3pac y 6enapycKan Tpagb^MMHan KynbTypbi
ynad3iMlp Hodan
00 <N
ne article is dedicated to sexual symbolism and relations in the Belarusian traditional culture of the 19th - early 20th centuries.
Analyzing a great number of ethnographical and folkloristic sources, the author investigates peculiarities of the sexual culture and symbolism in the Belarusian ethnic community of the 19th - early 20th centuries. Special attention is paid to erotic components in the youth subculture of the Belarusians; sexual motivations in wedding and birth rites as well as everyday life stereotypes of sexual relations are characterized.
3a anomHia 200 ragoy CBeT na6aqbini thcshh gocnegay, npbicBenaHbix po3HbiM acneKTaM 6enapycKaM Tpagb^biMHaM KynbTypbi. y HaByKoBbi 3BapoT yBeg3eHbi Beni-3apHbi a6'eM iH^apMa^ii, ac^HcaBaHHe i aHani3 aKoM amH^ ganeKa He cKOHHaHbi, 6o 3Ha^Haa nacTKa HaByKoBbix ^pa^ 3'aynae^^a anicanbHaro na xapaKTapbi (y 6onbma-rata gaTbiHb^b ^THO^pa^ay XIX—n.XX ctct., ane y royham cTyneHi i caBe^ix/ nocTcaBe^ix gacneg^biKay) i BbInyHae^^a »Hepa3yMeHHeM yHyTpaHaM noriKi Tpagbi-^iMHaM KynbTypbi, ae ceMaHTbiKi i ^yH^biaHanbHara npbi3Ha^HHa, Kani yce nepa-Knagae^^a y npbi6ni3Hyro ag^KBaTHac^b Ha MOBy cynacHae KynbTypHae cBagoMarn;i« [1, 5]. »3aaHra:aBaHaOT;b« gacneg^biKa ig^ana^eMaMi tom ^ iHmaM ^^oxi HeagMeHHa Bbiaynanaca y Bbi6apbi ^pbIapbIT^THbIx KipyHKay gacnegaBaHHa, r.3H. mTy^HbiM Bbiny-^HHi »6onbm KamToyHbix« i »MeHm fai 3yciM He-) KamToyHbix« KaMnaHeHTay Hapog-HaM KynbTypbi. TaK, He ^a:Ka 3ayBa:b^b, mTo Kani y XIX - n. XX ctct. nepaBa:ani T^MH, 3Ba3aHMa 3 gyxoyHaM cnagHbrnaM 6enapycay (Mi^anoria, BepaBaHHi, ^anbKnop, a6pagaBarn;b), a gocnegbi MaT^pHanbHaM KynbTypbi 6bini ag3iHKaBbiMi, gbiK y caBe^ia nacbi (aca6niBa y 1950-1980 rr.) ciTya^ia MaHae^^a Ha 3BapoTHyro. 3rogHa MaT^pHani-cTMHHara BHpam^HHa »acHoyHara nbiTaHHa (^inaco^ii«, Hag3BbiHaMHyro KamToyHac^ gna 6enapycKaM ^THa^pa^ii Ha6biBaro^b, Bo6pa3Ha Ka:ynbi, canaHcKia xaTbi, nyHi gbi ryMHbi, a TaKcaMa a6naByxi, :6aHbi gbi coxi, npa^MM TonbKi y KaHT^Kc^e ix He^acp^g-HaM ^yH^biaHanbHaM npbi3HanaHac^ gbi KaHcTpyKTbiyHbix aca6niBa^ay. y nocT-caBe^Ki nac (Kani HaBaT MaHae^^a HaMMeHHe HaByKi 3 »«THarpa^ii« Ha »«THanoriro«, mTo Hi6biTa Myc^b cBeg^b^b npa ae aKacHyro MeTaganariHHyro TpaHc^apMa^iro), aK^HTa^ia gacnegnb^KaM yBari Ha gyxoyHbix ^eHoMeHax HapogHaM KynbTypbi ern;b y:o He cTonbKi BbiHiKaM 3axanneHHa »naraHcKaM ^K3OTHKaM«, aK rata 6bino y XIX ct., KonbKi 3ano3HeHMM nomyKaM ynacHaM ^THa-Ha^HaHanbHaM caMaig^HTHHHac^i, mTo paccbinaHa y ciMBanax, apxeTbinax i cT^p^aTH^ax Tpagbm;biMHaM KynbTypbi.
^3ena cnpaBagniBarn;i Tp^6a 3a^M^b, mTo npaKTbiHHa Ba yce nacbi nacTy-nanbHaM 3'aynanaca npa^ 6enapycKix ^anbKnapbicTay, aKia cicT^MaTH3aBani, Kna-
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^pac y ôenapycKaïï Tpagb^biMHaïï KynbTypbi
ci^iKaBani i yBani y HaByKoBbi 3BapoT Beni3apHbi, HaBaT na cycBeTHbix MepKax, a6'éM 6enapycKara ^anbKnopy (cepbia »EenapycKaa HapogHaa TBopnacD;b« gbi naaco6Hbia 36opHÍKÍ). AgHaK raTaa TbiTamHHaa npaD;a nepagyciM gana HaByKOBw nnéH aHTpano-naraM cycegHix KpaiH, hk apxaiHHbi i yHiKanbHbi MaT^pbIHn gna pa3HacTaMHbix p^KaH-cTpyKDbay, i 3acranaca Ha goyri nac	y ca6e« gna 6enapycKix gacnegqbiKay.
Ane npa hkí nepbiag pa3BiDfla 6enapycKan ^THa^pa^ii He Banaca 6 raBopKa, 3aycégHa Ta6yaBaHan, »HenpbicToMHaM«, a agcronb hk 6h HeicHyronaM, 3'aynanacH T^Ma ceKcyanbHwx agHociHay (ceKcyanbHacD;i i ^paTbI3My) y TpagbiD;biMHaM Kynb-Typw. yHyTpaHaa »D^H3ypa« gacnegnwKay agHocHa Mi:nonaBbix gaHHHeHHay, ^paTHHHa-ceKcyanbHa^a ciMBani3My y ^anbKnopbi i a6pagaBacD;i Mena rpyHTaM a6-canroTHa iHmw Tbin MeHTanbHacD;i i cBeTanornagHbix apbieHD;ipay, xapaKT^pHw gna npagcTayHiKa mgycTpbianbHara (rapagcKora) rpaMagcTBa i pagbiKanbHa agpo3Hbi ag cBeTaycnpbiHflD^a HanaBeKa TpagbiD;biMHaM (apxaiHHan) cynonbHacD;i. »flna cynac-Han cBagoMacD;i ^i3ianariHHH aKT (xapnaBaHHe, nonaBbi aKT i r.g.) - raTa 3BbiHaMHbi apraHi^HH npaD^c... Ane gna »npbiMiTbiyHara« HanaBeKa nago6Hbi gocBeg HiKoni He pacD^HbBayca hk TonbKi (^ianariHHbL Eh 6biy d;í Mor cTaD;b gna aro HeMKan »TaaMHi-D;an«, gany^HHeM ga cBHTapHara« [2, 19].
