Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – Rural and Urban Safety and Security Perspectives Book of Abstracts Editors Gorazd Meško Rok Hacin September 2023 Title Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe Subtitle The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – Rural and Urban Safety and Security Perspectives Book of Abstracts Editors Gorazd Meško (University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security) Rok Hacin (University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security) Technical editor Jan Perša (University of Maribor, University Press) Cover designer Jan Perša (University of Maribor, University Press) Cover graphics Policeman standing in front of a crowd, foto: Thomas de LUZE, unsplach.com, CC0, 2023 Conference Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe: Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – Rural and Urban Safety and Security Perspectives Date and location 12–14 September 2023, Ljubljana, Slovenia Programme Gorazd Meško (conference chair, University of Maribor, Slovenia), committee Marcelo Aebi (University of Lausanne, Switzerland), Igor Bernik (University of Maribor, Slovenia), Matt Bowden (Technological University Dublin, Ireland), Janina Czapska (Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland), Algimantas Čepas (Law Institute of Lithuania, Lithuania), Joseph Donnermeyer (Ohio State University, USA), Charles B. Fields (Eastern Kentucky University, USA), Irena Cajner Mraović (University of Zagreb, Croatia), Jack Greene (Northeastern University, Boston, USA), Djordje Ignjatović (University of Belgrade, Serbia), Ljubica Jelušič (University of Ljubljana, Slovenia), Klára Kerezsi (National University of Public Service, Hungary), Miklós Lévay, Eötvös (Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary), Michael Levi (Cardiff University, UK), Kyle Mulroney (University of New England, Australia), Elmedin Muratbegović (University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), Elmedin Muratbegović (University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), Borislav Petrović (University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina), Julian Roberts (University of Oxford, UK), Ernesto Savona (Catholic University and Transcrime, Milan, Italy), Wesley Skogan (Northwestern University, USA), Nigel South (University of Essex, UK), Kreseda Smith (Harper Adams University, UK), Andrej Sotlar (University of Maribor, Slovenia), Justice Tankebe (University of Cambridge, UK), Bojan Tičar (University of Maribor, Slovenia), David Wall (Leeds University, UK), Ralph Weisheit (Illinois State University, USA) Organizing Anže Mihelič (Chair, University of Maribor, Slovenia), Ajda Šulc (Secretary, Committee University of Maribor, Slovenia), Vanja Erčulj (University of Maribor, Slovenia), Barbara Erjavec (University of Maribor, Slovenia), Rok Hacin (University of Maribor, Slovenia), Ivo Holc (General Police Directorate, Slovenia), Violeta Malić (University of Maribor, Slovenia), Aleksander Podlogar (University of Maribor, Slovenia), Andrej Rupnik (Institute DCAF, Slovenia), Boštjan Slak (University of Maribor, Slovenia), Anja Zahirović (University of Maribor, Slovenia) Published by University of Maribor University Press Slomškov trg 15, 2000 Maribor, Slovenija https://press.um.si, zalozba@um.si Issued by University of Maribor Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security Kotnikova ulica 8, 1000 Ljubljana https://fvv.um.si/, fvv@um.si Publication type E-book Edition 1st Available at http://press.um.si/index.php/ump/catalog/book/806 Published at Maribor, September 2023 © University of Maribor, University Press / Univerza v Mariboru, Univerzitetna založba Text © Authors & Meško, Hacin, 2023 This book is published under a Creative Commons 4.0 International licence (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). This license al ows reusers to copy and distribute the material in any medium or format in unadapted form only, for noncommercial purposes only, and only so long as attribution is given to the creator. Any third-party material in this book is published under the book’s Creative Commons licence unless indicated otherwise in the credit line to the material. If you would like to reuse any third-party material not covered by the book’s Creative Commons licence, you wil need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Univerzitetna knjižnica Maribor 343.9(4)(082)(0.034.2) 351.1(74)(4)(082)(0.034.2) The INTERNATIONAL Biennial Conference Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe (2023 ; Ljubljana) Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe [Elektronski vir] : the United Nations sustainable development goals - rural and urban safety ans security perspectives : book of abstracts / editors Gorazd Meško, Rok Hacin. - 1st ed. - E-zbornik. - Maribor : University of Maribor, University Press, 2023 Način dostopa (URL): https://press.um.si/index.php/ump/catalog/book/806 ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 (WEB, PDF) doi: 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 COBISS.SI-ID 162357251 The International Biennial Conference Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe: Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – Rural and Urban Safety and Security Perspectives, (Ljubljana, 12–14 September 2023) is organised by the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia. The organizers are grateful for the support and partnership in organizing the 14th Conference on Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe the fol owing institutions and organizations: The United Nations Academic Impact (UNAI) The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (the projects on Safety and Security in Local Communities: Rural and Urban Perspectives, 2019-2024, number P5-0397 and Community Policing, 2022-2024, number V5-2286). The Slovenian Police The organisers are grateful for support and participation of the following criminological working groups: ESC Working Group on Rural Criminology (ERC), ASC Division of Rural Criminology (DRC) and the International Society for the Study of Rural Crime (ISSRC). ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 (pdf) DOI https://doi.org/10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 Price Cena Free copy For publisher Prof. dr. Zdravko Kačič, Odgovorna oseba založnika Rector of University of Maribor Attribution Meško, G., Hacin, R. (eds.). (2023). Criminal Justice and Citiranje Security in Central and Eastern Europe: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – Rural and Urban Safety and Security Perspectives, Book of Abstracts. University of Maribor, University Press. doi: 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: THE UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS – RURAL AND URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY PERSPECTIVES, BOOK OF ABSTRACTS G. Meško, R. Hacin (eds.) Table of Contents About the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia 1 About the Conference 2 Conference Background 2 Keynote and Plenary Addresses 3 Two Decades of Comparative Criminological and Criminal Justice Research and the UN SDGs 5 Gorazd Meško Higher Education and SDGs Omar Hernández 6 The Role of Community in Understanding Safety and Security Anywhere in the World 7 Joseph Donnermeyer The Intersection of Rural Criminology and Food Security: The Impact of Organised Criminal Groups in the Rural Space 8 Kreseda Smith Safety, Security and the Anthropocene: Sustainable Security Fields in the 21st Century 9 Matt Bowden Aggressive War Against Ukraine: Rural and Urban Safety in the Context of National and Global Security 10 Mykhaylo Shepitko Policing and COVID-19 Pandemic 11 Policing Urban and Rural Communities in Croatia During the COVID-19 Pandemic Krunoslav Borovec, Irena Cajner Mraović, Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich, 13 Jon Maskály, Peter William Neyroud ii TABLE OF CONTENTS. Public Opinion of Police Work in Slovenia During the COVID-19 Pandemic Branko Lobnikar, Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich, Jon Maskály, 14 Peter William Neyroud, Kaja Prislan Mihelič A Study of Changes in the Police Reactive and Proactive Activities During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia Krunoslav Borovec, Branko Lobnikar, Kaja Prislan Mihelič, Yang Vincent Liu, 15 Mariana Kotlaja, Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich, Sandra Kobajica, Jon Maskály, Peter Wil iam Neyroud, Irena Cajner Mraović A Comparative Exploration of the COVID-19 Instructions and Police Stress During the Pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich, Jon Maskály, Mariana Kotlaja, Yang Vincent Liu, 17 Irena Cajner Mraović, Krunoslav Borovec, Branko Lobnikar, Kaja Prislan Mihelič, Sandra Kobajica, Peter Wil iam Neyroud Anthropocenic Policing in Insecure Times: Lessons From the COVID-19 Pandemic 19 Killian Cullen, Matt Bowden Criminal Justice Perspectives 21 The Position of Juvenile Offenders in Misdemeanour Proceeding in Croatia 23 Ivana Radić Satisfaction of Court Users as One of the Ways to Determine the Quality of Justice 24 Mojca Rep Construction of Buildings Without a Building Permit and Jeopardizing Sustainable Development 25 Velimir Rakočević, Aleksandra Rakočević The Rights of Suspects and Accused in Criminal Proceedings in Bosnia and Herzegovina: To What Extent Are They in Compliance with European Union Agenda on Procedural Safeguards? 26 Haris Halilović, Muhamed Budimlić, Elmedin Muratbegović Police Complaints System in Slovenia: Conciliation Procedure Benjamin Flander 27 Crime Criminality and Crime Prevention 29 First Results of the ISRD4 Study: Juvenile Delinquency in Rural and Urban Areas in Slovenia 31 Iza Kokoravec, Gorazd Meško, Ineke Haen Marshal TABLE OF CONTENTS iii. The Jarše Youth Home’s Production School and Its Role as the Secondary Prevention Programme 32 Miha Stele Incorporating Criminological Theories and Findings Into the Work of Ljubljana's Municipal Constabulary Department 33 Tinkara Bulovec, Roman Fortuna Rural Crime in Poland Emilia Jurgielewicz-Delegacz 34 Social Change and Crime Control in the Role of Regional Marketing in City Branding: The Cases From Pakistan and Hungary 35 Usman Ghani Compstat as a Tool for Urban (and Rural?) Policing Management Jan Provaznik 36 Specific Crimes and Perception of Criminality 37 Drug Crime as Chal enge for Sustainable Development (Czech Experience) 39 David Čep Sexual Violence in Urban/City Nightlife Venues – A Case Study of Ljubljana 40 Tinkara Bulovec, Katja Eman Universal and Equitable Access to Safe and Affordable Drinking Water for Al : The Case of the Republic of Slovenia 41 Katja Eman, Gorazd Meško How Corrupt Is the Slovenian Healthcare System Boštjan Slak, Maja Loknar, Aleš Behram, Bojan Dobovšek 42 Reform of Normative Framework of Serbia and the Suppression of Organized Crime as a Major Security Threat – Never Ending Story 43 Saša Mijalković, Dragana Čvorović, Vince Vari Police Professionalism 45 Police Legitimacy in Urban, Suburban, and Rural Settings: A Study in Slovenia 47 Gorazd Meško, Charles B. Fields, Rok Hacin Preferences of the Inhabitants of the Rural Area of Croatia on the Appropriate Way of Delivering Police Services 48 Irena Cajner Mraović, Ivana Radić, Kaja Prislan Mihelič, Branko Lobnikar iv TABLE OF CONTENTS. Relationship Between Police Tasks and Police Satisfaction as Perceived by Residents of Slovenia 49 Vanja Erčulj, Maja Modic A Case Study of Rural Crime and Crime Perception in Vil age Jarsenovo (South Serbia) 50 Goran P. Ilić, Aleksandra Ilić Acceptance of Police Body-Worn Cameras Among Citizens Anže Mihelič, Kaja Prislan Mihelič 51 Safety and Security I 53 Issues and Opportunities of Risk Assessment in the National and Public Security Domain 55 Kaja Prislan Mihelič, Maja Modic Sustainable Development Goals in Practice – Ensuring Safety in the Local Community of Murska Sobota: Police and Municipality Hand in Hand 56 Katja Eman, Damir Ivančić, Dejan Bagari Introducing Codes of Good Governance and Ensuring Safety Issues Connected with Sustainable Development Goals in Local Communities 57 Bojan Tičar, Andreja Primec The Role of Civil Society in Everyday Security on the Island of Ireland Matt Bowden, Al ely Albert, Amanda Kramer, Chloe Carragher 58 Safe Use of Cyberspace and Access to It in Rural Areas Igor Bernik 59 Policing 61 Policing Decentralization in Ukraine Since 2014 Matthew Light, Anne-Marie Singh 63 Plural Policing in Local Communities in Slovenia and the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals 64 Miha Dvojmoč, Branko Lobnikar Gender Equality From the Police Candidates' Perspective: Does Their Gender Make the Difference? 65 Iva Balgač, Irena Cajner Mraović, Krunoslav Borovec Evidence-Based and Intel igence-Led Policing in Smal Arms and Light Weapons Control in the Republic of North Macedonia 66 Leta Bardjieva Miovska TABLE OF CONTENTS v. Smart Policing for Sustainable Development Kaja Prislan Mihelič, Branko Lobnikar 67 Local Safety in Sweden 69 The Swedish Local Safety Measurement System, Crime Prevention and Policing 1998–2023 Kjell Elefalk, Mats Trulsson, Josef Wiklund, Simon Karlsson, 71 Anders Wiklander Community Policing and Crime Prevention in the Swedish Police Region South and the Use of Local Safety Measurement System 2005–2023 72 Mats Trulsson, Kjell Elefalk A Research Programme for Increasing the Validity and Reliability of Surveys Measuring Safety Perceptions in Sweden 73 Simon Karlsson, Kjell Elefalk How Can 1.2 Mil ion Survey Responses Be Analysed to Support Operational Policing? 74 Kjell Elefalk Local Safety Measurement System – Practical Experience From the City of Karlskrona 75 Anders Wiklander, Kjell Elefalk How to Use the Citizen's Opinion in Police Work - Lessons Learnt From the North of Sweden 76 Josef Wiklund, Kjell Elefalk Considerations About the Perspective of the Inhabitants in Community Policing and Local Police Work 77 Kjell Elefalk Crime Analysis, Policing and Social Control 79 A Likelihood-Based Approach to Modelling Aoristic Crime Data Robin Markwitz 81 Addressing County Lines in Prisons in the UK Kelly Gray 82 Prospects and Chal enges in Implementing a “Hard Prison Regime” in the Republic of Albania 83 Nita Shala, Gianluigi Pratola Preventing Radicalisation in the Balkans – Contemporary Chal enges Emanuel Banutai 84 vi TABLE OF CONTENTS. Exploiting White-Collar Criminals’ Know-How: Towards a New Way of Punishment 85 Roberta De Paolis The Rural Lookout Trial: Increasing Reporting of Crime and Implementing CPTED in Rural New Zealand/Aotearoa 86 Emma Ashcroft Victimological Perspectives 87 Misconception of Hate Crime and Incitement to Hatred: Judiciary Practice in Bosnia and Herzegovina 89 Marija Lučić-Ćatić, Muamer Kavazović, Edita Hasković Hate Crime in North Macedonia: Geographic Distribution of Hate Crimes and Hate Incidents 90 Olga Kosevaliska, Zaneta Poposka, Elena Maksimova Analysis of the Need for a Safe House for Victims of Elder Abuse 91 Teja Primc 92 The Scope of Detected Cases of Violence of Adult Children Toward Parents in Slovenia Monika Klun, Aleš Bučar Ručman, Danijela Frangež 93 Victimization in the Process of Violence and Recovery and the Importance of Awareness, Detection and Prevention of Violence Robert Tekavec Co-Production in Addressing Child Criminal Exploitation Paul Andell 94 Safety and Security II 95 Armed Forces' Peacetime Activities as a Possible Source of Environmental Harm: Local Community Residents' Perspective 97 Silvo Grčar, Andrej Sotlar, Katja Eman Reform of Private Security in Serbia: State and Tendencies Branko Leštanin, Željko Nikač 98 Media Securitization of the Migration Process on the So-Called Balkan Route: Case Study – Serbia and North Macedonia 99 Marjan Gjurovski, Mitko Arnaudov The Policy Coherence of EU Rural Security Policy in Relation to the SDG Framework 100 Bernarda Tominc, Andrej Sotlar TABLE OF CONTENTS vii. Roundtables 101 Roundtable: The UN SDGs and the Development of Criminology in the Western Balkans – Examples From Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia 103 Gorazd Meško, Elmedin Muratbegović, Irma Kovčo, Zoran Kanduč Roundtable: SDGs and Community Policing – Towards the Future Gorazd Meško, Slobodan Marendić, Maja Modic, Rok Hacin, Katja Eman 105 Roundtable: Towards the Future of Rural Criminology Joseph Donnermeyer, Matt Bowden, Kreseda Smith, Gorazd Meško 106 Conference programme 107 Editors abstract 115 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: THE UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS – RURAL AND URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY PERSPECTIVES, BOOK OF ABSTRACTS G. Meško, R. Hacin (eds.) About the Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor, Slovenia The Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security joined the University of Maribor (UM FCJS) as a fully-fledged member twenty years ago. Before, it was the internal school of the Ministry of the Interior of the Republic of Slovenia, established in 1973 as a department of the Higher School of Public Administration of the University of Ljubljana. In 2023, it celebrates its 50th anniversary. Later it changed names and became the Higher School of Internal Affairs (1980s) and College of Police and Security Studies (late 1990s). In 2004, the UM FCJS established its research institute that developed research and has also been active in international and European research. In addition to the research institute, the UM FCJS is known for its PhD programme, which has been the only non-US PhD programme a member of the Association of Doctoral Programs in Criminology and Criminal Justice (ADCCJ) since 2009. This conference spans even further back, to 1996 when ambitious colleagues started this great biennial event that has grown into the leading international criminology, criminal justice, and security conference in Central and Eastern Europe. 