega muzeja Istre v Pulju leta 1947 (Matijašić 1983). Arheološka izkopa- The following phase covers the period up to the 1950s, vanja predzgodovinskih najdišč s prihodom prve svetovne which saw profound political change. It closed with the vojne so bila postopoma bodisi zaključena bodisi namerno end of the Second World War and the formation of the prekinjena, kar je pomenilo konec pionirskih raziskovalnih new Yugoslavia, and the founding of a specialised ar- del. Med obema vojnama so bila izvedena izkopavanja chaeological museum institution in Pula in 1947, the gradišč Kas, Glavica in Vrčin, ki sta jih izvajala B. Tamaro Archaeological Museum of Istria (Matijašić 1983). With the coming of the First World War the archaeological Forlati in R. Battaglia (Battaglia 1958). Poleg obdelave excavation of prehistoric sites were gradually either com- gradiva in objave rezultatov izkopavanj so bile izvedene tudi prve večje razstave, klasifikacija najdb, kulturne in of pioneering investigative work. The time between the pleted or intentionally terminated, which closed the era etnične determinacije ter morebitne kronološke določbe. two world wars saw the excavations of the hillfort sites Najpomembnejše objavljeno delo je zagotovo monogra- of Kas, Glavica, and Vrčin, led by B. Tamaro Forlati and fija A. Gnirsa Istria praeromana, v kateri so predstavljena R. Battaglia (Battaglia 1958). Besides the analysis of the grobišča Pulja, Rovinja in Bal, ter vključitev istrske žele- collected material and the publication of the results of znodobne materialne kulture v sintezi Italische Gräberkunde the excavation work, this period saw the first major exhi- F. Duhna in F. v. Messerschmidta, širše v okviru venetske bitions, the classification of the recovered artefacts, the The H kulture (Gnirs 1925; Degrassi 1933; Duhn, Messerschmidt cultural and ethnic identification, and proposed chronol- er at the time were A. Gnirs’ monography Istria praeromana, 1939; Mihovilić 2014, 14). Prav takrat sta bila objavljena ogies. By far the most significant of the works published oic A celovita katalogizacija in kritičen pregled kamnite plastike, ge of The Histri ki je bila podpisana s strani B. Tamaro (1927), s čimer je which showcased the necropolises in Pula, Rovinj, and nezakcijska skulptura dobila dokončno stilsko in krono- Bale, and the treatment of Istrian Iron Age material culture loško determinacijo v umetnosti jadranskega prostora 7. in F. Duhn and F. v. Messerschmidt’s synthesis Italische Gräberkunde (“Italic Grave Studies”) in the broader context in 6. stoletja pr. n. št. 24 Herojska doba Histrov Tretje obdobje se bo začelo po drugi svetovni vojni, z znat- of the Veneto culture (Gnirs 1925; Degrassi 1933; Duhn, nim in predvsem profesionalnim razvojem stroke v Istri. Tra- Messerschmidt 1939; Mihovilić 2014, 14). This was also jalo bo vse do preloma tisočletja, zlasti zaradi razmer v 90. the time of the publication of B. Tamaro’s comprehensive letih prejšnjega stoletja. Spet se začnejo večja sistematična catalogue and critical review of the stone sculpture, pro- in revizijski raziskovalni projekti. Sledijo tudi prve obsež- of the sculpture from Nesactium in the context of Adriatic th art of the 7 and 6 th centuries BCE (Tamaro 1927). nejše sistematizacije znanega gradiva v monografskih in izkopavanja, terenski pregledi, manjša sondiranja, zaščitni viding the final stylistic and chronological determination kataloških izdajah ter promocija in predstavitev širšemu The third phase following the Second World War, a period znanstvenemu in popularnemu krogu. Še posebej je treba that saw significant strides achieved in Istria – espe-izpostaviti izkopavanja nekropol v Kaštelu pri Bujah, v Pulju cially in terms of professionalization – in the field of in na Limski gradini ter najepohalnejše izkopavanje v Nezak- archaeology. This would continue into the new political ciju z najdbo grobnice leta 1981 (Baćić 1957; 1958; Mladin framework that emerged with Croatian independence and 1969; Bekić 1996; Mihovilić 1996). Izjemno dragocene so through to the turn of the millennium, and the situation obsežnejše sistematizacije in posebne študije železnodob- in the 1990s. This period saw a revival of major and sys-nega gradiva z grobišč Beram, Limska gradina, Picugi in tematic excavation campaigns, field surveys, small–scale Pulj (Kučar 1979; Mihovilić 1972; Moretti 1983; Mihovilić sondage, rescue, and re–excavation work. This period 2014, 16–18) kot tudi z gradišča Vrčin (Buršić-Matijašić also saw the first comprehensive systematisation of 1989; 1997). Mnogo gradiva je vključeno v specializirane the known archaeological material in monographs and catalogues, and its promotion and presentation in the študije, ki so bile za razumevanje materialne kulture tega broader academic and popular sphere. Certainly notable prostora ključnega pomena in trajne vrednosti, še posebej is the excavation of the necropolis at Kaštel near Buje, in študije orožja, noše, nakita ter uvožene keramike (Mladin Pula, and at the Limska gradina site, and the momentous 1974; Guštin 1974; 1987; Glogović 1979; 1996; Mihovilić excavation at Nesactium, including the discovery of a 1990; 1991; 1995; Buršić-Matijašić 1995; Harding 1995; tomb in 1981 (Baćić 1957; 1958; Mladin 1969; Bekić 1996; Teržan 1976; 1996). Sintetične razprave so podpisovali, Mihovilić 1996). The comprehensive systematisation kot že omenjeno, Š. Batović, B. Čović in S. Gabrovec ter and separate study of the Iron Age material culture from R. Vasić, vendar sta najcelovitejši pregled in stanje po- the necropolises at Beram, Limska gradina, Picugi, and znavanja železne dobe kmalu ponudila S. Gabrovec in K. Pula (Kučar 1979; Mihovilić 1972; Moretti 1983; Mihovilić Mihovilić (1987) z obsežnim poglavjem »Istarska grupa« 2014, 16–18), and from the Vrčin hillfort (Buršić-Mati-v monografiji Praistorija jugoslavenskih zemalja V. Končno jašić 1989; 1997) are of particular significance. Much of je bila nezakcijska skulptura ponovno vrednotena in inter- the material was covered in specialist research critical pretirana z različnih perspektiv v delih J. Fischer (1984), and of lasting value to our understanding of the mate-S. Kukoč (1987; 2001) in L. Kovač (1993), mnogi predmeti rial culture or this region, in particular the research of umetniških značilnosti pa so dobili zasluženo mesto v the weaponry, clothing, jewellery, and imported pottery (Mladin 1974; Guštin 1974; 1987; Glogović 1979; 1996; poglavju »Brončano i željezno doba« N. Majnarić-Pandžić, Mihovilić 1990; 1991; 1995; Buršić-Matijašić 1995; Harding v prvem celovitem pregledu predzgodovinske umetnosti 1995; Teržan 1976; 1996). Academic syntheses have been na tleh Hrvaške (Majnarić-Pandžić 1998). Histrska kultura penned, as noted above, by Š. Batović, B. Čović and S. je od takrat naprej dosledno predstavljana na velikih med- Gabrovec, and R. Vasić, but the most integral overview narodnih simpozijih in tematskih razstavah. Velik odmev je and review of our current understanding of the Iron Age imela izjemna razstava Histri i Etruščani, ki jo je leta 1986 The H period was provided shortly thereafter by S. Gabrovec postavila K. Mihovilić v mnogih mestih doma in v tujini and K. Mihovilić in the expansive chapter on the “Istri- er (Mihovilić 1988). Sledila je monografija Nezakcij: nalaz an Group” in the monograph Praistorija jugoslavenskih oic A grobnice 1981. godine z istoimensko razstavo prav tako K. zemalja V (“The Prehistory of the Yugoslav Lands, vol. ge of The Histri Mihovilić (1996), ki je predstavila izjemno bogato in najpre- 5”) (Gabrovec, Mihovilić 1987). Lastly, the sculpture from stižnejšo nezakcijsko grobnico, raziskano, dokumentirano Nesactium was again reviewed and interpreted from in predstavljeno na sodoben način. various perspectives in the works of J. Fischer (1984), 25 Herojska doba Histrov The H er oic A ge of The Histri 26 Herojska doba Histrov Temelj zaporedja raziskovalne poti, ki sta jo predstavili K. S. Kukoč (1987; 2001), and L. Kovač (1993), and many of Buršić-Matijašić (2007) in K. Mihovilić (2001a; 2014), je the artistic artefacts saw their deserved appreciation treba nadgraditi z nadaljnjim pogledom na stroko, izposta- in a chapter on the Bronze and Iron ages penned by N. viti pa je treba tudi četrto, analitično obdobje raziskovanja Majnarić-Pandžić and the first comprehensive overview of po letu 2000. Namreč, od takrat se je veliko spremenilo, prehistoric art in Croatia (Majnarić-Pandžić 1998). Since vanjem. V nasprotju s prejšnjimi obdobji so nove raziskave, at major international symposia and thematic exhibitions, including the impactful and remarkable 1986 The Histri and s sodobnimi dokumentacijskimi metodami in uporabo zahvaljujoč obsežnejšim znanstvenim in zaščitnim izkopa- then the Histrian culture has been consistently presented the Etruscans exhibition staged by K. Mihovilić in many spektra naravoslovnih analiz v končnih interpretacijah, omogočile dostop do precej večjih količin prostorskih in was followed by the monograph Nesactium: the Find of a cities in the country and abroad (Mihovilić 1988). This časovnih podatkov, ki so spodbudili temeljne spremembe Tomb in 1981, and the accompanying exhibition, also by K. v spoznanjih o preteklosti regije in sledi njene kulturne Mihovilić, showcasing a rich trove of artefacts recovered zgodovine. from the most prestigious of the Nesactium tombs, inves- tigated, documented, and presented in a manner entirely Mednarodna sodelovanja so omogočila raziskovanje abreast of modern methodologies (Mihovilić 1996). gradišč Monkodonja (Hänsel, Mihovilić, Teržan 2015) in Building further on the course of the investigative ground- Monbrodo (Müller, Čuka, Hellmuth Kramberger 2016; Hel- work as set out and presented by K. Buršić-Matijašić lmuth Kramberger, Müller, Čuka 2018) kot tudi brodolom najstarejše šivane ladje v zalivu Zambratija (Koncani Uhač, focus on the métier, the fourth, analytical, phase of the in-(2007) and K. Mihovilić (2001a; 2014), and with continued Boetto, Uhač 2017; 2019). Spoznanja o istrski železni dobi vestigative work developed in the period following the year in Histrih so bila znatno nadgrajena s kataloškimi obja- 2000. Much has, namely, changed since then as a result of vami starejših izkopavanj, predvsem Nezakcija (Mihovilić comprehensive methodological and rescue archaeology 2001a), nato Kaštelirja pri Novi Vasi (Sakara Sučević 2004), excavation efforts. Unlike the work that preceded it, the Picugov (Betic 2005; prim. Munda 2009), Kaštela pri Bujah most recent archaeological investigative efforts leverage (Cestnik 2009) in Limske gradine (Urem 2012). Ta spoz- the latest documentation methods and a broad scientific nanja so bila dopolnjena z novimi izkopavanji nekropole analytical toolset in its final interpretation, providing a Rovinja (Matošević, Mihovilić 2004) kot tudi z objavami much greater quantity of spatially and chronologically številnih manjših izkopavanj posameznih grobov v Sv. Mar- structured data, which has led to fundamental change tinu nad Limom (Percan 2010), Mariškićih (Mihovilić, Rajić- in relation to our previous understanding of the region’s -Šikanjić 2016) in Bermu ( past and the traces of its cultural history. Višnjić, Cavalli, Percan, Innocenti 2013) ter z zaščitnimi raziskavami železnodobnih plasti v Collaborative investigative work with researchers from Pulju (Arheološki muzej Istre, četrt sv. Teodora) (Mihovilić abroad was undertaken at the Monkodonja (Hänsel, Miho-2011; Starac 2009; 2011). Železnodobna gradišča so bila vilić, Teržan 2015) and Monbrodo (Müller, Čuka, Hellmuth temeljito prikazana v obsežnem pregledu Gradine Istre K. Kramberger 2016; Hellmuth Kramberger, Müller, Čuka Buršić-Matijašić (2007). Poleg objav preliminarnih rezul- 2018) hillfort sites, and at the site of the remains of our tatov so pogosto izvajali tudi podrobne analize specifičnih oldest known sewn boat at the Zambratija cove (Koncani tipov predmetov in skupin najdb (Mihovilić 2000; 2001b; Uhač, Boetto, Uhač 2017; 2019). Our understanding of the 2002; 2003; 2004; 2007a; 2007b; 2007c; 2009a; 2009b; Iron Age in Istria, and of the Histri, saw significant progress Glogović 2003; Teržan 2007; Buršić-Matijašić 2010; Orlić during this period through the publication of catalogues The H of artefacts from earlier excavations, above all those at 2019; 2021; 2022a; Blečić Kavur, Kavur 2015). Prikazana oic A kara Sučević 2004), Picugi (Betic 2005; cf. Munda 2009), 2011; Blečić Kavur 2009; 2011; 2012; 2014; 2015; 2017; Nesactium (Mihovilić 2001a), Kaštelir near Nova Vas (Sa- er količina gradiva z radiokarbonskimi datumi ter rezultati Kaštel near Buje (Cestnik 2009), and the Limska gradina ge of The Histri antropoloških, zooloških, metalografskih in drugih nara- site (Urem 2012). They were supplemented with the re-voslovnih analiz je posodobila prejšnje teme in sprožila sults of more recent excavation work at the necropolis in revizijo nekdanjih predpostavk. Rovinj (Matošević, Mihovilić 2004), along with the publi- Pulj, Dvojna vrata – žgani grobovi Histrov iz izkopavanj leta 2020 / Pula, Double Gate – Histrian cremation tombs from the 2020 excavations 27 Herojska doba Histrov The H er oic A ge of The Histri 28 Herojska doba Histrov Histrska kultura in njena bogata dediščina sta bili predsta- cation of numerous small–scale, for the most part limited vljeni širši evropski javnosti v okviru velikih razstav Čarobna excavations of individual graves at Sveti Martin nad Istra (2000/2001) in Histria – Istra – Istrien (2005), kronani Limom (Percan 2010), Mariškići (Mihovilić, Rajić-Šikan-pa so z razstavo Histri u Istri, ob luksuzni monografiji, ki jo jić 2016), and Beram (Višnjić, Cavalli, Percan, Innocenti je znova zasnovala K. Mihovilić (2014). Sledila je izjemna 2013), and the more extensive rescue archaeology work Zambratija – prapovijesni šivani brod, ki je predstavljala eno seum of Istria, St Theodore quarter) (Mihovilić 2011; Sta-rac 2009; 2011), while the hillfort settlements, including najpomembnejših najdb na območju Istre in Hrvaške v razstava edinstvenega primera materialne kulture Histrov, covering the Iron Age strata in Pula (Archaeological Mu- those of the Iron Age, were comprehensively presented zadnjem desetletju. Predstavljena je bila najstarejša šiva- na ladja Jadrana in Sredozemlja (Koncani Uhač, Boetto, (“The Hillforts of Istria”). Along with the publication of in K. Buršić-Matijašić’s (2007) broad review Gradine Istre Uhač 2017; 2019). preliminary results, there was also frequent and detailed analysis of specific types of artefacts and groups of Spoznanja o Histrih so se v zadnjih 25 letih znatno dopolni- finds (Mihovilić 2000; 2001b; 2002; 2003; 2004; 2007a; la, kar je spodbudilo navdušenje za nadaljnja raziskovanja 2007b; 2007c; 2009a; 2009b; Glogović 2003; Teržan 2007; sledi Histrov in istrske železne dobe. Buršić-Matijašić 2010; Orlić 2011; Blečić Kavur 2009; 2011; 2012; 2014; 2015; 2017; 2019; 2021; 2022; Blečić Kavur, Kavur 2015). The quantity of material presented, the accompanying radiocarbon dating, and the results of anthropological, zoological, metallographic, and oth- er scientific analyses, has updated our understanding of the subject matter and led to a revision of previous hypotheses. The culture of the Histri and its rich legacy were present- ed to broader European audiences at the Magic Istria (2000/2001) and Histria–Istra–Istrien (2005) exhibitions, and crowned by The Histri in Istria exhibition and the lavish accompanying monograph, again the work of K. Mihovilić (2014). This was followed by Zambratija: Prehistoric Sewn Boat, another exceptional exhibition showcasing a unique example of the material culture of the Histri. This is one of the most significant finds in the past decade in Istria and in Croatia as a whole. The oldest known sewn boat in the Adriatic and the broader Mediterranean was presented to a broad domestic and international audience (Koncani Uhač, Boetto, Uhač 2017; 2019). Over the past quarter century we have seen significant broadening of our understanding of the Histri, very much encouraging to continued efforts to follow the traces of the Histri and more broadly of the Iron Age in Istria. The H er oic A ge of The Histri Šivana ladja iz Zambratije / The sewn boat from Zambratija 29 Herojska doba Histrov The H er oic A ge of The Histri 30 Herojska doba Histrov Mesto in dom The Settlement and the Home Naseljevanje posameznega prostora je bilo skozi vso člo- Across all periods of human history, the colonisation veško zgodovino izjemno zapleten in zahteven kolektivni of any area is an exceptionally complex and formidable proces. Ljudje bronaste in železne dobe so na celotnem collective process. Across the whole of the north Adriatic severnem Jadranu kraje, kjer so živeli, organizirali na the people of the Bronze and Iron Ages founded the set-povzdignjenih, lažje obranljivih legah, prilagojenih naravnim tlements in which they lived at elevated and more easily defended sites, adapted to the lay of the land and protect- zahtevam terena in zaščitenih z močnimi, suhozidnimi ob- ed by resilient drystone ramparts. These settlements are zidji. Takšna naselja so bila imenovana gradine (gradišča). known as hillforts. Their very high concentration means Zaradi izjemne koncentracije predstavljajo prevladujoči tip poselitve v času mlajše prazgodovine (Buršić-Matijašić prehistory (Buršić-Matijašić 2007; Mihovilić 2013; 2014, that this was the dominant settlement type in more recent 2007; Mihovilić 2013; 2014, 32–57). Trenutno imamo v 32–57). We currently have confident data on some 330 zemljepisnem okviru Istre zanesljive podatke o približno identified hillforts in the geographic bounds of the Istrian 330 določenih gradiščih. Vendar pa je le za 30 teh, ki se peninsula. At only thirty of these settlements, however, nahajajo v južnem, osrednjem in zahodnem delu polotoka, located in the south, centre, and west of the peninsula, kjer so bila dokazana žarna grobišča, zanesljivo znano, da where there is clear evidence of cremation necropolises, so bila poseljena v železni dobi. Njihova distribucija kaže, can we confidently say that they were inhabited during da so se nahajala na strateških lokacijah ob ključnih prome- the Iron Age. Their distribution indicates that they were tnih poteh in prelazih, nad dolinami rek ali prazgodovinskih sited at strategic locations near key roads and passes, strug, ob morski obali in na otokih (Mihovilić 2014, 36, overlooking river valleys or palaeochannels, along the 290; 2021, 517). Na pravilnih razdaljah v prostoru in med coast, and on the islands (Mihovilić 2014, 36, 290; 2021, seboj povezana, gradišča so bila lahko uporabljena ter v 517). Distributed at regular intervals and interconnected over millennia of use they were transformed into modern tisočletnem procesu naseljevanja nato transformirana vse towns (Pula, Bale, Rovinj, Beram, etc.). do sodobnih mest (Pulj, Bale, Rovinj, Beram itd.). Life at hillforts, as in any settlement, was structured. The Življenje na gradiščih, kot v vsakem mestu, je zahtevalo do- imposing proportions and exceptional care with which ločeno strukturo. Impozantni proporci in izjemna skrbnost the ramparts were constructed suggests the design of pri gradnji obzidij nakazujejo projekte razkošnih ter vizu- lavish and visually impressive public monuments, an ef-alno osupljivih javnih spomenikov, učinkovito sredstvo fective means of ensuring defence that contributed to the obrambe, ki je prispevalo k stabilnosti režima in gospo- stability of the regime and of the economy. The hillforts darstva. Gradišča so bila »projektirana« ob upoštevanju, were designed in a manner that took into consideration, samega povzdignjenega terena, čemur so bili prilagojeni tages offered by the geomorphology of their elevated The H sites, to which the defensive system, the access routes, obrambni sistemi, dostopi in vhodi ter celoten okoljski tj. v največji meri izkoriščanju prednosti geomorfologije i.e., to the greatest possible extent leveraged the advan- prostor. Glede na obliko in postavitev obzidij jih delimo er adapted. Hillforts are divided into two basic types based the gates, and the entirety of the surrounding area was v dva osnovna tipa. V prvi tip spadajo tista s krožnim, oic A neprekinjenim vencem ali koncentrično strukturiranimi ge of The Histri first type features an unbroken circular defensive wall on the form and disposition of the defensive walls. The obzidji (Pulj, Monbrodo, Sv. Martin nad Limom, Picugi, or concentric walls (Pula, Monbrodo, Sveti Martin iznad Beram itd.). Druga oblika se nanaša na gradišča z ob- Lima, Picugi, Beram, etc.). The other form includes the zidjem samo na enem, dostopnejšem pristopu, saj je bil hillforts where a defensive wall was raised only at the Gradišče Monkodonja / Monkodonja hillfort 31 Herojska doba Histrov The H er oic A ge of The Histri 32 Herojska doba Histrov nepravilen del naselja večinoma z ene strani naravno accessible side, as the irregular platform upon which zaščiten s strmimi pobočji in z globokimi jarki (Nezakcij, the settlement was raised was to the other side largely Punta Kašteja pri Medulinu, Oračina, Limska gradina, Sv. naturally protected by steep slopes and deep gullies Martin pri Taru, Kaštelir pri Novi Vasi, Kaštelir pri Kortah) (Nesactium, Punta Kašteja near Medulin, Oračina, Limska (Marchesetti 1903; Buršić-Matijašić 2007; Mihovilić 2013; gradina, Sveti Martin near Tar, Kaštelir near Nova Vas, 2014, 36–38; 2021, 517–518). Kaštelir near Korte) (Marchesetti 1903; Buršić-Matijašić 2007; Mihovilić 2013; 2014, 36–38; 2021, 517–518). Izbira naravnih vzpetin za dolgoročno poselitev je bila logič- The choice of natural elevations for long–term settlement na glede na morfologijo terena kot tudi pragmatična glede was both logical, considering the morphology of the land, na pogoje, zmogljivosti in kolektivne potrebe skupnosti. and pragmatic, considering the conditions, capacities, Predhodna ureditev podija gradišča je zagotovo vključevala and collective needs of the community. The preparation izkopavanje in obdelavo kamna same povzdignjene lege. of the platform upon which the settlement was raised S tem so predvsem izravnali vrhove in ustvarili primerne included the dressing of stone quarryied directly at the terase na pobočjih, iz pridobljenega kamna pa so izdelovali site. This had the initial effect of levelling the platform, monolitne zidove in vhodne konstrukcije, ki so zagotavljali i.e., the peak of the elevation, producing the appropriate ustrezno zaščito naselju in varnost prebivalstvu (Hänsel, terraces on the slopes, with the thus quarried stone used Mihovilić, Teržan 2015). to create the monolithic walls and gates, which provided for adequate protection of the settlement and for the safety of its population (Hänsel, Mihovilić, Teržan 2015). Obzidja so bila praviloma sestavljena iz dveh vzporednih zidov iz obdelanih kamnitih blokov manjših ali večjih di- The defensive walls were, as a rule, formed having two menzij, osrednji prostor pa je bil zapolnjen s kamenjem parallel faces of large and smaller coarsely dressed (Vrčin, Nezakcij, Limska gradina ali Monkodonja, Karaštak, stone blocks, with the core of the wall composed of rub-Kunci itd.) (Buršić-Matijašić 2007; Mihovilić 2014, 36–38). ble (Vrčin, Nesactium, Limska gradina or Monkodonja, Posebne in natančne graditeljske rešitve so bile namenjene Karaštak, Kunci, etc.) (Buršić-Matijašić 2007; Mihovilić prehodom skozi obzidja in vhodom. Razen elementarnih, 2014, 36–38). Particular and exacting building solutions stenami vsak naslednji prehod nepravilno nameščen in/ entrances to the hillfort. With the exception of the ele-mentary and cramped passages of basic layout, ramparts ali dograjen s koridorji in z ojačitvami. S tem je bila dose-ozkih in shematiziranih prehodov je bil pri obzidjih z več were targeted to the passages through the walls and the comprising multiple walls had staggered passages and/ žena oblika pravokotnega labirinta, vstop v gradišče pa je bil strateško nadzorovan in precej otežen. V okoliškem a rectangular labyrinth structure, with penetration into or additional corridors and reinforcements. This produced prostoru, podrejenem ureditvi življenja v samem gradišču, the hillfort strategically controlled and made significantly so bile na nekaterih mestih postavljene dodatne obrambne more difficult. In the surrounding area, and in service of konstrukcije, in sicer z vrstami vertikalno postavljenih the inhabited hillfort settlement, additional defensive ostrih kamnov pred obzidjem, ki so upočasnili in/ali one- works were sometimes present in the form of rows of mogočili dostop (Turan, Vrčin, Gradina na Velikem Brionu, tapered stones implanted upright in front of the walls Monkodonja, Kaštelir pri Kortah) (Baćić 1970; Mihovilić with the intention of slowing and/or thwarting access to 2014, 38; prim. Hänsel, Mihovilić, Teržan 2015). the hillfort (Turan, Vrčin, the Gradina on Veli Brijun island, Monkodonja, Kaštelir near Korte) (Baćić 1970; Mihovilić Hierarhija mest je bila očitna tudi v razporeditvi notranjega 2014, 