lHTbiMi3aD;biH ceKcyanbHacD;i i :opcTKi caDbanbHbi KaHTponb Hag ae 3HemHiMi npaaBaMi y 6yp:ya3HbiM rpaMagcTBe npbiBani ga Taro, mTo »cTapa:biTHbiH canaH-ckíh 3BHHai cTani y Hobh nac npa6neMaTbiHHbiMi, ix nanani agMaynaD;b, acyg:aD;b d;í capoMeD^a...« [3, 142]. TaK, HanpHKnag, npaKTHHHa yce 6enapycKia ^THo^pa^H XIX - n. XX ctct. »anycKani« a6pag »naKnagaHHH ManagHx« d;í »KaMopH« y anicaHHi Tpa-gbiD;HMHara Bacenna, He npHBog3ini agnaBegHHx ^anbKnopHbix 6noKay. MaTHBaD;biH 6bina npbi6ni3Ha nago6Haa TnyMa^HHHM A.EargaHOBina agHocHa »KaMopHan necHi«, HKyro éH cBagoMa He npHBéy y T^Kc^e »3-3a ae cyD^nbHa HeD^H3ypHara 3MecTy« [4; 302]. ^bicKpbiMiHaDwa »BHcKoBara iHTHMy« ga Taro : aKTHyHa npaBog3inaca 3 6oKy xpbicD;iHHcKaM D;apKBH, npagcTayHiKi hkom, HaBaT npaD;yroHH Ha »HiBe ^THa^pa^ii«, yce a6pagH 3 ^neMeHTaMi ^poTHKi xapaKTapH3aBani hk cKpanHe rpaxoyHHH i Hera-THyHHH. TaK, nonaD;Ki npaBacnayHH cBHTap I.Enrog3iHcKi y 1872 r. Ha3Bay »^arnü;b6y ^Hp^mKi« rynbHén »D^éMHan i rparn^Ha aMapanbHan« [5, 69]. fla Taro : caM na3iTH-bícd;kí xapaKTap gacnegaBaHHay y nepmyro napry 3BapTay yBary Ha 6onbm apxain-hhh, »p^nbe^HHH« npaaBH TpagbiD;biMHaM KynbTypH 6enapycay (Mi^anoria, KanaH-gapHHH cbhth, Hapag3encTBa i ga T.n.), hkíh pa3rnaganica hk He^acp^gHa 3BH3 aHHH 3 gaxpHC^iHHCKaH ^^oxaH i agcronb yHiKanbHHH y napayHaHHi 3 TpagbiD;biHMi cycegHix Hapogay: »naycronb y Pacii am^a 3axoyBaro^^a... p^mTKi naraHcKix KynbTay i BepaH-Hay. Ane 6enapycy y ^^THx agHociHax 6HC^p^HHa Hane«H^b nepmHHcTBa« [6, 158]. 3 gpyrora 6oKy, TpagH^HHHaH (^anbKnopHaa) cynonbHacD;b, 3'aynHroHHcH caMaga-cTaTKoBan i agaco6neHan y KynbTypHHM nnaHe, He npagyrneg^Bana Hanag^BaHHe iH^apMa^HHHa^a gHanory 3 iHmbiMi ca^HHnbHHMi nnacTaMi rpaMagcTBa. KaHTaKTH 3 BécKan ag BeKy iHi^HHBanicH 3BoHKy i He 3aycégH 3Haxog3ini ag^KBaTHH BogryK, mTo cTBapana ^^yHHH D;a:*:KacD;i i gna gacnegHHKay-^THo^pa^ay: »CapaMniBac^b i HegaBep canaH ^epamKag:aro^b ^paHiKHy^b Ba yce TanHH xaTHara i caMenHara ix 6HTy« [7, 75]. Agcronb, HanpHKnag, KonbKacD;b »KaMopHHx necHay«, 3a^iKcaBaHaa gacneg^HKaMi, y napayHaHHi 3 necHHMi, mTo cynpaBag:ani iHmHH ^Ta^H Bacenna, a6canroTHa Mi3^pHaH, 6o caMa npbicyTHacD;b »ny:ora« npH »naKnag3iHax ManagHx« Bbirnagana, MHKKa Ka:y^H, Hegap^HHac^ro. Toe : gaTHHH^^a i t. 3b. »6paxniBbix«,
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ynad3ímíp äo6au
»TnycTbix« necHfly pag3iHHara pbiTyany, 3a^iKcaBa^ flKifl »na-3a nag3eflM« 3Ha^Ha hmm KanflHgapHa-a6pagaBbifl cneBbi. na3HanaHbifl aKani^Hac^ npbiBog3ini ga cTBap^HHfl cKa:oHara Bo6pa3y 6enapycay, g3e npa3 cBae cBflTbi, ^anbKnop i na-paym^Ba hhh ni^binicfl neg3b He pogHbiMi yHyKaMi ycflcnaBa Hapag3efl, a y c^epbi ceKcy gbi ^poTbIKi Bbirnflgani Hegapa3BiTbiMi ^nbnyKaMi. npbiHbiM, raTKara cKa:3H-Hfl He na36flrani y cBaix MepKaBaHHflx i TaKifl 6yMHeMmbifl ^THO^pa^bI flK E.PaMaHay: »Tp^6a 3ayBa:b^b, mTo y cflnflHcKix xnon^y i g3flynaT nonaBae ^aHy^^ë pa3BiTa cna6a« [4, 342]. HeBbinagKoBa, mTo i ^THa^pa^iHHbIfl MaT^pbIflnbI, flKifl xapaKTapbi-3yro^ ceKcyanbHbi ^paTbiHHbi) acneKT Tpagb^biMHaM 6enapycKaM KynbTypbi, cy-cTpaKaK^a y gacnegaBaHHflx gap^Banro^HHHa^a nacy 36onbmara ^parneHTapHa i cnapagbiHHa [8]. BapTa ag3Ha^bm;b, mTo raTafl »3a6apoHeHafl« T^Ma HenapayHanbHa nenen BbiBynanacfl ^THO^pa^aMi i ^anbKnapbicTaMi Pacii, yKpaiHbi i iHm. cnaBflHcKix KpaiH.	y 1872 r. y ^^HeBe BHämay 36opHiK BflgoMara pycKara ^anbKnapbicTa
A.A^aHacbeBa »HapogHbifl pycKifl Ka3Ki He gnfl gpyKy« (6onen BagoMHfl flK »3ana-BeTHbfl Ka3Ki«) [9; 3]. y k. XIX - n. XX ct. y HflMe^HbiHe i ^paH^ii Bbixog3ini cne-^iflnbHbifl HaByKoBbifl BbigaHHi, y flKix gpyKaBanicfl ^THa^pa^iHHbIfl i ^anbKnopHbifl MaT^pHflnH na ceKcyanbHbix naBog3iHax Hapogay cBeTy, y npbiBaTHac^ i cnaBflHcKix Hapogay: »Anthropophyteia« i »Kruptadia«. y p^gKane^iro »Anthropophyteia« yBaxog3ini TaranacHbifl rpaHgbi ^THa^pa^ii, ceKcanorii i ncixanorii: ®.Boac, I.Bnox, 3.%ong [10, 308].