2 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. About the Conference The Biennial International Conference Criminal Justice and Security in Central and Eastern Europe addresses contemporary chal enges in the field of criminal justice and security by encouraging the exchange of the latest views, concepts, and research findings from criminal justice and security studies among scientists, researchers, and practitioners from al over the globe. The conference aims to highlight new ideas, theories, methods, and findings in a wide range of research and applied areas relating to policing, criminology, security, and social control. The conference strives for the collaboration of different stakeholders in developing knowledge and experience that contribute to more secure and safe societies. Conference Background Starting in 1996 and reconvening for its twelfth session in 2018, the Conference has focused on and dealt with a variety of topics, such as Comparing Firsthand Knowledge with Experience from the West (1996), Organizational, Managerial, and Human-Resource Aspects (1998), Ethics, Integrity, and Human Rights (2000), Deviance, Violence and Victimization (2002), Dilemmas of Contemporary Criminal Justice (2004), Past, Present and Futures (2006), Social Control in Contemporary Society – Practice and Research (2008), Social Control of Unconventional Deviance (2010), Contemporary Criminal Justice Practice and Research (2012), Understanding Professionalism, Trust and Legitimacy (2014), and Safety, Security, and Social Control in Local Communities (2016), From Common Sense to Evidence-based Policy-making (2018), and Perspectives of Rural and Urban Safety and Rural Criminology (2021). 5 TWO DECADES OF COMPARATIVE DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 CRIMINOLOGICAL AND CRIMINAL ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 JUSTICE RESEARCH AND THE UN SDGS GORAZD MEŠKO University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia gorazd.mesko@um.si The paper presents an overview of the United Nations Sustainable Keywords: criminology, Development Goals under the 2030 Agenda and the comparative criminal justice, criminology and criminal justice research of the Institute of comparative research, UN SDGs, Criminal Justice and Security at the Faculty of Security, University Slovenia of Maribor, after 2004 related to the goals of sustainable development goals of the UN and the Council of Europe. Research projects, such as responses to everyday violence in a democratic society, environmental criminology, food safety and consumer protection, fear of crime, trust and legitimacy in criminal justice, community policing, urban security management, URBIS SAT/PADs+, ISRD4, rural criminology and other research projects and their implications for policymaking and the development of further research wil be discussed. Research goals of the programme group Security in Local Communities and their implementation in practice are discussed. The author also discusses the implementation of sustainable development goals during and after the COVID-19 coronavirus pandemic and in the context of the current international security circumstances that may be critical to achieving sustainable development goals in local communities in Slovenia and the broader international community. 6 DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN HIGHER EDUCATION AND SDGS 978-961-286-775-1 OMAR HERNÁNDEZ United Nations Academic Impact, New York, USA omar.hernandez@un.org Keywords: This presentation underscores the vital role of higher education UNAI, higher education, and the United Nations Academic Impact (UNAI) initiative in SDGs, driving progress towards a more sustainable and equitable future. development, societies The relationship between higher education and the 2030 Agenda is integral to achieving global sustainable development. Higher education plays a pivotal role in shaping future leaders, innovators, and change-makers who are equipped with the knowledge, skills, and values needed to address the challenges outlined in the SDGs. Higher education also nurtures informed and engaged youth by integrating sustainable development principles into education and collaborating through platforms like UNAI. The United Nations has long recognized that the imagination, ideals and energy of young people are vital for the continuing development of the societies in which they live. SDGs emphasize in this context, the need to ensure inclusive and equitable education for all, including tertiary education. As part of the Higher Education Sustainability Initiative, UNAI acknowledges the critical role of academia as incubator of new ideas and solutions. And along these lines, UNAI encourages youth involvement and fosters partnerships that amplify the impact of higher education in the realization of the SDGs. 7 THE ROLE OF COMMUNITY IN DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 UNDERSTANDING SAFETY AND ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 SECURITY ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD JOSEPH DONNERMEYER The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA donnermeyer.1@gmail.com There is a long history within criminological scholarship for Keywords: community, examining the role of place in understanding crime and its rural, consequences for the safety and security of citizens. As wel , crime, suburban, urban, safety and security are connected to each of the 17 goals found in sustainable development the United Nations statement of sustainable development, but especially to goals number 11 and 16, namely, making cities and human settlements safe, resilient and sustainable (#11), and promoting peaceful and inclusive societies that provide access to justice for all (#16). Within criminology itself, a number of prominent theories were developed over its history to understand the role of community and crime. In this presentation, we wil present a theory that describes every community of any size as a place with an interplay of people, structures, meanings, practices, and interrelated networks of people. These dimensions provide the essential context in which crime, safety and security are expressed and how criminological scholars and criminal justice professionals can better understand the various issues associated with crime, safety and security. 8 DOI https://doi.org/ THE INTERSECTION OF RURAL 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN CRIMINOLOGY AND FOOD 978-961-286-775-1 SECURITY: THE IMPACT OF ORGANISED CRIMINAL GROUPS IN THE RURAL SPACE KRESEDA SMITH Harper Adams University, Newport, UK kresedasmith@harper-adams.ac.uk Keywords: Organised Criminal Groups (OCGs) are having an increasing UNAI, higher education, impact on the life of those living and working in rural areas. SDGs, Farming feeds the population, but the escalating victimisation of development, societies farmers global y at the hands of OCGs is leading to impacts across a range of Sustainable Development Goals having a significant effect on farmers and the wider population. Organised criminals are targeting critical physical equipment such as tractors, tools, and other machinery. However, as criminal entrepreneurs, they are able to identify business opportunities such as the counterfeiting of agrochemicals, disruption of food chain security, and the provision of forced labour for agricultural work. However organised criminals find their way into the rural space, the potential implications this may have on the aspirations set out in the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development leads to additional issues affecting poverty, zero hunger, health and wel being, decent working conditions, and peace and justice. This provides a challenge to the key tenet of the Sustainable Development Goals that no one should be left behind. 9 SAFETY, SECURITY AND THE DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ANTHROPOCENE: ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 SUSTAINABLE SECURITY FIELDS IN THE 21ST CENTURY MATT BOWDEN Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland matt.bowden@tudublin.ie Writers on Criminology and Anthropocene as the ‘human epoch’ Keywords: security fields, have called for a re-imagining of the discipline. There are many Anthropocene, new risks that the Anthropocene poses: two sources we should SDGs, risk, focus on are - climate change and that of technological change. care The paper presents some reflections on the pandemic as a global Anthropogenic moment and some of its more localised implications for our security. The Covid-19 pandemic has taught us many lessons on climate change and the interdependencies between humans and non-human species, with objects and technologies. It has ultimately raised some old questions about the basis of social solidarity between humans, but also the need for a new ethic of care between humanity and al non-human and ‘natural’ forces. Indeed, the Anthropocene, as the ‘human’ epoch, potentially inverts long-established ideas in the social sciences on ‘nature’ as the cause, or indeed, independent variable. In the context of the UN Sustainable Development Goals, the paper reflects on the ethic of care as a central form of cultural capital required to build sustainable security fields in contemporary times and sets forward a series of proposed empirical chal enges for security studies and criminology. 10 DOI https://doi.org/ AGGRESSIVE WAR AGAINST 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN UKRAINE: RURAL AND URBAN 978-961-286-775-1 SAFETY IN THE CONTEXT OF NATIONAL AND GLOBAL SECURITY MYKHAYLO SHEPITKO Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University, Kharkiv, Ukraine shepitko.michael@gmail.com Keywords: The paper is devoted to reviewing the United Nations Sustainable aggressive war against Ukraine, Development Goals in connection with the aggressive war against war crimes, Ukraine, launched by Russia on 24 February 2022. War in the rural safety, urban safety, heart of Europe affects global and national security and rural and global security urban security. It started to be clear not only in connection with the threat of expansion of the war to NATO countries but also because of the blocking of trade cooperation and routes that made it possible to provide separate regions of the world with food and clean water. Because of this, international, national, and foreign law enforcement bodies and courts (tribunals) are involved in collecting, fixing and evaluating evidence. Non-governmental organizations that aim to support justice authorities in collecting evidence and ensuring its security could also play an essential and new role in future trials. 13 POLICING URBAN AND RURAL DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 COMMUNITIES IN CROATIA DURING ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC KRUNOSLAV BOROVEC,1 IRENA CAJNER MRAOVIĆ,2 SANJA KUTNJAK IVKOVICH,3 JON MASKÁLY,4 PETER WILLIAM NEYROUD5 1 Police Academy, Zagreb, Croatia kborovec@mup.hr 2 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Croatian Studies, Zagreb, Croatia icajner@gmail.com 3 Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice, Lansing, USA kutnjak@msu.edu 4 University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA jonathan.maskaly@und.edu 5 University of Cambridge, Institute of Criminology, Cambridge, UK pwn22@cam.ac.uk At the inception of the COVID-19 pandemic, many countries Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, across the world responded by issuing lockdowns and stay-at-rural police, home orders. Citizens adjusted their behaviours, including their reactive, proactive, crime patterns as wel . However, the effect of these changes may Croatia not be the same for residents of urban and rural areas. This paper explores the effect of urbanicity on how police officers adjusted their reactive and proactive work in Croatia. Using the 2021 survey of 499 police officers from a large urban community and 395 police officers from rural communities, we examine the perceived changes in their reactive activities (e.g., responses to the cal s for service, arrests for minor crimes) and proactive activities (e.g., community policing activities, directed patrols) during the peak month of the pandemic compared to before the pandemic. Our analyses reveal that, although there are some differences in the degree to which police officers perceived that their reactive and proactive activities changed, there were common patterns of the perceived changes for both groups. In particular, the pandemic systematical y affected both their reactive and proactive activities, regardless of the size of the community in which they police. 14 PUBLIC OPINION OF POLICE WORK DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 IN SLOVENIA DURING THE ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 COVID-19 PANDEMIC BRANKO LOBNIKAR,1 SANJA KUTNJAK IVKOVICH,2 JON MASKÁLY,3 PETER WILLIAM NEYROUD,4 KAJA PRISLAN MIHELIČ1 1 University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia branko.lobnikar@um.si, kaja.prislan@um.si 2 Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice, Lansing, USA kutnjak@msu.edu 3 University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA jonathan.maskaly@und.edu 4 University of Cambridge, Institute of Criminology, Cambridge, UK pwn22@cam.ac.uk Keywords: The paper presents study results that were carried out using a pandemic COVID-19, public opinion, questionnaire by the authors Maskály, Kutnjak Ivkovic, and trust, Neyroud (2021) within the global study Police Organizational police, Slovenia Changes During the Global COVID-19 Pandemic. The survey was conducted using a questionnaire accessed through an e-platform. A total of 587 respondents participated in the study; the sample consisted of 53.5% men and 43.4% women. Respondents evaluated the quality of changes made by Slovenian police and/or government in response to the COVID-19 pandemic during the peak month of the pandemic. The results show that a significant part of the population assessed these measures as unfavourable. The association of residents' wil ingness to comply with laws and other regulations related to measures to contain the epidemic due to the new coronavirus with (a) public respect for the police and (b) the assessment of the police's performance in dealing with and investigating crimes in their community, were tested with a multiple regression analysis. We found that compliance with regulations is statistically significantly related to both variables and that they can explain 17.2% of willingness to comply with laws and other regulations related to measures to contain the epidemic due to the new coronavirus. A STUDY OF CHANGES IN THE 15 POLICE REACTIVE AND PROACTIVE DOI https://doi.org/ A 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 CTIVITIES DURING THE COVID-19 ISBN P 978-961-286-775-1 ANDEMIC IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, CROATIA, AND SLOVENIA KRUNOSLAV BOROVEC,1 BRANKO LOBNIKAR,2 KAJA PRISLAN MIHELIČ,2 YANG VINCENT LIU,3 MARIANA KOTLAJA,4 SANJA KUTNJAK IVKOVICH,5 SANDRA KOBAJICA,6 JON MASKÁLY,7 PETER WILLIAM NEYROUD,8 IRENA CAJNER MRAOVIĆ9 1 Police Academy, Zagreb, Croatia kborovec@mup.hr 2 University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia branko.lobnikar@um.si, kaja.prislan@um.si 3 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA liu3439@msu.edu 4 University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, USA marijana.kotlaja@umkc.edu 5 Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice, Lansing, USA kutnjak@msu.edu 6 University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Criminal Justice, Criminology and Security Studies, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina skobajica@fkn.unsa.ba 7 Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice, Lansing, USA kutnjak@msu.edu 8 University of Cambridge, Institute of Criminology, Cambridge, UK pwn22@cam.ac.uk 9 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Croatian Studies, Zagreb, Croatia icajner@gmail.com To reduce the likelihood that the police officers would be infected with Keywords: COVID-19, police agencies either explicitly instructed or implicitly Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, al owed police officers to reduce the frequency with which they engage Slovenia, in both reactive activities (e.g., responding to the cal s for service, taking COVID-19, police people into custody) and proactive activities (e.g., community policing, directed patrols). While Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia experienced the peak of the pandemic at about the same time, according to the World Governance Indicators, Slovenia has a more effective government and is perceived to provide a stronger guarantee of freedom 16 of expression to its citizens than either Bosnia and Herzegovina or Croatia. This paper compares police officers’ perceptions of the change in frequency with which they were involved in reactive and proactive policing activities. Using data from 304 police officers from Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1,671 police officers from Croatia, and 272 police officers from Slovenia, we assess how the pandemic affected officers’ reactive and proactive work during the peak of the pandemic. Although the results indicate some country-level differences, the changes in the frequency of these reported police activities are fairly consistent across the three countries—despite the differences in the governmental ratings. A COMPARATIVE EXPLORATION OF 17 THE COVID-19 INSTRUCTIONS AND DOI https://doi.org/ P 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 OLICE STRESS DURING THE ISBN P 978-961-286-775-1 ANDEMIC IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, CROATIA, AND SLOVENIA SANJA KUTNJAK IVKOVICH,1 JON MASKÁLY,2 MARIANA KOTLAJA,3 YANG VINCENT LIU,4 IRENA CAJNER MRAOVIĆ,5 KRUNOSLAV BOROVEC,6 BRANKO LOBNIKAR,7 KAJA PRISLAN MIHELIČ,7 SANDRA KOBAJICA,8 PETER WILLIAM NEYROUD9 1 Michigan State University, School of Criminal Justice, Lansing, USA kutnjak@msu.edu 2 University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, USA jonathan.maskaly@und.edu 3 University of Missouri – Kansas City, Kansas City, USA marijana.kotlaja@umkc.edu 4 University of Michigan, Ann Arbor,USA liu3439@msu.edu 5 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Croatian Studies, Zagreb, Croatia icajner@gmail.com 6 Police Academy, Zagreb, Croatia kborovec@mup.hr 7 University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia branko.lobnikar@um.si, kaja.prislan@um.si 8 University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Criminal Justice, Criminology and Security Studies, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina skobajica@fkn.unsa.ba 9 University of Cambridge, Institute of Criminology, Cambridge, UK pwn22@cam.ac.uk This paper explores the relationship between the effectiveness of Keywords: Bosnia and Herzegovina, police organization’s COVID-19 instructions and the extent of Croatia, police officers’ perceived stress in three neighbouring countries. Slovenia, COVID-19, Using the 2021 survey responses from 304 police officers in police stress Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1671 police officers in Croatia, and 272 police officers in Slovenia, we examine the degree to which receiving COVID-19 instructions from the police organizations affected officers’ stress. Our comparative analysis suggests that receiving official 18 instructions from the organization played a significant role in explaining changes in police officer stress. We also assess the role of other potential organizational stress alleviators (e.g., perceived effectiveness of dealing with the pandemic, availability of personal protective equipment), personal stress alleviators (e.g., spending time with family, getting sufficient sleep), and personal stress generators (e.g., concern for family health, emotional exhaustion) on the police officers’ perceived level of stress. The results indicate that net of all other factors, perceptions of receiving organizational instructions play a role in shaping the stress of police officers. 