38; cf. Hänsel, Mihovilić, Teržan 2015). The H na najvišjem delu naselja, na t. i. akropoli. Tam so običajno oic A of space within the settlement. The upper strata of the prostora. Višji sloji prebivalstva, kot je običajno, so živeli A hierarchical structure was evident in the distribution er stali tudi pomembnejši objekti posvetnega in/ali verskega population, as is their wont, lived in the most elevated part ge of The Histri značaja, povezani z ulicami in javnimi prostori. V zgornjem of the settlement, the acropolis. This was also usually delu mesta so bila prebivališča obrtnikov in različni funk- the site of the principal secular and religious structures, cionalni prostori, v spodnjem delu pa je običajno prebival connected by streets and public areas. The tradespeo- Nezakcij / Nesactium 33 Herojska doba Histrov preostali del prebivalstva. Glede na trenutno stanje razi- ple and functional areas were customarily situated in skav železnodobnih istrskih gradišč za nekatere objekte the settlement’s upper zone, while the remainder of the in javne površine ni mogoče podati veliko neposrednih population lived in the lower zone. At the current level podatkov, vendar se domneva, da je razporeditev hiš in of investigation of the Iron Age hillforts of Istria there is funkcionalnih prostorov sledila obrambnemu pasu na- little direct data available to us for some of the particular (Mihovilić 2013; 2014, 52; prim. Hänsel, Mihovilić, Teržan the layout of houses and of functional spaces followed the line of the settlement’s defensive zone, to which 2015, 350–352). selja, čemur so bile prilagojene tudi notranje prometnice structures and public areas, but it has been proposed that the internal lines of communication were also adapted Kot prostor za organizacijo vsakdanjega življenja so bile 2015, 350–352). (Mihovilić 2013; 2014, 52; cf. Hänsel, Mihovilić, Teržan zagotovo najpomembnejše hiše. Do sedaj niso bile razi- skane v večjem številu, čeprav so bile dokumentirane na Houses were certainly the key element of the spatial gradiščih Kas in Tondolon pri Savičenti (Mihovilić 2014, organisation of everyday life. They have not been in- 44–45). Zgrajene so bile iz suhozidov, s pravokotnimi vestigated to date in any great number, but have been kamnitimi temelji, dograjene pa so bile najverjetneje z documented at the Kas and Tondolon near Svetvičenat lesenimi gradbenimi elementi in s strešnimi konstrukcija- hillforts (Mihovilić 2014, 44–45). These were drystone mi. Z novejšimi izkopavanji na območju Pulja, ob temeljih structures, with rectangular stone foundations, most likely stavbe Arheološkega muzeja Istre in v Četrti sv. Teodora, having wooden structural elements and roof structures. Recent excavations in Pula, along the foundations of the so bile raziskane nove hiše, kar je omogočilo vpogled v building of the Archaeological Museum of Istria, and in njihove značilnosti. Bile so zgrajene na klesano izravnani the Saint Theodore quarter, have seen the investigation osnovni skali, talne površine pa so bile pokrite s plastjo of newly discovered dwellings, provided us with insights stisnjene in zglajene zemlje. Znotraj hiš so bila različna concerning their layout. The houses were raised atop odprta ognjišča ali vgrajene manjše peči, okoli katerih se the levelled bedrock, with the floor covered with an even je odvijal vsakdanji življenjski ritem, hkrati pa so bili tu layer of rammed earth. Inside was an open hearth or a zbrani različni ostanki hrane, od žit in stročnic, domačih small built–in oven, the focal point of everyday activity. živali in divjadi do morskih sadežev. Posledično je bilo Numerous remains of various foodstuffs were collected kmetijstvo, poleg živinoreje, lova in ribolova, pripisano at these places, ranging from cereals and legumes, to osnovni gospodarski dejavnosti Histrov (Mihovilić 2001a, domesticated animals, wild game, and seafood. Conse- 109–116; 2011; 2014, 44–50, 290–298). quently, animal husbandry, along with agriculture, hunting, and fishing, has been identified as the primary economic Vendar pa ohranjena materialna kultura priča, da so Histri, activity among the Histri (Mihovilić 2001a, 109–116; 2011; kot strukturirana skupnost, imeli številna znanja in spret- 2014, 44–50, 290–298). nosti, predvsem v predelovalnih in proizvodnih dejavnostih. However, the preserved material culture shows that the Bili so spretni rokodelci in obrtniki, kar nakazujejo zbrana Histri, as a structured community, possessed a broad orodja in pribor, potrebni za takšne dejavnosti. Nedvomno base of knowledge and numerous skills, especially in so se v večjem obsegu ukvarjali z izdelavo keramike in processing and production. They were skilled artisans lončarstvom, obdelavo kosti in rogov, s tkanjem in šiva- and craftsmen, as is evident from the found tools and njem, z metalurgijo in s torevtiko. Prav tako so bili izkušeni implements required for these activities. It is clear that The H kamnoseki, predvsem pri gradnji naselij in grobišč, kasneje there was large–scale activity in the production of ce- er weaving and sewing, metallurgy and metalsmithing. pa tudi mojstri pri oblikovanju monumentalnih skulptur ramics, i.e., pottery, the working of both bone and horn, oic A v Nezakciju (Mihovilić 2001a; 2014, 298–320). Ker so ge of The Histri njihovi šivani čolni brez kovinskih delov (serilla/serilia), Likewise, they were also skilled masons, primarily in skupaj z liburnskimi, opisani pri antičnih piscih (Križman the erection of settlements and necropolises, and as 1979, 200–204), je gotovo, da so morali biti izjemni lesni craftsmen creating the magnificent sculpture we see at Nesactium (Mihovilić 2001a; 2014, 298–320). As the predelovalci in ladjedelci. Najdba ladje v zalivu Zambratija sewn boats of the Histri, and those of the Liburni (serilla/ je ključni dokaz te nujne in za Histre izjemno pomembne 34 Herojska doba Histrov dejavnosti (Koncani Uhač, Boetto, Uhač 2019). Ladje so serilia) – having no metal parts – were described by the omogočale plovbo, zaščito in obrambo obalnega pasu, raz- writers of antiquity (Križman 1979, 200–204), it is clear iskovanje novih dežel, prevoz, trgovino in piratstvo vzdolž that they were highly skilled in woodworking and ship-celotnega jadranskega akvatorija. Npr., v železni dobi je building. The discovery of the Zambratija cove sewn boat bilo gusarjenje povsem legitimna dejavnost, povezana s is a key piece of evidence of this, for the Histri, critical njeni v antičnih pisnih virih (Križman 1979, 157; Zaninović namely, were essential to the navigation and defence of the coastal zone, the exploration of new lands, transport, 1994, 185–186; Mihovilić 2005; 2014, 320). trgovino, zaradi katere so bili Histri, kot tudi Liburni, ome- activity (Koncani Uhač, Boetto, Uhač 2019). Watercraft, commerce, and piracy along the length of the Adriatic. V tej luči, kot tudi na podlagi uvoženih, predvsem luksu- of activity related to commerce, one for which the Histri, In the Iron Age piracy was an acknowledged component znih, predmetov, jih imamo za odlične trgovce in pirate, z and the Liburni, have been immortalised in antique peri-določenim oblikovanjem monopola v trgovinski in prometni od written sources (Križman 1979, 157; Zaninović 1994, kontroli severovzhodnega Jadrana. Pomorska dejavnost 185–186; Mihovilić 2005; 2014, 320). se povezuje z razvejano mrežo kopenskih poti, po katerih je do severnega Jadrana potekala trgovina z železom iz In this regard, and based on the imports of largely luxury jugovzhodnega predalpskega zaledja (Dolenjska), nato goods, they are also considered to have been accom-z jantarjem in s kositrom, po katerih so po legendi poi- plished merchants and pirates, with a monopoly of sorts menovali Kositrni (Cres, Lošinj) in Jantarski otoki (Krk) on commerce and transit in the northeastern Adriatic. Linked to the maritime routes is a broad network of land Kvarnerja (Mihovilić 2014, 320; Blečić Kavur 2012; 2014; routes; the north Adriatic was thus connected to the iron 2015). To nakazuje obstoječe pomembne centre trgovinske trade out of the southeast cisalpine hinterland (Lower redistribucije in recipročnosti, zagotovo v Nezakciju in Carniola), and the routes of the amber and tin trades; Osorju, verjetno pa tudi v drugih manjših naseljih tega islands of the Kvarner region were referred to as the prostora. Histri in njihovi bližnji sosedje bodo predstavljeni Tin (Cres and Lošinj) and Amber (Krk) islands (Mihovilić kot nepogrešljivi posredniki ter mitničarji v obtoku potreb 2014, 320; Blečić Kavur 2012; 2014; 2015). All of this in povpraševanja po nujnem pa tudi po nenavadnem bla- convincingly paints a picture of key hubs of commercial gu, pridobivajoč si status, ki jim je zagotavljal postopno redistribution and reciprocity, certainly at Nesactium and kopičenje najrazličnejšega bogastva skozi dolgo obdobje. Osor, and likely also in other smaller settlements of the region. The Histri and their immediate neighbours are thus presented to us as essential middlemen and something akin to gatekeepers/toll collectors in the flow of needs and demands for necessities and less common goods, thus acquiring a status that ensured, over the ages, the gradual accumulation of the most diverse riches. The H er oic A ge of The Histri 35 Herojska doba Histrov 26 25 23 29 24 30 20 21 12 1 Nezakcij / Nesactium 22 27 19 2 Šandalja 16-18 3 Punta Kašteja 11 15 4–5 Pulj 13 6 Oračina 14 7 Rovinj 10 8 Val Faborso–Val Saline 8 9 Sv. Martin (Lim) 9 10 Limska gradina 7 11 Kringa 12 Beram 13 Bumberić 28 14 Gradina 6 15 Monte Ricco 16 –18 Picugi 19 Dugača 20 Radovac 21 Punčan 1 22 Sv. Martin 23 St. Dionizij 24 Kaštelir (Nova Vas) The H 25 Kaštelir er 27 Kašćerga 4-5 oic A 2 26 Kaštel ge of The Histri 3 29 Sv. Jelena 30 Mariškići 28 Bale Histrska grobišča / Histrian necropolises 36 Herojska doba Histrov Življenje in smrt Life and Death Grobišča in grobovi, prav tako kot obredi pokopavanja Necropolises, graves, burial rituals, and items chosen in predmeti, ki so bili simbolno izbrani za posvečenje for their symbolic value in consecrating the deceased pokojnika in njegov odhod v višje ontološke sfere, pri- and their departure to higher ontological spheres bear čajo o kulturi umiranja prav toliko kot o kulturi življenja witness to a culture of dying just as much as they do to a culture of living (Chapman 2003). Behind every grave, (Chapman 2003). Za vsakim grobom, za vsakim predme- tom, se predstavlja skupnost živih, ki je te obrede izvajala performed these rituals and that created or acquired these behind every object, lies a community of the living that in te predmete ustvarjala ali pridobivala. Zato so grobišča objects. The necropolises are thus our primary source eden glavnih virov za spoznavanje in interpretacijo histrske for the presentation of the Histrian culture as a whole. kulture v celoti. We know that the settlements of the Histri are initially Znano je, da so naselja Histrov prvotno zaznamovala prav just outside, and often within the bounds of the hillfort identified by the cremation necropolises, being situated žarna grobišča, saj so bila postavljena zunaj, pogosto pa settlements. We currently know of some thirty Iron Age tudi znotraj gradišč. Trenutno imamo podatke o približno necropolises, only a few of which have seen investigation 30 grobiščih iz železne dobe, od katerih jih je le manjši and methodical publication. At hillforts with concentric del raziskan in metodično objavljen. Pri gradiščih s kon- defensive walls the necropolises are positioned along the centričnimi obzidji so bila grobišča postavljena ob glav- primary roads, access routes, or gates, on the slopes or nih prometnicah, ob dostopih ali vhodih, na pobočjih ali between two walls, and – less often – within the bounds med dvema obzidjema, redkeje pa v samem naselju (Pulj, of the settlement (Pula, Monbrodo, Sveti Martin nad Li- mom, Picugi, Beram, Kaštel near Buje). At hillforts where Monbrodo, Sv. Martin nad Limom, Picugi, Beram, Kaštel defensive walls were present to one side only the necrop- pri Bujah). Gradišča, ki so bila zaščitena le z ene strani, so olises were usually located within the settlement, at the imela grobišča običajno znotraj naselja, ob vhodu, ob ali za entrance gate, next to or behind the defensive walls and obrambnim zidom in nasipom (Nezakcij, Oračina, Sv. Martin banks (Nesactium, Oračina, Sveti Martin near Tar, Limska pri Taru, Limska gradina itd.), le redko pred obzidjem, kot pri gradina, etc.), rarely in front of the defensive walls, as gradišču Punta Kašteja pri Medulinu. Razporeditev grobišč seen at the Punta Kašteja hillfort near Medulin. The siting je bila torej odvisna od lege gradišča in tipa obrambnega of necropolises was thus contingent on the position of sistema, zato ni presenetljivo, da železnodobna grobišča a hillfort and the layout of its defensive system, and it kažejo podobnosti z lokacijami starejših, bronastodobnih. is thus not surprising that the necropolises of the Iron Age are positioned much as those of the earlier Bronze Izraziti grobišči Vrčin in Gradina na Velikem Brionu sta prav tako postavljeni ob gradiščno obzidje in ob vhod v Gradina on Veli Brijun island are also located next to the Age were. The distinct necropolises of Vrčin and the naselje, pokop več posameznikov v grobnicah – skrinjah walls of the hillfort and at the entrance to the settlement. iz kamnitih plošč – ter tlakovanje grobnic s prodniki in z The burial of multiple individuals in tomb/cists made drobnim kamenjem pa sta prisotna tudi v tradiciji žele- of stone panels, and the paving of tombs with pebbles znodobnih grobov (Nezakcij, Pulj) (Mihovilić 1995; 1996, and small stones is also present in the Iron Age grave 12–14; 2001a, 27–36; 2013; 2014, 60–77, 80–87, 90–96, tradition (Nesactium, Pula) (Mihovilić 1995; 1996, 12–14; The H 98–100, 102–106, 110; 2021, 519). 2001a, 27–36; 2013; 2014, 60–77, 80–87, 90–96, 98–100, er 102–106, 110; 2021, 519).oic A Atribucija grobišč jasno kaže, da je bil žarni pokop v železni The attribution of necropolises clearly shows that the ge of The Histri dobi Istre prevladujoč. Namesto dotlej običajnega skeletne- cremation burial rite was dominant in Iron Age Istria. In ga pokopa v skrčenem ali sedečem položaju (Monkodonja, place of the hitherto customary skeletal burials in the Gradina na Velikem Brionu, Vrčin itd.) (Hänsel, Mihovilić, crouched or sitting position (Monkodonja, Gradina on 37 Herojska doba Histrov The H er oic A ge of The Histri 38 Herojska doba Histrov Teržan 2015, 195–228) je prevladal obred sežiganja, ki je Veli Brijun island, Vrčin, etc.) (Hänsel, Mihovilić, Teržan v 1. tisočletju pr. n. št. postal izključna praksa. Uvedba 2015, 195–228) the cremation ritual became the dominant tega obreda je povezana z velikimi spremembami, ki so and, over the course of the 1st millennium BCE, the sole zajele precejšen del Evrope in severnega Jadrana v času method. The introduction of this ritual is associated with the massive changes that swept much of Europe and the pozne bronaste dobe, torej nekje v 14./13. stoletju pr. n. št. (Cavazzuti idr. 2022). Po trenutnih raziskavah vemo, th in the 14 northern Adriatic in the Late Bronze Age, i.e., at some point and 13th centuries BCE (Cavazzuti et al. 2022). da se je obred sežiganja lahko izvajal v bližini ali celo na Based on the current level of investigation we know that samem mestu pokopa, v grobni jami (Nezakcij, Pulj) ali the cremation ritual was performed near or at the place na posebej določenih prostorih, ustrinah, tj. pogrebnih of burial, in the grave pit (Nesactium, Pula), or at areas grmadah, kjer so se sežigali pokojniki (Nezakcij, Limska set aside for this ritual, i.e., the ustrinum or place of the gradina, Beram). Ostanki pokojnikov in pepel so bili nato funeral pyre, where the dead were cremated (Nesactium, odstranjeni skupaj s preostalim nakitom ali z deli noše ter Limska gradina, Beram). The remains of the deceased and položeni v žare ali neposredno v grobne jame na določenem the ash – along with the remaining jewellery and parts of clothing – were then removed and placed in an urn or mestu grobišča. Razporeditev grobov na grobiščih ne kaže directly into a grave pit at a specific part of a necropolis. jasne pravilnosti, nadgrobni spomeniki in situ doslej niso There is no evident order to the arrangement of graves bili raziskani. Kljub temu znatnejših poškodb grobov ob in the necropolises, and grave markers in situ have to kasnejših pokopih ni zaznati, z izjemo Nezakcija. Najdbe date not been investigated. Nevertheless, significant monumentalne kamnite plastike morda vendarle kažejo damage to graves in the course of later burials is not na možnost obstoja nekaterih oblik površinskih oznak, known of, except at Nesactium. The find of monumental zlasti pri družbeno visoko rangiranih posameznikih in stone sculpture may, however, point to the possibility njihovih družinah iz histrske aristokracije (Mihovilić 2001a, that there was some form of surface marker, especially 117–130; 2014, 108–110; 2021, 516). for persons of high social rank and their families from the Histrian aristocracy (Mihovilić 2001a, 117–130; 2014, 108–110; 2021, 516). Uveljavljena je bila uporaba različnih grobnih konstrukcij, ki so bile prav tako podvržene terenskim razmeram in logiki Diverse grave structures have been identified, also con-prostora. Tako so bile žare ali zgolj upepeljeni ostanki tingent on the configuration and logic of the terrain. Thus, postavili neposredno na tla, prekrita s kamenjem, nato v in various manners. Most often they were put directly onto the soil and covered with stone, or in a simple pit preprosto grobno jamo, izkopano v zemlji ali vklesano v lahko položeni na različne načine. Najpogosteje so jih urns or simply the cremated remains could be interred dug into the soil or carved into the rock, with a stone lid, matično skalo, s kamnitimi pokrovi ter v manjše kamnite or in small stone cists. Although actually rare, the large skrinje. Čeprav so dejansko redke, so najzanimivejše zidane masonry tombs are of greatest interest, with outer walls grobnice večjih dimenzij, obkrožene z zidovi in prekrite z and large top slabs. They often contained multiple and večjimi pokrovi. Vsebovale so več različnih žar, zato morda diverse urns, and may have been familial tombs that predstavljajo družinske grobnice, s katerimi je bil poudarjen underlined the status and prestige of the deceased over status pokojnika skozi več generacij, in sicer z izjemnimi in multiple generations with lavish and exceptional grave posmrtne ostanke več oseb (Rajić-Šikanjić 2009; Miho- tiple interred individuals (Rajić-Šikanjić 2009; Mihovilić, The H Rajić-Šikanjić 2016; Mihovilić 2014, 110). Urns were most vilić, Rajić-Šikanjić 2016; Mihovilić 2014, 110). Kot žare redkimi pridatki (Nezakcij). Včasih so iste žare vsebovale goods (Nesactium); at times a single urn contained mul-so se najpogosteje uporabljale keramične posode, bodisi er often ceramic vessels in secondary use, at times made specifically for the burial ritual. The dominant forms are oic A sekundarne rabe bodisi namenoma izdelane za pogrebne the globular jug or pot, with incised and encrusted relief obrede. Prevladovali so trebušasti vrči in trebušasti lonci, ge of The Histri decoration, usually wavy lines, spirals, and meanders okrašeni z reliefnimi, vrezanimi in inkrustiranimi vzorci, (cat. nos. 1, 31–32, 57–59, 67–70, 73, 81, 178–179). Also običajno z valovitimi linijami, s spiralami in z meandri (kat. used for this purpose were costly imported vessels, in 39 Herojska doba Histrov št. 1, 31–32, 57–59, 67–70, 73, 81, 178–179). V ta namen particular those of Daunian production, and bronze sit- so služile tudi uvožene dragocene posode, zlasti apulsko- ulae and helmets (cat. nos. 47, 49–51, 74–77, 101–102, -daunijske proizvodnje, prav tako bronaste situle in čelade 156, 176, 37, 53–54, 106–112, 24). Various grave goods (kat. št. 47, 49–51, 74–77, 101–102, 156, 176, 37, 53–54, were then placed in the urns, frequently intentionally and 106–112, 24). V žare so nato dodajali različne pridatke, ritually crushed, bent, or otherwise deformed (Mihovilić pogosto namerno ritualizirane, zdrobljene, upognjene in 2014, 336; 2021, 513). Considering the evidence estab- lishing the burial protocol, it is clear that a very reduced deformirane (Mihovilić 2014, 336; 2021, 513). Glede na number of grave artefacts and goods have survived to dokazane pogrebne protokole je jasno, da je do nas prišlo the present day, which would lead us to conclude that izjemno reducirano število grobnih najdb in pridatkov, kar the already lavish Histrian graves once presented a much nakazuje, da so bile nekoč histrske grobnice še bogatejše broader inventory. od že tako razkošnih grobov, ki jih poznamo. The disposition and classification of certain graves and Razporeditev in razvrstitev določenih grobov ter arhitektura the architecture of certain contexts points to the strat- histrskih skupnosti. Razdelitev grobišč s suhozidi na manjša Drystone wall partitioning of the necropolis into smaller areas speaks to a communal cemetery used by different območja priča o komunalnem tipu grobišč, ki so jih uporablja- posameznih celot kažejo na razslojenost in hierarhizacijo ification and hierarchisation of Histrian communities. groups, families, or clans. Special rites or sacrificial of- le različne skupine, družine ali rodovi. Tam so potekali tudi ferings were also performed there. This is confirmed by posebni obredi ali darovanja, kar potrjujejo plasti s sledovi burned strata with the remains of scorched and broken sežiganja in z ostanki žganih ter zlomljenih živalskih kosti, animal bones and numerous fragments of ceramic ware številni fragmenti keramičnih posod in luksuznih kovinskih and luxurious metal objects deliberately damaged and predmetov, ki so bili namerno poškodovani in razbiti med broken in the course of burial ceremonies (Mihovilić pogrebnimi slovesnostmi (Mihovilić 2001a, 125; 2014, 110). 