AgHaK, Ha :anb, cflpog cep6a-ny:b^Kix, nonbcKix, pycKix, cep6cKix, cnaBeH-ckíx, ^mcKÍx, yKpaiHcKix i cnaBa^ix MaT^pbiflnay 6enapycKafl ^aKTypa Ha ratyro T^My agcyTHinana [10, 309].
y caBe^Ki nac ag3iHafl M^TaHaKipaBaHafl cnpo6a pa36ypbm;b MaynaHHe BaKon »capoMHan« T^MaTHKi 6bina npagnpbiHflTafl y.Bapm^ycKiM y 1928 r. y cBaiM apTbi-Kyne »3 ricTopbii ^anaKTam3My« ayTap gacnegaBay p^mTKi ^ani^Hara KynbTy Ha Be-napyci, npaBog3flHbi npbi raTbiM mbipoKifl ricTopbiKa-KynbTypHbifl napaneni 3 iHmbiMi mgaeypanencKiMi HapogaMi [11]. ^paTbIHHafl ciMBoniKa nayHoHHa-6enapycKara Bfl-cennfl pa3rnflganacfl i y npa^i A.fflnro6cKara [12]. AgHaK y:o y 30-fl ragbi nag nac 6apa^6bi 3 t.3b. »Ha^g^MaMi« yce »HflnpaBinbHbifl« ^THO^pa^H 6bini p^^p^caBaHbIfl, a T^MH ix gocnegay 3ropHyTbifl Ha g3ecfl^rogg3i. TaK, 6biy paccTpanflHbi M.Mflne-mKa (nepmbi gacnegaBay KynbT KaMflHfl Ha Benapyci), y 1941 r. Ha necapacnpa^yKax naMëp A.fflnro6cKi, garaTynb 3acTaycfl HeBflgoMbi nëc yBapm^ycKara [13, 274]. y naBaeHHb nac y:o agHbifl npbiH^mbi »caBe^Kae Mapani« BbiKnronani MarabiMac^ gacnegaBaHHfl ^paTHHHa^a Kogy Tpagb^biMHaM KynbTypbi. CnoBbi »ceKc«, »ceKcy-anbHac^«, >«poTbiKa« npaKTbiHHa 3'flynflnicfl ciHoHiMaMi cKpaMHfle (:biBënbHae) pacnycTb, na:agniBaOT;i, naxa6cTBa gbi ncixanariHHbix BbIHBap^HHfly Ha raTan rne6e. naKa3anbHa, mTo HaBaT y aKag^MiHHHM BbgaHHi »^THa^pa^ifl Benapyci. ^H^bIKna^e-gbfl« (Mh., 1989) agcyTHinae Bbi3Ha^HHe TaKon gHc^H^niHH, flK »^THaceKcano^ifl«. Bflni3Hbi gocBeg 3axogHeeypanencKix gb aMepbKaHcKix gacneg^biKay y ^^TaH raniHe, yBaco6neHb y coTHflx MaHarpa^ifly [3, 305-316], nanpocT irHapaBaycfl. y BbgaHHflx 6enapycKara ^anbKnopy »capoMHbfl« BHpa3H ^i cnoBb na^AKoM npanycKanicfl ^i 3aMflHflnicfl »HHT^6enbHHMi«, mTo naMana c^Hc, ciMBoniKy i pbiTMiKy ayT^HTHHHHx T^KCTay. ffl^pa^ ^anbKnopHHx TBopay ^paTHHHa^a 3MecTy ycë : Tpannfly Ha cTa-poHKi gpyKy. AgHaK napagoKc 3aKnroHae^^a y thm, mTo 6onbmafl nacTKa 3 ix 6bina »npanymnaHafl« yKnaganbHiKaMi flK 6flcKpbygHafl TonbKi na npHHHHe noyHara He-
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^pac y 6enapycKaM Tpagb^biÄHaÄ KynbTypM
pa3yMeHHA ceMaHTHKi rarax T^KCTay 3 6oKy »BynoHbix My^oy«. TaK, HanpHKnag, ^Tyrow BAcenbHyro necHro t.3b. »rpbi6Hora cro:«^Ty«, g3e rpbi6 ciMBani3ye «aHixa i atohm aKTHyHH nanaTaK, M.HiKonbCKi po6in;b BHCHoBy, mTo nago6HHA MaTMBH cBegqan;b npa 3'ayneHHe TaKix necHAy y ^^oxy MaTpbiapxaTy, Kani BbipamanbHyro ponro y racnagapDM nrogeM agbirpbiBana 36ipanbHin;TBa [14, 61]. Kipyro^bica TaKoM »niTapanbHaM« noriKaM gocnegy, Tp^6a 6yg3e npbi3HaD;b i Toe, mTo y gayHiHy 6ena-pycbi «bini 3 3anaTbix pagoBimnay, 6o y KanagHaM necHi racnagap HaBa^Bae y cBaëM cBATniD^bi »TpbiD;D;aD;b nygay i HaTbipbi« HbicTara 3onaTa. y nago6Hyro ceMaHTbiHHyro »nacTKy« Tpannae i M.rpHH6naT, xapaKTapbi3yroHbi pag3iHHyro ^a^3iro. Ag3HaHbiymbi, mTo nacTKa necHay, npHCBenaHbix y3aeMaagHociHaM KyMa m KyMbi - ^pbiBonbHbia, gacnegHHK cD;BApg:«ae, mTo 6onbmacn;b 3 ix Hocin;b »6a3bíhhh« xapaKTap i pacna-BAgae npa ca6poycKia, npbiA3HbiA agHociHH, mTo BbiaynaeDHa y HacTaBaHHi KyMaM KyMH ^ap^mKaMi, »hböh (cBe^aM) pbi6KaM [15, 28]. HaroyHa, M.rpHH6naT HegacTaT-KoBa 6biy 3HaëMH 3 po3HHMi «aHpaMi 6enapycKara (^anbKnopy, manaM HaBaT npocTae anicaHHe ^ap^xa y 3aragD;bi (»ToHKa ctoa, cna6a bíca, caM KacMaTH, kohhhk nHCH« [16, 245]) BHKniKana 6 cyMHiy y »6a3BiHHacD;i« nago6Hbix nanacTyHKay, thm 6onbm y KaHT^KC^e pag3iHHara pbiTyany.