19 ANTHROPOCENIC POLICING IN DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 INSECURE TIMES: LESSONS FROM ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC KILLIAN CULLEN, MATT BOWDEN Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland killian.r.cullen@gmail.com, matt.bowden@tudublin.ie The Anthropocene is the term now in regular usage to denote the Keywords: anthropocene, birth of the ‘human epoch’ and which security theorists suggest police dispositions, brings about a broader spectrum of risks such as crime against the police culture, habitus, environment, energy crises, biohazards and COVID-19, the plural policing harmful impacts of technology and so on. An evolving part of policing the Anthropocene includes policing at the front-line and across domains (e.g., public health domain) to counter threats and increasingly unusual, non-conventional, and violent activities that chal enge customary democratic norms. Police are consequently requested to police beyond the established bureaucratic policing paradigm. Heretofore, police and policing operated in particular logics; centring on the protection of private property and protecting the institutions of the state. Criminologists drawing inspiration from theories of the ‘risk society’ and ‘late modernity’ had conceived the idea of ‘plural policing’ as that which required a wider range of experts to govern particular crises. The paper draws from a research project posing questions for policing and security in these times: What might the implications be for the police field? Are police culture and police dispositions changing to meet the structural changes of a new epoch? Is it the end of policing as we know it? 20 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. 23 THE POSITION OF JUVENILE DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 OFFENDERS IN MISDEMEANOUR ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 PROCEEDING IN CROATIA IVANA RADIĆ University of Split, Faculty of Law, Split, Croatia iradic@pravst.hr In Croatia when a juvenile commits a misdemeanour, provisions Keywords: juveniles, of the Misdemeanour Code wil be applied, with the subsidiary misdemeanour, application of the Criminal Procedure Act and the Juvenile Courts proceedings, Juveniles Courts Act, Act. In current practice, it is not unambiguously established to Directive 2016/800/EU what extent the provisions of the lex specialis will be applied during misdemeanour proceedings. In 2019 Croatia implemented Directive 2016/800/EU on procedural safeguards for children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings into JCA and introduced new procedural rights for juvenile offenders in criminal proceedings. On the other hand, the position of juvenile offenders in misdemeanour proceedings has not been changed, nor have the provisions of the Directive 2016/800/EU been implemented into the Misdemeanour Code. The paper wil analyse the position and rights of juvenile offenders through the prism of possible direct application of the provisions of the Directive 2016/800/EU in misdemeanour proceedings in Croatia and also the position of juvenile offenders in similar criminal proceedings in other EU member states. The aim of this paper is to determine whether the procedural standards prescribed by Directive 2016/800/EU can be and to what extent applied to juvenile offenders in misdemeanour proceedings. 24 DOI https://doi.org/ SATISFACTION OF COURT USERS AS 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN ONE OF THE WAYS TO DETERMINE 978-961-286-775-1 THE QUALITY OF JUSTICE MOJCA REP Higher Court in Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia mojca_rep@yahoo.com Keywords: The court recognises the importance of public trust in the legislation, courts, operation of the courts. Since 2013, the Supreme Court of the research, Republic of Slovenia has been conducting extensive research on public satisfaction, users the satisfaction of various population groups with the work of the courts. The article covers the comparison of research data from the field of public satisfaction carried out by the Supreme Court, Faculty of Applied Social Studies and EU Justice Scoreboard. The research results regarding public satisfaction with court proceedings are encouraging, as public satisfaction constantly improves in many areas. Confidence in the independence of the Slovenian judiciary is constantly increasing. Based on the compilation of al the presented research and its temporal implementation, the following shows useful guidance for the quality of the work of all stakeholders/users of the courts. Based on the positive results of the research, extensive legislative changes are unnecessary for the time being. The paper presents the latest research in the field of satisfaction with the functioning of courts and ensuring the quality of work. 25 CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDINGS DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 WITHOUT A BUILDING PERMIT ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 AND JEOPARDIZING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT VELIMIR RAKOČEVIĆ,1 ALEKSANDRA RAKOČEVIĆ2 1 University of Montenegro, Faculty of Law, Podgorica, Montenegro veljorakocevic@yahoo.com 2 Basic Court in Podgorica, Podgorica, Montenegro veljorakocevic@yahoo.com Preservation of natural resources is of crucial importance for the Keywords: environment, sustainable development of every country. The subject of research illegal construction, is environmental endangerment by unsustainable space devastation of space, law, management. The aim is to point out the harmful consequences Montenegro of the irrational consumption of natural resources due to the over-dimensioning of construction areas. The results of the research show that Montenegro has been unsuccessful y fighting the problem of il egal construction and legalization of these buildings for over thirty years. According to official data from state institutions, there are currently around 100,000 illegal buildings in Montenegro. In order to protect the environment, the state has prescribed three new criminal offences, such as construction of an object without registration and construction documentation, construction of a complex engineering object without a construction permit and il egal connection to the infrastructure. Statistical data show that a large number of persons were prosecuted for these crimes, but that very few were sentenced to prison terms. A conditional sentence and a sentence of work in the public interest prevail. 26 THE RIGHTS OF SUSPECTS AND DOI ACCUSED IN CRIMINAL https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 PROCEEDINGS IN BOSNIA AND ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 HERZEGOVINA: TO WHAT EXTENT ARE THEY IN COMPLIANCE WITH EUROPEAN UNION AGENDA ON PROCEDURAL SAFEGUARDS? HARIS HALILOVIĆ, MUHAMED BUDIMLIĆ, ELMEDIN MURATBEGOVIĆ University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Criminal Justice, Criminology and Security Studies, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina hhalilovic@fkn.unsa.ba, mbudimlic@fkn.unsa.ba, emuratbegovic@fkn.unsa.ba Keywords: This paper discusses the rights of suspects and accused in Bosnia suspects, accused, and Herzegovina criminal proceedings in comparison to the criminal proceeding, efforts of the EU when it comes to strengthening the foundation procedural safeguards, EU integrations of the European area criminal justice. Bosnia and Herzegovina is on the road toward EU integration and sooner or later wil be faced with the inevitable requests to harmonize national legislation, including specific areas of criminal justice with EU standards and legislation. To determine the extent to which the rights of suspects and accused in actual Bosnia and Herzegovina criminal law legislation are in accordance with the EU agenda on procedural safeguards, the authors conducted a normative analysis primarily of the provisions of the law on criminal proceedings that are in force in Bosnia and Herzegovina, but also of other related regulations. Attention is paid to special safeguards for juvenile suspects and accused in criminal proceedings. As the EU acquis implies not only harmonization of national legislation but also its effective implementation, the paper provides analytical insight into the number of decisions of the Constitutional Court and other high courts in Bosnia and Herzegovina comprising important opinions regarding procedural safeguards for suspects and accused. 27 POLICE COMPLAINTS SYSTEM DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 IN SLOVENIA: ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 CONCILIATION PROCEDURE BENJAMIN FLANDER University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia benjamin.flander@um.si Drawing from two recent research projects, the paper explores the Keywords: police complaint system, key features, advantages, and weaknesses of the current conciliation procedure, arrangement of conciliation procedure as a part of the two-level community policing, SDGs, police misconduct complaints system in Slovenia. It discusses the Slovenia views of the officials who monitor conciliation procedures, and the parties involved (i.e. heads of police units and citizens) on important aspects of the conciliation procedure, such as its ability to fulfil the principles of de facto conciliation and its potential links with the concept of community policing. The conciliation procedure is also discussed in light of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals which emphasize the provision of access to effective legal protection, and the efficient, responsible and open functioning of institutions at the (supra)national and local level. 28 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. 31 FIRST RESULTS OF THE ISRD4 DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 STUDY: JUVENILE DELINQUENCY ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 IN RURAL AND URBAN AREAS IN SLOVENIA IZA KOKORAVEC,1 GORAZD MEŠKO,1 INEKE HAEN MARSHALL2 1 University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia iza.kokoravec@um.si, gorazd.mesko@um.si 2 Northeastern University, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Boston, USA e-mail: i.marshall@northeastern.edu The purpose of the paper is to present the first results and Keywords: juvenile delinquency, preliminary analyses of the »International Self-Report ISRD4, Delinquency Study (ISRD4)». Data was collected using a safety and security, local communities, questionnaire between October 2022 and March 2023 in primary Slovenia and secondary schools in the cities of Ljubljana and Kranj and secondary schools across the Slovenian rural areas. The main focus of the paper is to explore the differences and similarities in the environment and prevalence of juvenile delinquency, and the factors influencing juveniles. It has been proven by several researchers that crime and delinquency vary across the rural-urban spectrum, which is why we, with the help of the ISRD4 study and the Research Programme »Security and Safety in Local Communities – Comparison Between Rural and Urban Settings« the programme under which the study fal s, attempt to explore geographic variables and the influence of different environments on juvenile delinquency. In the conclusion, we suggest further analyses of the data and discuss policy and practice implications of the preliminary results and findings. 32 DOI https://doi.org/ THE JARŠE YOUTH HOME’S 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN PRODUCTION SCHOOL AND ITS 978-961-286-775-1 ROLE AS THE SECONDARY PREVENTION PROGRAMME MIHA STELE Jarše Youth Home, Ljubljana, Slovenia miha.stele@mdj.si Keywords: The Production school, Jarše Youth Home special programme, is production school, youngsters, a publicly funded programme for youth aged 15 to 18 years, who dropout, have dropped out of the educational process. According to Welsh secondary crime prevention programme, and Farrington (2012), crime prevention activities can be integration categorized into three groups: primary prevention, which includes measures focused on improving the general wel -being of the biggest group of individuals; secondary prevention, which provides interventions and programmes for children and youth who are at risk for becoming offenders or victims, and tertiary prevention, which includes measures directed toward those who have already been involved with crime or victimization. In this regard, Production School can be considered as a secondary prevention programme. It provides an organized and structured programme for the young people, who are included in these activities voluntarily and with the consent of their parents. The programme aims to develop needed habits and skil s for successful integration into the educational process and/or later into the labour market. Currently, Production School provides support for 12 young people, which is the programme's maximum capacity, but current needs are even greater. The author will focus on a detailed description of this programme with an emphasis on the chal enges during and post-COVID-19 pandemic. 33 INCORPORATING CRIMINOLOGICAL DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 THEORIES AND FINDINGS INTO THE ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 WORK OF LJUBLJANA'S MUNICIPAL CONSTABULARY DEPARTMENT TINKARA BULOVEC, ROMAN FORTUNA City of Ljubljana, Municipal Constabulary Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia tinkara.bulovec@ljubljana.si, roman.fortuna@ljubljana.si In the City of Ljubljana, safety is an asset and one of the priorities Keywords: Municipal Constabulary for sustainable development. We can speak of plural policing since Department, safety is a broad category and is the responsibility of many actors. City of Ljubljana, criminological theories, The work of the Municipal Wardens is essentially repressive, as it urban environment, is based on the exercise of powers, which is reflected in the local safety and security number of measures taken. In recent years, the number of measures and hours of preventive work has increased significantly, reaching 115,453 measures and 2,752 hours of preventive work in 2022. Moreover, much effort has been put into developing community policing, prevention and co-partnership with the community. Digitalisation has enabled the geographical display of recorded offences and actions taken. Thorough environmental analysis, criminological theories and findings are used to support and justify the implementation of measures. Aware of the broken windows theory, we pay attention to cleanliness and order in the city. We regularly use spatial planning, deterrence and prevention strategies. To solve the specific problem of public order violations by the homeless and drug addicts, we have approached it through social and situational prevention due to the ineffectiveness of misdemeanour procedures and general prevention. 34 DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN RURAL CRIME IN POLAND 978-961-286-775-1 EMILIA JURGIELEWICZ-DELEGACZ University of Białystok, Faculty of Law, Białystok, Poland .jurgielewicz@gmail.com Keywords: So far, rural crime has not been the leading research subject of rural crime, research project, any research projects carried out in Poland and problems of rural rural criminology, criminology, which is one of the fastest-growing branches of rural areas, Poland criminology, have not been the subject of any publication in Poland. Therefore, there is a huge gap in Polish criminology and the planned project is designed to fil this gap. There is no doubt that crime in rural areas needs to be measured. Knowledge of the magnitude of crime and its distribution in society is of theoretical and practical importance; it makes it possible, on the one hand, to explain this phenomenon and, on the other hand, to control it. Therefore, the research project "Rural Crime in Poland" is being conducted. The main objective of the research is to diagnose the phenomenon of rural crime. The specific objectives are to determine the scale, changes, and structure of crimes characteristic of rural areas; to find out the factors conducive to the crimes committed in rural areas; to analyze the dark number of crimes committed in rural areas; to determine the specific characteristics of rural crime; and to study the role of and evaluate the formal and informal social control in rural areas. 35 SOCIAL CHANGE AND CRIME DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 CONTROL IN THE ROLE OF ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 REGIONAL MARKETING IN CITY BRANDING: THE CASES FROM PAKISTAN AND HUNGARY USMAN GHANI Széchenyi István University, Győr, Hungary ghani.usman@sze.hu Regional marketing is a classical branch in the marketing body of Keywords: public safety and security, knowledge together with social marketing, whereby we thrive for regional marketing, place brandings, social changes, and influencing communities with city branding, social impact assessment, a unique marketing strategy mix in a given scenario. This article integrated marketing focuses on such marketing domains creating an impact to improve urban or place branding in terms of services regarding regional changes, public safety, and security and the impact in terms of tourism and in the place’s image. Consequently, it includes integrated communications marketing, regional branding projects, and initiative, more inclined towards the public sector, as such massive-scale projects can scarcely be private. However, public-private partnerships are vital somehow to flux the contemporary consultant competencies into several projects and contexts discussed in this article. We converge on research questions regarding review focus and answering those with some case studies with discussion on results, impacts, and social changes achieved with successful marketing strategies. The main case studies we discuss in this article include Lahore safe city project, Miskolc brownfields, and downtown rebuilding problems, elaborating the keywords with several other smal cases and examples in the literature to present a generalized view on the topic. 