2001a, 125; 2014, 110). Glede na predvidene kapacitete in omejitve so na razstavi Mindful of the envisaged capacities and limitations, this exhibition presents some of the key Histrian grave con- predstavljeni nekateri najpomembnejši histrski grobni texts, and sporadic artefacts from the material culture, kompleksi pa tudi posamezni predmeti materialne kulture, most recovered from necropolises, for example, from večinoma zbrani iz grobišč, na primer iz Pulja, Kaštela pri Pula, Kaštel near Buje, Beram, Vrčin, and elsewhere. The Bujah, Berma, Vrčina in drugih najdišč. Največ pozornosti focus is on the grave contexts which, along with the great je usmerjene v grobne celote, ki poleg obsežnih, zanimivih number of interesting and exotic artefacts they present ali eksotičnih predmetov označujejo tudi časovni potek ra- to us, also provide the chronological sequence of the zvoja istrske skupine od pozne bronaste do konca železne development of the Istrian group from the Late Bronze dobe. Med njimi so grobni kompleksi iz grobišč Limske through to the end of the Iron Age; these are the grave gradine, Picuga in nepogrešljivega Nezakcija. contexts of the necropolises at the Limska gradina site, Picugi, and, of course, Nesactium. Grobišče Limske gradine se je nahajalo na pobočjih nad The necropolis at the Limska gradina site is situated on Limskim kanalom. Gradišče je bilo utrjeno z obzidjem, ki the slopes overlooking the Lim inlet. It was fortified with je varovalo glavne dostope s severne in z vzhodne strani. ramparts that defended the primary entrance to the north The H and east sides. Within the settlement is a necropolis Grobišče s 74 žarnimi grobovi je bilo znotraj naselja, raz- deljeno v skupine s suhozidnimi pregradami, pri čemer so with 74 cremation graves. Walls divide the necropolis er posamezni grobovi vsebovali več pokopov. Žare s pridatki into groups of graves, with individual graves containing oic A ali brez njih so bile postavljene v skrinje iz kamnitih plošč, multiple burials. The burial urns, with or without grave ge of The Histri obdane s kamenjem ali položene v zemljo. Grobne najdbe goods, were placed in a cist of stone panels, surrounded in pridatki pokopavanje na tem grobišču datirajo v obdobje by stones, or laid into the soil. The finds recovered in the od 13. do 8. stoletja pr. n. št., torej v pozno bronasto in graves and the grave goods date the burials at this ne- starejšo železno dobo (Mihovilić 1972; 2014, 82–86). cropolis to the period from the 13th to the 8th century BCE, 40 Herojska doba Histrov Sledijo grobovi iz Picuga, kjer so bila tri diagonalno pos- i.e., the Late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age (Mihovilić tavljena gradišča (I, II, III), ki so ležala na vzpetinah v zaledju 1972; 2014, 82–86). Poreča. Vsako naselje je obdajalo koncentrično obzidje, Next are the graves from the Picugi site, made up of vsa gradišča pa so bila združena v eno celoto z velikim three diagonally aligned hillfort settlements (I, II, and zunanjim obzidjem. Na njihovih vznožjih so bile raziskane III), sited on elevations inland of modern Poreč. Each of žarne nekropole s skoraj 750 grobovi. Posmrtni ostanki in these settlements is encircled by a concentric rampart, pridatki so bili pokopani na različne načine. Grobne najdbe with a greater outer rampart that unified the hillforts into in pridatki pokopavanje na tem grobišču datirajo v obdobje a single unit. At the feet of these settlements, there has od 10. do 2. stoletja pr. n. št., torej v železno dobo (Betic been archaeological investigation of cremation necrop-2005; Munda 2009; Mihovilić 2014, 90–96). olises containing just under 750 graves. We see multiple methods of interring the remains of the deceased and of Nazadnje je predstavljeno največ grobnih celot iz Nezakci- grave goods. The finds recovered in the graves and the ja, političnega in verskega središča ter zadnjega zatočišča grave goods date the burials at this necropolis to the Histrov. Leži na vzpetini Vizače nad zalivom Budava, z period from the 10th to the 2nd century BCE, i.e., the Iron mogočnim obzidjem, ki ga obdaja že od bronaste dobe. Age (Betic 2005; Munda 2009; Mihovilić 2014, 90–96). Na vhodu v mesto, med dvema zidovoma, je bilo odkrito grobišče s 114 grobovi. Grobovi so bili raziskani tudi na Nesactium, the political and religious hub of the Histri, The greatest number of presented grave contexts are from drugih lokacijah v naselju. Družinske grobnice večjih di- where they made their last stand. It is sited on the Vizače menzij, z izjemno bogatimi in raznovrstnimi pridatki, kot elevation overlooking the Budava cove. Since the Bronze sta grobnica I/12 ali tista, raziskana pod rimskim templjem Age the site was defended by robust encircling ramparts. B leta 1981, sodijo med najimpresivnejše. Žare in pridatki A necropolis with 114 graves is sited at the entrance to pričajo o bogastvu ter prestižu prebivalcev in večplastnosti the settlement, between two walls. Graves were also pokopavanja od 12. do 2. stoletja pr. n. št. (Mihovilić 1996; identified at other places in the settlement. Among the 2001a; 2014, 60–66). most impressive are the large familial tombs, presenting grave goods in varying quantities, remarkable in varying Iz teh grobišč, grobov in grobnic so predstavljeni najpo- degrees, such as Tomb I/12 and the tomb investigated membnejši predmeti histrske materialne kulture, ki odseva- under Roman period Temple B in 1981. The urns and grave jo takratno družbo kot celoto ter posebej status in prestiž goods point to the wealth and prestige of the inhabitants, histrske aristokracije znotraj širšega kroga jadranskih in and to stratified burials from the 12th to the 2nd century BCE (Mihovilić 1996; 2001a; 2014, 60–66). evropskih železnodobnih kultur. It is from these necropolises, graves, and tombs that we present the most significant artefacts of the material culture of the Histri, which reflect the overall society of the time and in particular the status and prestige of the Histrian aristocracy within the wider sphere of the Adriatic and European Iron Age cultures. The H er oic A ge of The Histri 41 Herojska doba Histrov The H er oic A ge of The Histri 42 Herojska doba Histrov Predmeti Objects in simboli and Symbols Geografski položaj Istre, kot je bilo prikazano, je že od The geographic position of the Istrian peninsula means pozne bronaste dobe omogočal izjemno pomorsko in that the Histri were predisposed to a very high degree of posredniško dejavnost Histrov, odkar je mogoče zaznati maritime activity and to the role of intermediary from the njihovo prisotnost na morju. Kulturni stiki znotraj regije Late Bronze Age, from which time their presence at sea severnega Jadrana so dobro potrjeni, še posebej s Kvarner- is certain. The cultural contacts within the north Adriatic jem in z njegovim zaledjem, notranjsko-kraškim prostorom, region are well corroborated, especially in the nearby h kateremu je gravitiral. Jasno so dokazani tudi stiki širših Kvarner area and its hinterland, the Inner Carnolian and razsežnosti, kar se odraža predvsem v uvoženih in t. i. ek- Kras regions that gravitated toward it. There is also clear sotičnih predmetih. Gre za prestižne dobrine, ki so jih Histri evidence of various contacts on a large scale, reflected pridobivali in/ali distribuirali predvsem preko trgovskih in above all in the imported exotic items. These were pres-piratskih dejavnosti ter z recipročnostjo in diplomacijo, tigious goods that the Histri procured and/or distributed largely in the scope of their commercial activity and kar je prispevalo k vzpostavitvi neke vrste posredništva piracy, and through reciprocity and diplomacy, which med jadranskim in jugovzhodnim predalpskim prostorom contributed to the establishment of a sort of intermediary (Mihovilić 2014, 312). role between the Adriatic and the southeastern cisalpine area (Mihovilić 2014, 312). V dinamičnem in s številnimi vplivi prežetem procesu razvoja so Histri nove trende in prakse prilagajali lastnim In a dynamic developmental process, with interacting ideološkim konceptom ter hkrati ustvarjali statusne sim- influences, the Histri adapted new trends and practices to bole, s katerimi so se predstavljale različne družbene sku- their own ideological concept, concurrently creating the pine, vključno z vodilno aristokracijo. Grobovi in grobnice status symbols of the various elements of Histrian society, najbogatejših Histrov so tako vsebovali številne predmete including their own aristocracy. The graves and tombs of različnega izvora – od domačih izdelkov in tistih iz bližnjih the richest members of Histrian society thus included regij do predmetov oddaljenega, izjemnega porekla. Poleg numerous objects of diverse characteristics – domestic, predmetov iz grobov je bilo gradivo pridobljeno tudi iz products of the neighbouring regions, and those from dis-drugih arheoloških kontekstov, predvsem iz naselbin, v tant lands, of exceptional provenance. The material culture precej manjšem obsegu pa tudi iz depojskih najdb. Med has been recovered from the graves, but also from other najpogostejšimi najdbami so osebna oprema, noša in archaeological contexts, primarily from settlements and, to oprema, orožje in/ali orodje so redkeje odlagali v grobove, clothing, and jewellery are represented in quantity along The H with predominantly ceramic ware. Military gear, weapons poznamo pa jih iz depojskih najdb, naselbin in posameznih nakit, medtem ko prevladujejo keramične posode. Vojaška a much lesser extent, from hoards. Finds of personal items, najdb v naravnem okolju, zlasti v jamah. and/or tools, were laid in graves less often, and have been er recovered from hoards, settlements, and as isolated finds oic A in the environment, especially in caves. ge of The Histri Iz zadnjih stoletij 2. tisočletja pr. n. št. izhajajo grobne celote z grobišč Limske gradine, Picuga, Pulja in Nezak- Grave contexts from the necropolises of Limska gradina, cija ter številni posamično raziskani grobovi. Posode in Picugi, Pula, and Nesactium, and numerous individually 43 Herojska doba Histrov keramične oblike, še posebej skodelice s presegajočim investigated graves, date to the closing centuries of the ročajem in kaneliranim ali vrezanim okrasom z bradavicami 2nd millennium BCE. The ware and the ceramic forms, ter različne sklede slogovno sledijo dobro uveljavljenim in particular drinking cups with upswung handles and lokalnim tradicijam prejšnjih obdobij (kat. št. 2–3, 9, 78). fluted or incised decoration and nubs, and a variety of Ornamentika pa kaže nove vplive, ki jih je mogoče povezati bowls, adhere to the well rooted tradition of forms drawn s širokim podonavsko-panonskim območjem in z določe- from prior periods (cat. nos. 2–3, 9, 78). It is only in the nimi regionalnimi variantami panevropskega kompleksa ornamentation that we see novel influences for which kultur žarnih grobišč (Urem 2012; Mihovilić 2014, 120–122; the more proximate sources are found in the broader 2021, 514). Kljub temu so se te oblike razvile in dolgo Danubian/Pannonian region and in individual regional ostale v uporabi kot lokalno prepoznaven del grobnega variants of the pan–European complex of the Urnfield inventarja. Iz severnejših območij izvira ali pod njihovimi culture (Urem 2012; Mihovilić 2014, 120–122; 2021, 514). vplivi prihaja pomemben repertoar noše in nakita, kot These would, however, develop and remain long in use so preproste in večplastne ogrlice (torkvesi), narebrene as a locally recognisable form of grave inventory. It is manšetaste zapestnice in zapestnice strehastega preseka, from these northern regions that a significant repertoire of costume and jewellery would either originate or be spiralne zapestnice, obsenčni obročki, očalasti in antro- integrated into the local culture, including simple and pomorfni obeski itd. (Teržan 1995; 1996; 2016a, 269–273, multiple neck rings (torcs), ribbed cuff bracelets and 278–280; Mihovilić 2001a, 49–51, 55–58; 2012, 413–423; bracelets of concavo–convex V–shaped cross–section, 2014, 122–142; Buršić-Matijašić 2010; Blečić Kavur 2012; spiral bracelets, temple rings, spectacle and anthropomor- 2014, 60–70). Posebej velja izpostaviti prisotnost bronaste phic pendants, etc. (Teržan 1995; 1996; 2016a, 269–273, situle tipa Hajduböszörmeny, prve kovinske posode na 278–280; Mihovilić 2001a, 49–51, 55–58; 2012, 413–423; območju Istre (kat. št. 37). Zaradi oddaljenega porekla 2014, 122–142; Buršić-Matijašić 2010; Blečić Kavur 2012; iz severovzhodnega panonsko-karpatskega prostora ter 2014, 60–70). Also notable is the presence of a bronze dolge uporabe velja za prestižen in družbeno dragocen situla of the Hajdúböszörmény type, the first metal ware predmet (Mihovilić 2000; 2012; 2014, 154–156; Teržan in Istria (cat. no. 37). Because of its distant origin, from 2016b, 396; Tarbay 2018, 319–328). the northeast of the Pannonian/Carpathian area, and its long use, it was considered a prestige item of social value Bronaste igle, obeski in pincete, prve fibule in britve, spiralni (Mihovilić 2000; 2012; 2014, 154–156; Teržan 2016b, 396; prstani, koščene in steklene jagode, zlasti sodčaste in ja- Tarbay 2018, 319–328). gode z očesi (kat. št. 8, 16), kažejo na kulturne izmenjave s severno- in srednjeitalskim prostorom pozne bronaste Bronze pins, pendants, and tweezers, the first fibulae and dobe, protovilanovskega obdobja, s katerim so Histri raz- razors, spiral finger rings, bone and glass beads, espe- vijali tesne odnose tudi v naslednjem obdobju železne cially those of barrel shape and eye beads (cat. nos. 8, dobe (Mihovilić 1997; 2001a, 61–64; 2012, 418–426; 2014, 16), point to cultural exchange with the north and central 138–142; 2018; Blečić Kavur 2011; 2012; 2014, 62–65, Italic regions of the Late Bronze Age proto–Villanovan er 62), pogosteje pa z različnimi tipi sekir. Največ jih je bilo 2012; 2014, 62–65, 78–87, 135–139; Blečić Kavur, Kavur oic A najdenih v depojskih najdbah, sestavljenih zgolj iz sekir, 2015). Bronze weapons and/or tools are less often rep-ge of The Histri kot sta Monte Maestá/Štinjan in Baredine pri Brtonigli resented with swords (cat. nos. 45, 62), and more often (Mihovilić 1991; 2012, 426–427; 2014, 118; Blečić Kavur with various types of axes. These are found primarily 2024a). Te so interpretirane skozi težnjo srednjeevrop-The H following Iron Age period (Mihovilić 1997; 2001a, 61–64; orožje in/ali orodje je redkeje zastopano z meči (kat. št. 45, 2012, 418–426; 2014, 138–142; 2018; Blečić Kavur 2011; 78–87, 135–139; Blečić Kavur, Kavur 2015). Bronasto period with which close relations would develop into the in hoards consisting solely of axes, like those at Monte 44 Herojska doba Histrov skega in panonsko-karpatskega metalurškega diktata Maestá/Štinjan and Baredine near Brtonigla (Mihovilić na eni ter ideološko-simboličnega načela na drugi strani. 1991; 2012, 426–427; 2014, 118; Blečić Kavur 2024a). The Bronaste sekire iz Monte Maestája izkazujejo konkretne hoards have been interpreted as reflecting a trend towards vplive kultur žarnih grobišč, metode odlaganja pa jih po- the dominance of central European and Pannonian/Car-vezujejo s severnoitalskim krogom, kjer depojske najdbe pathian metallurgy on the one hand, and the ideological/ izključno s sekirami niso bile izjema (Carancini, Peroni symbolic principle on the other. The Bronze axes from 1999; Borgna 2001). Edina plavutasta sekira, ki izhaja iz Monte Maestá show the concrete influence of the Urnfield novejših raziskav in znanega arheološkega konteksta, je culture, and in terms of the method of deposition, closer tista iz jame Laganiši pri Oprtlju, ki po svojih značilnostih ties with the north Italic sphere, where hoards comprised sodi med srednjeevropske tipe sekir (Mihovilić 2008, 45). solely of axes were not an exception (Carancini, Peroni 1999; Borgna 2001). The only flanged axe recovered in Sekire iz Baredin so mlajše in se skupaj z bronasto sekiro the course of more recent investigation and from a known iz Buj vključujejo v niz regionalnih oblik severnojadranskih, archaeological context is the one found in the Laganiši zlasti furlanskih in srednjeitalskih najdišč (Mihovilić 2012, cave near Oprtalj, also attributed by its characteristics to the central European axe types (Mihovilić 2008, 45). 426–427; 2014, 118). Najdba kalupa iz Sermina pri Kopru, namenjenega izdelavi sekir, kakršna je tista iz Buj, potrjuje The axes found in Baredine are more recent and, along obstoj lokalnih delavnic tega časa (Leonardi idr. 2015; with the bronze axe from Buje, are consistent with the Blečić Kavur 2024a). distribution of regional forms of the northern Adriatic, especially the Friulian and central Italic sites (Mihovilić Najstarejši železni predmet na območju Istre je prav tako 2012, 426–427; 2014, 118). The find of a mould at the sekira z ročicami, ki izvira iz Pećine na Gradini pri Preman- Sermin site near Koper used to cast axes like the one turi. Glede na poreklo jo je v širšem smislu mogoče pove- found in Buje supports the idea that there were local zati s srednjejadranskim prostorom ter naprej z egejsko workshops during that period (Leonardi et al. 2015; Blečić regijo in vzhodnim Sredozemljem, kjer so se takšne sekire Kavur 2024a). uporabljale v prehodnem obdobju iz 2. v 1. tisočletje pr. The oldest known iron artefact found in Istria is a lugged n. št. (Mihovilić 2007a, 344; 2014, 120; 2021, 512–513). axe from the Pećina na Gradini site near Premantura. Give the provenance it can be broadly associated with the Predstavljene depojske in posamezne najdbe sekir različ- central Adriatic area and further with the Aegean and the nih tipov nimajo ustreznih analogij v kontekstih grobov in eastern Mediterranean, where axes of this type were in grobišč, kar je praksa znana iz neposrednega jugovzhod- use at the turn of the 2nd to 1 st millennium BCE (Mihovilić nega alpskega zaledja in južnopanonskega prostora (Turk 2007a, 344; 2014, 120; 2021, 512–513). 1996, 117–121; Ložnjak Dizdar 2011). Zagotovo je, da je bilo tudi v tej regiji spoštovano načelo reciprocitete, saj je The presented hoards and isolated finds of axes of various bilo določeno gradivo skrbno izbrano za pokopne obrede, types do not have adequate analogies in the contexts of drugo pa za obrede odlaganja (Blečić Kavur 2024a). graves and necropolises, a practice known to us from the immediate southeastern Alpine hinterland and the The H Iz dostopnih virov izvemo, da so bile ladje nujne za histrsko southern Pannonian area (Turk 1996, 117–121; Ložnjak eroic A Dizdar 2011). It is evident that in this region too we see preživetje, tako v miru (prevozi, trgovina, piratstvo itd.) kot tudi v vojni (napadi, pomorske bitke, obramba akvatorija an adherence to the principle of reciprocity, with certain ge of The Histri itd.). Čeprav Histri niso edino ljudstvo, ki ga na Jadranu material carefully selected for the burial rite, and other povezujemo s piratstvom, imamo trenutno edino za njih material for the deposition (Blečić Kavur 2024a). 45 Herojska doba Histrov neposredni dokaz o obstoju šivanih plovil. Gre za najdbo We learn from the available sources that boats were criti-ladijske konstrukcije iz podmorja zaliva Zambratija blizu cal to Histrian survival, both in times of peace (transport, Umaga, ki je časovno umeščena v pozno bronasto dobo piracy, etc.), and at times of war and military conflict (raids, in prav v začetno fazo histrske kulture. To odkritje kaže, naval battles, defence of territorial waters, etc.). Although da so izvor, razvoj in uporaba tehnike takšne gradnje za- they are not the only Adriatic people associated with piracy, koreninjeni že v bronastodobni prazgodovinski tradiciji the only direct evidence we currently have of the existence (Koncani Uhač, Boetto, Uhač 2019). of sewn boats pertains to them. This is the find of a sewn boat structure in the seabed of the Zambratija cove near S prehodom v novo tisočletje, tj. nekje od 10. stoletja pr. Umag, dated to the Late Bronze Age, precisely to this initial n. št., se v Istri pričenja razvoj železnodobne kulturne di- phase of the Histrian culture. This discovery suggests namike, s čimer se uvajajo in v celoti sprejemajo novi tipi that the origin, development, and use of this boat building posod. Prevladujejo žare v obliki trebušastega lonca ali technique had its roots in a Bronze Age prehistoric tradition trebušastega vrča z dekoracijo na večjem delu posode, ki se (Koncani Uhač, Boetto, Uhač 2019). uvaja pod vplivi italskega, vilanovskega kroga na eni strani With the transition to the new millennium, i.e., at some in protogeometričnega sloga Egeje na drugi strani. Pove- point in the 10th century BCE, we see in Istria, as in other zani geometrijski motivi, zlasti spirale, valovnice, meandri, areas, the development of Iron Age cultural dynamics, svastike in šrafirani rombi, so običajno izdelani z vrezova- and with them the introduction and ultimately full adop-njem, vtiskanjem in belo inkrustacijo ali v reliefu (kat. št. 1, tion of novel forms of ware. These are dominated by 31–32, 56–59, 65, 67–70, 73, 80–81, 178–179). Figuralni urns in the form of a globular jug or pot, with decoration motivi v dekorativni umetnosti se omejujejo na zoomorfne covering much of the vessel. This draws on the influ-upodobitve, najpogosteje ptic, jelenov ali konj (Mihovilić ence of the Italic, Villanovan sphere to one side, and 2001a, 68–75; 2014, 158–195; 2021, 513). Ti motivi so tako the proto–geometric style of the Aegean to the other. prevladali v splošni uporabi, da so postali del standardnega Connected geometric patterns, in particular spirals, wavy umetniškega repertoarja Histrov. Zato jih najdemo tako na lines, meanders, swastikas, and hatched rhombi were manjših kovinskih predmetih kot tudi na monumentalni usually incised, impressed with white paste inlay, or done kamniti plastiki. Izpostaviti velja še manšetaste zapestnice in relief (cat. nos. 1, 31–32, 57–59, 65, 67–70, 73, 80–81, iz tanke pločevine, trakaste zapestnice s sponko, nože in 178–179). The range of figural motifs in decorative art diskaste glavice igel, vse okrašene na večjem delu površine is limited to zoomorphic imagery, usually of birds, deer, z opisanimi motivi (kat. št. 20, 46, 60, 71, 82). Poleg igel s or horses (Mihovilić 2001a, 68–75; 2014, 158–195; 2021, stožčastimi glavicami nošo sestavljajo predvsem žične 513). These motifs were so prevalent in general use that fibule, kot so očalaste fibule in fibule z listastim lokom, nato they became a part of the standard artistic repertoire of obeski in drug žični nakit (Mihovilić 1990; Sakara Sučević the Histri. We find them thus on small metal objects and 2004, 18–20; Mihovilić 2014, 170–176). on monumental stone sculpture. Also notable are cuff bracelets made of thin sheet metal, strap bracelets with Uveljavljene tradicije kulturnih stikov in trajnega prepletanja hooked latches, knives, and discoid pin heads, all with much of the surface decorated with the above–described The H se nadaljujejo s prostorom celotnega Jadrana in zaledja motifs and patterns (cat. nos. 20, 46, 60, 71, 82). Besides od 10., predvsem pa v 9. in 8. stoletju pr. n. št. Odražajo se er tako v sorodnostih pri izvedbi posameznih tipov materialne pins with conical heads, the apparel includes for the most oic A kulture kot tudi v uvoženih predmetih. Posebno pozornost ge of The Histri part wire fibulae, such as spectacle fibulae and fibulae with leaf–like bows, pendants, and other wire jewellery pritegnejo ročaji bronastih ražnjev iz Nezakcija (kat. št. (Mihovilić 1990; Sakara Sučević 2004, 18–20; Mihovilić 89), saj so imeli ti predmeti pomembno vlogo v predmone- 2014, 170–176). tarni veletrgovini s surovinami po celotnem halštatskem 47 Herojska doba Histrov The H er oic A ge of The Histri 48 Herojska doba Histrov srednjeevropskem prostoru (Teržan 2008, 305–307). V The established traditions of cultural exchange and con-jadranskem bazenu so Histri vzdrževali odnose z vsemi stant interpenetration continued with the whole of the pomembnejšimi središči in kulturnimi skupnostmi. S Piceni Adriatic and its hinterland from the 10th and, in particular, jih povezujejo različni tipi bronastih igel, glavničasti obeski during the 9th and 8th centuries BCE. They are reflected in majhne keramične posode tipa kothon (kat. št. 21, 33–34, both in similarities in the execution of some types of ma-93, 173–174), ki jih najdemo v pomembnejših grobiščih Istre terial culture, and in the imported items. Great attention (Sakara Sučević 2004; Percan 2008; Mihovilić 2007b; 2014, has been directed at the handles of bronze spits (skewers) 174–176; Blečić Kavur 2014). Poleg tega se v 8. stoletju pr. found in Nesactium (cat. no. 89) as these objects had a n. št. vse bolj razvija čezjadranska trgovina širših razsežno- role in the pre–monetary wholesale trade of raw materials sti, zato v Istro prihajajo luksuzne posode iz južnoitalske across the whole of the Hallstatt world of central Europe Apulije, najpogosteje mat barvani srednjedaunijski keramični (Teržan 2008, 305–307). In the Adriatic basin the Histri kompleti (kat. št. 47, 66, 77), katerih produkcijo so poskušali had established relations with all of the major hubs and posnemati tudi v lokalnih delavnicah (Glogović 1979; 1996; cultural groups. Links with the Piceni are evidenced by a Mihovilić 2014, 184–188). range of bronze pin types, comb–shaped pendants, and small ceramic kothon vessels (cat. nos. 21, 33–34, 93, 173–174), which have been found at the major necrop- Z območjem Etrurije, predvsem z Bologno, najverjetneje olises on the Istrian peninsula (Sakara Sučević 2004; preko Verucchija, so Histri vzdrževali resnično posebne stike, verjetno tudi diplomatske odnose, saj se poleg keramike th Kavur 2014). Further, in the course of the 8 Percan 2008; Mihovilić 2007b; 2014, 174–176; Blečić century BCE uvažajo tudi eksotični ali simbolični predmeti. Še posebej there is a growing and broad trans–Adriatic trade, with zanimiva sta bronasta čaša s trakastim ročajem iz Picuga Istria receiving luxury ware from southern Italic Apulia; in majhno, figuralno okrašeno žezlo iz Nezakcija (kat. št. most often the matte painted central Daunian ceramic 88). Žezlo s sestavljeno in kompleksno upodobitvijo sončne sets (cat. nos. 47, 66, 77) the production of which local ladje ter konjičkom na vrhu je izjemna najdba, ki se simbo- workshops attempted to imitate (Glogović 1979; 1996; lično interpretira znotraj koncepta solarne dinamike sveta, Mihovilić 2014, 184–188). statusno pa je označevala nadpovprečno pozicionirano po- kojnico histrske aristokracije. Po umetniških in tehnoloških The Histri maintained quite singular relations with Etruria, značilnostih je povezano s kulturnim prostorom Bologne Bologna in particular, most likely by way of Verucchio, in Benečije, kjer najdemo dobre vzporednice in kalupe za and likely also diplomatic ties as we see, along with the njegovo izdelavo. Šteje se za starodavno dragocenost v pottery, the import of exotic or symbolic objects. Of grobu, ki se je prenašala iz roda v rod in tako ohranjala po- particular interest is a bronze drinking cup with a strap membno sporočilo skozi daljše časovno obdobje (Mihovilić handle found at the Picugi site, and a small, sceptre from 1995; 2000; 2001a, 78; 2014, 194; Kukoč 2003). Nesactium with figural decoration (cat. no. 88). This sceptre, with a composite and complex depiction of a Od konca 8. in predvsem v 7. stoletju pr. n. št. se stike z solar ship and a horse at the top, is an exceptional find Benečijo in s Posočjem najjasneje zasleduje skozi uvedbo that is symbolically interpreted within the aspect of the solar dynamics of the world, and is associated in terms of The H keramičnih situl (kat. št. 39), ki so se večinoma uporablja- status with the interment of a very high–ranking woman le kot žare. Uvažajo se tudi posode tipa Timav, medtem er ko histrske trebušaste lonce najdemo tudi v venetskih from the Histrian aristocracy. The artistic and techno- oic A grobiščih (Mihovilić 2014, 194, 216). V širšo rabo v tem ge of The Histri logical characteristics of this sceptre are connected to the cultural zone of Bologna and Veneto, where we find obdobju vstopajo večglave igle in različne vrste manjših, good analogies, and the moulds used to make them. It is ulitih fibul, kot so čolničaste, dvortaste ali trortaste, fibule understood to be a multigenerational heirloom treasure 49 Herojska doba Histrov tipa protocertosa, fibule z dolgo nogo in z zoomorfnim deposited in the grave, having transmitted a significant zaključkom noge (kat. št. 17, 85–86, 92, 163–164), ki so message over many years (Mihovilić 1995; 2000; 2001a, bile najpogosteje razširjene v jugovzhodnem predalp- 78; 2014, 194; Kukoč 2003). skem, posoškem in venetskem prostoru (Mihovilić 2014, th From the late 8 and primarily over the course of the 7th 196–198, 218–226; 2021, 514). Z venetskim kulturnim century the links with the Veneti and the Soča River valley krogom so tesnejše povezani tudi znameniti bronasti noži are most evident in the introduction of ceramic situlae tipa Este in San Antonio (kat. št. 26–27) (Mihovilić 2014, (cat. no. 39), used for the most part as urns. Ware of the 194). Lokalne delavnice so izdelovale žične in cevaste Timavo type is also imported, while Histrian globular pots ogrlice, zapestnice, uhane in številne obeske. Ogrlice so are to be found in the necropolises of Veneto (Mihovilić dodatno okrašene s prstanastimi obeski, cevčicami in z 2014, 194, 216). Becoming widely fashionable during this jagodami, kar odraža razvito dekorativno vrednost, poudar-period were pins with multipart heads, various types of janje statusa ter verovanje v apotropejsko zaščito. V lokalni small cast fibulae, such as the conical types, with two lončarski proizvodnji so opazni številni poskusi imitacije to three knobs on the bow, proto–Certosa type fibula, uvoženih posod, ki pa jih zaznamuje slabša kakovost and fibulae having long feet with a zoomorphic terminal izdelave (Mihovilić 2014, 212, 218–222; 2021, 513–514). (cat. nos. 17, 85–86, 92, 163, 164), most often distributed across the southeastern cisalpine, Soča River valley, and Elementi oborožitve, čeprav redki, kažejo na povezavo Venetic areas (Mihovilić 2014, 196–198, 218–226; 2021, s Picenom in predalpskim zaledjem, zlasti z Dolenjsko. 