P^3KiA BbiKnKTOHHi 3 npaBinay, Kani gacneg^biKi, xon;b i T^3icHa, ane na3Hanani npbicyTHacD;b ^paTHHHae KaMnaHeHTbi y TpagbiD;biMHaM KynbTypM [17], He Marni pa3-6ypbiD;b CT^p^aTH^ npa cKpaMHroro »D;HaTniBacD;b« i aHTbiceKcyanbHacD;b 6enapycay Ha Tne ix 6a3MepHae npan;aBiTacD;i, KeMniBacn;i i agyxoyneHacD;i. CaM Bo6pa3 Benapyci, AK >^cny6niKi-napTbi3aHKi«, KynbTHBaBaHH y MacaBaM cBAgoMacn;i y naBaeHHH nac, y^o na cBaiM Bbi3Ha^Hm He npagyrneg^Bay aHiaKix ^paTHHHHx KaHT^KCTay, mTo D;anKaM nari^Ha Marno npbiBog3iD;b cTapoHHAra ^THona^a i iHT^p^p^TaTapa 6ena-pycKaM KynbTypM ga bhchobh a6 »MayKniBHM naHKaBaHHi«, ak ag3iHHM MexaHi3Me caMay3HayneHHA 6enapycKara ^THacy.
Ha BAniKi «anb, i y nocTcaBeD;Ki nac 3pyxay y gacnegaBaHHi TpagbiDMMHaM ^po-TbiKi npaKTKHHa He ag6binoca. Mo^Ha npbiragaD;b TonbKi aco6HHA npan;bi, g3e npaa-Hani3aBaHbA tha d;í iHmrna cerneHTbi HapogHaM KynbTypM ^paTHHHa^a 3MecTy [18]. na3HanaHaa aKaniHHacD;b thm 6onbm cKpymHaa, mTo HaByKoyDM cycegHix KpaiH, ga npbiKnagy Pacii, 3pa6ini 3Ha^Ha 6onbm y pacnpaD;oyD;bi raTaM T^MH [19].
Mm: thm, gacnegaBaHHe ycaro KoMnneKcy Mra:nonaBHx agHociHay y Tpagbi-D;biMHbiM rpaMagcTBe He ëcn;b caMaM^TaM, npaABaM agnaBegHaM »3aKnanonaHacD;i« gacneg^HKa ceKcanari^HaM KBani^iKaDbi. nepagyciM, pa3MoBa ig3e npa mbipoKyro caD;biA-KynbTypHyro 3HaHHacn;b raTaM npa6neMH. »HanaBenyro ceKcyanbHacn;b Henbra 3pa3yMen;b na-3a rpaMagcTBaM i KynbTypaM. HaraTynbKi cnymHae i 3BapoTHae: HeMar-HHMa 3pa3yMen;b nag ^hd^a rpaMagcTBa, He Begaro^H aca6niBacD;ay ceKcyanbHHx naBog3iHay cKnagaro^Hx aro iHgHBigay i Taro, ak ^^THA naBog3iHM i caMi nonaBHA agpo3HeHHi aœHcoyBaroDfla i ciMBani3yro^^a y KynbTypM« [3, 34-35]. y cynacHMM 6enapycKiM rpaMagcTBe, g3e ^anKaM 3ry6neHH »BonHT cBAm^HHara nonaBara «Hq-^A« (M.^niag^), MapanbHa-KamToyHacHHA apHeH^ipH pa3MHTHA, a ceKcyanbHac^b nagnac ëc^b rne6aM gna pa3HacTaMHHx KoMnneKcay He^ayHaBapTac^i i BHHBap^HHAy, akía TpHBana ^agMa^oyBaro^^a Mac-^poTHKaM i nopHa (npagyKTaM He gyxoyHac^i y c^epH iHTMMHara, a ^HHiHHa^a KaMep^HMHa^a pa3niKy), BbiBy^HHe i p^aKTyani-3a^HA TpagH^HMHa^a gocBegy y raniHe ceKcyanbHHx naBog3iHay Ha6biBae He TonbKi HaByKoBa-MeMapHAnbHae, ane i mbipoKae rpaMagcKae 3HaH^HHe.
ynad3ímíp äo6au
TaKiM HbiHaM, acHoyHaa M^Ta Hamara gacnegaBaHHa nanarae y thm, Ka6 3pa3y-Me^, aK rpaMagcKia agHociHH i 6enapycKaa Tpagb^biMHaa KynbTypa y ^nbiM ^ap-Myro^b i Biga3MaHaK^b y3aeMagaHbiHeHHi nonay, ynynaroHbi ix ^paTbIHHbIa p^aK^Hi. y aKarn;i npagMeTHbix 3agan Hea6xogHa na3Hanb^b aHani3 ceKcyanbHbix naBog3iHay po3Hbix nonay3pocTaBbix rpyn, xapaKTapbicTbiKy nonaBara ^paTbiHHara) ciMBani3My i Bbiny^HHe y pbiTyanbHan npacTopH Tpagb^biMHan KynbTypbi 6enapycay noKycay Han6onbm HacbinaHbix ^paTbIHHbIM 3MecTaM.
y aKarn;i KpbiH^ay gacnegaBaHHa BbicTynae npaKTbiHHa yBecb Kopnyc ayT^H-thhhhx ^anbKnopHHx T^KCTay, a TaKcaMa ^THa^pa^iHHbIa MaT^pbIanbI, 3a^iKcaBa-Hrna Ha ^THiHHaM 6enapycKan npacTopH nepaBa:Ha y XIX - n.XX ct.