36 DOI https://doi.org/ COMPSTAT AS A TOOL FOR URBAN 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN (AND RURAL?) 978-961-286-775-1 POLICING MANAGEMENT JAN PROVAZNIK Masaryk University, Faculty of Law, Brno, Czechia jan.provaznik@seznam.cz Keywords: This paper analyses Compstat, a concept of managing policing compstat, policing, first developed in New York City in the late 80s/early 90s by its urban criminality, police department. As more than three decades have passed since police management, Broken Windows Theory Compstat was put into practice and gained a foothold in many regions worldwide, it is time to evaluate the promise with which it was launched. The paper first presents the concept of Compstat and frames it in relevant criminological theoretical background, then it proceeds to an analysis of this concept, weighting and comparing its vices and virtues, and creates an outline of recommendations as to its efficiency in urban areas. As this concept was created in a heavily populated area and has been predominantly used in urban surroundings and larger agglomerations, the paper also contemplates the possibility of it being deployed in rural areas. 39 DRUG CRIME AS CHALLENGE FOR DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 (CZECH EXPERIENCE) DAVID ČEP Masaryk University, Faculty of Law, Brno, Czechia david.cep@law.muni.cz The issue of illegal drug production and drug trafficking Keywords: drug production-related represents one of the chal enges for modern society, that is closely pollution, connected with the sustainable development of mankind. This methamphetamine, synthetic drugs, paper aims to point out some issues connected with this type of cannabinoids, criminality from the perspective of the Czech Republic law criminalization enforcement authorities and to provide some general recommendations on effective prevention and protection of individuals and communities from such type of illegal behaviour. First, the cross-border context of the il egal production of methamphetamine and its impacts on the environment in both urban and rural areas will be discussed. Second, the problem of synthetic drugs, their recognition as narcotics and psychotropic substances under relevant UN Conventions and thus searching for effective ways of protecting both individuals and communities wil be presented with a focus on the approach of Czech legislation and law enforcement practice. Third, the paper wil open the topic of the il egal growth of cannabis and the production of marihuana and the impacts of the current strict criminalization of such conduct under the Czech Criminal Code in comparison with the grey zone represented by cannabis products that contain "non-restricted" types of cannabinoids that are easily available for the wide public, including minors. 40 DOI https://doi.org/ SEXUAL VIOLENCE IN URBAN/CITY 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN NIGHTLIFE VENUES – 978-961-286-775-1 A CASE STUDY OF LJUBLJANA TINKARA BULOVEC,1 KATJA EMAN2 1 City of Ljubljana, Municipal Constabulary Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia tinkara.bulovec@ljubljana.si 2 University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia, katja.eman@um.si Keywords: In general, there are differences in the incidence and urban areas, nightlife, characteristics of crime between urban and rural areas. There is a sexual violence, large area of unreported sexual violence, regardless of where it Ljubljana, Slovenia occurs. However, this is even more pronounced when it comes to nightlife. Nightlife areas are specific because people visit them to have fun, relax, and make romantic and sexual contact. The line between acceptable behaviour and sexual violence, especial y sexual harassment, is often blurred and difficult to define. Alcohol consumption is seen as a factor with a high impact on sexual violence. In urban areas, informal ties and informal control are weaker due to mutual unfamiliarity. In entertainment areas, this is reflected in the lower likelihood of bystanders intervening in cases of perceived sexual violence. Sexual violence perpetrated by strangers is reported more often than sexual violence perpetrated by perpetrators known to the victim. This contribution aims to present the situation of sexual violence in Slovenia's most urbanized area, the capital Ljubljana. We want to point out the peculiarities of sexual violence in a typical urban area, how society reacts in case of a perceived incident, and the possibilities of getting help in case of an incident. 41 UNIVERSAL AND EQUITABLE DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ACCESS TO SAFE AND AFFORDABLE ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 DRINKING WATER FOR ALL: THE CASE OF THE REPUBLIC OF SLOVENIA KATJA EMAN, GORAZD MEŠKO University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia katja.eman@um.si, gorazd.mesko@um.si Water is vital for human life. It is always required and, therefore, Keywords: water, one of the most valuable natural resources in the world. It is also human rights, deemed a fundamental human right. With the adoption of United Nations, SDGs, Resolution 64/ 292 in 2010, the United Nations explicitly Slovenia recognised the human right to water and sanitation, acknowledging that clean drinking water and sanitation are essential for the realisation of all human rights and that it is crucial to protect water as a national resource and meet the needs of the people who need it the most. Despite adopting the 2010 UN Resolution, water remains an issue worldwide, particularly in areas where water is considered as a predominantly tradeable commodity. Hence, Water and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the 2015 UN-Water Annual International Zaragoza Conference are essential for water protection, preservation, and sustainable development. The paper aims to discuss access to water as a fundamental precondition of life and present the case of Slovenia, which became one of the first countries in the world to include the human right to water in its Constitution in 2017. In conclusion, the authors analyse further possibilities for achieving SDG 6.1 (and other water-related SDGs) in practice. 42 DOI https://doi.org/ HOW CORRUPT IS THE SLOVENIAN 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN HEALTHCARE SYSTEM 978-961-286-775-1 BOŠTJAN SLAK,1 MAJA LOKNAR,1 ALEŠ BEHRAM,2 BOJAN DOBOVŠEK1 1 University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia, bostjan.slak@um.si, maja.loknar@um.si, bojan.doovsek@um.si 2 Indago d.o.o., Zagreb, Croatia ales@indago.si Keywords: Corruption in healthcare is a periodically highly publicized topic corruption, healthcare, that causes a stormy yet short-lived response from the public and interviews, crucial policymakers. Rarely there is any action taken to change public procurement, Slovenia the status quo, particularly when corruption emerges in low-income countries. Regardless of the income level classification – the extent of corruption in the healthcare of a specific country is often also limitedly exposed due to its systemic nature. This also holds for Slovenia. A multi-layered research project was designed and carried out to examine the extent of corruption in Slovenian healthcare. An extensive literature review was topped with a pilot study. Six semi-structured interviews were conducted with those employed in Slovenian healthcare, anticorruption experts and suppliers of medical and pharmaceutic products. The project findings indicate that in Slovenian healthcare, corruption risks arise from the cooperation of healthcare employees with manufacturers and distributors of pharmaceuticals and medical products. Corruption risks are very problematic in public procurement, in the interplay between public and private practices, and corruption and corruption risks in connection with waiting queues. Because the Slovenian healthcare system is in crisis, corruption is deepening this deterioration; thus, anticorruption preventive measures must be developed. 43 REFORM OF NORMATIVE DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 FRAMEWORK OF SERBIA AND THE ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 SUPPRESSION OF ORGANIZED CRIME AS A MAJOR SECURITY THREAT – NEVER ENDING STORY SAŠA MIJALKOVIĆ,1 DRAGANA ČVOROVIĆ,1 VINCE VARI2 1 University of Criminal Investigation and Police Studies, Belgrade, Serbia sasa.mijalkovic@kpu.edu.rs, dragana.cvorovic@kpu.edu.rs 2 University of Public Service, Faculty of Law, Budapest, Hungary varivince@uni-nke.hu The issue of suppressing organized crime is one of the main issues Keywords: organized crime, of contemporary, democratic states that are trying to effectively Prosecutor’s Office for respond to al the chal enges posed by this form of crime through organized crime, effectiveness, the reform of normative frameworks. In accordance with that, the adequate mutual paper critical y analysed the adequacy of positive legal norms that cooperation, Serbia regulate more effective suppression of organized crime in Serbia, and research was conducted in the Prosecutor's Office for Organized Crime. In the conducted research, for the purpose of collecting primary data, a specially designed instrument was used - a questionnaire consisting of eight questions. The aim of the research is to assess the adequacy of new legal solutions in combating organized crime and the effectiveness of their application. The research results indicate that the new legal solutions are legally and politically justified and that adequate mutual cooperation has been realized between the competent entities with the aim of an even more effective fight against organized crime as a major security threat. 44 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. 47 POLICE LEGITIMACY IN URBAN, DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 SUBURBAN, AND RURAL SETTINGS: ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 A STUDY IN SLOVENIA GORAZD MEŠKO,1 CHARLES B. FIELDS,2 ROK HACIN1 1 University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia gorazd.mesko@um.si, rok.hacin@um.si 2 Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, USA chuckpaddyfields@gmail.com Police legitimacy presents a social value of the institution based on Keywords: legitimacy, citizens’ normative, moral, and ethical feelings that they should police, voluntarily comply with and support the authority of the police. citizens, settings, Drawing on data from a survey of 1,022 citizens in Slovenia, this Slovenia study examined the correlates of police legitimacy and differences in citizens’ perceptions of police legitimacy in urban, suburban, and rural settings. Multivariate analyses showed that feelings of obligation to obey, trust in police, procedural justice, police effectiveness, relations with police officers, and gender, influence citizens’ perceptions of police legitimacy. Significant differences between residents’ perceptions of police legitimacy, obligation to obey, trust in police, procedural justice, police effectiveness, and legal cynicism in urban, suburban, and rural settings were also observed. In general, residents of rural areas were found to have more positive attitudes toward police than those in urban and suburban settings. The implications of these findings are discussed. 48 PREFERENCES OF THE DOI INHABITANTS OF THE RURAL https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 AREA OF CROATIA ON THE ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 APPROPRIATE WAY OF DELIVERING POLICE SERVICES IRENA CAJNER MRAOVIĆ,1 IVANA RADIĆ,2 KAJA PRISLAN MIHELIČ,3 BRANKO LOBNIKAR3 1 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Croatian Studies, Zagreb, Croatia icajner@gmail.com 2 University North, Varaždin, Croatia, iradic0@gmail.com 3 University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia kaja.prislan@um.si, branko.lobnikar@um.si Keywords: A policing model is a framework that police use to guide their urban areas, nightlife, operations and strategies. The effectiveness of different models sexual violence, of policing is much debated, but mainly within the police Ljubljana, Slovenia organization. This study explores how the residents of Požeško-Slavonska County, which is mainly a rural and sub-urban area, perceive different policing models. The data was col ected from a convenience sample of 254 residents of the County. Authors adopted the questionnaire from similar Slovenian research (Prislan & Lobnikar, 2019), considering the social and other similarities between the countries. The questionnaire is based on Ponsaers’s (2001) definition of policing model as a central cluster of reasoning that implies what the police organization's values, objectives, and norms are. A police model covers eight components of police work: discretion, the law as a tool, responsibility, cooperation with the community, professionalization and specialization, legitimacy, prevention, and proactivity/reactivity. Each of the eight components is a subsection of the questionnaire that consists of four statements, indicating one of the four models of police work: military-bureaucratic model, lawful policing model, community-oriented policing model, and public-private divide policing model. The results reveal that study participants in Croatia prefer the community-oriented policing model, followed by the public-private divide policing model. 49 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLICE DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 TASKS AND POLICE SATISFACTION AS ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 PERCEIVED BY RESIDENTS OF SLOVENIA VANJA ERČULJ, MAJA MODIC University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia vanja.erculj@um.si, maja.modic@um.si The purpose of the paper is to present the opinion of the residents Keywords: sustainability UN, on their satisfaction with the police as wel as to show how police tasks, residents perceive various police tasks in urban and rural areas in Slovenia, police satisfaction, connection to their satisfaction with the police. An online survey survey was conducted in which 1,017 respondents were included. The analysis showed that 30.3% of respondents were satisfied or very satisfied with the police. In both, urban and rural areas seeing police officers coming to a neighbourhood as a response to a cal or seeing them provide information is linked to a statistically significant higher level of residents’ satisfaction with the police. Residents of rural areas are more satisfied with the police if they notice police officers to a higher extent while on the emergency drive. Their satisfaction with the police is statistically significantly reduced when seeing police officers giving tickets for inappropriate parking or doing motorcycle patrolling. In the urban areas, residents are less satisfied with the police if they to a higher extent see police officers mediating in the street riots. The results enable an assessment of how the police follow the 16th of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. 50 A CASE STUDY OF RURAL CRIME DOI AND CRIME PERCEPTION IN https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 VILLAGE JARSENOVO (SOUTH ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 SERBIA) GORAN P. ILIĆ,1 ALEKSANDRA ILIĆ2 1 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Law, Belgrade, Serbia gilic@ius.bg.ac.rs 2 University of Belgrade, Faculty of Security Studies, Belgrade, Serbia aleksandra.ilic@fb.bg.ac.rs Keywords: Crime in rural areas is to some extent specific and differs from rural crime, crime perception, crime, which occurs in urban surroundings. The authors first case study, analyze the overall contemporary situation in rural areas of Serbia South Serbia, vil age Jarsenovo by emphasizing the most problematic factors that might influence the occurrence and characteristics of rural crime. Those factors are in the first place: poverty and significant loss of population. According to the official data, South Serbia is the poorest part of Serbia but also the part with the highest loss of population. On the other hand, the majority of the population is old, and a lot of young people have abandoned those places and moved to the cities. The central question is how the deterioration of villages in South Serbia is connected to crime in that area. To fulfil the purpose of this paper, the authors will analyze available official statistical data as wel as data obtained from the crime perception victim survey, which aim would be to get a better insight into the crime situation in the village Jarsenovo. In connection with that, as part of crime perception analysis, the additional goal would be the creation of a clearer picture of the specificity of fear of crime in rural areas. 51 ACCEPTANCE OF POLICE BODY- DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 WORN CAMERAS AMONG CITIZENS ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 ANŽE MIHELIČ, KAJA PRISLAN MIHELIČ University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia anze.mihelic@um.si, kaja.prislan@um.si The global adoption of body-worn cameras represents a Keywords: body-worn cameras, technological solution increasingly integrated into contemporary police procedures, police work. These devices are commonly utilized for recording technology acceptance, police, various police procedures, thus offering a valuable tool for Slovenia analyzing and reviewing police interactions with the public. These cameras introduce several benefits, such as increased perceived transparency of police procedures, decreased tensions between citizens and police officers, and lowered complaints against the work and decisions of police officers. Nonetheless, using body-worn cameras in policing has negative implications, such as increased detentions and stress among law enforcement officials who feel constantly monitored. Despite notifications or labels, individuals may also lack awareness or understanding of the implications of such intrusive surveillance measures. We have conducted a study among residents of Slovenia on their acceptance of police body-worn cameras. We found a lack of resistance toward implementing wearable cameras in police procedures. Furthermore, results indicate that general public acceptance of the adoption of novel technologies in police practices is more closely related to individuals' general beliefs about technology rather than their specific beliefs about the police or the state. This highlights the importance of considering broader social and cultural factors when introducing new technologies into law enforcement practices. 