514). Also closely related to the Venetic sphere are the Stožčaste bronaste čelade tipa Novilara so najstarejše well–known bronze knives (of the Este and Sant’Antonio čelade na območju Istre (kat. št. 24). Najdene so bile v types, cat. nos. 26, 27) (Mihovilić 2014, 194). Wire and več histrskih grobiščih, kjer so bile prav tako uporabljene tubular necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and numerous kot žare. Čelade kot obrambno orožje predstavljajo izrazit pendants were the work of local workshops. Necklac-simbol moškega železnodobnih družb, ki označuje njegovo es were further adorned with annular pendants, small vlogo v domu, skupnosti in tudi v transcendentalnem po- tubes, and beads, reflective of a developed appreciation menu. So znak bojevnikov, vojaško-politične aristokracije, of decorative value that also drew attention to status, vladarjev in junakov. Kot simbol moči in neranljivosti so the aesthetic, and the notion of apotropaic value. In the postale metafora avtoritete najvišjih družbenih slojev. Iz local pottery we see numerous attempts – of significantly železa so izdelani redki in močno poškodovani ukrivljeni lower quality – to imitate imported ware (Mihovilić 2014, meči (mahaire) (kat. št. 116–117), najdeni tako v grobovih 212, 218–222; 2021, 513–514). kot v depojskih najdbah (Mihovilić 1991; 2014, 200–202; Elements of weaponry, while rare, are associated with 2021, 514; Teržan 2007, 39–43; Borgna 2016a, 132–133). the Piceni and the cisalpine hinterland, Lower Carniola in particular. Conical bronze helmets of the Novilara type Med luksuznimi predmeti izstopajo bronaste skodelice s are the oldest known helmets found in Istria (cat. no. 24). trakastim ročajem, prve bronaste situle, ciste in kotlički They have been found at multiple Histrian necropolises, s križnimi atašami, ki so predstavljali razkošno namizno where they have also been used as urns. As defensive The H posodje za svečane ceremonije in obrede tako posvetnega armour, helmets are explicitly emblematic of the man in kot verskega značaja (Cestnik 2009, 34–38; Borgna 2016b, Iron Age society; symbolic of his domain in the home, in eroic A 177–178; Mihovilić 2021, 514) (kat. št. 38, 40, 48, 176). the community, and in the transcendental sphere. They ge of The Histri formed a part of the warrior’s identity, and of the military/ Številne najdbe uvožene keramike še naprej pričajo o ne- political aristocracy, of rulers, and of heroes. As a symbol posrednih stikih z Etrurijo in Daunijo. Z razvojem etruščan- of power and invulnerability, they were metaphoric of the 51 Herojska doba Histrov skega orientalizirajočega sloga v Picuge verjetno prispe authority emanating from the highest ranks of society. posoda s poslikanimi geometrijskimi motivi in pokrovom, The few and highly damaged curved iron swords (mach-okrašenim s stiliziranimi živalskimi figuricami (kat. št. 35). airai) (cat. nos. 116–117) were found in graves and hoards Gre za najrazkošnejšo in najdragocenejšo žaro, odkrito (Mihovilić 1991; 2014, 200–202; 2021, 514; Teržan 2007, na istrskih najdiščih iz tega obdobja (Mihovilić 1980, 24; 39–43; Borgna 2016a, 132–133). 2014, 206). V istem kontekstu se, kot posebna skupina Notable as luxury items are bronze drinking cups with prestižnih predmetov, izpostavljajo fragmenti bronastih strap handles, the first bronze situlae, cistae, and kettles pahljač (kat. št. 28–30, 41, 90–91, 167–168). Dejstvo, with cruciform attachments; all luxury tableware for da so bile najdene v treh histrskih grobiščih (Nezakcij, ceremonies and rituals, both profane and sacral (Cestnik Picugi, Beram), potrjuje njihovo veliko priljubljenost in 2009, 34–38; Borgna 2016b, 177–178; Mihovilić 2021, 514) raznoliko uporabo (Mihovilić 1980, 280; 2001a, 83–84; (cat. nos. 38, 40, 48, 176). 2014, 202–206). Ti predmeti so edinstveni na območju vzhodnojadranskih kultur in v večjem številu redki izven The abundance of imported pottery bears witness to etruščanskega kulturnega miljeja. Kot nenavadni predmeti direct contacts with Etruria and the Daunians. It is with so pahljače nedvomno služile za poudarjanje ranga in the development of the Etruscan Orientalizing period statusa elitnih posameznikov, čeprav niso bile del njihove that a vessel with painted geometric patterns and a lid osebne opreme. Uporabljale so se predvsem za praktične decorated with stylised animal figures (cat. no. 35) likely namene (hlajenje, odganjanje insektov ipd.), v obredih made its way to the Picugi site. This is a lavish and the očiščenja pri pogrebnih slovesnostih, v povezavi s poso- most valuable urn recovered from Istrian sites of the dami in z ritualno opremo pa tudi kot oznaka etruščanskih period (Mihovilić 1980, 24; 2014, 206). From the same diplomatskih daril (Petersen 2015). context we have a group of prestige objects that includes fragments of bronze fans (cat. nos. 28–30, 41, 90–91, Odlaganje predmetov v prostor se nadaljuje, čeprav v 167–168). The fact that they have been recovered at three Histrian necropolises (Nesactium, Picugi, Beram) sup- znatno zmanjšanem obsegu in z drugačnimi praksami, ports the idea that these fans were both very popular and tudi v starejši železni dobi. Do zdaj sta bili zabeleženi of varied use (Mihovilić 1980, 280; 2001a, 83–84; 2014, samo dve depojski najdbi iz Istre, in sicer iz Petrapilose 202–206). These are the only such finds, and in signif- pri Buzetu in iz Tivolija pri Pulju. Obe sta mešanega se- icant number, outside the Etruscan cultural milieu. As stava; prevladujejo železni predmeti, sekire in deli orožja unusual items, these fans were – although not personal (Mihovilić 1991, 208–212). accessories – certainly used to highlight the rank and status of the social elite. They were used primarily for V obdobju pred 6. in 5. stoletjem pr. n. št. so bili sprejeti practical purposes (cooling, to chase away insects, etc.), številni predmeti, najpogosteje uvožena keramika, pri če- in purification rites at funerals, associated with vessels mer prevladujejo estenske in posoške keramične situle, and ritual accessories, even with markings indicating kelihi ter skodelice in daunijska luksuzna slikana keramika, Etruscan diplomatic gifts (Petersen 2015). ki se uporabljajo tudi kot žare (kat. št. 36, 49–51, 74–76, 95–103, 131–132, 180). V 5. stoletju pr. n. št. se uvozijo The deposition of objects continued, albeit in significantly The H tudi prve slikane vaze iz grških in velikogrških delavnic, reduced scope and with altered practices, into the Early er okrašene s črnimi in z rdečimi figurami (Mihovilić 2002; Iron Age. To date we know of only two hoards in Istria, at oic A 2004; 2014, 236–242, 256–264; 2021, 514–515). Te po- Petrapilosa near Buzet and at Tivoli near Pula. Both are ge of The Histri sode so imele običajno obliko vinskih kozarcev in vrčkov of mixed composition; the bulk is of iron objects, axes, (oinochoa) (kat. št. 52, 104–105, 145, 151–152), kar je and parts of weaponry (Mihovilić 1991, 208–212). 53 Herojska doba Histrov The H er oic A ge of The Histri 54 Herojska doba Histrov povezano s kulturo pitja vina, z različnimi obredi ali zaba- Numerous products were introduced in the period that vami. Najpogosteje so bile uporabljene med simpozijem in preceded the 6th and 5th centuries BCE, primarily imports pogostitvami, kjer so njihovi barviti oblikovni detajli oživljali of pottery, dominated by Este and Soča River valley ce-izbiro posod za sortiranje, mešanje, nalivanje in pitje vina. ramic situlae, chalices, drinking cups, and Daunian luxury Vrč v obliki ženske glave iz Nezakcija (Mihovilić 2002; 2004; painted pottery – vessels also used as urns (cat. nos. 2014, 262–264), kot tudi večina drugih znanih vrčkov tega 36, 49–51, 74–76, 95–103, 131–132, 180). The 5th cen-tipa, je nedvomno imel častno mesto v slovesnostih kultu- tury BCE saw the import of the first painted vases from re Histrov in bogate nezakcijske družbe, o čemer pričajo the workshops of Greece and Magna Graecia, featuring številne kovinske posode, še posebej figuralno okrašeni black–figure and red–figure decoration (Mihovilić 2002; deli situl in njihovih pokrovov ter ciste in kotliči. 2004; 2014, 236–242, 256–264; 2021, 514–515). This ware usually came in the form of wine cups and jugs (oinochoe) Čeprav iz istrskih najdišč starejše železne dobe poznamo (cat. nos. 52, 104–105, 145, 151–152) associated with številne bronaste posode za vino/vodo, t. i. situle, imamo the culture of wine–drinking, various rituals, and social le v Nezakciju dokazano tudi situlsko umetnost (Mihovilić gatherings. They were most often used at symposia and feasts, where their lively forms animated the assortment 2014, 242–248). Gre za vrhunec likovnega ustvarjanja žele- of vessels used to sort, mix, pour, and drink wine. A jug in znodobnih skupnosti, izvedenega v bronu, tj. na bronastih the form of a woman’s head from Nesactium (Mihovilić plaščih posod, a tudi na delih vojaške opreme in nakita. 2002; 2004; 2014, 262–264), like most other known jugs Situlska umetnost je povezana z oblikovanjem železno- of this type, certainly held places of honour at Histrian dobnih skupnosti in s profiliranjem aristokracije z vodilnim festivities and the opulent among Histrian society, as slojem (princeps) v piramidalni shemi, saj je služila kot borne out by the numerous metal ware and, above all, medij za izražanje družbene moči in ekonomskega statusa the fragments of situlae with figural decoration and their (Perego 2013). Figuralno okrašeni predmeti so na specifi- lids, the cistae, and the kettles. čen način spremljali in prikazovali situacije iz takratnega materialnega, resničnega sveta, v funkciji predstavljanja Although we know of numerous bronze vessels for wine/ duhovnega in mitskega življenja heterogenih kultur. Ta water, i.e., situlae, from Istrian sites of the Early Iron Age, umetnost specifičnega vizualnega jezika je cvetela od it is only from Nesactium that we have proper Situla art 7. do 3. stoletja pr. n. št., od Italije preko Alp in Donave (Mihovilić 2014, 242–248). This is the pinnacle of artwork do severnega Jadrana (Turk 2005; Jereb 2016; Zaghetto in bronze of the Iron Age community, i.e., done on bronze 2018). Nezakcijski luksuzni primerki situl, z množico raz- sheet; usually of vessels, but also parts of military gear ličnih likovnih vsebin in simboličnih prikazov, so izjemno and jewellery. Situla art is associated with structured Iron dragoceni za razumevanje situlske umetnosti nasploh, pri Age society and the emergence of an aristocracy with čemer izstopata situli s prikazom erotične scene in pred- a leading stratum (the princeps) in a pyramidal societal vsem tista s prikazom pomorske bitke, unicum v celotnem arrangement, serving as a medium through which social »situlskem svetu« (Mihovilić 1992; 1996, 45–48; 2001a, power and economic status was expressed (Perego 2013). 100–101; 2005; 2014, 244–248) (kat. št. 109–115, 155). Objects with figural decoration reflected and depicted in a specific manner the situation of the material, real world The H of the time, having the role of presenting the spiritual V noši in repertoarju nakita prevladujejo manjše fibule, er protocertoške in že certoške fibule, fibule z dolgo nogo in and mythical life of heterogeneous cultures. This art, oic A številne različice kačastih ter zoomorfnih fibul in fibule v ge of The Histri and its specific visual vocabulary, flourished from the 7th to the 3rd century BCE in Italy and – via the Alps and obliki bojnih voz (kat. št. 17, 118–121, 166). Obseg, razli- the Danube – in the northern Adriatic (Turk 2005; Jereb čice in količina obeskov se znatno povečujejo. Še posebej 2016; Zaghetto 2018). The lavish situlae from Nesactium 55 Herojska doba Histrov The H er oic A ge of The Histri 56 Herojska doba Histrov zanimivi so bili obeski v obliki konjičkov in petelinov ali tisti demonstrate an abundance of diverse visual content and z antropomorfnimi elementi (Mihovilić 1996, 51–54; 2001a, symbolic scenes and are exceptionally valuable to our 93–96; 2014, 228–236, 250–254; 2021, 514–515; Orlić 2011, understanding of Situla art. Especially notable is a situla 190–194) (kat. št. 94, 126–128, 169–172, 174). Vsi so bili with an erotic scene, and above all a situla depicting a uporabljeni kot amuleti, talismani ali zaščitniški simboli, naval battle, unique in the “situla world” (Mihovilić 1992; večinoma z magijskimi/ritualnimi in apotropejskimi pomeni. 1996, 45–48; 2001a, 100–101; 2005; 2014, 244–248) (cat. nos. 109–115, 155). Vojaška oprema še vedno predstavlja redke najdbe. Poz- Among the apparel and repertoire of jewellery small fib- namo jih iz grobnic in kot posamezne najdbe, med kate- ulae are dominant, of the proto–Certosa and Certosa rimi so tudi deli bronastih negovskih čelad slovenskega types, with a long foot and various serpentine variants, in alpskega tipa (kat. št. 130) ter dolga železna kopja in zoomorphic and in the form of battle chariots (cat. nos. uhate sekire iz Nezakcija (Mihovilić 1996, 54–55; 2014, 17, 118–121, 166). The range, variation, and quantity of 250, 254–256, 266; Guštin 2019). pendants saw a considerable increase. Of particular in- terest are pendants in the form of a horse and cockerel, Histrska kultura je, kljub velikim političnim in kulturnim and those with anthropomorphic elements (Mihovilić spremembam v okolici, postopoma »vstopila« v svoje 1996, 51–54; 2001a, 93–96; 2014, 228–236, 250–254; zadnje prazgodovinsko obdobje, t. i. mlajšo železno dobo, 2021, 514–515; Orlić 2011, 190–194) (cat. nos. 94, 126–128, ki bo trajala do 2. stoletja pr. n. št. in poraza Histrov v 169–172, 174). They were all used as amulets, talismans, vojnah z Rimljani. Med 4. stoletjem pr. n. št. so se še or good luck charms, most attributed with magical/ritual vedno skrbno uvažale dragocene rdečefiguralne posode and protective powers. iz atiških, južnoitalskih in južnojadranskih, viških delavnic, s posebno prisotnostjo zvonastih kraterjev in mnogih ob- Finds of military equipment continue to be rare. We know lik skodelic ter vrčkov iz razvite proizvodnje tipa Gnathia of these artefacts from tombs as individual finds, to which we can add the fragments of multiple Slovene and Al- (Mihovilić 2002; 2004; 2014, 258–260, 272–278). Izjemne pine variants of the Negau type bronze helmet (cat. no. so zagotovo figuralno oblikovane skodelice, t. i. ritoni v 130), a long iron spearhead, and a shaft–hole axe from obliki goveje glave, ki izvirajo iz kar treh istrskih najdi- Nesactium (Mihovilić 1996, 54–55; 2014, 250, 254–256, šč (Valtida, Tujan, Nezakcij) (kat. št. 44). Motiv goveje 266; Guštin 2019). glave je značilen za velikogrško, južnoitalsko umetnost tistega obdobja, od koder tudi delavniško izvirajo istrske Notwithstanding the significant political and cultural posode. Riton, položen v grob, je lahko označeval na eni turmoil in its neighbourhood, the Histrian culture gradu-strani aristokratski ideal, na drugi pa heroizacijo pokojnika. ally “sailed” into its terminal prehistoric period, the Late Slednjemu je jamčil nesmrten simpozij, ponovno rojstvo Iron Age, which would last up to the 2nd century BCE and in plodnost, postavljal pa ga je v isto mentalno katego- the defeat of the Histri in the wars with the Romans. In rijo kot udeleženca božanskega banketa (Blečić Kavur, the course of the 4th century BCE the import of costly Kavur 2020). Iz severnojadranskih delavnic sta prisotni t. red–figure pottery from Attic workshops, and those in i. beneška siva keramika in keramika vrste Alto Adriatico the Italic south and the southern Adriatic island of Vis, The H iz etruščanskih delavnic Spine s konca 4. in 3. stoletja continued unabated, dominated by bell kraters and numer- er pr. n. št. (kat. št. 143–144, 146, 150, 153). Dva rdečefigu- ous forms of drinking cups and jugs from the developed oic A ralna vrča, poslikana z motivi ženskih glav v profilu, sta Gnathian production (Mihovilić 2002; 2004; 2014, 258–260, ge of The Histri bila del bogatih nezakcijskih grobov, zato jima je pripisan 272–278). There are also the exceptional figural drinking funerarni značaj (Mihovilić 2002; 2004; 2014, 274–276) cups in the form of bovine heads known as rhytons re- 57 Herojska doba Histrov The H er oic A ge of The Histri 58 Herojska doba Histrov (kat. št. 55, 147). To so bile posode, ki so jih uporabljali za covered at three sites in Istria (Valtida, Tujan, Nesactium) posmrtne pogostitve in obrede, nato pa so bile položene (cat. no. 44). The bovine head motif is characteristic v grobove, s čimer so evocirale heroizacijo pokojnika, of the southern Italic Magna Graecian art of the time, življenjski cikel, plodnost in nesmrten simpozij. Veliko from whence our Istrian specimens originate. A rhyton drugih vrčkov, skodelic in celo amfor je bilo pripisanih t. i. placed in the grave may have signalled on the one hand »novim posodam« daunijske lončarske produkcije (kat. št. the aristocratic ideal, and on the other the heroisation 135–142, 148–149), prisotni pa so tudi kraterji in skodelice of the deceased, to whom it guaranteed an immortal reliefne keramike iz vzhodnojadranskih delavnic, medtem symposium, rebirth, and fertility, placing the deceased in ko se nekvalitetnejši lokalni lončarski izdelki določajo kot the same mental category as a participant in the divine posode impasto, ki so služile kot žare z grobimi primesmi banquet (Blečić Kavur, Kavur 2020). Represented from (Mihovilić 2014, 260–262, 270–272; 2021, 516). the north Adriatic workshops is the grey pottery of Veneto and the Alto Adriatico (“Upper Adriatic”) class of pottery Podobno kot keramične tudi bronaste posode kažejo na ši- of the Etruscan workshops of Spina of the late 4th and rok spekter uporabe iz razširjenih kulturnih okolij. Dolenjska 3rd centuries BCE (cat. nos. 143–144, 146, 150, 153). Two red–figure jugs with women’s heads painted in profile in Benečija sta tradicionalno oskrbovali s figuralno okra- have been identified as goods deposited in the graves šenimi situlami. V smislu zadnje faze tega umetniškega of the wealthy in Nesactium (Mihovilić 2002; 2004; 2014, sloga jih zaznamuje samo en figuralni friz, najpogosteje 274–276) (cat. nos. 55, 147). These were vessels used živali (kat. št. 108, 154, 156). Nasprotno pa Histri v glo- in feasts and rites in memory of the deceased before balnem obtoku sprejemajo tudi druge bronaste posode iz being laid into the grave, thus evoking the heroisation of etruščanskih in makedonskih delavnic, med katerimi so the deceased, the cycle of life, fertility, and the immortal zvonaste in stamnoidne situle, stamnosi, ciste in drugi symposium. Many other jugs, bowls and even amphorae pripomočki, ki so se uporabljali pri razkošnih slovesnostih are attributed to the so–called “new vases” of Daunian in obredih (Mihovilić 2007c; 2014, 258; 2017; Blečić Kavur pottery production (cat. nos. 135–142, 148–149), and 2020; 2022a; 2022b; 2024b) (kat. št. 157, 159–162). there are kraters and beakers of relief pottery from the workshops of the eastern Adriatic. Impasto ware such Tako pri noši kot pri nakitu so prepoznane številne inova- as urns with coarse tempers have been attributed to the cije, še posebej v zvezi s srebrnim nakitom v 3. stoletju pr. less well–known local pottery production (Mihovilić 2014, n. št., kot so srebrne certoške fibule in fibule tipa Baška 260–262, 270–272; 2021, 516). (Blečić Kavur 2015, 151–177) (kat. št. 165), podkvasti uhani in zapestnice, pletene verižice in antropomorfni Like ceramic ware, the bronze ware also presents a broad obeski, prevzeti iz helenističnih delavnic Liburnov, prav range of uses across a wide distribution of cultural mi-tako pa tudi pogosta uporaba poznih bronastih certoških lieus. Lower Carniola and Veneto were traditionally sup-fibul (Mihovilić 1995; 2014, 270). Nazadnje lahko prav v pliers of situlae with figural decoration. The final phase oblikah nakita in elementih oblačil zasledimo tudi posre- of this artistic style is typified by a single, largely zoomor-dne keltske vplive, ki z ene strani odražajo široko razšir- phic, figural frieze (cat. nos. 108, 154, 156). In the global flow of trade the Histri, conversely, also absorbed other The H jeno modo, z druge pa regionalno proizvodnjo v zadnjih bronze ware, from Etruscan and Macedonian workshops, stoletjih starega veka, v času romanizacije polotoka in er postopne asimilacije avtohtonih prebivalcev, še posebej including bell–shaped and stamnoid situlae, stamnoi, oic A na obalnem območju. Treba je omeniti latensko modo ge of The Histri cistae, and other implements used at lavish festivities and rituals (Mihovilić 2007c; 2014, 258; 2017; Blečić Ka- vozlastih torkvesov ter valovitih bronastih in steklenih vur 2020; 2022a; 2022b; 2024b) (cat. nos. 157, 159–162). zapestnic (Buršić-Matijašić 1989; Sakara Sučević 2004, 59 Herojska doba Histrov 24–27; Mihovilić 2014, 280–282) (kat. št. 43). Fibule pa Over the course of the 3rd century BCE we see numerous so predstavljene v različicah srednjolatenskih shem, še innovations in apparel and jewellery, especially with re- posebej tiste tipa Kastav in Nezakcij, ter kasnolatenskih gard to silver jewellery, such as the silver fibulae of the shem, npr. tipa Picugi (kat. št. 19, 42, 122), kot tudi tiste, Certosa and Baška types (Blečić Kavur 2015, 151–177) ki predstavljajo že mednarodne oblike pod vplivom akvi- (cat. no. 165), horseshoe–shaped earrings and bracelets, lejskega trgovskega posredništva in s prihodom rimskih braided chains, and anthropomorphic pendants, adopted enot (Mihovilić 2001a, 108; 2009a; 2014, 282; Orlić 2011, from the Hellenistic workshops of the Liburni, and the 194–204; Blečić Kavur 2009; 2015, 215–224; 2022b). widespread continued use of late variants of Certosa type bronze fibulae (Mihovilić 1995; 2014, 270). Finally, it is through the forms of jewellery and the elements of apparel that we can follow the indirect Celtic influence, which on the one hand reflects a widespread fashion, and on the other regional production over the course of the closing centuries of the ancient epoch, at the time of the Romanisation of the peninsula and the gradual assimilation of the indigenous population, especially in the coastal zone. Notable here is the La Tène fashion of beaded torcs, and wavy bronze and glass bracelets (Buršić-Matijašić 1989; Sakara Sučević 2004, 24–27; Mihovilić 2014, 280–282) (cat. no. 43). Fibulae are rep- resented with variants of middle La Tène scheme, in particular those of the Kastav and Nesactium type, and late La Tène scheme such as the Picugi type (cat. nos. 19, 42, 122), and what are by then international forms influenced by Aquileian commercial mediation and the arrival of Roman troops (Mihovilić 2001a, 108; 2009a; 2014, 282; Orlić 2011, 194–204; Blečić Kavur 2009; 2015, 215–224; 2022b). The H er oic A ge of The Histri 60 Herojska doba Histrov Grobnice The Tombs Grobišče Nezakcija je po številčnosti in raznolikosti grob- In terms of the number and diversity of grave goods, nih pridatkov ter monumentalni kamniti plastiki zelo po- and the monumental stone sculpture, the necropolis at membno v primerjavi z drugimi doslej znanimi istrskimi