^pÓT, HanaBeK i KocMac
y 6onbmara;i Mi^anariHHbix cicT^May Hapogay cBeTy nanaBenaa ceKcyanbHaa ^Hep^ia ërn;b agnaBegHiKaM KacMiHHan ^Hep^ii caTBap^HHa, mTo 3'aynae^^a npbiHbi-Han ycaro icHara. »AgnaBegHa cTapa:HTHa iHgbmcKiM BepaHHaM, »:agaHHe« 6bino nepmacHan KacMararnHHan cinan, cTBapbiyman cycBeT. »BpbixagapaHbaKa ynaHima-ga«, HanicaHaa y VI-VII ctct. ga h^., npbinaga6Hae HanaBeKa, cnac^raronara BHm^H-ma gyxoyHH nanaTaK, My:y, nepa6biBaroHaMy y a6gbiMKax nro6iMan :ohkí« [20, 66]. naKa3anbHa, mTo ^pÓT, 6or nro6oBi y Grapa^biTHan ^p^^Hi, 3'aynayca agHHM 3 HaTbipox KacMaraHi^HMx nepmananaTKay, no6an 3 XaocaM, rean i TapTapaM [21, 668]. AgHa 3 Bepcin naxog:aHHa ^poTa OT;Bapg:ae, mTo ëH Bbinyniyca 3 CycBeTHara anKa i 6biy nepmbiM 3 6aroy, naKonbKi 6e3 aro híxto He Mo»a Hapag3^^ [22, 40]. 3eMna-po6cTBa 3 HeagMeHHaOT;ro npapogHara Kona3BapoTy, aKoe 3'aynanaca acHoyHHM rac-nagap^MM rpyHTaM :bmflag3eMHaOT;i apxaiHHbix Hapogay, TonbKi yMa^yBana Bepy TaranacHara nanaBeKa y npbiH^moByro ig^HTHHHac^b ^iKnay nanaBenara i npa-pogHara :«bmfla: annagHeHHe - cay6a, ^:apHac^ - HaceHHe y 3aMni, Hapag:^HHe - y3bixog napacTKay,	- BereTa^ia, cMep^ - :híbo* . Ane y napayHaHHi 3
KynbTypan 36ipanbHiKay, 3eMnapo6 y:o 3Ha^Ha 6ni:^Mmbi ga 6aroy, HapoyHi 3 ímí yg3enbHinae y	KocMacy, 6o i :biTa, yKiHyTae ím y 3aMnro, i go:g:, npaniTH Ha
ae He6aM, ërn;b caKpanbHHM aKTaM 3aHa^^a.
»AgKpb^^ 3eMnapo6cTBa Kap^HHHM HbmaM nepayTBapae He TonbKi ^KaHa-míhhh nag	nepma6biTHara nanaBeKa, ane, nepm 3a ycë, aroHyro ^KaHOMiKy
cBam^HHara. iHmrna p^niriMHbIa cinbi nanbiHaro^b agbirpbiBa^ cBaro ponro: ceKcy-anbHac^, ypagniBac^, Mi^anoria »aHHrnHK i 3aMni... P^niriMHbI BonbT craHoB^^ 6onbm KaHKp^THHM, 6onbm ^cHa 3nynaHbiM 3 ^b^^M« [2, 81]. TaKiM HbrnaM, nona-Bbia agHociHH Ha6biBaro^b ^agKp^cneHa »agKpbiTbi« KocMacy, pbiTyanbHbi xapaKTap. »AManb Ba ycix HapogHbix cBaTax, Ba ycix naMaTHbix gHax cenbcKaracnagapnara roga 3BapTae Ha ca6e yBary npbicyTHac^ 3BbiHaay, TaK ^ iHaKm gaTbi^Hbix y3aeMaagHo-ciHay nonay (mh ix yMoyHa Ha3biBaeM ^paTHHHHMi): raTa nro6oyHaa Maria, 6ni3Kia ga ae na M^Tax Bapo:6a, rynbHi Monag3i 3 ag^eHHeM ^nipTy, rynbHëBae cy^epHi^TBa: 6apa^b6a nonay, ^ani^Hbia a6paga i rynbHi, a6pagaBH TpaBecTH3M, pHTyanbHaa iMiTa^Ha cBaTaycTBa i Bacenna..., Mari^Hara y3g3eaHHa ^paca Ha ypagniBac^ na-
* napayHan Bo6pa3 cMepTaHocHan 6ítbh Ha HaMi3e (1067 r.) aK :HiBa y »CnoBe a6 nanKy IrapaBHM«: »Ha HeMM3i choïïh cTenroTi ronoBaMM« [23, 63] i Bo6pa3 :HiBa y 6enapycKiM ^anbKnopbi: »y Hac caroHHa BanHa 6ana: Ycë none 3BaaBani, fla naHy :HTa na:ani...« [24, 386]/
^pac y ôenapycKaïï Tpagb^biMHaïï KynbTypbi
néy (gByx6aKOBaa cyBH3b nnogHacD;i i :aHOHan ^epTbinbHacD;i), ^neMeHTbI KynbTa 6ocTBay nnogHacD;i« [25, 48].