52 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. 55 ISSUES AND OPPORTUNITIES OF DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 RISK ASSESSMENT IN THE ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 NATIONAL AND PUBLIC SECURITY DOMAIN KAJA PRISLAN MIHELIČ, MAJA MODIC University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia kaja.prislan@um.si, maja.modic@um.si For states and security organizations to adapt effectively to the Keywords: threat analysis, dynamic security environment, it is crucial to establish appropriate risk assessment, mechanisms for enhancing resilience and reducing risk, including model, public security, national security threat and risk assessment system. The analysis Slovenia and assessment of security conditions are critical processes for comprehending current and potential threats that endanger fundamental social values and the stable operation of society as a whole, along with its constituent organizations. The outcomes of such analyses ought to serve as the foundation for planning strategic security directions and action plans, as well as work plans for individual organizations that operate within the national security system. Although threat and risk assessments are an established practice and an area with a rich history, there are many chal enges associated with the complexity and demanding nature of the process due to its substantive or sectoral diversity. Based on research work within the target research programme (CRP V5-2148), we propose a model for evaluating security threats and risks within the field of public security. Deriving from interviews among representatives of key organizations involved in national security threat or risk assessment in Slovenia, we also present opportunities to improve current approaches and strategic frameworks. 56 DOI https://doi.org/ SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN GOALS IN PRACTICE – ENSURING 978-961-286-775-1 SAFETY IN THE LOCAL COMMUNITY OF MURSKA SOBOTA: POLICE AND MUNICIPALITY HAND IN HAND KATJA EMAN,1 DAMIR IVANČIĆ,2 DEJAN BAGARI2 1 University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia katja.eman@um.si 2 Slovenian Police, Police Directorate of Murska Sobota, Murska Sobota, Slovenia damir.ivancic@policija.si, dejan.bagari@policija.si Keywords: In September 2015, the United Nations Summit adopted the local safety and security, Murska Sobota, Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, which combines Police Directorate of three areas of sustainable development – economic, social, and Murska Sobota, City Municipality Murska environmental – into 17 sustainable development goals (SDG). Sobota, The primary purpose of the Agenda is to enable a better future SDGs for al people around the world and our planet as a whole. The municipality of Murska Sobota can boast of a high level of security and a low level of poverty, as wel as the general wel - being of citizens, which is the result of good cooperation in ensuring security in the local community. Police Directorate is known for its successful community policing project, Back to the People, followed by many others. The paper presents forms of cooperation between the Police Directorate of Murska Sobota and the City Municipality of Murska Sobota in ensuring safety/security in the local community in Murska Sobota Municipality as an example of good practice in the implementation of the 17 SDGs in ensuring safety/security in Murska Sobota local community. In the paper, we analyse the police and municipal activities carried out to ensure safety/security in local communities from the SDG perspective. 57 INTRODUCING CODES OF GOOD DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 GOVERNANCE AND ENSURING ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 SAFETY ISSUES CONNECTED WITH SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS IN LOCAL COMMUNITIES BOJAN TIČAR,1 ANDREJA PRIMEC2 1 University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia bojan.ticar@um.si 2 University of Maribor, Faculty of Economics and Business, Maribor, Slovenia andreja.primec@um.si Thema probandi of this presentation wil be a legal analysis of Keywords: local security, safety issues connected with SDGs in local communities. We have sustainable development, reviewed relevant domestic and foreign scientific and professional local development goals, local officials, literature on the topic. The contribution of our paper is placed in Slovenia the context of 17 UN sustainable development goals. The paper focuses on the responsibility of elected municipal officials for the regulation and implementation of the UN SDGs in the security field. Our research is based on a grammatical and dogmatic interpretation of the applicable internal legal regulations of the Republic of Slovenia, international UN and OECD legal conventions and selected EU regulations and directives in current and future regulation of sustainable development. We have also analyzed the comparative arrangements in the UK and Ireland. In addition to the comparative analysis, we used the legal-analytical method of describing the current regime and the legal synthesis of any future Slovenian regime. In the final part of the paper, we have proposed some innovations in the area of regulatory activity of local communities, which could contribute to more effective implementation of the SDGs at the local level, taking into account local security aspects. 58 DOI https://doi.org/ THE ROLE OF CIVIL SOCIETY IN 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN EVERYDAY SECURITY ON THE 978-961-286-775-1 ISLAND OF IRELAND MATT BOWDEN,1 ALLELY ALBERT,1 AMANDA KRAMER,2 CHLOE CARRAGHER1 1 Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland, matt.bowden@tudublin.ie, allely.albert@tudublin.ie, d22126462@mytudublin.ie 2 Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK a.l.kramer@qub.ac.uk Keywords: Although security is typical y conceptualized within the purview community safety, crime prevention, of the state as a means to combat national threats, local informal policing, communities and civil organizations regularly contribute to the security, Ireland network of activities occurring within the field. Using a case study approach, this research examines two sites on the Island of Ireland to explore 'everyday' security at the local level and analyze the contributions of informal actors. In envisioning security as the routine, ordinary, felt experiences of individuals in relation to their wel -being and safety, the research fil s a gap in the literature by highlighting the value of informal security actors in producing and maintaining multi-level ed security. These dynamics underscore the importance of strong relationships between civil society and the state in combatting crime and creating effective plural policing strategies. The research additionally develops understanding pertaining to Ireland’s unique context, investigating security cooperation between rural and urban areas on both sides of the border. Given the resurfacing of tensions related to the post-Brexit landscape, this study has important implications for the future of security across the Island—helping to identify key lessons for creating effective and accessible networks and institutions that contribute to sustainable peace as envisioned by the UN SDGs. 59 SAFE USE OF CYBERSPACE AND DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ACCESS TO IT IN RURAL AREAS ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 IGOR BERNIK University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia igor.bernik@um.si The paper explores the safe use of cyberspace and access to it in Keywords: cyberspace, rural areas in the context of Society 5.0 – the concept that focuses access, on utilizing advanced technologies to address social problems and cybersecurity, rural areas, improve people's quality of life. The paper presents an updated Society 5.0 outline that connects safe cyberspace use and rural access to the addressed goals. The paper covers the definition of cyberspace and its role in creating an intel igent society, the impact of cyberspace on rural areas, potential solutions for bridging the digital divide and ensuring equitable access to cyberspace in rural areas, and approaches and programs for ensuring online safety. The paper concludes with recommendations for further research and action to promote the realization of Society 5.0 in rural areas. 60 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. 63 POLICING DECENTRALIZATION IN DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 UKRAINE SINCE 2014 ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 MATTHEW LIGHT,1 ANNE-MARIE SINGH2 1 University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada matthew.light@utoronto.ca 2 Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Canada singh@torontomu.ca The paper wil examine debates on police decentralization in Keywords: police, Ukraine since 2014, when Russia first attacked Ukraine and seized policing, portions of its territory following the ousting of the Yanukovych Ukraine, decentralization, dictatorship, with attention to the period since February 2022, police reform when the current ful -scale invasion began. Although Ukraine’s constitution vests all public security functions in the central government and does not provide for any form of local policing authority, recent years have seen more and more municipalities creating their own de facto local police forces, known as ‘municipal guards.’ There is considerable variation in the duties and composition of these forces, which have sprung up without any formal recognition from the central government. The paper analyzes this variation and also considers how the experiences of war and democratic transition have contributed to bringing debates about policing decentralization onto the political agenda in Ukraine, in contrast to nearly al its neighbours in the post-Soviet region, to shed light on the forces that stimulate and impede such decentralization more general y. 64 DOI https://doi.org/ PLURAL POLICING IN 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN LOCAL COMMUNITIES IN 978-961-286-775-1 SLOVENIA AND THE UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS MIHA DVOJMOČ, BRANKO LOBNIKAR University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia miha.dvojmoc@um.si, branko.lobnikar@um.si Keywords: Academics and practitioners from the safety and security field are plural policing, local communities, wel aware that public goods, such as policing and security, are local government, not the sole responsibility of the state (van Steden, 2023). The SDGs, Slovenia responsibility of local government for plural policing can vary depending on the specific context and jurisdiction. In general, local administrations are responsible for ensuring public safety and security in their communities, which includes providing law enforcement services and promoting community safety initiatives (Meško & Lobnikar, 2005). In many cases, the provision of policing services in local communities is carried out by state and local police (e.g. municipal police, city wardens) and various stakeholders, such as private security companies, non-governmental organisations, spontaneously organised community groups, and others (O'Neil & Fyfe, 2017). The responsibility of local government in plural policing is to establish effective partnerships and collaborations with these stakeholders to ensure that the community's overal safety and security needs are met. This can involve developing clear policies and guidelines for working with different organisations and providing resources and support to help these groups carry out their duties effectively. Plural policing in local communities can also be linked to several of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). 65 GENDER EQUALITY FROM THE DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 POLICE CANDIDATES' PERSPECTIVE: ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 DOES THEIR GENDER MAKE THE DIFFERENCE? IVA BALGAČ,1 IRENA CAJNER MRAOVIĆ,2 KRUNOSLAV BOROVEC1 1 Police Academy, Zagreb, Croatia ibalgac@mup.hr, kborovec@mup.hr 2 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Croatian Studies, Zagreb, Croatia, icajner@gmail.com The fifth UN Sustainable Development Goal is gender equality. Keywords: gender equality, Goal 16 is providing justice for all and building effective, police candidates, accountable, inclusive institutions at all levels. Police work attitudes, gender differences, includes many opportunities to protect and promote gender basic police training equality. That is why it is essential that basic police training corrects any prejudices and stereotypes of police candidates about gender roles. This quantitative study explores differences in attitudes towards gender equality between male and female police candidates before and after basic police training. The first study wave was at the beginning of the training in November 2020 (N=732). The second study wave was at the end of the training in September 2021 (N=706). The results reveal that among male police candidates, there was a statistically significant change in attitudes towards the role of women in the police and towards violence against women. The female police candidates' attitudes didn't change significantly during the basic police training since they initially revealed more support for gender equality than their male counterparts. The perspective of future research is to explore the role of other sociodemographic variables in the genesis of these differences. 66 DOI https://doi.org/ EVIDENCE-BASED AND 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN INTELLIGENCE-LED POLICING IN 978-961-286-775-1 SMALL ARMS AND LIGHT WEAPONS CONTROL IN THE REPUBLIC OF NORTH MACEDONIA LETA BARDJIEVA MIOVSKA Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Institute for Security, Defence and Peace, North Macedonia lbardjieva@gmail.com Keywords: The purpose of this paper is to present the efforts and small arms and light weapons, commitment of the Republic of North Macedonia in the joint policing, contribution toward peace and security, as stated in the Sofia strategy, evidence, Declaration from 2018 and the UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable intelligence Development. This paper elaborates on the undertaken activities for control of smal arms and light weapons (SALW), with an emphasis on the Action plan from the National Strategy for Smal Arms and Light Weapons control of the Republic of North Macedonia 2022-2024. The starting hypothesis in this paper refers to the need for regional operational cooperation among national governments since the Western Balkans region remains one of the sources of il icit arms trafficking into the Union and beyond. The dependent variable in support of the hypothesis refers to the need for national consolidation and policy implementation in the specific realm in order to achieve success. The methodology applied in this paper consists of qualitative analysis of official documents such as legal regulations, strategies, guidelines, action plans and programmes, as well as the quantitative display of findings regarding the activities of the competent institutions with a chronological review. 67 SMART POLICING FOR DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 KAJA PRISLAN MIHELIČ, BRANKO LOBNIKAR University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia kaja.prislan@um.si, branko.lobnikar@um.si Sustainable development and the vision of a stable future are Keywords: sustainable development, inevitably linked to adequate security provision in our smart communities, communities. Among the key actors tasked with achieving the smart policing, SDGs, sustainable development goals outlined in the United Nations' Slovenia 2030 Agenda are also police organizations. However, the police are confronted with significant chal enges stemming from contemporary security and socio-political conditions, necessitating innovative approaches and modifications to conventional policing strategies. A significant trend associated with sustainable development is the emergence of smart communities, which utilize modern technology and data to tackle social issues. The intersection of achieving sustainable development goals, addressing security chal enges, and developing smart and safe communities reflects in smart policing. The latter refers to innovative strategies grounded in scientific research, including, but not limited to, the exploitation of modern information technology to support decision-making and operational activities in policing. It is a data-driven approach that aims to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of policing while being inextricably linked to evidence-based and problem-oriented police activities. This contribution conceptualizes smart policing, provides an overview of technology-supported smart policing solutions, and discusses perceptions of smart policing among various stakeholders in Slovenia. 68 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. 