Nesactium stands out among the other currently known železnodobnimi grobišči. V natančno ograjenih in za to Istrian Iron Age necropolises. Numerous graves were namenjenih grobnih prostorih je bilo postavljenih mnogo arranged in precisely defined and specifically designated izjemno bogati grobnici, tista I/12 in grobnica, raziskana two exceptionally rich tombs, the one designated I/12 and the tomb investigated in 1981. The objects in them, leta 1981, saj so bile v njiju nakopičeni različni predmeti grobov. Kljub temu pa posebno pozornost zaslužita dve areas. Our particular attention, however, is reserved for namely, were deposited over an extended period of time, v daljšem časovnem obdobju, med katerimi tudi predmeti including those of symbolic value. These were thus likely simbolične vrednosti. Gre najbrž za grobnice uglednih the tombs of the prominent and high–ranking families of in visokorangiranih družin Nezakcija in Histrov v celoti, Nesactium, and of the Histri in general, and are justifiably zato so bile upravičeno predstavljene tudi na tej razstavi, showcased at this exhibition by a selection of the most z izbiro najdragocenejših predmetov. valuable artefacts. V grobnici I/12 so bile poleg grobnih žar priložene številne In tomb I/12, along with the grave urns, we find an abun-keramične posode različnih izvorov, od Posočja in Benečije, dance of ceramic ware from various sources; the Soča Picena in Etrurije do Grčije in Daunije, ter več dragocenih River valley and Veneto, Picenum and Etruria, Greece, and Daunia, and multiple precious bronze vessels such bronastih posod, kot so situle, ciste, kotlički z dvojnimi as situlae, cistae, kettles with dual attachments, drink- križnimi atašami, skodelice, pokrovi idr. (Mihovilić 2001a, ing cups, lids, etc. (Mihovilić 2001a, 149–166) (cat. nos. 149–166) (kat. št. 83–117). Izjemni so še črnofiguralni atiški vrči, od bronastih posod pa so posebej zanimive jugs and, among the bronze ware, the situlae with figural 83–117). Of particular interest are the black–figure Attic figuralno okrašene situle in njihovi pokrovi. Na njih so decoration and the attendant lids. These immortalised upodobljene scene praznovanj, gostij, tekmovanj, slove- scenes of festivities, feasting, competitions, pageants, snih povork, lova, oranja, žrtvovanja ter različni zoomorfni, hunting, ploughing, sacrifice, and also featured a range floralni in drugi motivi. O visoki družbeni vlogi posamezni- of zoomorphic, floral, and other motifs and patterns. The kov, ki so bili pokopani v teh grobovih, pričajo tudi drugi high status enjoyed by the individuals buried in these predmeti, kot so nakitni kompleti, ročaji bronastih ražnjev, tombs is also evidenced by the other grave goods, such bronasto žezlo, škatlica in pahljače ter železni zakrivljeni as the sets of jewellery, bronze spit (skewer) handles, a meči, o katerih je bilo že govora. bronze sceptre, a small container, fans, and the curved iron swords previously discussed. Najpomembnejša žara te grobnice je zagotovo osrednja, izdelana iz kamna, čeprav se žal ni ohranila (prim. kat. served, was certainly the most significant one (cf. cat. The central urn, made of stone, and which has not pre-št. 72). Obkrožena je bila z mnogimi posodami in žarami, no. 72). It was surrounded by numerous vessels and nad njo sta bila postavljena dva železna ukrivljena meča other urns. Above it two curved iron swords (machaira) (mahairi). Znotraj žare so se nahajali nenavadni predmeti: The H were placed. In the urns were unusual objects: a large ter figurica jezdeca na konju, prav tako izdelana iz kosti er mounted horseman, also done in bone (Mihovilić 2001a, oic A velika fibula s koščeno oblogo loka, izdelano iz večjih jagod, fibula with a bow shell of bone beads, and a figurine of a 83–84). Figurica jezdeca ni ohranjena v celoti, vendar so ge of The Histri urine of the rider has not preserved in whole. The closest (Mihovilić 2001a, 90, 162; 2014, 224; 2021, 514) (kat. št. 90, 162; 2014, 224; 2021, 514) (cat. nos. 83–84). The fig- najbližji primerki najdeni v Vačah, Mechlu in Požegi. Grob parallels are to be found in Vače, Mechel, and Požega. s tako simbolično izbranimi predmeti je bil pripisan ženski This tomb, with its highly symbolic selection of objects, pokojnici z izjemnim položajem znotraj nezakcijske družbe was intended for a woman of high lineage from Nesac- 61 Herojska doba Histrov ter interpretiran v ideološkem okviru, ki tesneje povezuje tium. It has been interpreted as presenting an ideological dolenjski prostor z ene strani in etruščansko-picenski concept that closely links Lower Carniola to the one side prostor z druge, kar ga določa kot vitalno povezavo med and the Etruria/Picenum zone to the other, standing as a tema dvema svetovoma (Teržan 2007, 49–51). vital link between these two worlds (Teržan 2007, 49–51). The tomb investigated in 1981 beneath the Roman period Največja in najrazkošnejša grobna celota tega kraja in te Temple B in Nesactium is the largest and most lavish kulture je grobnica, raziskana leta 1981, ki se je nahajala burial context in this place and from this culture (cat. pod rimskim templjem B v Nezakciju (kat. št. 118–158). Gre nos. 118–158). This is an area bordered by stone blocks za prostor, omejen s kamnitimi bloki in ploščami, v katerem and panels within which archaeological investigation je bila raziskana ogromna količina različnih predmetov found a great quantity of diverse artefacts (Mihovilić (Mihovilić 1996). Ti jasno kažejo tako na družbeni status 1996). They clearly speak to the social status and the in položaj pokojnika znotraj njegove skupnosti kot tudi na position of the deceased within the community, and to izjemno vrednost samih predmetov, ki so bili pridobljeni the prestige value of the items, procured via the broad preko istrskih kulturnih povezav. Odkriti so bili številni ele- network of Histrian cultural links. Multiple elements of menti vojaške opreme, kot so železne sulice in fragmenti military gear were identified, including iron spearheads, negovskih čelad (Guštin 2019), pa tudi deli noše in nakita fragments of Negau type helmets (Guštin 2019), and parts (Mihovilić 1996, 51–55). V grobnici so bile skupine majhnih of apparel and jewellery (Mihovilić 1996, 51–55). The astragalov in falang ovac/koz (kat. št. 158). Predvideva se, tomb also contained groups of small sheep/goat bone astragalus and phalanx gaming pieces (cat. no. 158). It da so bili uporabljeni pri posebnih igrah ali prerokbah med has been posited that these were used for ceremonial slovesnostmi (Jurišić 1996; Mihovilić 1996, 54). games or divinations (Jurišić 1996; Mihovilić 1996, 54). Kljub temu pa je največja količina predmetov povezana z The bulk of the artefacts were however associated with razkošnimi kompleti za pitje vina in drugih opojnih pijač, lavish sets used for the consumption of wine and other ki so se stregle ob najrazličnejših profanih in ritualnih intoxicating beverages, served in the course of a broad dno sprejet ritual uživanja alkohola, katerega vloga pri scored the internationally accepted ritual of consum-ing alcohol; the role of alcohol in promoting commerce, spodbujanju komercialnosti, izmenjavi gostoljubnosti in praznovanjih. Kajti pogostitev je potencirala mednaro- range of secular and ritual ceremonies. The feast under- exchanges of hospitality, and in power dynamics was dinamiki moči v zadnjem tisočletju starega veka je bila broadly entrenched in the final millennium BCE (Blečić dobro poznana (Blečić Kavur 2020). Tako so priloženi Kavur 2020). Thus, we see here ceramic and bronze serv-keramični in bronasti servisi s potrebnimi pripomočki, ing sets attended by the requisite utensils, most ritually, večinoma ritualizirani, torej namenoma uničeni. Izjemne i.e., intentionally damaged. Exceptional examples include so mlajše oblikovane daunijske posode, vrči, ki posnemajo later forms of Daunian vessels, jugs that mimic Etruscan etruščansko keramiko bukero (kat. št. 133), kompleti grških Bucchero ware (cat. no. 133), sets of Greek and southern in južnoitalskih vrčev ter čaš pa tudi skupine posod tipa Italic jugs and drinking cups, and a group of vessels of Alto Adriatico iz etruščanskih delavnic (Mihovilić 1996, the Alto Adriatico type from Etruscan workshops (Miho-38–44; 2002; 2004). Repertoar posod je obogaten, poleg vilić 1996, 38–44; 2002; 2004). The repertoire of ware umetnosti tudi s posodami etruščanske produkcije, kot so and cistae from the body of Situla art, vessels of Etrus-can production, fragments of bell situlae, cistae with The H običajnih bronastih stožčastih situl in cist iz kroga situlske is complemented with the usual bronze conical situlae odlomki zvonastih situl, ciste z vrezanimi okraski, stamos, ter deloma tudi s posodami lokalne izdelave (Mihovilić of local production (Mihovilić 2007c; 2017; Blečić Kavur incised decoration, stamnoi, and to some extent ware 2007c; 2017; Blečić Kavur 2021; 2024b). Treba jih je torej oic A 2021; 2024b). These should then be seen as symbols of er razumeti kot prestižne statusne simbole, ki so kazali kom- prestige and status that indicate a complex and coherent ge of The Histri pleksen in koherenten odnos med pitjem pijače, prevzetimi relationship between drink, the adoption of foreign items tujimi predmeti in rituali ter samo situlsko umetnostjo kot and rituals, and Situla art itself as the “universal visual »univerzalnim vizualnim jezikom« elit železne dobe (Perego arts language” of the Iron Age elite (Perego 2013; Blečić 2013; Blečić Kavur 2020). Kavur 2020). 63 Herojska doba Histrov Med vsemi pomembnimi predmeti je najeminentnejša fi- The most outstanding of all these exceptional artefacts is guralno okrašena situla z največjim prikazom velike ladje z a situla with figural decoration having a prominent scene veslači in bojevniki (kat. št. 155). Ti v različnih kompozicijah of a ship with oarsmen and warriors (cat. no. 155). In sodelujejo v dinamičnem in realističnem prikazu pomor- various poses they are shown in a dynamic and realistic ske bitke. Bojevniki se razlikujejo po opremi, še posebej depiction of a naval battle. The warriors are differenti- prikazana v letu, umrli pa padajo z ladij. Gre za absolutno weaponry. Arrows and spears are shown in flight, and the killed are shown falling. This is an absolutely unique piece, edinstveno umetniško delo, brez paralel v situlski in splo-po čeladah in napadalnem orožju. Puščice in kopja so ated by their gear, in particular their helmets and naval having no analogue among other works of Situla art, or šni umetnosti prazgodovinske Evrope. V drugih frizih so predstavljene običajne scene lova, oranja, svečanih povork, depict the customary scenes of hunting, ploughing, cere-in art in general in prehistoric Europe. The other friezes živali in drevesa življenja. Slogovno se situla povezuje z monial processions, animals, and the tree of life. In terms delavnicami južnoalpskega prostora, izdelali pa so jo po of its style, this situla is associated with the workshops posebnem naročilu histrskih aristokratov spretni mojstri – of the southern Alpine region. It was commissioned by toreuti nekje na območju Tirolske ali morda kot povabljeni Histrian aristocrats and crafted by master metalsmiths mojstri – umetniki prav v samem Nezakciju (Mihovilić somewhere in the area of present–day Tyrol or, perhaps, 1992; 1996, 45–48; 2005; 2014, 244–248). in Nesactium itself by a travelling master craftsman (Mi- hovilić 1992; 1996, 45–48; 2005; 2014, 244–248). The H er oic A ge of The Histri 65 Herojska doba Histrov Herojska doba The Heroic Age Histrov of the Histri Kot v neki epski tradiciji se čas konca 2. in začetka 1. As with the best of epic traditions, the period of the late tisočletja starega veka resnično bere kot herojsko ob- 2nd and 1st millennium BCE truly reads as the heroic age dobje Histrov v Istri. Prisotni na kopnem in prevladujoči of the Histri in Istria. Present on land and dominant at na morju, znani po imenu in po deželah, ki so jih zasedli, sea, known by name and by the lands they occupied, je njihova preteklost hkrati privlačna in otipljiva. Plastič- their past is both captivating and tangible. Its concrete manifestations are the elevated and fortified hillforts, no jo predstavljajo izstopajoča in utrjena gradišča, ki so rightly considered (proto)urban settlements, and their upravičeno obravnavana kot (proto)urbana naselja, ter accompanying and well organised necropolises, with njim pripadajoča dobro organizirana grobišča, z grobovi the graves and tombs of the wealthiest and, likely, most in grobnicami najbogatejših, verjetno tudi prominentnih influential Histri. It is embodied by the many objects of Histrov. Utelešajo jo številni predmeti materialne kulture, its material culture which speak both to the involvement ki hkrati potrjujejo angažiranost Histrov v nadregionalnih of the Histri in the supra–regional flows of an elaborate omrežjih trgovine in kulturne izmenjave ter legitimirajo network of trade and cultural exchange, and legitimise the namen poveličevanja histrske aristokracije in njenega tek- self–aggrandising aspirations of the Istrian aristocracy movanja s sodobnimi srednjeevropskimi, sredozemskimi and its competition with contemporary central European, ter jadranskimi vladarskimi elitami. Mediterranean, and Adriatic ruling elites. The graves of the rich and/or rulers differ from the others Bogati in/ali vladarski grobovi se razlikujejo od drugih ne le not only in terms of the number of items deposited with po številu, temveč tudi po raznovrstnosti in kakovosti pred- the rest of the grave inventory, but also by their diversity metov, priloženih z drugim grobnim inventarjem. Vojaško and quality. The presence of a military aristocracy was aristokracijo je zaznamovalo orožje, nenavadni predmeti in signalled by their weaponry, while unusual and specific specifični subjekti pa družbene ter ideološke velikaše, ki so subjects signalled the societal and ideological potentates iskali ezoterično znanje in eksotične predmete. Vse skupaj who pursued esoteric knowledge and exotic objects. All nas popelje v prizore razkošnih praznovanj in ceremonij together it presents scenes of the opulent festivities and histrske aristokracije, ki niso nič zaostajali za tistimi iz ceremonies of the Histrian aristocracy, in no way lagging sredozemskega sveta, vsaj kar zadeva obredne ekstaze, behind those of the Mediterranean world – at least when mednarodno sprejete protokole in posebne užitke, saj so, it comes to ritual ecstasy, internationally accepted pro-glede na izbor uvoženih posod, zelo odprto in progresivno tocols, and particular pleasures. Indeed, judging by the sledili duhu tistega časa. To seveda osvetljuje dejstvo o selection of imported ware, they were quite unabashed ki so bile zelo žive in trajne na vseh štirih straneh sveta. This of course speaks to the lively and robust economic, cultural, and social links the Histri nurtured with all four Kroženje dobrin in idej ni bilo zgolj materialne narave, histrskih gospodarskih, kulturnih in družbenih povezavah, and progressive in conforming to the zeitgeist of the time. temveč je bilo povezano tudi z izmenjavo ljudi, predvsem The H corners of the world. The flow of goods and ideas was pri prenosu določenih znanj in veščin, še bolj pa pri obliko- associated with a significant circulation of people, above er by no means exclusively a material affair. It was also ki so se običajno kronali z zavezništvi, v katerih so imele more so in the management of mutually amicable and ge of The Histri pomembno vlogo ženske. Razumevajoč torej aktualnost te diplomatic relations, usually crowned by alliances, pro-vanju medsebojnih prijateljskih in diplomatskih odnosov, oic A all in the transmission of knowledge and skills, and even povezanosti v smislu prepletenosti vzajemnosti in ustvar- cesses in which women played a significant role. Com-jalnosti lahko presodimo, da so že v tistih davnih časih prehending thus the currency of this connectivity in the 67 Herojska doba Histrov omogočeni prepletanje družbeno in ideološko različnih sense of an interaction between reciprocity and creativity, svetov, približevanje novih kontrapunktov ter zbliževa- we can posit that even in this distant past it provided for nje kompozicij drugačnih ustvarjalnosti z združevanjem the commingling of socially and ideologically disparate prostorskih in kulturnih razdalj. Globalna povezanost ta- worlds, a rapprochement of novel counterpoints, and the kratnega sveta je dinamično spreminjala podobo družbe convergence of compositions of contrasting creativity by spektivo s katero so se razvijale. V takšnem procesualnem the time actively altered the social makeup of the various communities that subscribed to these arrangements and, prepletanju mnoge eksotike doživljajo svojo metamorfozo, posameznih skupnosti, ki so jo podedovale, in še bolj per- bridging spatial and cultural distances. The globalism of even more so, the prospects of their future development. in sicer v lokalizem, ki je postal del prepoznavne metafore kulturne kode predmetnega območja. exotic metamorphosed into a localism, becoming an In a thus contrived processual interplay, much that was evident metaphor for the local cultural code. Na ta način postanejo jasnejše tudi posebne prakse histr- skih pogrebnih protokolov, s katerimi so izražali ideale In this regard, we have a clearer representation of the vodilnih članov njihove družbe, kot so to počeli na svoj particularities of Histrian funereal protocols, which ex- način tudi pri praksah heroizacije svojih pokojnikov. To pressed the ideals of the leading members of the society nam je znano iz mnogih kontekstov, v povezavi z različni- as, in their own way, they comprehended and upheld the mi predmetov, vendar predvsem iz situlske umetnosti in practice of heroizing their dead. We learn this from many monumentalne kamnite plastike. Prav kamnita skulptura, contexts, various artefacts, but primarily from the Situla art and the monumental stone sculpture. It is this work večinoma iz Nezakcija, ter posamezni primerki iz Picugov in stone, largely from Nesactium, with isolated exam- in Kaštela pri Bujah (Mihovilić 2001a, 117–13; 2003; 2014, ples from Picugi and Kaštel near Buje (Mihovilić 2001a, 340–350), predstavljajo posebno ideološko reprezentacijo 117–130; 2003; 2014, 340–350), that constitutes a rep- in umetniški dosežek na območju vzhodnega Jadrana ter resentation of ideology and artistic achievement on the bližnjega zaledja. eastern Adriatic shores and the proximate hinterland. Monolitne kamnite plošče ali stele so okrašene z vkle- Monolithic stone panels or stela are decorated with carved sanimi geometrijskimi motivi, s spiralami, z meandri in s geometric patterns, spirals, meanders, and swastikas, svastikami, zelo podobnimi ali enakimi tistim na keramičnih very similar or identical to those found on the pottery and posodah in kovinskih predmetih (kat. št. 183). V polni pla- metal ware (cat. no. 183). Sculpture in the round includes stiki so predstavljeni torzi mladeničev (kat. št. 181–182) the torso of a young man (cat. nos. 181–182), a woman, a horseman, and an altar, some further decorated with in žensk, konjenikov in žrtvenikov, nekateri pa so dodatno spirals and meanders. The large sculpture is composite okrašeni s spiralami in z meandri. Največja skulptura je kompozitna in sinkretična, saj prikazuje žensko, negoval- child, and a horseman. All three figures, although static and syncretic, depicting a nurturing mother with a small ko z malim otrokom in konjenika. Vse tri figure, čeprav and schematic, are active in evoking their own seman- statične in shematizirane, so aktivne pri prikazovanju tic composition. As this was freestanding and public pomena spomenika. Ker gre za prostostoječo skulpturo sculpture, read from all sides while in ambulation, it is javnega značaja, kjer je vsebino mogoče prebrati z vseh convincingly appropriate to the architectural ensemble strani, se prepričljivo povezuje z arhitekturnimi celotami of the cultic setting of the necropolis at Nesactium. Thus, kultnega mesta grobišča Nezakcija. Zato se, kljub temu despite the fact that they were all found in a secondary The H da so bile vse skulpture odkrite v sekundarnem položaju position at the necropolis, they have been interpreted er votive monuments celebrating the heroisation and apo- na grobišču, interpretirajo kot nagrobne stele, inventar as grave stelae, the inventory of a cemetery shrine, and oic A grobiščnega svetišča in zavetni spomeniki, ki so vsi služili ge of The Histri heroizaciji in apoteozi plemenitih pokojnikov, najpogosteje theosis of the virtuous dead – usually rulers, aristocrats, vladarjev, aristokratov, bojevnikov in herojev. Uveljavljeno je warriors, and deceased heroes. The consensus opinion mnenje, da stele pripadajo avtohtoni umetniški in estetski is that these stelae are indigenous artistic and aesthetic ustvarjalnosti pod vplivom umetnosti sosednjih italskih ter th works influenced by the art of the neighbouring Italic and Etruscan cultural milieus of the 8 /7th centuries BCE, 68 Herojska doba Histrov etruščanskih kulturnih okolij v 8./7. stoletju, medtem ko with a 6th century BCE date proposed for the creation of se skulpture datirajo v 6. stoletje pr. n. št. (Fischer 1984, these sculptures (Fischer 1984, 51–58; Majnarić-Pandžić 51–58; Majnarić-Pandžić 1998, 274–280; Kukoč 2001; 1998, 274–280; Kukoč 2001; Teržan 2007, 49–51; Mihovilić Teržan 2007, 49–51; Mihovilić 2003; 2014, 344–346). S 2003; 2014, 344–346). In these works, the Histri honoured temi so Histri častili in slavili svoje prednike, označevali and celebrated their ancestors, observed their traditions, poz in gest kot aktivne sporočilne oblike za vsakogar, ki the body, poses, and gesture, as active messages to the observer. The artist or workshops that created these jih je opazoval. Umetnik, ali umetniški atelje, ki je ustvar-tradicije in sledili tendencam z jasno reprezentacijo telesa, and kept abreast of trends in the clear representation of monumental sculptures injected the Histrian imagina- jal te monumentalne skulpture, je histrsko domišljijo in ustvarjalnost vklesal v sam vrh umetniškega izraza žele- expression in Iron Age Europe. tion and creative spirit into the very pinnacle of artistic znodobne Evrope. We also find the Histrian past and its legacy carved into Histrsko preteklost in dediščino najdemo vklesano tudi more recent history. This we learn from other sources; v novih zgodovinskih okoliščinah. To spoznavamo tudi notably Roman epigraphy. Carefully nurtured, centuries– iz drugih, tokrat rimskih epigrafskih spomenikov. Skrbno old traditions survived in the personal and gentile names ohranjene stoletne tradicije so preživele v osebnih in gen- of the Histri and the names of their pre–Roman deities. tiličnih histrskih imenih ter imenih njihovih predrimskih Only a single male deity, Melosocus (numi Melosoco Au-božanstev. Znano nam je samo eno moško božanstvo, gusto), is known to us (Matijašić, Petešić 2017) (cat. no. 184) among a profusion of female deities such as Eia, Melosocus (numi Melosoco Augusto) (Matijašić, Petešić Ika, Iria, and Boria (Starac 1999, 120–124; Mihovilić 2014, 2017) (kat. št. 184), ter dominacija ženskih božanstev 356–358). They are connected not only to the ancient kot so Eia, Ika, Iria, Boria in druge (Starac 1999, 120–124; identity of heroic Histrian ancestors, but also represent Mihovilić 2014, 356–358). S temi ni povezana samo sta- individual symbolic systems, memories, and beliefs. rodavna identiteta herojskih histrskih prednikov, temveč tudi posamezni simbolni sistemi, spomini in verovanja. A comprehensive comparative framework, and the value of the preserved artefacts and customs, bears witness Obsežen komparativni okvir ter vrednost ohranjenih pred- to a millennial Histrian culture, and to the process in metov in običajev pričata o tisočletni histrski kulturi, prav which this identity was moulded concurrently by local tako pa o procesu, v katerem so identiteto Histrov ustvar- conditions and, through various forms of cohesion, global jale tako lokalne okoliščine kot tudi, skozi različne oblike contacts with numerous other, proximate and distant, named and unnamed cultural groups. The Histri were kohezije, globalni stiki z mnogimi drugimi, bližnjimi in definitely contemporary and sovereign participants in oddaljenimi, imenovanimi in neimenovanimi kulturnimi skupnostmi. Histri so bili nedvomno sodobni in suvereni and acting locally in their own milieu, they wove a heroic prehistoric Europe’s final chapter. Reasoning globally udeleženci tega zadnjega prizora prazgodovinske Evrope. age into their venerable history. Razsojajoč na popolnoma globalni ravni in delujoč lokalno v svojem okolju, so tako stkali resnično herojsko dobo svoje slavne preteklosti. The H er oic A ge of The Histri 69 Herojska doba Histrov The H er oic A ge of The Histri 70 Herojska doba Histrov КАТА LOG CATA LOGUE The H er oic A ge of The Histri 71 Herojska doba Histrov Limska gradina Limska gradina Grob 4 / Grave 4 1. Trebušasta keramična posoda z nizkim cilindričnim vratom. Okrašena je