XpMCD;iHHCTBa, hk naHyroHaa ig^anoriH CHp^gHHBeHHa, npagnpbiHHna pamyHbi HacTyn Ha napTHépcKia, íhthmhhh y3aeMaagHOciHbi HanaBeKa i npbipogbi: »Pa3-6ypbiymbi naraHcKi aHiMi3M, xpMCD;iHHCTBa agHbiHina ncixaraniHHyro MarHbiMacD^b ^KC^nyaTaBa^b npbipogy y gyxy a6biHKaBacD;L. XpMCD;iHHCTBa He TonbKi ycTanHBana gyani3M HanaBeKa i npbipogbi, ane i HacTaana Ha thm, mTo Bona Bo:aa MeHaBiTa TaKaH, Ka6 HanaBeK ^KC^nyaTaBay npbipogy g3ena cBaix M^Tay« [26, 139]. npaHBbi naHyDfléBara, D^necHara, ^paTbIHHa^a i cMexaBara niHbinicH rpaxoyHbiMi i Bbipa3Ha cynpaD;bnacTaynHnicH gyxoyHaMy naHaTKy y HanaBeKy. »A^iD;biMHaH xpMCD;iHHCKaH Mapanb 6bina acKeTbiHHaa i aHTbiceKcyanbHaa, acyg:aroHbi He TonbKi »no:ag3b«, ane i iHgbiBigyanbHae KaxaHHe, 6o hho nepamKag:ae BbiKaHaHHro a6aBH3Kay 6ora-6oMHacD;i. Afl3iHbiM anpaygaHHeM nonaBara :md;d;h niHbiycH npaD;ar pogy y paMKax D;apKoyHara mnro6y, ane i TyT hho nagnagana ninbHan p^^naMeHTa^bIi (3a6apoHa 3HociHay nag Hac nocTay i mMaTniKix cBHTay, Ta6yHBaHHe HaraTbi, ^paTbIHHaM T^x-híkí i r.g.)« [3 135]. y Tpagbm;biMHaM :a (nepaBa:Ha arpapHan) cynonbHacD;i, g3e 3flMna, hk Heac^p^HHa :biBaH i agyxoyneHaa cy6cTaHD;biH, mTorog ry6nana cBaro D;HOTy, D;H:apana i Hapag:ana, Ka6 i3Hoy agHaBiü;b cBaro HHBiHHacD;b, i g3e nrog3i na-npocT He Marni 6biD;b cTapoHHiMi Ha3ipanbHiKaMi raTbix npaD^cay, »nonaBae :bm;D;é... HOciD^b pHTyanbHH xapaKTap, a 3HaHbiD;D;a npbmaga6HHeDfla hk KacMiHHbiM 3'HBaM (ga:g:aM, annagHeHHro), TaK i 6ockím aKTaM (rieparaMii He6a i 3HMni)«. Agcronb i »mnro6 Ha6biBae TpaicTae 3Ha^HHe: aca6oBae, caD;biHnbHae i KacMiHHae« [2, 106]. XpMCD;iHHCKi : nacTynaT npa DHOTHae 3anaHaD;D;e, Kani y Bo6pa3e BaraMaD;epbi MaD;i i ^3eBH 3niBaroDfla y ag3iHae, agnyHaroHbi thm caMbiM ciMBan MaD;HpbiHCTBa i ciMBan ceKcyanbHacD;i« [3, 124], yBoryne 6biy HHyD;HMHbi gna canHH i :apToyHa a6birpbiBaycH y chyaDHHX, 3BH3aHbix 3 na3amnro6Han D;H:apHacD;ro: »1 ragaK 6biBae, mTO g3eyKy BeD;ep Hag3bMyBae«. yMoyHacD;b y BaHOx cenHHiHa Ha6biBana i xpMCD;iHHCKae By^HHe a6 rpaxoyHacD;i (aca6niBa, Kani yniHbm;b, mTO (^anbKnopHbi Bo6pa3 xpMCD;iHHCKara na-cTbipa - raTa cKpaMHe aMapanbHaa aco6a, nepacTynaronaa npa3 yce, a npa3 g3ecHTbi - npa3MepHa - 3anaBeTbi, HHrneg3HHbi Ha cbom caH [27]: »^p^x y Mex, a cnaceHHe y Top6y; kto Ka: - ^p^x, Taro y Mopgy« [28, 46]. HanpaBep, MapanbHbiH npbiHD;bmbi Taro : BHCKoyD;a, mTO :biBinicH i ^^M^HTaBanicH TbicHHaragoBaM TpagbiD;biHM, MeHm 3a ycé naTpa6aBani cTbiMynHD;bii 3 6oKy D;apKBbi.
npaKTHHHa ag3iHae, Haro 3a cothí ragoy gaMarnoca xpbicD^iHHCTBa y 6apaD;b6e 3 »TaTanbHHM naraHCTBaM« BécKi (nepagyciM BHHyneHHM y cBeTanornag3e i ycix ^opMax :H^^Hg3eHHac^i, rpyHTaBaHbix Ha ím), - ^^Ta, He 3aycégbi cy^^nbHaH, g^-HaMiHa^HH gaxpMCD;iHHCKix TpagH^HHy. y ^^yHHM c^Hce, xpbicD^iHHCTBa ^agMa^a-Bana (nerani3aBana) TpagH^Hro, ganyHHymH ga agBeHHHx »anepaTapay« y c^epbi caKpanbHara cBaix npagcTayHiKoy. I y »nro6oyHan ^pHcym^H« n. XIX ct. no6aH 3 CoH^aM i Manag3iKOM y:o Ma^i Bo:aa ganaMarae xnonD;y (g3HyHHHe »caeg3iHi^b nro6oy 3 nro6oyro«. TaKiM HHHaM, ^pHH^H^H g3eHHHH i 3agaHbi »anepaTapay« 3acTa-BanicH TonbKi thmí mTO i TbicHHy ragoy TaMy.
XapaKTapH3yroHH KanHHgapHyro a6pagaBacD;b 3axogHeeypanencKara canHHCTBa k. XIX - n. XX ct., C.ToKapay BbinyHae gBa pogH 3'ay ^paTHHHa^a nnaHy. y nepmHM BHnagKy, Ha gyMKy gacnegHHKa, a6pagaBaa »SpoTHKa He cnyrye cTapoHHiM 3agaHaM,
210
ynad3ímíp äo6au
a 3'aynae^^a caMaM^TaM y KaHT^KC^e MimnonaBbix HanaBeHbix agHociHay. y gpyriM - ae M^TaH BbicTynae »MariHHae y3g3eaHHe Ha npbipogy, iMKHeHHe nagBbic^b nnog-Harn;b rne6bi, naBaninb^b ypagmañ, npbinnog cKa^Hbi...« [25, 99] . AgHaK, nago6Hbi nag3en ëra;b npaaBaro MbicneHHa cynacHara HanaBeKa i He 6biy ynac^Bbi gna cicT^MbI apxaiHHara cBeTanornagy, y aKiM yce ^neMeHTH cBeTa6ygoBbi i mbm^ag3eñHaOT;i 6bini y tom ^ iHmañ cTyneHi 3Ba3aHbia i y3aeMaynnbiBani agHo Ha agHo, a caMa flona, gaBa-Haa HanaBeKy BoraM, yaynanaca Tpbiag3iHañ: »A KyMoK cTa^b, I ,D,3^aTKa g3apmb^b, I Y 6ora goni npoc^b: I »A gañ ma Boma, I ^TaMy g3^a^ I Tpbi goni mnacniBbix: I I 36amaByro, I I rpamaByro, I I Tyro BacenbHyro« [29, 314]. TaMy, HanpbiKnag, 3ry6a HaBecTañ ^HOTH ga mnro6y Marna npbiBec^ ga gpaMaTbiHHbix BbiHiKay He TonbKi y ca^ianbHbiM (KaH^niKT naMim pogaMi Managbix), ane i y npbipogHbiM BHMap^HHi (Haypog, nag3ëm cKa^Hbi) [30, 337].