71 THE SWEDISH LOCAL SAFETY DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 MEASUREMENT SYSTEM, CRIME ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 PREVENTION AND POLICING 1998–2023 KJELL ELEFALK,1 MATS TRULSSON,2 JOSEF WIKLUND,2 SIMON KARLSSON,3 ANDERS WIKLANDER4 1 Safety and Management Kjel Elefalk AB, Stockholm, Sweden stockholm.analytics@bahnhof.se 2 Mats Trulsson, Swedish Police Authority, Stockholm, Sweden mats.trulsson@polisen.se, josef.wiklund@polisen.se 3 Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE), Gothenburg, Sweden simon.karlsson@ri.se 4 Karlskrona kommun, Karlskrona, Sweden anders.wiklander@karlskrona.se The primary purpose of the panel is to discuss and highlight Keywords: local safety measurement different experiences and opportunities to improve the prospects system, of improving safety and security for all living in the local survey, policing, community. In our citizen surveys targeting geographical areas, we evaluation, have chosen to focus on the public’s need for police services, the community policing impact of police work on local problems, the social environment in which the police work, and the community's overal safety situation, as we have found that these focal points provide the best and most consistent support for local police work. The input provided by the public, i.e. their expert knowledge of problems in their residential areas, helps us to improve our service. This working method has been used in the local Swedish Police districts for decades and also in the Balkans by the Albanian State Police during one year of pilot testing in the mid-2010s. Based on the analysis of survey results local police develop and tailor methodologies for community policing in local communities. 72 DOI https://doi.org/ COMMUNITY POLICING AND CRIME 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN PREVENTION IN THE SWEDISH 978-961-286-775-1 POLICE REGION SOUTH AND THE USE OF LOCAL SAFETY MEASUREMENT SYSTEM 2005–2023 MATS TRULSSON,1 KJELL ELEFALK2 1 Swedish Police Authority, Stockholm, Sweden mats.trulsson@polisen.se 2 Safety and Management Kjel Elefalk AB, Stockholm, Sweden stockholm.analytics@bahnhof.se Keywords: The Police Region South's work includes policing in 58 local safety surveys, community policing, municipalities with a total of about 2 million inhabitants. The partnership collaboration, region is divided into 20 Local police districts with about 5,600 geographic areas, Sweden employees. Reported crimes year 2022 ca 300,000. Local safety surveys have given Community policing/partnership collaboration a good picture of the level of crime victimisation, what the residents see as the greatest problems, how worried they are about being subjected to crime and whether there are concrete unsafe factors in the area. In addition, the surveys contain questions eliciting the public’s opinions about the willingness and ability of the police to deal with local problems. The answers to these questions are a great help in the planning of local police work and the setting of priorities. The Local Safety Measurement System has proven to keep what it promised twenty years ago; Police Region South using local surveys for decades, has a very good grasp of the actual crime trend, problems and disorder, traffic offences, concerns about crime and direct concrete consequences in public behaviour. In addition, you can see that local criticism of the police is widespread and vice versa where the local work of the police is appreciated. 73 A RESEARCH PROGRAMME FOR DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 INCREASING THE VALIDITY AND ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 RELIABILITY OF SURVEYS MEASURING SAFETY PERCEPTIONS IN SWEDEN SIMON KARLSSON,1 KJELL ELEFALK2 1 Research Institutes of Sweden (RISE), Gothenburg, Sweden simon.karlsson@ri.se 2 Safety and Management Kjel Elefalk AB, Stockholm, Sweden stockholm.analytics@bahnhof.se In Sweden, there is a plethora of surveys claiming to measure Keywords: validity and reliability, various concepts related to perceptions of safety. Yet the methods safety perceptions, used in developing and analyzing these surveys seldom meet Rasch analysis, measurement, essential quality criteria for valid and reliable measurements. To psychometrics address this issue, we will conduct a systematic evaluation of measurement properties in Swedish safety perception surveys. Our initial focus will be identifying domain-relevant surveys and mapping the constructs they aim to measure. The most promising surveys will then undergo rigorous examination using Rasch analysis to assess their measurement properties by examining five essential psychometric criteria: dimensionality, response category ordering, invariance, targeting, and reliability. Based on the outcomes of these analyses, we wil revise existing scales and develop new items to establish an enhanced measurement system, which wil then be tested empirical y by gathering and analyzing new data. This research improves the measurement properties in safety-perception surveys, ultimately facilitating informed decision-making in addressing safety-related issues. If proven successful, the method employed can be extrapolated to other countries and fields of research as a method for advancing quality assurance in surveys. 74 DOI https://doi.org/ HOW CAN 1.2 MILLION 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN SURVEY RESPONSES BE 978-961-286-775-1 ANALYSED TO SUPPORT OPERATIONAL POLICING? KJELL ELEFALK Safety and Management Kjel Elefalk AB, Stockholm, Sweden stockholm.analytics@bahnhof.se Keywords: The Local Safety Measurement System was introduced in The the Clopper Pearson interval, Swedish Police in the late 1990s. By 2022, more than 1.2 million confidence interval, respondents have responded to surveys since 1998. 2,000 forecasting science, Swedish police experience, municipalities, divided into 5,000 geographical parts were Local Safety Measurement surveyed. Data has been col ected with the same questions, System sequencing, data collection methods, and where the only changes have been a couple of new questions when introduced, they are always placed last in the survey. The results were compared national y via percentages to obtain a relative assessment of severity. In 2022, it was decided to move to an innovative model of what was good, less good and what was a directly bad percentage for an indicator in a residential area. In addition, it is possible to use a summary of the assessments on each indicator to an overal assessment of the severity of the current problem picture in a national context. Each indicator in the model consists of seven problem levels 0–6. Problem level 2 is the model's starting point and is extra broad as a "normal value for Sweden". An attempt to become almost certain that the value does not deviate negatively or positively from other municipalities. 75 LOCAL SAFETY MEASUREMENT DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 SYSTEM – PRACTICAL EXPERIENCE ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 FROM THE CITY OF KARLSKRONA ANDERS WIKLANDER, KJELL ELEFALK 1 Karlskrona kommun, Karlskrona, Sweden anders.wiklander@karlskrona.se 2 Safety and Management Kjel Elefalk AB, Stockholm, Sweden stockholm.analytics@bahnhof.se Karlskrona is the seat of Karlskrona Municipality, Sweden, with a Keywords: Local Safety Measurement population of ca 67,000 inhabitants. The annual Local System, Measurement Survey is a crucial tool for The Local Government community policing, disorder problems, and the Local Police to prioritise the work in the city. The main Karlskrona, problem cited in the large overall annual study, over several years, Sweden was that too many people refrained from riding buses and trains because of fear of threats and violence. Finding out why and putting in place measures and then following up the results of the regular safety survey as soon as possible became the priority goal. A detailed web-based map system with survey questions has been developed and has been distributed to the public via bus TV, the municipalities, the police, and the transport companyś social media and websites. The municipality then worked with local situational pictures around the station areas. According to the results from the 2022 regional safety survey for Karlskrona, we can see that there are slightly fewer people who refrain from taking the bus or train, as wel as a reduction in those who answered, "never go on/never do any activity" and we are almost back to the same level as before the pandemic. 76 DOI https://doi.org/ HOW TO USE THE CITIZEN'S 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN OPINION IN POLICE WORK - 978-961-286-775-1 LESSONS LEARNT FROM THE NORTH OF SWEDEN JOSEF WIKLUND,1 KJELL ELEFALK2 1 Swedish Police Authority, Stockholm, Sweden josef.wiklund@polisen.se 2 Safety and Management Kjel Elefalk AB, Stockholm, Sweden stockholm.analytics@bahnhof.se Keywords: For almost two decades a method has been used to collect the monitor crime, proactive, people of the society’s opinions about their experienced safety community policing, and crime. Uniquely, the survey has been the same over the years public safety, Sweden and can help law enforcement and municipalities monitor public opinion over time. Furthermore, the results can be benchmarked between different parts of Sweden and al participating municipalities. With increasing expectations that law enforcement and municipalities can better evaluate and monitor crime proactive progress these surveys give a vital piece of information about where agencies are and more importantly, are heading in the efforts of creating a safe community. Throughout the seven Swedish police regions, these surveys are financed and processed in collaboration between police and municipalities. Having a common task and finding ways to meet areas with increased problems enhances the will for joint activities and helps build a strong relationship between the police and municipalities. I will share eight years as Chief of Police of Medelpad County in northern Sweden with 126,500 inhabitants. I will give perspective on how the mayor municipality, Sundsval , and the police col aborated using the survey and created activities to strengthen public safety and reduce crime. 77 CONSIDERATIONS ABOUT THE DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 PERSPECTIVE OF THE INHABITANTS ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 IN COMMUNITY POLICING AND LOCAL POLICE WORK KJELL ELEFALK Safety and Management Kjel Elefalk AB, Stockholm, Sweden stockholm.analytics@bahnhof.se Let’s start with Sir Robert Peel’s principles, the legendary so-cal ed Keywords: community policing and founder of modern policing, introduced 200 years ago. “The test mapping problems, of police efficiency is the absence of crime and disorder and not local surveys, police efficiency, the visible evidence of police action in dealing with them.” In my Albanian experience, modern reading, Peel means such a mandatory statement that Swedish experience Police services must methodical y measure the volume of crime, disorder, disturbances to the peace, and the assessment of Local Police activities by the inhabitants in suitable intervals. In a community policing system, it is very important to keep a close eye on the actual crime and disorder level to adjust operational work and be able to report to the public and stakeholders the actual crime situation. Such data can be obtained directly from the public using local safety measurement systems. This way, the ideas and opinions of the people living or working in an area served wil become an essential element in the planning of everyday policing in that area. The working method has been tried in the local Swedish Police districts for decades and in the Balkans by the Albanian State Police during one year of pilots in the mid-2010s. 78 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. 81 A LIKELIHOOD-BASED DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 APPROACH TO MODELLING ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 AORISTIC CRIME DATA ROBIN MARKWITZ Centrum Wiskunde & Informatica, Amsterdam, Netherlands Universtiy of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands rlm@cwi.nl The term aoristic crime data describes criminological data where Keywords: aoristic crime data, an event occurs within a known time interval but at an unknown property crimes, time. These data are often encountered when analysing property burglary times, estimation methods, crimes such as burglary and arson, as victims generally do not Bayesian statistics know the precise occurrence time. Having a more accurate estimate of the occurrence time may lead to advances in preventative policing. We have introduced a likelihood-based approach to estimate occurrence times of property crimes given a known time interval by model ing victim and offender behaviour as stochastic processes. In particular, the full model is able to capture non-homogeneous behaviour in time by both the victim and the offender, as wel as underlying factors leading to patterns in occurrence times. We test our model on real-life aoristic crime data sets, comparing our approach to previous approaches. 82 DOI https://doi.org/ ADDRESSING COUNTY LINES IN 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN PRISONS IN THE UK 978-961-286-775-1 KELLY GRAY Eastern Region Special Operations Unit, Bedford, UK kelly.gray@herts.police.uk Keywords: The paper will address UN Sustainable Development Goal 16. prisons, county lines, Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable modern slavery, development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, SDGs, United Kingdom accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels. As a serving UK Police Officer in the Eastern Region Special Operations Unit, I have been seconded to the National County Lines Coordination Centre to assist with the disruption of County lines. County lines are considered a form of Modern Slavery involving human trafficking, usual y of young or vulnerable people who are used to traffic drugs from urban centres to rural locations. In my recent work, it has become increasingly apparent that the prison has become a location which often intensifies and coordinates, County lines activities in communities to which prisoners return to. In effect this supports ideas of the transposition of the “prisonisation of the ghetto” and the “ghettoisation of the prison” (Waquant, 2001). My paper will rely on case studies of County lines cases investigated in UK prisons and will make recommendations to attenuate the problem by better partnership approaches between police, probation and prison staff. 83 PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 IN IMPLEMENTING A “HARD ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 PRISON REGIME” IN THE REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA NITA SHALA,1 GIANLUIGI PRATOLA2 1 University of Prishtina, Faculty of Law, Prishtina, Kosovo nita.shala@graduateinstitute.ch 2 School for the Judiciary, Florence, Italy gianluigi.pratola@giustizia.it Two years have elapsed since the Albanian legislator adopted a Keywords: hard prison regime, “hard prison regime”, which consisted of an emulation of Article extreme sanction, 41-bis of the Italian Prison Administration Act, in an effort against rehabilitation, torture, organized crime and terrorism. It is the Minister of Justice that has organized crime the authority to place a prisoner in the special regime, in the two high-security detention centres in the country. A total of 8 convicts and 6 defendants deemed as high risk are currently under this regime, of which 8 who have sought annulment of the Minister’s decision have all been disappointed. This work is divided into two main parts. The first part consists of a descriptive analysis of the applicable legislation regulating the Albanian “hard prison regime”, accompanied by a historical overview of deliberations on six consecutive meetings of the Albanian Parliament’s Committee of Laws and consultative meetings. The second part presents an understanding of promises and chal enges to this regime based on conclusions from face-to-face interviews with 10 practitioners in the criminal justice field. The findings suggest that the “hard prison regime” is proving successful against organized crime in Albania. However, these interviews disclose ramifications, which potential y outweigh the benefits of this system. 84 DOI https://doi.org/ PREVENTING RADICALISATION IN 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN THE BALKANS – 978-961-286-775-1 CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES EMANUEL BANUTAI Slovenian Probation Administration, Ljubljana, Slovenia emanuel.banutai@gov.si Keywords: The phenomenon of radicalisation and violent extremism that prevention, radicalisation, may lead to terrorism is wel known and intensively researched violent extremism, global topic, especial y in the last few decades. Even though the Balkan region, probation Balkan region and its heterogeneity has a rich history and tradition of being an epicentre of religious and ethnic conflicts, contemporary research on the phenomenon is stil lacking. This paper draws conclusions from the research activities conducted under the auspices of the HOPE project (Holistic Radicalisation Prevention Initiative), focusing on prison, probation, and civil society organisations during 2021-2023. To fill in the gaps of key stakeholders in the field of prevention of radicalisation, deradicalisation, disengagement, and prevention and countering of violent extremism (P/CVE), a needs assessment has been completed as a pivotal step in determining corresponding strategy and intervention types in the region. As such it was complemented by the state-of-the-art analysis highlighting the most worrying types of radicalisation in the Western Balkans, accompanied by drivers of radicalisation (also resulting in the significant number of travel ers from the region to Syria and Iraq and returning afterwards), most vulnerable profiles, state response to the situation as well as observing the situation in prisons and touching upon some deradicalisation factors. 85 EXPLOITING WHITE-COLLAR DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 CRIMINALS’ KNOW-HOW: TOWARDS ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 A NEW WAY OF PUNISHMENT ROBERTA DE PAOLIS Sant’ Anna School of Advanced Studies – Pisa, Pisa, Italy r.depaolis@santannapisa.it In 1939 Edwin H. Sutherland claimed that white-col ar crimes Keywords: criminal justice, represented actual criminality and should be treated and white col ar crimes, contrasted. Sixty years from that time, his warning has found probation, deterrence, confirmation. Modern-era scandals are mainly represented by know-how white-collar criminality, so governments have opted for harsh prison sentences to refrain individuals from committing crimes (deterrent effect) and reflect the seriousness of the crime (retributive effect). However, analyzing data on final prison sentences from the United States and Italy, severe prison sentences proved ineffective in deterring the committing of white-collar crime. Furthermore, additional questions arise: what is the utility of a ten-year prison sentence for individuals who customarily do not pose a danger to public safety? What is the effectiveness of a prison sentence that produces no deterrent effect and does not restore what has been damaged by the crime? Downstream of such questions, this article argues that a valid response would be shaping a probation system tailored to white-collar criminality, combining the traditional prison sentence with probation to social services. On one side, deterrence would be guaranteed by public visibility; on the other, the community would be "compensated" by a virtuous use of those skil s (know-how) once improperly used by white-collar criminals. 