s psevdotrakastim okrasom, z belo inkrustacijo, s šrafiranimi rombi in z oglatim meandrom. Dimenzije: viš. 16,2 cm, pr. 20,6 cm, AMI P-7122 1. Globular ceramic vessel, stubby cylindrical neck. Pseudo–ribbon decoration, white paste inlay, hatched rhombi, and angular meander. Dimensions: H 16.2 cm, DIA 20.6 cm, AMI P–7122 Grob 57 / Grave 57 2. Keramična posoda v obliki skodelice s cilindričnim vratom, presegajočim trakastim ročajem in z okrasom plitvih poševnih kanelur. Dimenzije: viš. 13,4 cm, pr. 16,4 cm, AMI P-9597 2. Cup–shaped ceramic vessel, cylindrical neck, upswung strap handle, decoration of shallow oblique fluting. The H AMI P–9597 Dimensions: H 13.4 cm, DIA 16.4 cm, er oic A ge of The Histri 72 Herojska doba Histrov 3. Keramična posoda v obliki skodelice s cilindričnim vratom. Okrašena je s paralelno vrezanimi linijami in tremi bradavicami, obdanimi s koncentričnimi krožnicami, medsebojno povezanimi z motivom ribje kosti. Dimenzije: viš. 14,8 cm, pr. 19 cm, AMI P-20693 3. Cup–shaped ceramic vessel, cylindrical neck, decoration of parallel incised lines and three nubs encircled by concentric circles, joined by a herringbone pattern. Dimensions: H 14.8 cm, DIA 19 cm, AMI P–20693 4. Deset odlomkov bronastih dvojno tordiranih ogrlic (torkvesov). Dimenzije: dol. 2,1–8,2 cm, AMI P-18959 4. Fragments of ten bronze double twist neck rings (torcs). Dimensions: L 2.1–8.2 cm, AMI P–18959 5. Bronaste zapestnice strehastega preseka in njihovi odlomki. Dimenzije: pr. 8 cm, šir. 1,8 cm, deb. 0,1 cm, AMI P-18935, 18936, 18937, 18938, 18939, 18941 section, and fragments of these bracelets. The H 5. Bronze bracelets of V–shaped cross– Dimensions: DIA 8 cm, W 1.8 cm, thickness eroic A 0.1 cm, AMI P–18935, 18936, 18937, 18938, ge of The Histri 18939, 18941 73 Herojska doba Histrov 6. Odlomki očalastih obeskov. Dimenzije: pr. 2–3,3 cm, deb. 0,15–0,2 cm, AMI P-18931, 18948 6. Fragments of spectacle pendants. Dimensions: DIA 2–3.3 cm, thickness 0.15– 0.2 cm, AMI P–18931, 18948 7. Bronasta spiralno zavita okrasna žica – saltaleone. Dimenzije: viš. 2,8 cm, deb. 0,1 cm, AMI P-18930 7. Bronze decorative wire wound in helical form – saltaleone. Dimensions: H 2.8 cm, thickness 0.1 cm, AMI P–18930 8. Večbarvne steklene jagode sodčastega tipa, okrašene z valovitimi paralelnimi linijami, zapolnjenimi z belo nitjo. Dimenzije: dol. 1,5 cm, pr. 0,7–0,9 cm, deb. 0,3 cm, AMI P-18934, 18946, 18956 8. Polychrome barrel–shaped glass beads, decoration of parallel wavy lines with white thread fill. Dimensions: L 1.5 cm, DIA 0.7 – 0.9 cm, The H thickness 0.3 cm, AMI P–18934, 18946, 18956 er oic A ge of The Histri 74 Herojska doba Histrov Grob 58 / Grave 58 9. Keramična posoda v obliki skodelice s cilindričnim vratom, presegajočim trakastim ročajem in z okrasom plitvih poševnih kanelur. Dimenzije: viš. 15,4 cm, pr. 19,2 cm, AMI P-9595 9. Cup–shaped ceramic vessel, cylindrical neck, upswung strap handle, decoration of shallow oblique fluting. Dimensions: H 15.4 cm, DIA 19.2 cm, AMI P–9595 10. Bronasti kalotasti gumbi. Dimenzije: pr. 1,1–4,3 cm, viš. 1–1,2 cm, AMI P-9531, 9662 10. Bronze calotte–shaped buttons. Dimensions: DIA 1.1–4.3 cm, H 1–1.2 cm, AMI P–9531, 9662 11. Bronast trakast uhan, okrašen s paralelno vrezanimi linijami. Dimenzije: pr. 2,9 cm, šir. 0,7 cm, deb. 0,1 cm, AMI P-9532 11. Bronze strap earring, decorated with parallel incised lines. The H Dimensions: DIA 2.9 cm, W 0.7 cm, thickness er 0.1 cm, AMI P–9532oic A ge of The Histri 75 Herojska doba Histrov 12. Pet bronastih zapestnic strehastega preseka in njihovi odlomki. Dimenzije zapestnic: pr. 7,8–8 cm, šir. 1,2–1,4 cm, deb. 0,3–0,5 cm, AMI P-9533, 9534, 9535, 9536, 9537 12. Five bronze bracelets of V–shaped cross– section, and fragments of these bracelets. Dimensions of the bracelets: DIA 7.8–8 cm, W 1.2–1.4 cm, thickness 0.3–0.5 cm, AMI P–9533, 9534, 9535, 9536, 9537 13. Odlomki bronastih zapestnic strehastega preseka različnih velikosti. AMI P-9539 13. Fragments of bronze bracelets of V– shaped cross–section, of various sizes. AMI P–9539 14. Odlomki bronastih zapestnic trikotnega preseka različnih velikosti. AMI P-9538 The H 14. Fragments of bronze bracelets of triangular section, of various sizes. er AMI P–9538 oic A ge of The Histri 76 Herojska doba Histrov 15. Odlomki bronastih očalastih obeskov različnih velikosti. AMI P-9543, 9544, 9545, 9546, 9637 15. Fragments of bronze spectacle pendants, of various sizes. AMI P–9543, 9544, 9545, 9546, 9637 16. Ogrlica iz 106 koščenih okroglih in ploščatih jagod. Dimenzije: pr. 1,3 cm, deb. 0,15 cm, AMI P-60342 16. Necklace of 106 bone beads, round and flat. Dimensions: DIA 1.3 cm, thickness 0.15 cm, AMI P–60342 Literatura / Bibliography: The H Mihovilić 1972; 2012; 2014; 2021; Teržan 1996; 1999; Urem 2012; Blečić Kavur 2014; eroic A Blečić Kavur, Kavur 2015. ge of The Histri 77 Herojska doba Histrov Picugi I–III Picugi I–III Izbor iz grobov / Select material from the graves 17. Bronasta enodelna kačasta fibula s sedlastim lokom, ki prehaja v iglo. Dimenzije: dol. 7,2 cm, AMI P-2320 17. One–part bronze serpentine fibula, saddle bow transitions to the pin. Dimensions: L 7.2 cm, AMI P–2320 18. Bronasta fibula z dolgo nogo, zaključeno s kroglico in enim navojem glave. Dimenzije: dol. 8,5 cm, viš. 3 cm, AMI P-29514 18. Bronze fibula with a long foot having a spherical knob terminal, and a single turn of the spring winding. Dimensions: L 8.5 cm, H 3 cm, AMI P–29514 19. Bronasta fibula srednjelatenske sheme tipa Picugi s podaljšano in zavito nogo. Noga je s prstanasto profilirano objemko pritrjena na lok fibule. Dimenzije: dol. 11,8 cm, AMI P-2301 The H 19. Bronze fibula, Picugi variant of the middle er La Tène fibula scheme, with foot curved back oic A and fixed to the bow by an annular joint. ge of The Histri Dimensions: L 11.8 cm, AMI P–2301 78 Herojska doba Histrov 20. Bronasta manšetasta zapestnica, okrašena z vrezanimi geometričnimi motivi. Dimenzije: dol. 6,9 cm, šir. 2,7 cm, AMI P-2220 20. Bronze cuff bracelet, decorated with incised geometric patterns. Dimensions: L 6.9 cm, W 2.7 cm, AMI P–2220 21. Bronast polmesečast obesek v obliki glavnika. Dimenzije: viš. 4 cm, dol. 6,1 cm, AMI P-2070 21. Bronze semi–circular comb–shaped pendant. Dimensions: H 4 cm, L 6.1 cm, AMI P–2070 22. Ogrlica iz 13 jantarnih jagod različnih velikosti in stopnje ohranjenosti. Dimenzije: pr. 2,5–0,5 cm, AMI P-1550 22. Necklace of 13 amber beads, of various sizes and of varying states of preservation. Dimensions: DIA 2.5–0.5 cm, AMI P–1550 23. Ogrlica iz 12 steklenih jagod različnih velikosti s krožnimi dekoracijami in z rumeno nitjo. Dimenzije: pr. 0,8–2,3 cm, AMI P-1552 The H sizes, with circular decoration and yellow oic A 23. Necklace of 12 glass beads of various er thread inlay. ge of The Histri Dimensions: DIA 0.8–2.3 cm, AMI P–1552 79 Herojska doba Histrov 24. Bronasta stožčasta čelada tipa Novilara z vzporednim parom lukenj vzdolž kalote in odebeljenim notranjim robom. Okras koncentričnih trakov je zapolnjen z dvema vrstama šrafiranih trikotnikov. Dimenzije: viš. 20,5 cm, pr. 22,5–24 cm, deb. 0,2 cm, AMI P-1995 24. Novilara type bronze conical helmet, with parallel sets of paired perforations along the calotte and reinforced inside edge. A concentric band decoration is filled out with two rows of hatched triangles. Dimensions: H 20.5 cm, DIA 22.5–24 cm, thickness 0.2 cm, AMI P–1995 25. Bronast nož na obeh strani, okrašen z vrezanimi šrafiranimi rombi. Dimenzije: dol. 10,2 cm, AMI P-2332 25. Small bronze knife, both sides decorated with incised hatched rhombi. Dimensions: L 10.2 cm, AMI P–2332 26. Bronast nož tipa San Antonio z dvojnim ročajem, zaključenim z dvema obročema, in okrasom vrezanega niza šrafiranih geometričnih motivov. Dimenzije: dol. 18,7 cm, AMI P-2330 26. Sant’Antonio type bronze knife, openwork The H (“double”) handle ends with a pair of loops, decoration of incised rows of hatched er geometric patterns. oic A ge of The Histri Dimensions: L 18.7 cm, AMI P–2330 80 Herojska doba Histrov 27. Bronast nož z ročajem, zaključenim v obliki obroča. Dimenzije: dol. 16,6 cm, AMI P-2331 27. Bronze knife, looped hilt butt. Dimensions: L 16.6 cm, AMI P–2331 28. Bronast ročaj pahljače s širokim košarastim zaključkom s polkrožno stilizirano mrežasto palmeto z volutami. Volute in rob so okrašeni z vrezanimi šrafiranimi trikotniki, na mestu razvejitve volut pa sta ohranjeni dve majhni stopali, ostanek plastične figure. Dimenzije: dol. 19,8 cm, šir. 9,5 cm, AMI P-9589 28. Bronze fan handle, broad basket terminal, semi–circular stylised openwork palmettes with volutes. The volutes and the edge are decorated with incised hatched triangles. A small pair of feet survive where the volutes fork; the remains of a sculptural figure. Dimensions: L 19.8 cm, W 9.5 cm, AMI P–9589 29. Odlomek bronastega ročaja pahljače in polkrožne mrežaste palmete z volutami. Dimenzije: šir. 8,5 cm, dol. 10 cm, deb. 0,9 cm, AMI P-2364 29. Fragment of a bronze fan handle, semi– The H circular openwork palmettes with volutes. er oic A Dimensions: W 8.5 cm, L 10 cm, thickness 0.9 cm, AMI P–2364 ge of The Histri 81 Herojska doba Histrov 30. Odlomek bronastega ročaja pahljače in polkrožne mrežaste palmete z volutami. Dimenzije: dol. 7,2 cm, šir. 9,2 cm, deb. 1 cm, AMI P-2368 30. Fragment of a bronze fan handle, openwork palmettes with volutes. Dimensions: L 7.2 cm, W 9.2 cm, thickness 1 cm, AMI P–2368 31. Keramična trebušasta posoda z okrasom plastične tekoče spirale. Dimenzije: viš. 12,8 cm, pr. 16 cm, AMI P-1587 31. Globular ceramic vessel with moulded decoration of running spirals. Dimensions: H 12.8 cm, DIA 16 cm, AMI P–1587 32. Keramična trebušasta posoda s poševno nazobčanim ustjem. Okrašena je s plastičnim rebrom in z oglatim meandrom. Dimenzije: viš. 13 cm, pr. 19 cm, AMI P-2292 32. Globular ceramic vessel with oblique toothed rim, decorated with moulded rib and The H angular meander. er Dimensions: H 13 cm, DIA 19 cm, AMI P–2292 oic A ge of The Histri 82 Herojska doba Histrov 33. Keramična posodica tipa kothon. Okrašena je z vrezanimi vodoravnimi linijami, ki zapirajo niz stiliziranih ptic (rac). Dimenzije: viš. 4,9 cm, pr. 8,1 cm, AMI P-2126 33. Kothon type small ceramic vessel with horizontal rectangular handle, decorated with incised horizontal lines enclosing a series of stylised birds (ducks). Dimensions: H 4.9 cm, DIA 8.1 cm, AMI P–2126 34. Keramična posodica tipa kothon. Okrašena je z vrezanim šrafiranim trakom in s cikcak motivi. Dimenzije: viš. 4,4 cm, pr. 7,2 cm, AMI P-3394 34. Kothon type small ceramic vessel with horizontal rectangular handle, decorated with incised hatched band and zigzag pattern. Dimensions: H 4.4 cm, DIA 7.2 cm, AMI P–3394 35. Etruščanska keramična posoda s štirimi stiliziranimi živalskimi figurami (pes ali lisica?) na ramenu in tremi na pokrovu posode. Na beli podlagi so z rjavo barvo naslikani geometrični motivi, razporejeni v tri frize. Prvi friz je sestavljen iz visečih trikotnikov, drugi iz meandra in tretji iz stoječih trikotnikov. Dimenzije: viš. 27,8 cm, pr. 14 cm, AMI P-1539 35. Etruscan lidded ceramic vessel with four stylized animal figures (dog or fox?) on the shoulder The H and three on the lid of the vessel. Geometric er patterns painted brown on a white background, oic A arranged in a trio of friezes. The first frieze has a fill ge of The Histri of hanging triangles, the second a meander, and the third has standing triangles. Dimensions: H 27.8 cm, DIA 14 cm, AMI P–1539 83 Herojska doba Histrov 36. Daunijski keramični askos – posoda okroglega telesa in z bočno postavljenim cilindričnim izlivom z apliko v obliki stilizirane račje glave. Okrašena je na rumenkasti podlagi s črno barvo naslikanim geometrijskim okrasom. Dimenzije: viš. 24 cm, pr. 22 cm, AMI P-17569 36. Daunian ceramic askos vessel with spherical body and cylindrical spout to the side, with applique in the form of a stylised duck head. Geometric decoration painted in black on yellowish background. Dimensions: H 24 cm, DIA 22 cm, AMI P–17569 37. Delno ohranjena bronasta situla tipa Hajduböszörmeny, okrašena z iztolčenimi geometričnimi motivi in pikami. Na plašču je prikazan motiv sončne ladje z dvema stiliziranima račkama. Sekundarno je predelana. Dimenzije: viš. 24 cm, pr. 14,5 cm, AMI P-6928 37. Partially preserved bronze situla of the Hajdúböszörmény type, decorated with hammered geometric patterns and dots. Solar ship motif with a pair of stylised ducks on the body of the vessel. Secondary modification. Dimensions: H 24 cm, DIA 14.5 cm, The H AMI P–6928 er oic A ge of The Histri 84 Herojska doba Histrov 38. Bronasta narebrena cista z dvema atašama. Rob posode je uvit okoli svinčene palice. Dimenzije: viš. 14 cm, pr. 12 cm, AMI P-10492 38. Ribbed bronze cista with dual attachments. Rim folded over a lead rod. Dimensions: H 14 cm, DIA 12 cm, AMI P–10492 Literatura / Bibliography: Mihovilić 1980; 1988; 1990; 2000; 2007b; 2009a; 2014; 2021; Glogović 1979; 1996. Kaštel pri Bujah, grob 21 / Kaštel near Buje, Grave 21 39. Keramična situla na nogi, stožčaste oblike in cilindričnega vratu. Okrašena je z vrstami vbodov, geometrijskimi motivi in prizorom štirih sončnih ladij. Dimenzije: viš. 27,5 cm, pr. 26,5 cm, AMI P-6838 39. Ceramic footed situla, conical form with cylindrical neck. Decorated with series of stabbed impressions, geometric patterns, and a scene with four solar ships. Dimensions: H 27.5 cm, DIA 26.5 cm, The H AMI P–6838 er oic A ge of The Histri 85 Herojska doba Histrov 40. Bronasta skodelica z visokim trakastim ročajem in majhnim dnom z omfalosom. Ustje posode je okrašeno z vrezanimi vodoravnimi črtami in visečimi trikotniki. Sekundarno je predelana. Dimenzije: viš. 11 cm, pr. 18 cm, AMI P-6898 40. Bronze cup with upswung strap handle and small omphalos base. The rim of the vessel is decorated with incised horizontal lines and hanging triangles. Secondary modification. Dimensions: H 11 cm, DIA 18 cm, AMI P–6898 Literatura / Bibliography: Cestnik 2009; Mihovilić 2014. Beram / Beram 41. Odlomek bronaste pahljače z ročajem in mrežasto palmeto. Osrednje rebro je okrašeno z valovnico in s štirimi horizontalnimi črtami. Dimenzije: dol. 10,2 cm, šir. 6,4 cm, deb. 0,5 cm, AMI P-2367 41. Fragment of a bronze openwork palmette fan handle. Central rib decorated with wavy line and four horizontal lines. The H Dimensions: L 10.2 cm, W 6.4 cm, thickness 0.5 cm, AMI P–2367 er oic A ge of The Histri Literatura / Bibliography: Kučar 1979; Mihovilić 1980; 1988; 2014; 2021. 86 Herojska doba Histrov Rim pri Roču / Rim near Roč 42. Bronasta fibula srednjelatenske sheme tipa Picugi s podaljšano in zavito nogo ter z veliko samostrelno peresovino. Noga je s prstanasto profilirano objemko pritrjena na lok fibule. Dimenzije: dol. 10 cm, viš. 3,3 cm, AMI P-676 42. Bronze fibula, Picugi variant of the middle La Tène fibula scheme, with foot curved back and fixed to the bow by a moulded annular joint. Large crossbow type form. Dimensions: L 10 cm, H 3.3 cm, AMI P–676 Literatura / Bibliography: Guštin 1987; Mihovilić 2009a; 2014; Blečić Kavur 2009; 2022b. Vrčin / Vrčin 43. Bronasta zapestnica nepravilne valovite oblike s spiralno zavitima koncema. Dimenzije: viš. 2,1 cm, pr. 3,8 cm, AMI P-15220 43. Bronze bracelet of irregular wavy form with spiral terminals. Dimensions: H 2.1 cm, DIA 3.8 cm, The H AMI P–15220 er oic A Literatura ge of The Histri / Bibliography: Buršić-Matijašić 1989; Mihovilić 2014. 87 Herojska doba Histrov Tujan – Bale / Tujan – Bale 44. Odlomek keramične skodelice (riton) v obliki glave goveda. Dimenzije: viš. 6 cm, šir. 6,2 cm, dol. 14,2 cm, AMI A-4985 44. Fragment of a ceramic drinking vessel (rhyton) with bovine head protome. Dimensions: H 6 cm, W 6.2 cm, L 14.2 cm, AMI A–4985 Literatura / Bibliography: Mihovilić 2002; 2004; 2014; Blečić Kavur, Kavur 2020. Pulj, grob 36 / Pula, Grave 36 45. Bronast kratki meč s trikotno ročajno ploščo. Dimenzije: dol. 30 cm, AMI P-9518 45. Short bronze sword with triangular tang. Dimensions: L 30 cm, AMI P–9518 The H er oic A ge of The Histri 88 Herojska doba Histrov Istra, neznano najdišče / Istria, unknown findspot 46. Bronasta igla tipa Porto San Elpidio s polkrožno glavo, kroglico in z diskom na vratu. Dimenzije: dol. 11,5 cm, deb. 0,2 cm, AMI P-9660 46. Porto Sant’Elpidio type bronze pin, semi– circular head, spherule and disc at the neck. Dimensions: L 11.5 cm, thickness 0.2 cm, AMI P–9660 Literatura / Bibliography: Mihovilić 2001a; 2001b; 2014. The H er oic A ge of The Histri 89 Herojska doba Histrov Nezakcij Nesactium Grob I/1 / Grave I/1 47. Imitacija daunijskega keramičnega kraterja z zoženim vratom in lijakastim ustjem ter dvema vodoravnim ročajema. Na rumenkasti podlagi je s črno barvo naslikan geometrijski okras. Dimenzije: viš. 27 cm, pr. 30 cm, AMI P-7244 47. Imitation of a Daunian ceramic krater, constricted neck, funnel mouth, two upright handles. Black geometric decoration painted on yellowish background. Dimensions: H 27 cm, DIA 30 cm, AMI P–7244 Grob I/3 / Grave I/3 48. Bronasta cista s parom dvojnih ataš in z dvema tordiranima ročajema. Cilindrično telo je okrašeno z devetimi vodoravnimi rebri in vrstami iztolčenih pik. Dimenzije: viš. 19,5 cm, pr. 20,5 cm, AMI P-10493 The H 48. Bronze cista with two pairs of attachments to receive two twisted wire handles. Cylindrical er oic A body decorated with nine horizontal ribs and ge of The Histri rows of hammered dots. Dimensions: H 19.5 cm, DIA 20.5 cm, AMI P–10493 90 Herojska doba Histrov Grob I/4 / Grave I/4 49. Daunijski keramični krater z zoženim vratom in lijakastim ustjem, z dvema vodoravnima ročajema. Geometrijski okras je naslikan s črno barvo. Dimenzije: viš. 21,4 cm, pr. 26,4 cm, AMI P-7218 49. Daunian ceramic krater, constricted neck, funnel mouth, two upright handles. Black painted geometric decoration. Dimensions: H 21.4 cm, DIA 26.4 cm, AMI P–7218 50. Daunijski keramični krater z zoženim vratom in lijakastim robom, z dvema vodoravnima ročajema. Geometrijski okras je naslikan s črno barvo. Dimenzije: viš. 25 cm, pr. 21,5 cm, AMI P-7259 50. Daunian ceramic krater, constricted neck, funnel mouth, two upright handles. Black painted geometric decoration. Dimensions: H 25 cm, DIA 21.5 cm, AMI P–7259 51. Daunijski keramični vrč z ozkim koničnim vratom, s širokim ustjem in presegajočim trakastim ročajem. Geometrijski motivi so naslikani s črno in rdečo barvo. The H Dimenzije: viš. 24,5 cm, pr. 25,7 cm, AMI P-7223 er oic A 51. Daunian ceramic jug, narrow conical neck, ge of The Histri wide rim, and upswung strap handle. Black and red painted geometric patterns. Dimensions: H 24.5 cm, DIA 25.7 cm, AMI P–7223 91 Herojska doba Histrov 52. Keramična čaša (skyphos), stožčaste oblike in z dvema vodoravno pritrjenima ročajema. Poslikana je s črnimi trakovi z motivi meandra in s tekočimi spiralami. Dimenzije: viš. 11,5 cm, pr. 12 cm, AMI P-7208 52. Ceramic drinking cup (skyphos), conical body with two horizontal applied loop handles. Painted with black bands, meanders, and running spirals. Dimensions: H 11.5 cm, DIA 12 cm, AMI P–7208 53. Bronasta situla s stožčastimi ramenom, plaščem, pritrjenim s kovinskimi zakovicami, in z robom, ovitim okoli svinčene palice. Dimenzije: viš. 22,7 cm, pr. 21 cm, AMI P-9139 53. Bronze situla with conical shoulder, walls riveted, rim folded over a lead rod. Dimensions: H 22.7 cm, DIA 21 cm, AMI P–9139 54. Bronasta situla s stožčastimi ramenom, plaščem, pritrjenim s kovinskimi zakovicami, in z robom, uvitim okoli svinčene palice. Dimenzije: viš. 22,7 cm, pr. 21 cm, AMI P-9140 The H 54. Bronze situla with conical shoulder, walls riveted, rim folded over a lead rod. er oic A Dimensions: H 22.7 cm, DIA 21 cm, ge of The Histri AMI P–9140 92 Herojska doba Histrov Grob I/6 / Grave I/6 55. Večji keramični vrč (oinochoe) tipa Alto- Adriatico. Ovalne oblike z obročasto nogo in s trolistnim ustjem ter z dvignjenim ročajem. S črno barvo so naslikani profil ženske glave in stilizirani cvetlični motivi. Dimenzije: viš. 23,2 cm, pr. 15 cm, AMI P-7188 55. Large ceramic jug (oinochoe) of the Alto Adriatico type, oval body, ring foot, three–lobed rim, and high handle. Woman’s head in profile and stylised floral motifs painted in black. Dimensions: H 23.2 cm, DIA 15 cm, AMI P–7188 Grob I/18–19–20 / Grave I/18–19–20 56. Etruščanska keramična trebušasta posoda z zoženim lijakastim vratom in izvihanim ustjem. Na rumenkasti podlagi so z rdečo barvo naslikani geometrijski motivi. Dimenzije: viš. 21,8 cm, pr. 28 cm, AMI P-7592 56. Etruscan globular ceramic vessel, narrow funnel neck, flared rim. Geometric patterns painted red on yellowish background. Dimensions: H 21.8 cm, DIA 28 cm, The H AMI P–7592 er oic A ge of The Histri 93 Herojska doba Histrov 57. Keramična trebušasta posoda na ozki cilindrični nogi z uvihanim ustjem in okrasom navpičnih ter horizontalnih plastičnih reber. Dimenzije: viš. 19 cm, pr. 22 cm, AMI P-7206 57. Globular ceramic vessel, narrow cylindrical foot, inverted rim, decoration of alternating sets of vertical and horizontal moulded ribs. Dimensions: H 19 cm, DIA 22 cm, AMI P–7206 58. Keramična trebušasta posoda z ozkim cilindričnim vratom in s širokim vodoravnim ustjem. Dimenzije: viš. 22 cm, pr. 23 cm, AMI P-7263 58. Globular ceramic vessel, narrow cylindrical neck, broad flared horizontal rim. Dimensions: H 22 cm, DIA 23 cm, AMI P–7263 59. Keramična bikonična posoda z ozkim visokim cilindričnim vratom, lijakasto izvihanim ustjem in majhnim trakastim ročajem. Dimenzije: viš. 21,6 cm, pr. 22,8 cm, AMI P-7258 The H 59. Biconical ceramic vessel, tall and narrow er oic A cylindrical neck, flared funnel–shaped rim, ge of The Histri small strap handle. Dimensions: H 21.6 cm, DIA 22.8 cm, AMI P–7258 94 Herojska doba Histrov 60. Dve bronasti manšetasti zapestnici, okrašeni z vrezanimi oglatimi meandri, vrstami šrafiranih trikotnikov in vrstami ptic. Dimenzije; odlomek 1: šir. 4,2 cm, deb. 0,1 cm; odlomek 2: šir. 4,3 cm, deb. 0,1 cm, AMI P-7753 60. Two fragments from bronze cuff bracelets, decorated with incised angular meander, a series of hatched triangles, and a series of birds. Dimensions: fragment 1: W 4.2 cm, thickness 0.1 cm; fragment 2: W 4.3 cm, thickness 0.1 cm, AMI P–7753 Grob I/22–23 / Grave I/22–23 61. Keramični vrč (oinochoe) na stožčasti nogi, z visokim vratom, s trolistnim ustjem in presegajočim ročajem. Na oranžni podlagi so s črno in z rdečo barvo naslikani horizontalni trakovi in črte. Dimenzije: viš. 15,6 cm, pr. 10,8 cm, AMI P-7217 61. Ceramic jug (oinochoe) with conical foot, tall neck, three–lobed rim, and upswung handle. Horizontal bands and lines painted black and red on an orange background. Dimensions: H 15.6 cm, DIA 10.8 cm, AMI P–7217 62. Odlomki kratkega bronastega meča s trikotno ročajno ploščo in poudarjenim sredinskim rebrom. The H P-1554 eroic A Dimenzije: dol. 15,3 cm, šir. 3 cm, deb. 0,4 cm, AMI 62. Fragments of a short bronze sword with ge of The Histri triangular tang and prominent midrib. Dimensions: L 15.3 cm, W 3 cm, thickness 0.4 cm, AMI P–1554 95 Herojska doba Histrov 63. Bronasta igla z veliko vazasto glavico in s tordiranim vratom. Dimenzije: dol. 7,4 cm, deb. 0,4 cm, AMI P-7960 63. Bronze pin with large vase head and twisted neck. Dimensions: L 7.4 cm, thickness 0.4 cm, AMI P–7960 64. Bronasta igla s čebuličasto glavico in tordiranim vratom. Dimenzije: dol. 18 cm, pr. 1,2 cm, AMI P-9661 64. Bronze pin with bulbous head and twisted neck. Dimensions: L 18 cm, DIA 1.2 cm, AMI P–9661 Grob IV/1 / Grave IV/1 65. Keramična posoda, širših ramen, s tremi ročaji in čepastim okrasom na vrhu. Dimenzije: viš. 18,3 cm, pr. 15,5 cm, AMI P-7195 65. Ceramic vessel, broad shoulder with three handles topped with stopper–like feature. The H Dimensions: H 18.3 cm, DIA 15.5 cm, er AMI P–7195 oic A ge of The Histri 96 Herojska doba Histrov 66. Daunijski keramični krater z lijakasto izvihanim ustjem in dvema trakastima ročajema. Na rumenkasti podlagi je s črno barvo naslikan geometrijski motiv. Dimenzije: viš. 16,7 cm, pr. 22,2 cm, AMI P-7222 66. Daunian ceramic krater, flared funnel rim, with two strap handles. Geometric pattern painted black on yellowish background. Dimensions: H 16.7 cm, DIA 22.2 cm, AMI P–7222 Grob IV/2 / Grave IV/2 67. Keramična trebušasta posoda stožčastega telesa s cilindričnim vratom, z vodoravno izvihanim ustjem in navpično postavljenim trakastim ročajem. Geometrijski okras (oglati meander, poševne svastike in cikcak trak) je mrežasto šrafiran z belo inkrustacijo. Dimenzije: viš. 22 cm, pr. 19,8 cm, AMI P-9610 67. Globular ceramic vessel, conical body, cylindrical neck, horizontal flared rim, upright strap handles. Geometric decoration (angular meander, oblique swastikas, and zigzag band) with crosshatched white paste inlay. The H AMI P–9610 er Dimensions: H 22 cm, DIA 19.8 cm, oic A ge of The Histri 97 Herojska doba Histrov 68. Keramična trebušasta posoda stožčastega telesa s cilindričnim vratom, z vodoravno izvihanim ustjem in navpično postavljenim trakastim ročajem. Psevdovrvičasti ornament v obliki mrežastih rombov pokriva tekoči oglati meander z belo inkrustacijo. Dimenzije: viš. 25,8 cm, pr. 28,2 cm, AMI P-9611 68. Globular ceramic vessel, conical body, cylindrical neck, and horizontal flared rim. Upright applied