AgHaK, ^paTbIHHbI 3MecT Tpagb^biMHañ KynbTypbi ganëKa He BbIH^p^Bae^^a cenbcKaracnagapnañ i caMeñHañ c^epañ, naKonbKi y Mi^anariHHañ (nocTMi^anarin-Hañ) cBagoMac^ »nonaBbi aKT - cíhohím i npaBo6pa3 ycanaKañ g3eHHara;i, 3Ha^HHe aKoñ ^epagae^^a g3eacnoBaM »pa6^b« i aKi ganycKae HaayHac^ TaKix ^neMeHTay, aK aKTbiyHac^, Bona, MaryTHac^, ynaga...« [3, 95]. Cnoca6 BbiayneHHa ^paTbIHHa^a y KynbTypb »^anbKnopHara« Tbiny icToTHa po3Hiyca ag cynacHbix npbiH^may apra-Hi3a^ii iH^apMa^ii. »y »BycHañ« KynbTypbi y iH^apMa^mHbix M^Tax MaKciManbHa BbiKapbicToyBanica... nagpyHHbia cpogKi. npbipogHaMy i KynbTypHaMy aTa^HHro HanaBeKa ^neMeHTaM naHgma^Ty, HaHbiHHro, HacTKaM mbTna, embi, ag3embi i ga T.n.) HagaBayca 3HaKaBbi xapaKTap« [31, 11]. naKonbKi m »Knaci^iKa^ia na npbiKMe^ MymHbiHcKiImaHoHbi gaBoni xyTKa yHiBepcani3ye^^a, i nag ae naHbiHaro^b nagraHa^ ^ a6'eKTbi, 3'aBbi, g3eaHHi 3 ceKcyanbHbiMi gaHbiHeHHaMi, 3 nonaM i r.g. HaynpocT HiaK He 3Ba3aHMa« [32, 86], to MarHbiMac^ gna ciMBaniHHara a^apMneHHa ^paTHHHHX 3Ha^HHay 6bina Hag3BbiHañ mbipoKaa. TaK, ga npbiKnagy, aHani3 TonbKi Bep6anbHbix ciMBanay y ^paH^y3CKaM MoBe BbiaBiy 6onbm 3a 1500 a3HaHaroHbix nonaBbi aKT, Kana 600 - a3HaqaroHbix MymHbiHcKi ^nac i aManb cTonbKi m - nixBy (maHonae ynoHHe) [3, 95]. IcHyro^b HeKaTopbia yHiBepcanbHbia 3Ha^HHi, arynbHbia gna ycix Hapogay i MoBay: ^nac i MymHbiHcKi nanaTaK yBoryne na3Hanaro^a nagoymaHbiMi, ^ëpgbiMi p^HaMi, a ynoHHe i maHoHbi nanaTaK - KpyrnbiMi, aBanbHbiMi ^ yBarayTbiMi. CnoBbi i MeTa^apbi, mTo a3Hanaro^b ^nac, na3Hanaro^b aKTbiyHbi cy6'eKTbiyHbi nanaTaK, a TaKcaMa iHcTpyMeHTanbHbi cpogaK g3eHHara;i (npbinagbi npa^i, My3biHHbia iHcTpy-MeHTb, 36poa). Hacynpa^, ynoHHe Ha^eñ a^icBae^^a aK naciyHbi nanaTaK, nycTaTa, ynag3iHa: HaHbiHHe, cToynnimna, HaTypanbHaa agTyniHa (g3ipa, aMa) ^ HeñKaa a6-MemaBaHaa HacTKa npacTopbi (naKoñ, Kp^^ac^b)« [3, 95].
TaKiM HbiHaM, MomHa c^apgma^, mTo ^paTHHHaa HiTKa npaxog3^b npa3 ycë ceMaHTbHHae nanaTHo Tpagb^biMHañ KynbTypbi. AgHaK, anenroroHbi ga ciMBanay »^anbKnopHañ cynonbHarn;i« (aK npaBina, noniceMaHTbiHHbix), gacnegHbiK - hoc6ít cynacHañ cBagoMac^ a6aBa3aHbi yniHBa^b KaHKp^THH KynbTypHbi (pMTyanbHM) KaHT^KCT, 6o MeHaBiTa ëH i »aryHBae« yHyTpaHb 3MecT ciMBoniKi. TaK, HanpMKnag, Kani y cynacHara Manag3ëHa cycTp^Ha 3 npMromañ, aroneHañ maHHMHañ, aKaa neT-Hañ HoHHy 36ipae pacy Ha nyraBiHe, xyTH^M 3a ycë BMKnina ^paTHHHyro p^aK^Hro 3 acKpaBbM paMaHTMHHMM ag^eHHeM, gbiK y aroHara paBecHiKa 3 XIX ct. nago6Haa ciTya^Ha Ha^^yHa Bbininaca 6 y HemapToyHM cnanox, 6o a3Hanana 6 cycTp^Hy 3 Beg3bMañ. ^^gaK caMa aK »pb6a« y pag3iHHMM ^anbKnopM - He Taa caMaa pb6a, mTo
211
^pac y ôenapycKaïï Tpagb^biMHaïï KynbTypbi
cMa:bin;n;a Ha ^aT^nbHi: »KacMiHHbi ciMBani3M gagae HOBae 3Ha^HHe royHan p^HbI n;i g3ei, 6e3 Taro, Ka6 3aMaxBan;n;a Ha ix ynacHyro He^acp^gHyro 3HaHHacn;b« [2, 104]. AHani3 6enapycKix ^anbKnopHbix T^KCTay Bbiaynae HacTynHyro 3aKaHaMepHacn;b: Tan : caMaa ciMBoniKa, aKaa anicBae Mi:nonaBbia gaHbiHeHHi, Mae aK 6h Tpbi y3poyHi npa^HTaHHa (cTyneHi »npa3pbicTacn;i«). HanMeHm »npa3pbicraa« aHa y Me:ax Mana-g3eBan cy6KynbTypbi; nagHac nepaxogy 3 agHaro ::bin;n;eBa-can;bianbHara cTaTycy y gpyri (Bacenne), ^paTH3M po6in;n;a 6onbm »agKpbiTbi« i npaHbiTBaen;n;a 6onbm Biga-BOHHa i, Hap^m^e, ^paTbIHHa-ceKcyanbHaa ceMaHTbiKa >^mbi^pyen;n;a« KaHHaTKOBa y aKn^HTaBaHbix, ^Ma^HHHa-CMexaBHx ^opMax nagHac »Pag3iHay«, Kani ^paTbIHHaa ciMBoniKa, aryHaHaa y necHax i :apTax, ecn;b Hi mTO iHmae, aK 3HaKaBae yBaca6neHHe ynacHara ceKcyanbHara BonbiTy Ko:Hara 3 npbicyTHbix 6e3 BbiKnroroHHa.