86 DOI https://doi.org/ THE RURAL LOOKOUT TRIAL: 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN INCREASING REPORTING OF CRIME 978-961-286-775-1 AND IMPLEMENTING CPTED IN RURAL NEW ZEALAND/AOTEAROA EMMA ASHCROFT The New Zealand Police, Wel ington, New Zealand emma.ashcroft@police.govt.nz Keywords: National y the frequency of crime in rural New Zealand has CPTED, geospatial, increased in recent years. Using a POP approach (SARA), the app-based technology, Rural Lookout trial sought to: 1) increase reporting of and burglary and theft, rural property security intelligence about the characteristics of rural crime, and 2) decrease crime through the implementation of an evidence-based intervention. The trial uses a quasi-experimental design with pre-post comparisons between an intervention area and a control area. Phase one of the trial included the release of a new reporting channel – a geospatial App with photo/video attachment capability – specifically designed for rural communities, as well as a tailored media strategy encouraging the public to report al crime and suspicious behaviour to Police. Analysis of all crime and suspicious behaviour reported to Police during this phase identified opportunities to improve surveillance, territoriality and target hardening of rural properties, land, and vehicles. The combination of geospatial functionality and timely review of App reports also enabled tactical responses to acute trends. Currently, underway, the second phase of the trial offers free security assessment to al rural properties in the intervention area, tailored CPTED advice and instal ation of recommended security measures subsidised by the Police. Scoping for activities to improve community connectedness and feelings of safety is ongoing. 89 MISCONCEPTION OF HATE CRIME DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 AND INCITEMENT TO HATRED: ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 JUDICIARY PRACTICE IN BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA MARIJA LUČIĆ-ĆATIĆ, MUAMER KAVAZOVIĆ, EDITA HASKOVIĆ University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Criminalistics, Criminology and Security Studies, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina mlucic@fkn.unsa.ba, mkavazovic@fkn.unsa.ba, ehaskovic@fkn.unsa.ba Hate crime and incitement to hatred, as the aggravated form of Keywords: hate crime, hate speech, are a considerable problem in Bosnia and incitement to hatred, Herzegovina. Regardless of the fact that those phenomena are Article 19, judiciary practice, integrated into criminal legislation as criminal offences in all Bosnia and Herzegovina jurisdictions of Bosnia and Herzegovina and that existing legal solutions enable the distinction and prosecution of both, those essential y different legal concepts are often misunderstood and used as synonyms. The equalization of those concepts has resulted in an inadequate response from the criminal justice system that led to a significant acquittal rate and inadequate sanctioning. This paper analyzes the extent of inadequate application of the existing legal framework that enables the prosecution of hate crimes and incitement to hatred by prosecutors and judges. The research is conducted by the analysis of an absolute sample of existing case law in all four jurisdictions in Bosnia and Herzegovina for the period of ten years (2012–2022.) using the six elements test (Article 19). 90 DOI https://doi.org/ HATE CRIME IN NORTH 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN MACEDONIA: GEOGRAPHIC 978-961-286-775-1 DISTRIBUTION OF HATE CRIMES AND HATE INCIDENTS OLGA KOSEVALISKA, ZANETA POPOSKA, ELENA MAKSIMOVA Goce Delcev University, Law Faculty, Stip, North Macedonia olga.kosevaliska@ugd.edu.mk, zaneta.poposka@ugd.edu.mk, elena.ivanova@ugd.edu.mk Keywords: The paper aims to explore the existence of a potential correlation hate crime, hate incidents, between certain types of hate crimes on particular grounds with data, the geographical location of the municipalities throughout the North Macedonia, geographic location Republic of North Macedonia. Namely, there is a perception that certain types of hate crimes are predominantly occurring and are typical for certain municipalities in the country. Thus, the paper wil use ‘geovisiualization’ of hate crimes, mapping them and their features on a variety of grounds that consequently can have a serious impact on the prevention of these crimes local y. If there is a pattern of hate crimes connected with the geographic location and positioning of the municipalities, then this pattern can contribute to developing a strategic plan for prevention. The text uses results from research and surveys as an il ustration of trends and patterns in the period from 2016 to 2022 in order to ‘visualize’ the geographic distribution and rate of hate crime in North Macedonia and is based on a desk-research methodology. 91 ANALYSIS OF THE NEED FOR DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 A SAFE HOUSE FOR VICTIMS OF ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 ELDER ABUSE TEJA PRIMC University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia teja.primc@um.si Population ageing is a complex phenomenon caused by increasing Keywords: violence, life expectancy, declining fertility rates, and improved healthcare, elderly, requiring careful planning to adapt to changing demographics. safe house, shelter, However, an often-overlooked chal enge is the increased violence Slovenia against the elderly, which affects 1 in 6 older people in community settings and 2 in 3 older people in institutional settings, (e.g. nursing homes and long-term care facilities. Professionals from various fields, each with a role in detecting and stopping abuse and helping survivors, have merged into effective multi-disciplinary teams. However, nearly everywhere, shelter for victims of elder abuse is the missing link. Shelters are primarily established for women and children victims and do not cater to the unique needs of the elderly experiencing abuse. We can find reports that some places in the USA and Canada have established transition houses or safe houses for older women, but there are no similar services in Europe. In the paper, we wil analyze the need to establish a safe house for victims of elder abuse that can provide a safe and comfortable space for victims to regain their dignity, reassert control, and develop resilience. We wil conduct the study on a sample of MDT members in Pomurje, Slovenia. 92 DOI https://doi.org/ THE SCOPE OF DETECTED CASES 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN OF VIOLENCE OF ADULT CHILDREN 978-961-286-775-1 TOWARD PARENTS IN SLOVENIA MONIKA KLUN, ALEŠ BUČAR RUČMAN, DANIJELA FRANGEŽ University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia monika.klun@um.si, ales.bucar@um.si, danijela.frangez@um.si Keywords: The paper presents the frequency of criminal offences in 2010– violence against parents, adult children, 2020 in Slovenia in which perpetrators and victims are in relation police statistics, to adult child-parent. We analyzed statistics obtained by the violent criminal offences, dark figure of crime Slovenian Police for the following crimes: manslaughter, murder, actual bodily harm, aggravated bodily harm, grievous bodily harm, sexual abuse of a defenceless person and family violence. The results of analyses show that such cases are relatively rare in relation to al crimes. The most common crime dealt with in this context was cases of family violence (11%), fol owed by actual and aggravated bodily harm, and the lowest number of cases was for those related to sexual abuse of defenceless persons and grievous bodily harm (2%). The share of cases of violence against parents in relation to all crimes (excluding sexual abuse of a defenceless person) ranges between 4% and 7% per year. The paper raises the issue of a dark figure of violence against parents by adult children and its factors. The victims usually do not expose and report violence, which is also not reported by other people around them. The contribution provides a starting point for discussions on detecting, investigating and proving such cases. 93 VICTIMIZATION IN THE PROCESS OF DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 VIOLENCE AND RECOVERY AND THE ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 IMPORTANCE OF AWARENESS, DETECTION AND PREVENTION OF VIOLENCE ROBERT TEKAVEC Slovenian police, Ljubljana, Slovenia robert.tekavec@policija.si Victims of violent crimes are subject to various forms of Keywords: victimization, victimization in the process from the first experience of violence, victim, through the subordinate position of escalated violence, to the violence, awareness, intermission of violence, when usual y recovery begins and then detection in the criminal procedure. Victimization often extends also to relatives of victims or people who are close to them. Victimization does not always depend only on the perpetrator or the victim, but it is also related to the social influence and the approach of professionals. This also affects the duration of victimization, but of course the longer the violence, the greater and longer the victimization is. The importance of raising awareness, detecting and preventing violence to prevent victimization plays a significant role. Strengthening good relations in society is everyone's task, but above al , we do not look away or participate, even if only passively, in the case of violence. The police are usually the first to respond to violence, but in order to be able to respond, they need a victim who is strong enough to report the violence or the critical eyes of an observer of violence who dares to expose himself, even on the expense of his own victimization. 94 DOI https://doi.org/ CO-PRODUCTION IN ADDRESSING 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN CHILD CRIMINAL EXPLOITATION 978-961-286-775-1 PAUL ANDELL University of Suffolk, Ipswich, UK p.andel @uos.ac.uk Keywords: A county line is a telephone line set up by a gang in a city to sel modern slavery, human trafficking, Class-A drugs, normally heroin, crack cocaine and cannabis, to child criminal exploitation, users, sometimes in rural locations. Human trafficking in county drug markets, action research lines is dependent upon the criminal exploitation of children and vulnerable people. The young people who are trafficked to deliver the drugs are usually male and from relatively deprived communities but not exclusively so and are aged between 12 and 17. Recent findings suggest that the age of involvement is becoming progressively younger with exceptional cases identified below 10 years old who provide a mal eable workforce for the drugs business. The research utilises a "theory Building" approach to uncover the contextual variables which shape the problem and by deploying an action research methodology utilises stakeholder and expert knowledge attempts to find ways in which to reconfigure the variables to reduce harm from the presenting problem. The paper is underpinned by UNSDG Goal 16.2 to end all forms of violence against children and “gives renewed impetus towards the realisation of the right of every child to live free from fear, neglect, abuse and exploitation”. 97 ARMED FORCES' PEACETIME DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ACTIVITIES AS A POSSIBLE SOURCE ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 OF ENVIRONMENTAL HARM: LOCAL COMMUNITY RESIDENTS' PERSPECTIVE SILVO GRČAR, ANDREJ SOTLAR, KATJA EMAN University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia silvo.grcar@um.si, andrej.sotlar@um.si, katja.eman@um.si The social perception of sources of threats to the natural Keywords: environmental crime, environment progressively changes over time from social y environmental harm, acceptable to il egal and, according to law, is defined as armed forces, environmental protection, environmental crime. The armed forces are a major consumer of local community energy and in single polluter of the environment. Even in the Republic of Slovenia, there is a particularly persistent social disagreement regarding the central military training ground Poček (Postojna). We conducted a questionnaire survey in the local communities of Štivan, Prestranek, and Vrhpolje. The results revealed that the inhabitants of Vrhpolje perceive some peacetime activities of the armed forces as a threat to the environment. The factors of dangerous impacts and restrictions to environmental rights were assessed as more threatening compared to the factors label ed as energy-chemical impacts. Compared to the residents of Vrhpolje, the attitudes of the residents of Prestranek and Štivan are statistical y significantly different as being more threatening concerning the factors label ed as energy-chemical impacts and restrictions to environmental rights. In this paper, we present the statistical analysis results in more detail and place them in the context of conducted domestic and foreign surveys of public opinion on the environment, security, and trust in institutions. 98 DOI https://doi.org/ REFORM OF PRIVATE SECURITY IN 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN SERBIA: STATE AND TENDENCIES 978-961-286-775-1 BRANKO LEŠTANIN,1 ŽELJKO NIKAČ2 1 Ministry of Interior, Police Department Kraljevo, Kraljevo, Serbia b.lestanin@gmail.com 2 Faculty of Business Economics and Entrepreneurship, Belgrade, Serbia zeljko.nikac@kpu.edu.rs Keywords: Private security in Serbia began in ancient history, but the paper private security, reform, deals with the recent development and reform of private security legal regulation, in Serbia. The period from 2017 to 2022 was taken as the time license, private security officers frame, where the starting year was taken as the exact year when the Private Security Law began to be implemented in Serbia. At the beginning of the paper, a brief overview of private security as a legal phenomenon is given using the normative method. Specific data and indicators were col ected from the Ministry of Interior of Serbia and the Serbian Business Registers Agency. With the help of graphs, an analysis of the state and movement of specific indicators in the private security field was carried out. Parameters such as the number of company licenses, the number of personal licenses, the number of licenses by type, the territorial distribution of licenses, the number of private security officers and the number of police officers (nominally and per 100,000 inhabitants), and the number of inspections law execution were examined. After the analysis, certain conclusions wil be drawn which wil be presented in the paper. 99 MEDIA SECURITIZATION OF THE DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 MIGRATION PROCESS ON THE ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 SO-CALLED BALKAN ROUTE: CASE STUDY – SERBIA AND NORTH MACEDONIA MARJAN GJUROVSKI,1 MITKO ARNAUDOV2 1 Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Institute of Philosophy, Skopje, North Macedonia marjan.gjurovski@fzf.ukim.edu.mk 2 Institute of International Politics and Economics, Belgrade, Serbia mitko@diplomacy.bg.ac.rs The issue of migration received media attention in Serbia and Keywords: migration, North Macedonia when thousands of economic migrants and Serbia, refugees tried to reach Western European countries through the North Macedonia, media, Balkan route. The media of these countries did not have a clear securitization picture of migration. Regional media have had experience only with the refugee flows since the Yugoslavian civil wars. But, a new wave of migrants and the huge media interest in the Balkan route has opened several questions: How to deal with the vast number of people trying to cross the borders il egal y; On which criteria to classify the economic migrants or war refugees; How to protect human rights and also protect the local population; How to manage all that in globalized media networks. The goal of the paper is to show, through the Balkan route example, how the migrant issues in regional relations have taken a significant place in national and regional security strategies, and also, how this issue is securitized by the media in the Western Balkans. Theoretical y, it wil serve in the process of explanation of the media's role in the domain of identification and securitization of contemporary security chal enges, in this case using the migration example. 100 DOI https://doi.org/ THE POLICY COHERENCE OF 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN EU RURAL SECURITY POLICY 978-961-286-775-1 IN RELATION TO THE SDG FRAMEWORK BERNARDA TOMINC, ANDREJ SOTLAR University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia bernarda.tominc@um.si, andrej.sotlar@um.si Keywords: The EU is committed to being a frontrunner in implementing SDG framework, European Union, SDGs in Europe and around the globe. Like the UN, the EU rural security policy, seeks to increase peace and security through the eradication of sustainable development, strategic synergies poverty, environmental development, the economy, and the strengthening of democratic values. The rural environment is often seen as a source of problems such as economic and transport underdevelopment, low value-added jobs, agrarian depopulation, excessive pollution, and so on. Less often do we recognize its positive capabilities, such as its strategic importance for the stability and development of the whole society and state, while the supply of food and energy, especial y from renewable sources, is a key issue. The EU supports both inclusive and sustainable food systems with economic, social, and environmental dimensions under the Nexus approach. For the EU, ensuring universal access to sustainable energy services is fundamental for socio-economic development and inclusive growth. The European Consensus on Development 2017 was signed by the European Commission, the European Parliament, the Council of the European Union, and representatives of member state governments and underlines the links between development policy and other policy areas, including peace and security, humanitarian aid, migration, the environment, and climate change. 