strap handle at the shoulder, a pseudo–ribbon ornament of reticulate rhombi encloses a running angular meander with white paste inlay. Dimensions: H 25.8 cm, DIA 28.2 cm, AMI P–9611 69. Keramična posoda stožčaste oblike s široko zaobljenim trebuhom in z uvihanim ustjem. Okrašena je s plastičnimi valovnicami in tremi horizontalnimi rebri. Dimenzije: viš. 18,2 cm, pr. 18,8 cm, AMI P-9614 69. Conical ceramic vessel, with broad rounded belly and inverted rim, decorated with moulded wavy line and three horizontal ribs. Dimensions: H 18.2 cm, DIA 18.8 cm, AMI P–9614 The H er oic A ge of The Histri 98 Herojska doba Histrov 70. Keramična trebušasta posoda stožčastega telesa z zoženim vratom, izvihanim ustjem in majhnim navpično postavljenim trakastim ročajem. Okrašena je s psevdovrvičastimi šrafiranimi trikotniki, paralelnimi linijami in širokim trakom s poševnim meandrom. Dimenzije: viš. 17,6 cm, pr. 15 cm, AMI P-9616 70. Globular ceramic vessel, conical body, constricted neck, and flared rim, with a small strap handle. Decorated with a pseudo–ribbon of hatched triangles, parallel lines, and a broad band with an oblique meander. Dimensions: H 17.6 cm, DIA 15 cm, AMI P–9616 71. Bronasti nož s trnastim ročajem polkrožnega zaključka in z rebrasto odebeljenim hrbtom. Okrašen je z vrezanimi geometrijskimi motivi in s poševnim meandrom. Dimenzije: dol. 23 cm, pr. 3,3 cm, AMI P-9525 71. Bronze knife with tang grip having a crescent butt and a thickened ridge forming the blade’s spine. Decorated with incised geometric patterns and oblique meander. Dimensions: L 23 cm, DIA 3.3cm, AMI P–9525 Grob IV/16 / Grave IV/16 72. Apnenčasta okrogla posoda (žara) širokega The H telesa in z ozko cilindrično nogo, zaobljenega roba in s štirimi pravokotnimi držaji. er oic A Dimenzije: viš. 34 cm, pr. 47 cm, AMI P-31095 ge of The Histri 72. Round limestone vessel (urn), broad body, narrow cylindrical foot, rounded rim, four rectangular handles. Dimensions: H 34 cm, DIA 47 cm, AMI P–31095 99 Herojska doba Histrov Grob V/6 / Grave V/6 73. Keramična trebušasta posoda z nizkim zoženim vratom in izvihanim ustjem. Okrašena je z vrezanimi cikcak trakovi, z vrsto kvadratov z vpisanimi križi in motivi v obliki črke »V«. Dimenzije: viš. 23,5 cm, pr. 26 cm, AMI P-739 73. Globular ceramic vessel, low constricted neck, flared rim with incised zigzag bands, a series of squares with inscribed cross and V pattern. Dimensions: H 23.5 cm, DIA 26 cm, AMI P–739 Grob V/8 / Grave V/8 74. Daunijski keramični krater z zoženim vratom in lijakastim ustjem, z dvema vodoravnima ročajema. Na svetlorumeni podlagi so s temnorjavo in z vijolično barvo naslikani geometrijski motivi. Dimenzije: viš. 22 cm, pr. 25,3 cm, AMI P-7279 74. Daunian ceramic krater, constricted neck and funnel rim, two horizontally aligned upright handles. Geometric decoration painted dark brown and purple on light yellow background. Dimensions: H 22 cm, DIA 25.3 cm, AMI P–7279 The H er oic A ge of The Histri 100 Herojska doba Histrov 75. Daunijski keramični krater z zoženim vratom in lijakastim ustjem, z dvema vodoravnima ročajema, med katerima je plastično stilizirana glava netopirja. Na rumeni podlagi so s črno in z rdečo barvo naslikani geometrijski motivi. Dimenzije: viš. 23,7 cm, pr. 26 cm, AMI P-7582 75. Daunian ceramic krater, constricted neck and funnel rim, two horizontally aligned upright handles, between them a moulded stylised bat’s head. Geometric decoration painted black and red on yellowish background. Dimensions: H 23.7 cm, DIA 26 cm, AMI P–7582 76. Daunijski keramični krater z zoženim vratom in lijakastim ustjem, z dvema vodoravnima ročajema. Na rumeni podlagi so s črno barvo naslikani geometrijski motivi. Dimenzije: viš. 24,2 cm, pr. 26 cm, AMI P-7589 76. Daunian ceramic krater, constricted neck and funnel rim, two horizontally aligned upright handles. Geometric decoration painted black on yellowish background. Dimensions: H 24.2 cm, DIA 26 cm, AMI P–7589 The H er oic A ge of The Histri 101 Herojska doba Histrov Grob V/12 / Grave V/12 77. Daunijski keramični krater kroglastega telesa z zoženim vratom in dvema vodoravnima ročajema, na katerih je na vrhu pritrjena okrogla ploščica. Na rumeni podlagi so s črno barvo naslikani geometrijski motivi. Dimenzije: viš. 23,4 cm, pr. 27 cm, AMI P-7250 77. Daunian ceramic krater, spherical body, constricted neck, two vertically aligned applied strap handles topped with disc features. Geometric decoration painted black on yellow background. Dimensions: H 23.4 cm, DIA 27 cm, AMI P–7250 Grob V/27 / Grave V/27 78. Keramična posoda v obliki skodelice z izvihanim ustjem in s presegajočim ročajem. Telo je okrašeno s tremi bradavicami in koncentrično vrezanimi krožnicami, povezanimi z dvojno valovnico. Dimenzije: viš. 15 cm, pr. 14 cm, AMI P-9621 78. Cup–shaped ceramic vessel, flared rim and upswung handle. Belly decorated with three nubs and concentric incised circles, joined with double wavy line. Dimensions: H 15 cm, DIA 14 cm, AMI P–9621 The H er oic A ge of The Histri 102 Herojska doba Histrov 79. Odlomki dveh tordiranih dvojnih ogrlic (torkvesov). Dimenzije: dol. 5,1-7,7 cm, deb. 0,4 cm, AMI P-8073 79. Fragments of two twisted double neck rings (torcs). Dimensions: L 5.1–7.7 cm, thickness 0.4 cm, AMI P–8073 Grob VI/28 / Grave VI/28 80. Keramična posoda okrogle oblike z uvihanim ustjem, okrašena z ozkimi in plitvimi kanelurami. Stožčast pokrov je okrašen s plitvimi kanelurami. Dimenzije: viš. 15 cm, pr. 10 cm, AMI P-9619 80. Ceramic vessel, spherical body, inverted rim, decorated with narrow and shallow fluting. Conical lid decorated with shallow fluting. Dimensions: H 15 cm, DIA 10 cm, AMI P–9619 Grob VI/35 / Grave VI/35 81. Keramična posoda stožčaste oblike z zoženim stožčastim vratom in izvihanim ustjem. P-1031 The H Dimenzije: viš. 21,6 cm, pr. 24,8 cm, AMI 81. Ceramic vessel, conical form, constricted eroic A conical neck and flared rim. ge of The Histri Dimensions: H 21.6 cm, DIA 24.8 cm, AMI P–1031 103 Herojska doba Histrov 82. Odlomki bronaste zapestnice s kaveljčkom za pritrditev. Okrašena je z vrezanim oglatim meandrom in dvema nizoma šrafiranih stiliziranih rac, ločenih s cikcak linijo. Dimenzije: dol. 16,5 cm, šir. 4,5 cm, AMI P-8001 82. Fragments of bronze bracelets with hooked latch. Decorated with incised angular meander and two series of hatched stylised ducks, separated by a zigzag line. Dimensions: L 16.5 cm, W 4.5 cm, AMI P–8001 Grobnica I/12 / Tomb I/12 Ločen grob v kamniti žari (1901) Separate stone urn burial (1901) 83. Dva odlomka bronaste fibule s koščeno oblogo. Na žičnatem loku se nahaja pet večjih ovalnih koščenih jagod različnih velikosti. Na prehodu v dolgo nogo je poševno narebrena jagoda. Dimenzije: dol. 17,6 cm, AMI P-7969 83. Two fragments of a bronze fibula, strap bow with five large, round bone beads of various sizes. Another bead, ribbed The H transversally to its axis, at the transition to the long foot. er oic A Dimensions: L 17.6 cm, AMI P–7969 ge of The Histri 104 Herojska doba Histrov 84. Delno ohranjena koščena figurica jezdeca na konju. Manjkata zgornji del jezdečevega telesa in spodnji del konjevih nog. Skozi sredino figurice je prepeljana bronasta žica kvadratnega preseka. Dimenzije: dol. 4,2 cm, viš. 2,2 cm, AMI P-9615 84. A partially preserved bone figurine of a rider on a horse. The top of the rider is missing, as are the lower ends of the horse’s limbs. A bronze wire of square section runs through the middle of the figurine. Dimensions: L 4.2 cm, H 2.2 cm, AMI P–9615 85.Bronasta večglava igla s sedmimi majhnimi kroglicami. Dimenzije: dol. 5 cm, deb. 0,3 cm, AMI P-8099 85. Bronze pin with a head of seven small spheres. Dimensions: L 5 cm, thickness 0.3 cm, AMI P–8099 Izbor predmetov iz grobnice Select material from the tomb 86. Bronasta trortasta fibula z dolgo nogo in bikonično kroglico na vrhu. Dimenzije: dol. 7,5 cm, viš. 3,5 cm, AMI P-8261 The H 86. Bronze fibula with three knobs on the bow, the long foot terminates with a biconical knob. er oic A Dimensions: L 7.5 cm, H 3.5 cm, AMI P–8261 ge of The Histri 105 Herojska doba Histrov 87. Bronasta cilindrična škatlica, okrašena z iztolčenimi bunčicami. Dimenzije: viš. 5,7 cm, pr. 3,4–3,8 cm, AMI P-4051 87. Cylindrical bronze container, decoration of hammered dots. Dimensions: H 5.7 cm, DIA 3.4–3.8 cm, AMI P–4051 88. Bronasto žezlo (scepter) s cevastim ročajem in figuralno okrašenim zaključkom. Držaj je okrašen s sedmimi snopi vrezanih linij. Postopoma se zožuje in razcepi v dve antitetično postavljeni stilizirani ptičji glavi (raci/laboda) z dolgima kljunoma, ki sta na vrhu povezani s stilizirano figuro konja z dolgim repom. Ohranjeni so tudi bronasti obročki, ki so bili nekoč pritrjeni na žezlo. Dimenzije: dol. 9,6 cm, pr. 0,35 cm, šir. 3 cm, AMI P-10312 88. Bronze sceptre, tubular handle, and figural decoration of the head. The handle has a decoration of seven bundles of incised lines. Handle tapers gradually and forks to form two outward facing stylised bird heads (ducks/ swans) with long beaks, joined at the peak by a stylised horse figure with a long tail. Bronze loops also survive, once attached to the sceptre. Dimensions: L 9.6 cm, DIA 0.35 cm, W 3 cm, AMI P–10312 The H er oic A ge of The Histri 106 Herojska doba Histrov 89. Odlomek bronastega rombičnega ražnja tipa Strettweg. Kratek cevasti del je okrašen s štirimi vrezanimi linijami. Dimenzije: dol. 9,2 cm, šir. 1,8 cm, deb. 0,5 cm, AMI P-8112 89. Fragment of a rhomboid bronze spit of the Strettweg type. The short tubular part is decorated with four incised lines. Dimensions: L 9.2 cm, W 1.8 cm, thickness 0.5 cm, AMI P–8112 90. Odlomki polkrožne bronaste ročke pahljače s sredinsko koničasto zakovico. Širok rob mrežaste palmete je okrašen z vrezanim pahljačastim motivom in s punciranimi pikami. Dimenzije: dol. 9,2 cm, šir. 7,3 cm, AMI P-9590 90. Fragment of a semi–circular bronze fan handle, central rivet has conical head. The broad edge of the openwork palmette has a decoration of an incised fan pattern, with hammered dots. Dimensions: L 9.2 cm, W 7.3 cm, AMI P–9590 91. Cevasti odlomek ročaja bronaste pahljače z masivno kroglico in zanko na zaključku. Dimenzije: dol 11,7 cm, pr. 1,9 cm, AMI P-2476 91. Fragment of the tubular handle of a bronze fan, with a massive knob and eyelet terminal. Dimensions: L 11.7 cm, DIA 1.9 cm, The H AMI P–2476 eroic A ge of The Histri 107 Herojska doba Histrov 92. Bronasta dvortasta fibula z dolgo nogo, zaključena s profiliranim gumbom. Dimenzije: dol. 9 cm, viš. 2,2 cm, AMI P-8010 92. Bronze fibula with two knobs on the bow, long foot with moulded knob terminal. Dimensions: L 9 cm, H 2.2 cm, AMI P–8010 93. Bronast obesek v obliki polkrožnega glavnika s kratkimi zobmi in trakastim prstanom. Dimenzije: dol. 4,8 cm, viš. 2,9 cm, deb. 0,05 cm, AMI P-719 93. Bronze pendant in the form of a semi– circular comb with short teeth, strap ring attached. Dimensions: L 4.8 cm, H 2.9 cm, thickness 0.05 cm, AMI P–719 94.Dvajset obeskov iz tanke bronaste pločevine, zvite v obliki trikotne vrečke, okrašenih s punciranimi pikami. Dimenzije: dol. 2,2–3,2 cm, šir. 1,5–2,1 cm, deb. 0,6–0,7 cm, AMI P-4031, 7770, 8110 94. Twenty pendants of thin bronze sheet folded into triangular sack shapes, decoration The H of hammered dots. er Dimensions: L 2.2–3.2 cm, W 1.5–2.1 cm, oic A thickness 0.6–0.7 cm, AMI P–4031, 7770, ge of The Histri 8110 108 Herojska doba Histrov 95. Keramična kupa estenskega tipa, z ovalnim telesom in nizko stožčasto nogo. Vrat je okrašen z vodoravnim plastičnim rebrom, telo pa s tremi črno barvanimi vodoravnimi črtami. Dimenzije: viš. 24 cm, pr. 19,4 cm, AMI P-701 95. Este type ceramic chalice, oval body, low conical foot. Neck decorated with horizontal moulded rib, body decorated with three horizontal bands painted black. Dimensions: H 24 cm, DIA 19.4 cm, AMI P–701 96. Keramična kupa z zoženim cilindričnim vratom. Okrašena je s plitvimi vodoravnimi kanelurami, mrežastim šrafiranim trakom in s cikcak motivi. Dimenzije: viš. 18,5 cm, pr. 14,7 cm, AMI P-7235 96. Ceramic chalice with constricted cylindrical neck, decoration of shallow horizontal fluting, hatched grid band and zigzag patterns. Dimensions: H 18.5 cm, DIA 14.7 cm, AMI P–7235 97. Keramična bikonična kupa estenskega tipa. Okrašena je z vodoravnimi plastičnimi rebri, ki ločujejo črno in oker pobarvane pasove. The H Dimenzije: viš. 18 cm, pr. 14,4 cm, AMI P-703 er 97. Este type biconical ceramic chalice, oic A decoration of horizontal moulded ribs ge of The Histri demarcating bands of black and ochre. Dimensions: H 18 cm, DIA 14.4 cm, AMI P–703 109 Herojska doba Histrov 98. Keramična situla estenskega tipa s koničnim telesom, cilindričnim vratom in z izvhanim ustjem. Okras iz petih vodoravnih plastičnih reber ločuje pasove, pobarvane s črnim in z oker grafitom. Dimenzije: viš. 22 cm, pr. 19,5 cm, AMI P-7229 98. Este type ceramic situla, conical body, cylindrical neck and flared rim. Decoration of five horizontal moulded ribs demarcating bands of graphite black and ochre. Dimensions: H 22 cm, DIA 19.5 cm, AMI P–7229 99. Keramična situla estenskega tipa s koničnim telesom, z zoženim in cilindričnim vratom. Okras iz šestih vodoravnih plastičnih reber ločuje pasove, pobarvane s črno in rjavo barvo. Dimenzije: viš. 28,5 cm, pr. 24 cm, AMI P-10002 99. Este type ceramic situla, conical body, constricted and cylindrical neck, decoration of six horizontal ribs demarcating bands of ochre and brown. Dimensions: H 28.5 cm, DIA 24 cm, AMI P–10002 100. Keramična situla estenskega tipa s stožčastim telesom, cilindričnim vratom in z izvihanim ustjem na nizki stožčasti nogi. Okras iz petih vodoravnih plastičnih reber ločuje pasove, pobarvane s črnim in z oker grafitom. The H Dimenzije: viš. 26,5 cm, pr. 24,8 cm, AMI er P-10000 oic A 100. Este type ceramic situla, conical body, ge of The Histri cylindrical neck and flared rim, low conical foot. Decoration of five horizontal moulded ribs demarcate bands of graphite black and ochre. Dimensions: H 26.5 cm, DIA 24.8 cm, AMI P–10000 110 Herojska doba Histrov 101. Keramični daunijski vrč s kroglastim telesom, z zoženim stožčastim vratom in s trakastim presegajočim ročajem. Na rumeni podlagi je s črno barvo naslikan geometrijski okras. Dimenzije: viš. 16,8 cm, pr. 20,2 cm, AMI P-7189 101. Daunian ceramic jug, spherical body, constricted conical neck, upswung strap handle. Geometric decoration painted black on yellow background. Dimensions: H 16.8 cm, DIA 20.2 cm, AMI P–7189 102. Keramični daunijski krater s kroglastim telesom, z zoženim vratom in vodoravno pritrjenima dvema ročajema. Na rumeni podlagi je s črno in z oranžno barvo naslikan geometrijski okras. Dimenzije: viš. 22,6 cm, pr. 25,6 cm, AMI P-7196 102. Daunian ceramic krater, spherical body, constricted neck with two applied handles aligned horizontally. Geometric decoration painted black and orange on yellow background. Dimensions: H 22.6 cm, DIA 25.6 cm, AMI P–7196 103. Keramični ovalni vrč (oinochoe) z zoženim visokim vratom, s trolistnim ustjem in presegajočim ročajem. Na oranžni podlagi je z rdečo barvo naslikan okras vodoravnih črt. The H Dimenzije: viš. 22,4 cm, pr. 17 cm, AMI P-7255 eroic A 103. Oval ceramic jug (oinochoe), tall–constricted ge of The Histri neck, three–lobed rim, upswung handle. Decoration of red horizontal lines on orange background. Dimensions: H 22.4 cm, DIA 17 cm, AMI P–7255 111 Herojska doba Histrov 104. Atiški črnfoguralni keramični vrč (oinochoe) z ovalnim telesom, s trolistnim ustjem in presegajočim ročajem. Na sprednji strani so na rdeči podlagi naslikani oboroženi vojaki in štirivprežni voz (tetrippon/quadriga) z voznikom, poleg pa stoji še en oborožen vojak. Dimenzije: viš. 25 cm, pr. 13 cm, AMI P-7186 104. Attic black–figure ceramic jug (oinochoe), oval body, three–lobed rim, upswung handle. Scene on front against a red background of an armed soldier and a quadriga (tetrippon) with its driver and another armed soldier. Dimensions: H 25 cm, DIA 13 cm, AMI P–7186 105. Atiška cilindrična keramična posoda (pixis) z majhno okroglo odprtino. Telo posode je premazano s črno barvo, na ramenu pa so na rdeči podlagi s črno barvo naslikana vodoravna in radialno razporejene črte. Dimenzije: viš. 15,5 cm, pr. 13,4 cm, AMI P-7187 105. Attic cylindrical ceramic vessel (pyxis) with small round aperture. Black slipped body, shoulder with horizontal band and radial lines in black on red background. Dimensions: H 15.5 cm, DIA 13.4 cm, The H AMI P–7187 er oic A ge of The Histri 112 Herojska doba Histrov 106. Bronasta situla, sestavljena iz dveh delov plašča in z ustjem, uvitim okoli svinčene palice. Spodnji del situle je v obliki nizke stožčaste sklede s konkavnim dnom. Dimenzije: viš. 19 cm, pr. 21,5 cm, AMI P-9141 106. Bronze situla, wall formed of two parts, rim folded over lead rod. Lower part shaped like a low conical bowl with concave base. Dimensions: H 19 cm, DIA 21.5 cm, AMI P–9141 107. Bronasta situla s stožčastim ramenom in z nizkim cilindričnim vratom ter ustjem, uvitim okoli svinčene palice. Dimenzije: viš. 18,3 cm, pr. 17,3 cm, AMI P-9173 107. Bronze situla, conical shoulder, low cylindrical neck, rim folded over lead rod. Dimensions: H 18.3 cm, DIA 17.3 cm, AMI P–9173 108. Bronasta figuralno okrašena situla s stožčastim ramenom, cilindričnim vratom, z dvema atašama ter ustjem, uvitim okoli svinčene palice. Okrašena je z enim figuralnim frizom ptic z razprtimi krili, usmerjenih v desno. Pod njim je podaljšan pahljačast okras s kroglicami. Dimenzije: viš. 21,2 cm, pr. 20 cm, AMI P-9144 108. Bronze situla with figural decoration, The H conical shoulder, cylindrical neck, rim folded over lead rod, a pair of attachments. Decoration er oic A consists of a single figural frieze of birds with outspread wings, facing right. Below them an ge of The Histri elongated fan–shaped decoration with beading. Dimensions: H 21.2 cm, DIA 20 cm, AMI P–9144 113 Herojska doba Histrov 109. Odlomki bronaste figuralno okrašene situle z dvema atašama, vodoravnim ramenom, s cilindričnim in narebrenim vratom ter z ustjem, uvitim okoli svinčene palice. Odlomki dveh frizov zgornjega dela plašča so ločeni z rebrom in s pikami, med katerimi je procesija rogatih živali, usmerjenih v levo. Iz njihovih smrčkov visijo stilizirani cvetlični motivi. Dimenzije: viš. 24,5 cm, pr. 20 cm, AMI P-9166 109. Fragments of a bronze situla with figural decoration, with a pair of attachments, horizontal shoulder, cylindrical ribbed neck, rim folded over lead rod. The fragments of the two friezes of the upper part of the vessel wall are demarcated by a rib and dots, between which is a procession of horned animals facing left. Stylised floral ornaments suspended from their muzzles. Dimensions: H 24.5 cm, DIA 20 cm, AMI P–9166 110. Odlomki bronaste figuralno okrašene situle z ohranjenim spojem plašča situle s štirimi zakovicami. Figuralno je prikazan voznik, ki drži bič in uzde ter upravlja voz z enim konjem. Dimenzije: viš. 7,2 cm, šir. 9,9 cm, AMI P-9131 110. Fragments of a bronze situla with figural decoration, joint in the wall of the vessel survives with four rivets. The scene depicts a driver holding a whip and the reins, steering a chariot pulled by a single horse. The H Dimensions: H 7.2 cm, W 9.9 cm, AMI P–9131 er oic A ge of The Histri 114 Herojska doba Histrov 111. Trije odlomki bronaste figuralno okrašene situle. Na zgornjem frizu sta prikazana dva konja, levi je vprežen v voz, nad desnim pa je prikazana ptica v letu v nasprotni smeri. Na srednjem frizu je na desni strani prikazana povorka treh moških, na levi pa so vidne noge para na postelji. Na spodnjem frizu pa so nad prepletom vidne noge živali. Dimenzije: viš. 7 cm, šir. 13 cm, AMI P-7972, 9125, 9132 111. Three fragments of a bronze, figural decorated situla. On the upper frieze, two horses are depicted, with the left one harnessed to a chariot, and above the right one, a bird is shown flying in the opposite direction. On the middle frieze, a procession of three men is depicted on the right side, while on the left, the legs of a couple on a bed are visible. On the lower frieze, above the interlacing, the legs of animals are visible. Dimensions: H 7 cm, W 13 cm, AMI P–7972, 9125, 9132 112. Trije odlomki bronaste situle z atašo, zaobljenim ramenom in ustjem, uvitim okoli svinčene palice. Dva friza sta ločena z ozkim rebrom. Na zgornjem sta jezdec z dvignjenim kopjem in sprednji del telesa divjega prašiča s spuščeno glavo, na spodnjem pa sta del stilizirane palmete in jelen. Dimenzije: viš. 17,5 cm, šir. 14 cm, AMI P-9133 attachment, rounded shoulder, rim folded The H 112. Three fragments of a bronze situla with over lead rod. Two friezes demarcated by a eroic A thin rib; the upper frieze shows a rider with spear raised and the front of a boar with head ge of The Histri lowered, the lower frieze shows a stylised palmette and a deer. Dimensions: H 17.5 cm, W 14 cm, AMI P–9133 115 Herojska doba Histrov 113. Odlomki bronastega pokrova situle, okrašenega s koncentričnimi rebrastimi motivi z vrstami pikic in kroglic. Dimenzije: pr. 21 cm, AMI P-9134 113. Fragments of a bronze situla lid, decorated with a concentric fan pattern of large and small hammered dots. Dimensions: DIA 21 cm, AMI P–9134 114. Bronast polkrožni kotliček z odebeljenim ustjem in majhnim dnom z omfalosom. Ena dvojna in dve križni ataši so pritrjene na telo posode z zakovicami. Dimenzije: viš. 14,5 cm, pr. 21 cm, AMI P-9175 114. Hemispherical bronze kettle, rim reinforced to the inside, small omphalos base. One dual and two cruciform attachments riveted to the body of the vessel. Dimensions: H 14.5 cm, DIA 21 cm, AMI P–9175 115. Odlomki bronastega polkrožnega kotlička z odebeljenim ustjem in dvojno križno atašo, pritrjeno s štirimi zakovicami. Okrašeni so z vrezanimi vodoravnimi črtami. Dimenzije: viš. 8,5 cm, pr. 20 cm, AMI P-9178 115. Fragments of a bronze hemispherical The H kettle, reinforced rim, dual cruciform er attachment with four rivets. Decoration of oic A incised horizontal lines. ge of The Histri Dimensions: H 8.5 cm, DIA 20 cm, AMI P–9178 116 Herojska doba Histrov 116. Odlomki deformiranega železnega enoreznega meča (mahaire) tipa Tržišče z odebeljenim hrbtom in eno zakovico na prehodu rezila v ročaj. Dimenzije: dol. 40 cm, šir. 2–6 cm, deb. 0,5 cm, AMI P-9580 116. Fragments of a deformed single–edged iron sword (machaira) of the Tržišče type with reinforced spine, one rivet at the transition from the blade to the hilt. Dimensions: L 40 cm, W 2–6 cm, thickness 0.5 cm, AMI P–9580 117. Odlomki deformiranega železnega enoreznega meča (mahaire) tipa Tržišče s poudarjenim hrbtom in z ostankom bronaste nožnice. Dimenzije: dol. 56 cm, šir. 2–6 cm, deb. 0,7 cm, AMI P-9581 117. Fragments of a deformed single– edged iron sword (machaira) of the Tržišče type, reinforced spine, remains of a bronze scabbard. Dimensions: L 56 cm, W 2–6 cm, thickness 0.7 cm, AMI P–9581 The H Literatura / Bibliography: er oic A Mihovilić 1980; 1988; 1990; 1995; 1999; 2000; ge of The Histri 2001a; 2001b; 2002; 2004; 2012; 2014; 2021; Guštin 1974; Glogović 1979; 1996; Teržan 1996; 2007; Blečić Kavur 2014. 