103 ROUNDTABLE: THE UN SDGS AND DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 THE DEVELOPMENT OF ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 CRIMINOLOGY IN THE WESTERN BALKANS – EXAMPLES FROM BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA, CROATIA AND SLOVENIA GORAZD MEŠKO,1 ELMEDIN MURATBEGOVIĆ,2 IRMA KOVČO,3 ZORAN KANDUČ4 1 University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia gorazd.mesko@um.si 2 University of Sarajevo, Faculty of Criminal Justice, Criminology and Security Studies, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina emuratbegovic@fkn.unsa.ba 3 University of Zagreb, Faculty of Education and Rehabilitation Sciences, Zagreb, Croatia irma.kovco.vukadin@erf.unizg.hr 4 University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law, Slovenia zoran.kanduc@pf.uni-lj.si Four leading criminologists from the region will discuss the recent Keywords: criminology, development of criminological research in the region. Bosnia and Herzegovina, Irma Kovčo: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Croatia, Slovenia, are increasingly attracting the attention of criminologists who are roundtable considering what role criminology (should) play in achieving the outcomes of sustainable development. The author wil discuss how criminological research, policy, and practice can advance the global SDG agenda from the Croatian perspective. Elmedin Muratbegović: Some aspects of the development of evidence-based practice in criminology and the most influential institutions and/or individuals in Bosnia and Herzegovina will be presented. The examples of good practice are related to the seven steps of evidence-based practice (Cultivate, Ask, Search, Appraise, Integrate, Evaluate, and Disseminate). Zoran Kanduč: The main recent research themes of the Institute of Criminology at the Faculty of Law in Ljubljana will be presented 104 and discussed. The emphasis wil be on theoretical perspectives and the development of criminological research in the near future. Gorazd Meško: The main criminological research and publications on specific Slovenian and regional perspectives at the Institute of Criminal Justice and Security since 2004 will be presented and discussed. 105 ROUNDTABLE: SDGS AND DOI https://doi.org/ 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 COMMUNITY POLICING – ISBN 978-961-286-775-1 TOWARDS THE FUTURE GORAZD MEŠKO,1 SLOBODAN MARENDIĆ,2 MAJA MODIC,1 ROK HACIN,1 KATJA EMAN1 1 University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia gorazd.mesko@um.si, rok.hacin@um.si, maja.modic@um.si, katja.eman@um.si 2 Croatian Police, Police Directorate Split – Dalmatia, Split, Croatia marendic.ms@gmail.com Participants of a roundtable will discuss the development of SDGs Keywords: SDGs, related to community policing from different perspectives – community policing, philosophical, strategic, organizational, geographical, etc. The theory and practice, present, discussants will also talk about the future of community policing future because, after the COVID-19 pandemic, it seems that it somehow disappeared from the central police agenda as only repressive policing and the nonpresence of police in local communities are perceived by residents. Moreover, the marginalization of community policing and community policing officers can also be understood as it never existed as planned ful y due to a variety of reasons although there were some individual examples of good practice of security partnerships and the role of residents in security provision activities will also be discussed from the perspectives of European Community policing, legitimacy, and rural vs urban differences. Is community policing possible in the post covid-19 security platform in Europe? 106 DOI https://doi.org/ ROUNDTABLE: TOWARDS THE 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 ISBN FUTURE OF RURAL CRIMINOLOGY 978-961-286-775-1 JOSEPH DONNERMEYER,1 MATT BOWDEN,2 KRESEDA SMITH,3 GORAZD MEŠKO4 1 The Ohio State University, Columbus, USA donnermeyer.1@gmail.com 2 Technology University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland matt.bowden@tudublin.ie 3 Harper Adams University, Newport, UK kresedasmith@harper-adams.ac.uk 4 University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia gorazd.mesko@um.si Keywords: The discussants wil present the development of rural criminology rural, crime, in the past twenty years, its present state of play and potential criminology, future developments. Theory, studies on crime and rural discussion, present and future criminality, victimization in rural settings, crime prevention, policing and other perspectives wil pre presented from broader global, regional and national perspectives. One of the aims of this round table is a discussion on comparative criminological research on rural crime, criminology and the provision of security as wel as the safety of rural people. CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: THE UNITED NATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS – RURAL AND URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY PERSPECTIVES, BOOK OF ABSTRACTS G. Meško, R. Hacin (eds.) Programme of an International biennial conference on Criminal Justice in Central and Eastern Europe: The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals – Rural and Urban Safety and Security Perspectives Ljubljana, Slovenia, 12–14 September 2023 Tuesday, 12 September 2023 Registration – 08.00–11.30 Panels 09.30–11.15 Policing and COVID-19 Pandemic – CR1 Chair: Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich Krunoslav Borovec, Irena Cajner Mraović, Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich, Jon Maskály and Peter William Neyroud. Policing urban and rural communities in Croatia during the COVID-19 pandemic Branko Lobnikar, Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich, Jon Maskály, Peter William Neyroud and Kaja Prislan Mihelič. Public opinion of police work in Slovenia during the COVID-19 pandemic Krunoslav Borovec, Branko Lobnikar, Kaja Prislan Mihelič, Yang Vincent Liu, Marijana Kotlaja, Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich, Sandra Kobajica, Jon Maskály, Peter Wil iam Neyroud and Irena Cajner Mraović. A study of changes in the police reactive and proactive activities during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovich, Jon Maskály, Marijana Kotlaja, Yang Vincent Liu, Irena Cajner Mraović, Krunoslav Borovec, Branko Lobnikar, Kaja Prislan Mihelič, Sandra Kobajica and Peter William Neyroud. A comparative exploration of the COVID-19 instructions and police stress during the pandemic in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and Slovenia Killian Cullen and Matt Bowden. Anthropocenic policing in insecure times: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic 110 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. Criminal Justice Perspectives – Conference Room 2 Chair: Benjamin Flander Ivana Radić. The position of juvenile offenders in misdemeanour proceedings in Croatia Mojca Rep. Satisfaction of court users as one of the ways to determine the quality of justice Velimir Rakočević and Aleksandra Rakočević. Construction of buildings without a building permit and jeopardizing sustainable development Haris Halilović, Muhamed Budimlić and Elmedin Muratbegović. The rights of suspects and accused in criminal proceedings in Bosnia and Herzegovina: To what extent are they in compliance with European Union agenda on procedural safeguards? Benjamin Flander. Police complaints system in Slovenia: Conciliation procedure Crime, Criminality and Crime Prevention – Conference Room 3 Chair: Iza Kokoravec Iza Kokoravec, Gorazd Meško and Ineke Haen Marshal . First results of the ISRD4 study: Juvenile delinquency in rural and urban areas in Slovenia Miha Stele. The Jarše youth home’s production school and its role as the secondary prevention programme Tinkara Bulovec and Roman Fortuna. Incorporating criminological theories and findings into the work of Ljubljana's municipal constabulary department Emilia Jurgielewicz-Delegacz. Rural crime in Poland Usman Ghani. Social change and crime control in the role of regional marketing in city branding: The cases from Pakistan and Hungary Jan Provazník. Compstat as a tool for urban (and rural?) policing management Specific Crimes and Perception of Criminality – Conference Room 4 Chair: Katja Eman David Čep. Drug crime as challenge for sustainable development (Czech experience) Tinkara Bulovec and Katja Eman. Sexual violence in urban/city nightlife venues – A case study of Ljubljana Katja Eman and Gorazd Meško. Universal and equitable access to safe and af ordable drinking water for all: The case of the Republic of Slovenia Boštjan Slak, Maja Loknar, Aleš Behram and Bojan Dobovšek. How corrupt is the Slovenian healthcare system Saša Mijalković, Dragana Čvorović and Vince Vari. Reform of normative framework of Serbia and the suppression of organized crime as a major security threat – Never ending story Break 11.15–11.55 Conference programme 111 Opening of the Conference – Conference Room 1 – 12.00–12.15 Moderator: Ajda Šulc Igor Bernik, Dean of the UM FCJS Senad Jušić, Acting Director General of the Slovenian Police Zdravko Kačič, Rector of the University of Maribor 12.15–12.55 About the UN SDGs, Criminology, Security Studies and Higher Education – Keynote Speeches – Conference Room 1 Chair: Rok Hacin Gorazd Meško. Two decades of comparative criminological and criminal justice research and the UN SDGs Omar Hernández. Higher Education and the UN SDGs 12.55–14.15 Plenary Addresses – Conference Room 1 Chair: Gorazd Meško Joseph Donnermeyer. The role of community in understanding safety and security anywhere in the world Kreseda Smith. The intersection of rural criminology and food security: The impact of organised criminal groups in the rural space Matt Bowden. Safety, security and the Anthropocene: Sustainable security fields in the 21st century Mykhaylo Shepitko. Aggressive war against Ukraine: Rural and urban safety in the context of national and global security Break 14.15–14.30 Panels and Roundtable 14.30–16.00 Police Professionalism – Conference Room 1 Chair: Anže Mihelič Gorazd Meško, Charles B. Fields and Rok Hacin. Police legitimacy in urban, suburban, and rural settings: A study in Slovenia Irena Cajner Mraović, Ivana Radić, Kaja Prislan Mihelič and Branko Lobnikar. Preferences of the inhabitants of the rural area of Croatia on the appropriate way of delivering police services Vanja Erčulj and Maja Modic. Relationship between police tasks and police satisfaction as perceived by residents of Slovenia Goran P. Ilić and Aleksandra Ilić. A case study of rural crime and crime perception in village Jarsenovo (South Serbia) Anže Mihelič and Kaja Prislan Mihelič. Acceptance of police body-worn cameras among citizens 112 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. Safety and Security I – Conference Room 2 Chair: Katja Eman Kaja Prislan Mihelič and Maja Modic. Issues and opportunities of risk assessment in the national and public security domain Katja Eman, Damir Ivančić and Dejan Bagari. Sustainable Development Goals in practice – Ensuring safety in the local community of Murska Sobota: Police and municipality hand in hand Bojan Tičar and Andreja Primec. Introducing codes of good governance and ensuring safety issues connected with Sustainable Development Goals in local communities Matt Bowden, Al ely Albert, Amanda Kramer and Chloe Carragher. The role of civil society in everyday security on the island of Ireland Igor Bernik. Safe use of cyberspace and access to it in rural areas Roundtable – Criminology – Developments in the Region – Conference Room 3 Gorazd Meško, Zoran Kanduč, Elmedin Muratbegović and Irma Kovčo. The UN SDGs and the development of criminology in the Western Balkans – Examples from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia and Slovenia. Break 16.00–16.15 Community Policing – A Roundtable – Conference Room 1 – 16.15–17.15 Gorazd Meško, Slobodan Marendić, Rok Hacin, Maja Modic and Katja Eman. SDGs and Community policing – Towards the future 19.00 Reception Hosted by the Dean of the UM FCJS, Igor Bernik Wednesday, 13 September 2023 Panels 09.00–10.45 Registration 08.00–09.00 Policing – Conference Room 1 Chair: Branko Lobnikar Matthew Light and Anne-Marie Singh. Policing decentralization in Ukraine since 2014 Miha Dvojmoč and Branko Lobnikar. Plural policing in local communities in Slovenia and the United Nations sustainable development goals Iva Balgač, Irena Cajner Mraović and Krunoslav Borovec. Gender equality from the police candidates' perspective: Does their gender make the dif erence? Leta Bardjieva Miovska. Evidence-based and intel igence-led policing in small arms and light weapons control in the Republic of North Macedonia Kaja Prislan Mihelič and Branko Lobnikar. Smart policing for sustainable development Conference programme 113 Local Safety in Sweden – Conference Room 2 Chair: Kjell Elefalk Kjell Elefalk, Mats Trulsson, Josef Wiklund, Simon Karlsson and Anders Wiklander. The Swedish local safety measurement system, crime prevention and policing 1998–2023 Mats Trulsson and Kjell Elefalk. Community policing and crime prevention in the Swedish Police Region South and the use of local safety measurement system 2005–2023 Simon Karlsson and Kjell Elefalk. A research programme for increasing the validity and reliability of surveys measuring safety perceptions in Sweden Kjell Elefalk. How can 1.2 mil ion survey responses be analysed to support operational policing? Anders Wiklander and Kjell Elefalk. Local safety measurement system – Practical experience from the city of Karlskrona Josef Wiklund and Kjell Elefalk. How to use the citizen’s opinion in police work – Lessons learnt from the north of Sweden Kjell Elefalk. Considerations about the perspective of the inhabitants in community policing and local police work 10.45–11.00 Break Field Trip – Police Academy and the Police Museum (11.00–15.00) 15.00 – 19.00 Free Afternoon 19.00 Social Event Thursday, 14 September Panels 09.00–10.45 Crime Analysis, Policing and Social Control – Conference Room 1 Chair: Rok Hacin Robin Markwitz. A likelihood-based approach to model ing aoristic crime data Kelly Gray. Addressing county lines in prisons in the UK Nita Shala and Gianluigi Pratola. Prospects and challenges in implementing a “hard prison regime” in the Republic of Albania Emanuel Banutai. Preventing radicalisation in the Balkans – Contemporary challenges Roberta De Paolis. Exploiting white-collar criminals’ know-how: Towards a new way of punishment Emma Ashcroft. The rural lookout trial: Increasing reporting of crime and implementing CPTED in rural New Zealand/Aotearoa 114 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE. Victimological Perspectives – Conference Room 2 Chair: Danijela Frangež Marija Lučić-Ćatić, Muamer Kavazović and Edita Hasković. Misconception of hate crime and incitement to hatred: Judiciary practice in Bosnia and Herzegovina Olga Kosevaliska, Zaneta Poposka and Elena Maksimova. Hate crime in North Macedonia: Geographic distribution of hate crimes and hate incidents Teja Primc. Analysis of the need for a safe house for victims of elder abuse Monika Klun, Aleš Bučar Ručman and Danijela Frangež. The scope of detected cases of violence of adult children toward parents in Slovenia Robert Tekavec. Victimization in the process of violence and recovery and the importance of awareness, detection and prevention of violence Paul Andell. Co-production in addressing child criminal exploitation Safety and Security II – Conference Room 3 Chair: Andrej Sotlar Silvo Grčar, Andrej Sotlar and Katja Eman. Armed forces' peacetime activities as a possible source of environmental harm: Local community residents' perspective Branko Leštanin and Željko Nikač. Reform of private security in Serbia: State and tendencies Marjan Gjurovski and Mitko Arnaudov. Media securitization of the migration process on the so-called Balkan route: Case study – Serbia and North Macedonia Bernarda Tominc and Andrej Sotlar. The policy coherence of the EU rural security policy in relation to the SDG framework Break 10.45–11.00 Roundtable – Conference Room 1, 11.00–12.00 Towards the Future of Rural Criminology Joseph Donnermeyer, Matt Bowden Kreseda Smith and Gorazd Meško, Towards the future of rural criminology (al participants are welcome to take part in a discussion) Closing of the Conference – Conference Room 1, 12.00–13.00 CRIMINAL JUSTICE AND SECURITY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN DOI https://doi.org/ E 10.18690/um.fvv.6.2023 UROPE: THE UNITED NATIONS ISBN S 978-961-286-775-1 USTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS – RURAL AND URBAN SAFETY AND SECURITY PERSPECTIVES, BOOK OF ABSTRATCS GORAZD MEŠKO, ROK HACIN (EDS.) University of Maribor, Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, Ljubljana, Slovenia gorazd.mesko@um.si, rok.hacin@um.si The fourteenth international biennial conference Criminal Justice Keywords: conference, and Security in Central and Eastern Europe, organised by the criminal justice and Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of Maribor security, UN, (UM FCJS) on 12–14 September 2023, is subtitled The United SDGs, Nations Sustainable Development Goals – Rural and Urban Slovenia Safety and Security Perspectives and addresses current chal enges related to the UN SDGs and the provision of security in local communities. Topics of the conference are related to a research project of the UM FCJS on local safety and security – rural and urban perspectives (2019-20124) based on the UN SDGs that aim at the development of democratic societies trying to achieve seventeen ambitious goals global y. The conference is also a milestone that signifies thirteen years of membership of the UM FCJS in the United Nation’s Academic Impact Network (UNAI). The book of abstracts includes more than sixty abstracts of papers presented at the conference. The main topics of this year’s conference are rural criminology, criminal justice, policing, covid-19, crime, criminality, crime prevention, perception of crime, crime analysis, safety, security, community (oriented) policing, victimology and penology. Thanks for this great academic event go to the programme and organising committees, authors, participants and conference supporters national y and internationally.