117 Herojska doba Histrov Grobnica Epulonovih prednikov / grob raziskan leta 1981 (izbor predmetov) The tomb of Epulon’s ancestors / tomb investigated in 1981 (selection of artefacts) 118. Bronasta fibula s trakastim lokom in z dolgo nogo, zaključeno s kroglico. Dimenzije: dol. 8,5 cm, AMI P-25178 118. Bronze fibula with strap bow and long foot with spherical knob terminal. Dimensions: L 8.5 cm, AMI P–25178 119. Odlomek bronaste certoške fibule različice Xc z vrezanim linearnim okrasom. Dimenzije: dol. 6,7 cm, AMI P-25193 119. Fragment of a Certosa type Xc variant bronze fibula, with s incised linear decoration. Dimensions: L 6.7 cm, AMI P–25193 120. Bronasta certoška fibula različice XIa z diskom na koncu loka in zvito iglo. Dimenzije: dol. 11,4 cm, AMI P-25175 120. Certosa type XIa variant bronze fibula, bow ends with disc, pin with spring loop. Dimensions: L 11.4 cm, AMI P–25175 The H er oic A ge of The Histri 118 Herojska doba Histrov 121. Delno ohranjena bronasta certoška fibula različice XIa z dvema diskoma na koncu loka. Dimenzije: dol. 6,8 cm, AMI P-25183 121. Certosa type XIa variant bronze fibula, survives in part, two joined discs at the end of the bow. Dimensions: L 6.8 cm, AMI P–25183 122. Majhna bronasta fibula srednjelatenske sheme tipa Nezakcij. Podaljšana in upognjena noga s prstanasto profilirano spojko je pritrjena na lok fibule ter okrašena s snopi vrezanih linij. Dimenzije: dol. 6,1 cm, viš. 2 cm, AMI P-25196 122. Small bronze fibula of the Nesactium type middle La Tène scheme. Foot, decorated with bundles of incised lines, bends back to an annular moulded joint at the bow. Dimensions: L 6.1 cm, H 2 cm, AMI P–25196 123. Bronasta spiralna zapestnica s tremi navoji, okrašena z linearnimi motivi. Dimenzije: pr. 5 cm, AMI P-25191 123. Bronze coiled bracelet, three coils, linear pattern decoration. Dimensions: DIA 5 cm, AMI P–25191 The H er oic A ge of The Histri 119 Herojska doba Histrov 124. Bronasta spiralna zapestnica z dvema navojema. Dimenzije: pr. 6,3 cm, deb. 0,3 cm, AMI P-25189 124. Bronze coiled bracelet, two coils. Dimensions: DIA 6.3 cm, thickness 0.3 cm, AMI P–25189 125. Bronast obroč lečastega preseka. Dimenzije: pr. 5 cm, deb. 0,5 cm, AMI P-25173 125. Bronze ring, lenticular section. Dimensions: DIA 5 cm, thickness 0.5 cm, AMI P–25173 126. Bronast obesek v obliki ribjega repa. Dimenzije: pr. 3,1 cm, deb. 0,1 cm, AMI P-25192 126. Bronze pendant in the form of a fish tail. Dimensions: DIA 3.1 cm, thickness 0.1 cm, AMI P–25192 127. Masiven bronast kroglast obesek. The H Dimenzije: viš. 3,2 cm, pr. 2 cm, AMI P-40492 oic A 127. Massive bronze spherical pendant. er ge of The Histri Dimensions: H 3.2 cm, DIA 2 cm, AMI P–40492 120 Herojska doba Histrov 128. Trije bronasti obeski v obliki trikotne vrečke, okrašeni z vrstami vtisnjenih pik. Dimenzije: dol. 3,3 cm, šir. 2 cm, AMI P-41049, 40755 128. Three bronze pendants in the form of triangular sacks, decoration of rows of hammered dots. Dimensions: L 3.3 cm, W 2 cm, AMI P–41049, 40755 129. Bronasta pravokotna pasna plošča, okrašena s pikami, z rombi in s štirimi vrstami vtisnjenih rogatih živali. Sekundarno je bila predelana. Dimenzije: dol. 20 cm, viš. 8 cm, AMI P-25600 129. Rectangular bronze buckle plate, decoration of dots, rhombi, and four rows of embossed horned animals. Secondary modification. Dimensions: L 20 cm, H 8 cm, AMI P–25600 130. Odlomki bronaste kalote negovske čelade slovenskega in alpskega tipa, okrašeni z vrstami vtisnjenih krogcev in smrekovih vejic. Dimenzije: dol. 2–14,3 cm, šir. 1,5–11,5 cm, deb. 0,1–0,2 cm, AMI P-40767 130. Fragments of the dome of a bronze Slovenian and Alpine variant of the Negau type helmet, decorated with a series of embossed The H discs and fir branches. Dimensions: L 2–14.3 cm, W 1.5–11.5 cm, oic Aer thickness 0.1–0.2 cm, AMI P–40767 ge of The Histri 121 Herojska doba Histrov 131. Keramična situla svetolucijskega tipa z izvihanim ustjem na povišani nogi. Okrašena je s slikanimi rdečimi in črnimi trakovi ter z vrezanimi linijami. Dimenzije: viš. 20 cm, premer 18 cm, AMI P-25043 131. Santa Lucia type ceramic situla, tall foot, flared rim. Decoration of red and black bands and incised lines. Dimensions: H 20 cm, DIA 18 cm, AMI P–25043 132. Keramični kelih svetolucijskega tipa 2 z ovalnim telesom, s cilindrično profiliranim vratom in povišano nogo. Okras na vratu je izdelan s plitvimi vodoravnimi kanelurami. Dimenzije: viš. 15,5 cm, premer 14,4 cm, AMI P-25070 132. Santa Lucia 2 type ceramic chalice, oval body, cylindrical moulded neck, tall foot. Decoration on the neck done as shallow horizontal fluting. Dimensions: H 15.5 cm, DIA 14.4 cm, AMI P–25070 133. Vrč iz temnosive keramike bukero z ovalnim telesom, zoženim vratom, s trolistnim ustjem in z velikim izlivkom, z visokim presegajočim ročajem in nizko obročasto nogo. The H Dimenzije: viš. 22,5 cm, premer 16,5 cm, AMI P-25049 er oic A 133. Dark grey bucchero ware jug. Oval body, ge of The Histri constricted neck, three–lobed rim with large spout, upswung handle, low ring foot. Dimensions: H 22.5 cm, DIA 16.5 cm, AMI P–25049 122 Herojska doba Histrov 134. Manjši oker keramični vrč s kroglastim telesom, z dvignjenim ročajem in lijakastim izlivkom. Dimenzije: viš. 13 cm, premer 14,4 cm, AMI P-25057 134. Small ceramic jug, ochre colour, spherical body, upswung handle, funnel shaped mouth. Dimensions: H 13 cm, DIA 14.4 cm, AMI P–25057 135. Daunijski keramični vrč (olpe) z ovalnim telesom, s presegajočim trakastim ročajem in z visokim zoženim vratom s konkavno izvihanim ustjem. Na oker podlagi je z rdečimi in s črnimi črtami ter z valovnico na vratu naslikan okras. Dimenzije: viš. 23,6 cm, premer 20 cm, AMI P-25061 135. Daunian ceramic jug (olpe), ochre colour, oval body, upswung strap handle, tall constricted neck with concave everted rim and flat lip. Decorated with painted red and black bands and a wavy line at the neck. Dimensions: H 23.6 cm, DIA 20 cm, AMI P–25061 136. Daunijski keramični vrč s kroglastim telesom, presegajočim trakastim ročajem in stožčastim vratom z ravnim ustjem. Na oker podlagi je z rdečimi in s črnimi črtami ter valovnico na vratu naslikan okras. The H Dimenzije: viš. 21 cm, premer 10,4 cm, AMI P-25045 er oic A 136. Daunian ceramic jug, ochre colour, ge of The Histri spherical body, upswung strap handle, conical neck with flat lip. Decorated with painted ochre bands and a wavy line at the shoulder. Dimensions: H 21 cm, DIA 10.4 cm, AMI P–25045 123 Herojska doba Histrov 137. Daunijski keramični vrč na nizki obročasti nogi. Na oker podlagi je z rjavimi trakovi in linijami naslikan okras. Dimenzije: viš. 18,5 cm, premer 19,4 cm, AMI P-25060 137. Daunian ceramic jug, ochre colour, low ring foot. Painted brown bands and lines. Dimensions: H 18.5 cm, DIA 19.4 cm, AMI P–25060 138. Daunijski keramični vrč s stožčastim spodnjim delom telesa, širokim zaobljenim trebuhom, z nizko obročasto nogo in s trakasto dvignjenim ročajem. Na oker podlagi je z rdečimi trakovi in linijami ter valovnico na ramenu naslikan okras. Dimenzije: viš. 18,9 cm, premer 19 cm, AMI P-25056 138. Daunian ceramic jug, ochre colour, conical lower body, broad, rounded belly, low ring foot, upswung strap handle. Decoration of painted red bands and lines, and wavy line at the shoulder. Dimensions: H 18.9 cm, DIA 19 cm, AMI P–25056 139. Daunijski keramični vrč (oinochoe) s profiliranim trolistnim ustjem in z dvignjenim ročajem. Na oker podlagi je s črnimi trakovi in linijami naslikan okras. The H Dimenzije: viš. 21,4 cm, premer 15,4 cm, AMI P-25048 er oic A 139. Daunian ceramic jug (oinochoe), ochre ge of The Histri colour, moulded three–lobed rim, upswung handle. Ochre and black painted bands and lines. Dimensions: H 21.4 cm, DIA 15.4 cm, AMI P–25048 124 Herojska doba Histrov 140. Daunijski keramični vrč z lijakastim ustjem in majhnim trakastim ročajem. Na sivo-oker podlagi je z rjavimi trakovi, linijami in valovnico na vratu naslikan okras. Dimenzije: viš. 21,4 cm, premer 18,8 cm, AMI P-25109 140. Daunian ceramic jug, grey/ochre colour, flared rim, small strap handle, painted brown bands, lines, and wavy line at the neck. Dimensions: H 21.4 cm, DIA 18.8 cm, AMI P–25109 141. Daunijski keramični vrč (oinochoe) z visokim dvojnim ročajem. Na oker podlagi je z črnimi in rjavimi linijami naslikan okras. Dimenzije: viš. 19,8 cm, premer 14,6 cm, AMI P-25054 141. Daunian ceramic jug (oinochoe), ochre colour, upswung bifid handle, painted red– brown lines. Dimensions: H 19.8 cm, DIA 14.6 cm, AMI P–25054 142. Delno ohranjen keramični vrč brez vratu in ročaja. Na sivo-oker podlagi je z rjavimi trakovi in linijami ter s kapljičastimi motivi na ramenu naslikan okras. Dimenzije: viš. 19 cm, premer 15 cm, AMI P-25042 The H 142. Ceramic jug, grey/ochre colour, survives in part, neck and handle missing. Decoration eroic A of brown painted bands and lines, and ge of The Histri lachrymiform pattern at the shoulder. Dimensions: H 19 cm, DIA 15 cm, AMI P–25042 125 Herojska doba Histrov 143. Keramična amfora tipa Alto-Adriatico. Na oker podlagi je z rdečimi trakovi, linijami in valovnicami, s spiralnim motivom na ramenu ter stiliziranimi floralnimi motivi na vratu naslikan okras. Dimenzije: viš. 23,8 cm, premer 19,3 cm, AMI P-25062 143. Ceramic amphora of the Alto Adriatico type, ochre colour, painted red bands, lines, and wavy lines, running spirals at the shoulder, and stylised floral motifs at the neck. Dimensions: H 23.8 cm, DIA 19.3 cm, AMI P–25062 144. Keramična amfora tipa Alto-Adriatico. Na temnooker podlagi je z rdečimi trakovi in linijami ter s stiliziranimi floralnimi motivi na ramenu naslikan okras. Dimenzije: viš. 27 cm, premer 20 cm, AMI P-25036 144. Ceramic amphora of the Alto Adriatico type, dark ochre colour, painted red bands and lines, and stylised floral motifs at the shoulder. Dimensions: H 27 cm, DIA 20 cm, AMI P–25036 145. Delno ohranjen atiški rdečefiguralni keramični vrč (chous) z ovalnim telesom in nizko obročasto nogo. Na osrednjem figuralnem prizoru je gol sedeči moški lik z baklo v roki. Prizor obdajajo stilizirani floralni motivi. The H P-25040 Dimenzije: viš. 19,3 cm, premer 12,3 cm, AMI er 145. A partially preserved Attic red-figure oic A ceramic jug (chous), oval body and low ring ge of The Histri foot. Central figural scene shows a naked seated man with a torch in hand. Scene surrounded by stylised floral motifs. Dimensions: H 19.3 cm, DIA 12.3 cm, AMI P–25040 126 Herojska doba Histrov 146. Manjši keramični vrč (olpe) tipa Alto- Adriatico. Na oker podlagi je v zgornjem delu s črnim premazom, v spodnjem delu pa z rjavimi geometrijskimi motivi naslikan okras. Dimenzije: viš. 12,4 cm, pr. 9,9 cm, AMI P-25039 146. Small ceramic jug (olpe) of the Alto Adriatico type, ochre colour, upper part with black slip, lower part with painted brown geometric patterns. Dimensions: H 12.4 cm, DIA 9.9 cm, AMI P–25039 147. Večji keramični vrč (oinochoe) tipa Alto- Adriatico z ovalnim telesom, obročasto nogo, s trolistnim ustjem in z dvignjenim ročajem. S črno barvo so naslikani profil ženske glave in stilizirani floralni motivi. Dimenzije: viš. 24,4 cm, pr. 16,5 cm, AMI P-25110 147. Large ceramic jug (oinochoe) of the Alto Adriatico type, oval body, ring foot, three–lobed rim, upswung handle. Woman’s head in profile and stylised floral motifs painted in black. Dimensions: H 24.4 cm, DIA 16.5 cm, AMI P–25110 148. Manjši daunijski keramični vrč z ovalnim telesom, nizko nogo in s trakastim dvignjenim ročajem. Na sivo podlago je z mat rjavimi vodoravni trakovi, linijami in stiliziranim bršljanom naslikan okras. Dimenzije: viš. 13,8 cm, pr. 11,8 cm, AMI The H P-25041 eroic A oval body, low ring foot, upswung strap ge of The Histri 148. Small Daunian ceramic jug, grey colour, handle. Horizontal bands, lines, and stylised ivy painted matte brown. Dimensions: H 13.8 cm, DIA 11.8 cm, AMI P–25041 127 Herojska doba Histrov 149. Daunijski keramični lonec (olla) z izvihanim ustjem. Na oker podlago je z rdečimi trakovi in valovitimi linijami naslikan okras. Dimenzije: viš. 23 cm, pr. 21 cm, AMI P-25073 149. Daunian ceramic pot (olla), ochre colour, flared rim, painted red bands and wavy lines. Dimensions: H 23 cm, DIA 21 cm, AMI P–25073 150. Stamnoidna keramična posodica tipa Alto-Adriatico z nizko obročasto nogo in luknjicami za popravilo posode. Na svetlooker podlagi je okrašena z naslikanimi rjavimi trakovi in s tekočo spiralo. Dimenzije: viš. 8,4 cm, pr. 12,6 cm, AMI P-25118 150. Stamnoid ceramic vessel of the Alto Adriatico type, light ochre colour, low ring foot, small repair holes. Painted brown bands and running spiral. Dimensions: H 8.4 cm, DIA 12.6 cm, AMI P–25118 151. Atiška keramična čaša (kylix) s črnim sijajnim premazom. Dimenzije: viš. 5,7 cm, pr. 17,5 cm, AMI P-25035 The H 151. Attic ceramic cup (kylix) with glossy er black slip. oic A Dimensions: H 5.7 cm, DIA 17.5 cm, ge of The Histri AMI P–25035 128 Herojska doba Histrov 152. Apulska keramična čaša (skyphos). Okrašena je z naslikanimi črnimi trakovi in linijami, s tekočo spiralo in stiliziranim bršljanom. Dimenzije: viš. 14,8 cm, pr. 15 cm, AMI P-25037 152. Apulian ceramic drinking cup (skyphos), painted black bands and lines, running spiral and stylised ivy. Dimensions: H 14.8 cm, DIA 15 cm, AMI P–25037 153. Keramična čaša (skyphos) tipa Alto- Adriatico. Okrašena je z naslikanimi oker- rjavimi trakovi, linijami in geometrijskimi motivi v obliki črke »V«. Dimenzije: viš. 11,5 cm, pr. 10,3 cm, AMI P-25038 153. Ceramic drinking cup (skyphos) of the Alto Adriatico type, painted ochre–brown bands, lines, and geometric V patterns. Dimensions: H 11.5 cm, DIA 10.3 cm, AMI P–25038 154. Bronasta situla z atašami, okrašena z enim figuralnim frizom. Procesija rogatih živali, ki v ustih nosijo stilizirane floralne motive, je obrnjena v levo. Spodaj je okras v obliki pahljačastega motiva s piko na vrhu. Dimenzije: viš. 20 cm, pr. 26 cm, AMI P-25360 The H 154. Bronze situla with attachments, decoration eroic A of a single figural frieze. A procession of horned animals holding stylised floral motifs in their ge of The Histri mouths, facing left. Fan pattern below with dots at top. Used as an urn. Dimensions: H 20 cm, DIA 26 cm, AMI P–25360 129 Herojska doba Histrov 155. Odlomki bronaste figuralno okrašene situle s parom ataš, spojenih z zakovicami, in z robom, uvitim okoli svinčene palice. Prikaz pomorske bitke z večjo ladjo, veslači, bojevniki, orožjem in bojnimi vozovi je upodobljen na prvem in drugem frizu, na tretjem frizu je prizor oranja in lova, na četrtem pa prikaz konjev, obrnjenih na desno. Dimenzije: viš. 24 cm, pr. dna 11,5 cm, AMI P-25597 155. Fragments of a bronze situla with figural decoration and two attachments, joints riveted, rim folded over lead rod. First and second frieze shows a naval battle scene with a large ship, oarsmen, warriors, weapons, and war chariots, the third frieze shows a ploughing and hunting scene, the fourth frieze shows horses facing right. Dimensions: H 24 cm, base DIA 11.5 cm, AMI P–25597 The H er oic A ge of The Histri 130 Herojska doba Histrov 156. Odlomki bronastega stožčastega pokrova situle. Okrašen je z dvema pasovoma vtisnjenih koncentričnih krogov in pahljačastim motivom. Dimenzije: pr. 21 cm, AMI P-25599 156. Fragments of a conical bronze situla lid. Two decorative bands with hammered concentric circles and fan pattern. Dimensions: DIA 21 cm, AMI P–25599 157. Tri bronaste figuralno okrašene ataše zvonastih situl. Med dvema profiliranima obročema je upodobljena antropomorfna feminizirana maska. Bronast polkrožen ročaj situle z nazaj zavihanimi tankimi konci in s profiliranim zaključkom. Dimenzije: ataše: viš. 2,3 cm, šir. 5,1 cm; ročaj: dol. 18,2 cm, deb. 0,4 cm, AMI P-25200, 25240, 40983 157. Three bronze attachments from bell- shaped situlae with figural decoration. Feminine anthropomorphic mask between a pair of moulded loops. Bronze semi–circular situla handle with thin ends folded back with moulded terminal. Dimensions: attachment: H 2.3 cm, W 5.1 cm; handle: L 18.2 cm, thickness 0.4 cm, AMI P–25200, 25240, 40983 158. 185 kosov astragalov in falang majhnih prežvekovalcev (ovca/koza) s perforacijami in z zeleno oksidacijo. The H Dimenzije: dol. 2,8–5,7 cm, šir. 1,7–2,5 cm, er AMI P-41596, 41599, 41614 oic A 158. Astragali and phalanges of small ge of The Histri ruminants (sheep/goats), perforated, green oxidation, 185 pieces. Dimensions: L 2.8–5.7 cm, W 1.7–2.5 cm, AMI P–41596, 41599, 41614 131 Herojska doba Histrov Pod templji A, B in C Beneath temples A, B, and C 159. Odlomek bronaste zvonaste situle z vrezanim širokim pasom dvojnega prepleta pod ustjem in z bršljanovim listom pod atašo. Znotraj lista je figuralni prikaz repa navzdol obrnjenega delfina. Dimenzije: dol. 12,1 cm, šir. 7,6 cm, AMI P-25659 159. Fragment of a bronze bell–shaped situla, broad incised band below the rim with double guilloche pattern, ivy leaf below the attachment. Figural image of a dolphin tail turned downward in the leaf. Dimensions: L 12.1 cm, W 7.6 cm, AMI P–25659 160. Dve delno ohranjeni bronasti ataši stamnoidne situle z izlivkom v obliki levje glave. Dimenzije: 1 – viš. 6,5 cm, šir. 5 cm; 2 – viš. 4,7 cm, šir. 6,65 cm, AMI P-25681, 40465 160. Two bronze attachments from a stamnoid situla with a spout in the shape of a lion’s head, partially preserved. Dimensions: 1–H 6.5 cm, W 5 cm; 2–H 4.7 cm, W 6.65 cm, AMI P–25681, 40465 The H er oic A ge of The Histri 132 Herojska doba Histrov 161. Odlomek ataše bronastega stamnosa v obliki kaplje. Okrašen je z reliefnim prikazom satira z okroglimi očmi in nosom, dolgimi brki, s plešasto glavo in koničastimi ušesi. Dimenzije: dol. 10,8 cm, šir. 4,3 cm, deb. 0,7 cm, AMI P-25201 161. Fragment of a lachrymiform bronze attachment from a stamnos jar. Relief decoration shows a satyr with round eyes and nose, long moustache, bald head, and pointed ears. Dimensions: L 10.8 cm, W 4.3 cm, thickness 0.7 cm, AMI P–25201 162. Bronast polkrožen ročaj posode z oglato vrezanimi konci. Dimenzije: dol. 17 cm, deb. 0,3 cm, AMI P-25241 162. Arched bronze vessel handle with angular recesses at its ends. Dimensions: L 17 cm, thickness 0.3 cm, AMI P–25241 Literatura / Bibliography: Mihovilić 1992; 1995; 1996; 2001a; 2002; 2004; 2005; 2007c; 2009a; 2014; 2017; 2021; Jurišić 1996; Guštin 2019; Blečić Kavur 2009; The H 2012; 2015; 2020; 2021; 2022a; 2024b. er oic A ge of The Histri 133 Herojska doba Histrov Posamezne najdbe z nekropole (1901–1953) Individual necropolis finds (1901–1953) 163. Bronasta igla s polkrožno glavo ter petimi kroglicami in z diski na vratu. Dimenzije: dol. 15,5 cm, pr. 1,15 cm, AMI P-9555 163. Bronze pin with hemispherical head, five spheres and discs form the neck. Dimensions: L 15.5 cm, DIA 1.15 cm, AMI P–9555 164. Bronasta ločna fibula tipa Kompolje z nazaj zavihano stilizirano ptičjo glavico. Dimenzije: dol. 7,4 cm, viš. 3,2 cm, AMI P-7880 164. Kompolje type bronze bow fibula with stylised bird head folded back. Dimensions: L 7.4 cm, H 3.2 cm, AMI P–7880 165. Bronasta fibula tipa Baška z jezičastim zaključkom noge, zavihanim proti loku. Dimenzije: dol. 11,5 cm, AMI P-10315 The H 165. Baška type bronze fibula, tab extends from the end of the foot and folds back toward er the bow. oic A ge of The Histri Dimensions: L 11.5 cm, AMI P–10315 134 Herojska doba Histrov 166. Del loka bronaste fibule z dvema konjičkoma. Dimenzije: dol. 2,7 cm, šir. 1,1 cm, viš. 1,8 cm, AMI P-10342 166. Part of the bow of a bronze fibula with a pair of horse figures. Dimensions: L 2.7 cm, W 1.1 cm, H 1.8 cm, AMI P–10342 167. Trije fragmenti bronastega ročaja pahljače s stilizirano mrežasto palmeto in z volutami. Dimenzije: dol. 6,2–7,7 cm, šir. 4,9–7,2 cm, AMI P-9591 167. Three fragments of a bronze fan handle with stylised openwork palmette and volutes. Dimensions: L 6.2–7.7 cm, W 4.9–7.2 cm, AMI P–9591 168. Dva fragmenta bronastega ročaja pahljače s stilizirano mrežasto palmeto in stožčasto zakovico. Dimenzije: dol. 15 cm, šir. 9,6 cm, AMI P-9593 168. Two fragments of a bronze fan handle with stylised openwork palmette and conical head rivet. The H Dimensions: L 15 cm, W 9.6 cm, AMI P–9593 eroic A ge of The Histri 135 Herojska doba Histrov 169. Bronast obesek v obliki stiliziranega konja s kratkimi vzporednimi nogami. Dimenzije: dol. 4 cm, viš. 2,2 cm, deb. 0,8 cm, AMI P-31101 169. Bronze pendant in the form of a stylised horse with short parallel fore and hind limbs. Dimensions: L 4 cm, H 2.2 cm, thickness 0.8 cm, AMI P–31101 170. Bronast obesek v obliki stiliziranega konja v razkoraku. Dimenzije: dol. 4 cm, viš. 3 cm, deb. 0,4 cm, AMI P-31102 170. Bronze pendant in the form of a stylised horse in motion. Dimensions: L 4 cm, H 3 cm, thickness 0.4 cm, AMI P–31102 171. Bronasta figurica živali (mačke?) z nazaj obrnjeno glavo in repom, usmerjenim proti glavi. Glava, ušesa in noge so stilizirani, okoli vratu je ovita bronasta žica. Dimenzije: dol. 5,5 cm, viš. 3,7 cm, deb. 0,7 cm, AMI P-25228 171. Bronze animal figurine (possibly a cat), head facing back and tail turned toward the head. The head, ears, and paws are stylised, The H bronze wire around the neck. er Dimensions: L 5.5 cm, H 3.7 cm, oic A thickness 0.7 cm, AMI P–25228 ge of The Histri 136 Herojska doba Histrov 172. Bronasta figurica stilizirane race s horizontalno razširjenimi krili, z dolgim tankim vratom in s podolgovatim kljunom. Z okroglim trnom je bila pritrjena na sestavljen predmet. Dimenzije: viš. 7,8 cm, šir. 4,9 cm, AMI P-9587 172. Stylised bronze duck figurine, wings spread horizontally, tall and slender neck, elongated beak. Tang of round section joined it to a composite object. Dimensions: H 7.8 cm, W 4.9 cm, AMI P–9587 173. Bronast obesek v obliki polkrožnega glavnika. Okrašen je s štirimi koncentričnimi krogi. Dimenzije: dol. 5 cm, viš. 3 cm, AMI P-10114 173. Bronze pendant in the form of a semi– circular comb, decorated with four sets of concentric circles. Dimensions: L 5 cm, H 3 cm, AMI P–10114 174. Bronasta pahljačasto razširjena pinceta z zavihanim robom. Okrašena je z vrezanimi in s tremoliranimi geometrijskimi motivi. Dimenzije: dol. 12,9 cm, šir. 0,5–2,6 cm, AMI P-40144 174. Bronze tweezers, fan–shaped with curved edge. Decoration of incised and tremolo geometric patterns. The H Dimensions: L 12.9 cm, W 0.5–2.6 cm, eroic A AMI P–40144 ge of The Histri 137 Herojska doba Histrov 175. Fragment koščenega vretenca cilindrične oblike, okrašenega z vrezanimi cikcak motivi. Dimenzije: pr. 2,7 cm, viš. 1,7 cm, AMI P-4693 175. Fragment of a cylindrical bone spindle whorl, decoration of incised zigzag patterns. Dimensions: DIA 2.7 cm, H 1.7 cm, AMI P–4693 176. Delno ohranjena bronasta situla s parom ataš in z zakovicami. Dimenzije: viš. 17,5 cm, pr. 15 cm, AMI P-9143 176. Partially preserved bronze situla with a pair of attachments and rivets. Dimensions: H 17.5 cm, DIA 15 cm, AMI P–9143 177. Keramična kozica/podstavek za ognjišče polkrožnega preseka, zaključena s stilizirano glavo ovna. Dimenzije: dol. 10,5 cm, viš. 8 cm, šir. 6 cm, AMI P-2637 177. Ceramic firedog for a hearth of semi– The H circular section, stylised ram’s head terminal. er Dimensions: L 10.5 cm, H 8 cm, W 6 cm, oic A AMI P–2637 ge of The Histri 138 Herojska doba Histrov 178. Keramična kroglasta posoda s cilindričnim vratom, z vodoravno zavihanim ustjem in s trakastim ročajem. Okrašena je z dvema horizontalno vrezanima šrafiranima črtama in s tekočo spiralo, zapolnjeno z belo inkrustacijo. Dimenzije: viš. 21,6 cm, pr. 26 cm, AMI P-7267 178. Ceramic spherical vessel with cylindrical neck, horizontal flared rim, and strap handle. Decoration of two horizontal incised hatched bands and a running spiral with white paste inlay. Dimensions: H 21.6 cm, DIA 26 cm, AMI P–7267 179. Keramična trebušasta posoda z visokim koničnim vratom in vodoravno zavihanim ustjem. Okrašena je z geometrijskimi motivi in oglatim meandrom. Dimenzije: viš. 22,8 cm, pr. 15,6 cm, AMI P-9609 179. Globular ceramic vessel, tall conical neck, horizontal flared rim. Decoration of geometric patterns and an angular meander. Dimensions: H 22.8 cm, DIA 15.6 cm, AMI P–9609 180. Daunijska keramična posoda zoomorfne oblike race (askos). Telo je plosko s stransko postavljenim cilindričnim izlivkom. Na svetlorumeni podlagi so s temnorjavimi in z rdečimi mat črtami naslikani geometrijski motivi. Dimenzije: dol. 18 cm, pr. 5,5 cm, AMI P-7560 180. Daunian ceramic vessel, zoomorphic duck form (askos). Flat body, cylindrical spout to the The H side. Painted matte dark brown and red against a light yellow background. er oic A Dimensions: L 18 cm, DIA 5.5 cm, AMI P–7560 ge of The Histri Literatura / Bibliography: Mihovilić 1980; 1988; 1995; 2001a; 2009b; 2014; 2021. 139 Herojska doba Histrov Kamniti spomeniki Stone sculpture Nezakcij / Nesactium 181. Zgornji del telesa apnenčaste skulpture gole moške figure brez glave, vratu in leve roke. Desna roka je prislonjena ob telo, upognjena v komolcu in z dlanjo, položeno na prsi. Prsti na desni roki so stilizirani. Dimenzije: viš. 33 cm, šir. 36 cm, AMI P-7505 181. Torso of a naked male figure done in limestone; the head, neck and left arm are missing. The right arm rests against the torso, bent at the elbow, with the hand pressed against the chest. The fingers of the right hand are stylised. Dimensions: H 33 cm, W 36 cm, AMI P–7505 182. Del telesa apnenčaste skulpture gole moške itifalične figure s stilizirano levo roko na desnem boku. Dimenzije: viš. 25 cm, šir. 25 cm, AMI P-7506 182. Part of an ithyphallic sculpture in limestone of a naked man with stylised left hand placed on right hip. The H Dimensions: H 25 cm, W 25 cm, AMI P–7506 er oic A ge of The Histri 140 Herojska doba Histrov 183. Apnenčasta monumentalna stela v obliki prizme. Na sprednji strani je glajena, okrašena s spiralami in z geometrijskim cikcak obrobjem. Dimenzije: viš. 120 cm, šir. 38 cm, AMI P-7283 183. Monumental prismatic limestone stela. Front smoothed, decoration of spirals and geometric zigzag border. Dimensions: H 120 cm, W 38 cm, AMI P–7283 Literatura / Bibliography: Mihovilić 2001a; 2003; 2014; Majnarić-Pandžić 1998; Cambi 2002; Kukoč 1987; 2007; 2008. Krnica, Jama Golubinčina / Krnica, Golubinčina pit 184. Apnenčasti žrtvenik, posvečen Melosoku s celovito ohranjenim napisom, oblikovanim v pet vrstic. Napis: Melisoco / sac(rum) / C(aius) Septidius / Pilumenus / v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibenter). Dimenzije: viš. 54 cm, šir. 35 cm, AMI A-49676 184. Limestone altar dedicated to Melosocus, inscription survives in full in five lines. Inscription reads: Melisoco / sac(rum) / C(aius) Septidius / Pilumenus / v(otum) s(olvit) l(ibenter). The H Dimensions: H 54 cm, W 35 cm, AMI A–49676 er oic A ge of The Histri Literatura / Bibliography: Matijašić, Petešić 2017 141 Herojska doba Histrov The H er oic A ge of The Histri 142 Herojska doba Histrov Bibliografija / Bibliography AMOROSO, A. 1885. I castellieri istriani e la necropoli di Vermo presso Pisino. Atti e memorie della Società Istriana di Archeologia e Storia patria 1, 51–74. AMOROSO, A. 1889. Le necropoli preistoriche dei Pizzughi. Atti e memorie della Società Istriana di Archeologia e Storia patria 5, 225–261. BAĆIĆ, B. 1957. Ilirsko žarno groblje u Kaštelu kraj Buja. Jadranski zbornik 2, 15–23. BAĆIĆ, B. 1958. 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