^poTHKa y Tpagb^biMHaw Manag3eBaM cy6KynbTypw 6enapycay
Harneg3aHH Ha Toe, mTo T^Ma Mi:nonaBbix agHociHay aca6niBa aKTyani3yen;n;a y Tpagbin;binHan KynbTypbi, naHHHaroHH 3 MoMaHTy gacarHeHHa roHaKaMi i g3ayHa-TaMi nonaBan (6ianariHHan; npbipogHan) i can;bianbHan (pa3yMOBan; racnagapHan) cnenacn;i, ceKcyanbHacn;i HanaBeKa (aK agHa 3 npaay aroHan can;bianbHacn;i) gbiaraa-3yen;n;a, p^^ynroe^^a i nparpaMyen;n;a y:o agpa3y nacna aroHara Hapag:3HHa. TaK, Ha Bin;e6mHbiHe niHbini, mTo Kani pag3inaca g3ayHHHKa, to ae Tp^6a »npbinMan;b« y My:HHHcKia HaraBin;bi i a6aBa3KoBa 6an;bKaBbi, Ka6 ae nro6ini Manbn;bi, a xnonHHKa Tp^6a »npbinMan;b« y :aHOHyro Kamynro i a6aBa3KoBa y Kamynro Man;i, Ka6 aro nro-6ini g3eyKi« [12, 5]. nynaBiHy Tp^6a 6bino nepapa3an;b Ha agnernacn;i Tpox nanbn;ay ag nepaBa3i [33, 327], mTo Ba ycxogHecnaBaHcKan Tpagbin;bii Mycina 3acn;eparHbi ag agxineHHay y ceKcyanbHan c^epbi. »MaTbiBaBanaca rata thm, mTo Kani nynaBiHy ag-p^3a^b 6ni:^n, to y xnonHbiKa nonaBbi HneH 6yg3e 3aHagTa KapoTKi, a g3ayHbiHKa 6yg3e BenbMi na:agniBan [34, 264-265]. nagHac nepmara KynaHHa g3ayHbiHKi »y Bagy Kigaron;b rpombi n :yKOBiHy (napcn;eHaK), Ka6 g3in;a 6bino 6araTae n mnacniBae y napbi. Tyro Bagy nacna g3eBaHKi BbiniBaron;b Ha napori, Ka6 Bbmna 3aMy:...« [35, 172]. AgHaK KapMin;b rpyg3aMi nagHac KynaHHa, aca6niBa xnonHbiKa, 3a6apaHanaca, 6o g3in;a Bbipacn;e pacnycHbiM [36, 129]. Ka6 rapaHTaBan;b g3in;an;i ^i3iHHyro npbi-Ba6Hacn;b y 6ygyHbiM, Ha nagg3BiHHi icHaBay 3BbiHan Kynan;b g3ayHbiHKy nepmbi pa3 y Bag3e 3 ga6ayneHHeM ManaKa, Ka6 aHa 6bina 6enaa 3 TBapy, a xnonHbiKa - y Bag3e 3 niBaM, Ka6 eH 6biy MO^HHM i npbiro:biM [12, 5]. CiMBoniKa niBa (xMena) Hanmb^n pa3ropHyTaa y BacenbHan a6pagaBacn;i, a6birpbiBanaca i y ciTyan;bii, Kani g3in;a MaHbi-naca y Kynenb nagHac xpocTy - raTa a3HaHana, mTo yce npbcyTHba »nan'roD;b niBa« Ha aroHbM Bacenni [37, 20].
AgHaK, Harneg3aHbi Ha na3HaHaHbia 3axagb, mTo npagnpbManica gapocnbMi 3 M^TaM cTaHoyHa c^pa^paMaBa^b :H^^e HoBaHapog:aHbix, nonaBaa ig^HTH^iKa^Ha g3a^eH HanManogmara BeKy 6bna amna Ha^^yHaH. ^^Ta Bbiaynanaca y agcyTHac^i agpo3HeHHay y ag3eHHi (Hacini gayryro capoHKy), 3a6aBax i HaBaT »6acnonbM« Han-MeHHi npagcTayHiKoy ^^TaH y3pocTaBan rpynb: »HeMayna«, »g3in;a« - Ha3oyHiKi ca-p^gHa^a pogy. nepaxog y rpyny nagneTKay (»6na3HaTbi«, nagmnapKay«) i ciMBaniHHb aKT nonaBan ig^HTH^iKa^Hi ag6bBayca y BeKy 6-8 ragoy: »^k 6na3HroKoM xnonHbKy n;i g3eBaH^H y:^ m^c^b-BOceM ragoy, to y:^ copaM (BbnyHaHa MHoro. - Y^.) iM xa-g3i^b y BagHon TonbKi capoH^H. Tagb xnonn;y garo^b nopTKi, a g3eBaH^H cnagHiHKy«
212
ynad3imip ho6ah
[35, 170]. nagneTKaBbi nepbiag, HKi ^H^HyycH npbi6ni3Ha ga 14 rog [38, 89], BbinyHaycH aKTbiyHaM ca^iHni3a^iHM g3H^M y c^epax »My*:HbiHCKaM« i »:*:aHo^KaM« npa^i cenHHiHa, mTo ^agKp^cniBana ix nonaByro ig^HTbIHHac^b. 3a6aBbi raTara nepbi-agy	hk npaBina, TaKcaMa nag3Hnaro^a Ha rynbHi g3HyHbiHaK i xnonHbiKay.
rynbHi raTbia (»y mnaxi«, »Ky^...«, >^ot i nimKa«, »y a6noHKi« gbi mm.) pa3BiBani ciny, cnpbiT, yBimHarn;b, BbrnocniBa^b i 6bini npacHKHyTbi gyxaM 3MarapcTBa. ffl^par rynbHHy agnrocTpoyBay ^THaca^bIHnbHyro i cHMeMHa-a6pagaByro cne^i^iKy TaraHac-Han BecKi (y »cTapacTy«, »nana«, >^biraHoy«, »y xp^cb6iHbI«, »y Bacenne« i r.g.). AgHaK rynbHi »caMenHara« nnaHy am^ He Hecni y ca6e ycBHgoMneHara ^paTbIHHa^a 3MecTy, 3'HynHroHbicH napagbiMHbiM KaniaBaHHeM naBog3iHay gapocnbix.
flacHraeHHe mnro6Hara y3pocTy (^ayHa^e^^fl), mTo cynagae 3 nepbiagaM roHa-^Ba (3 14-16 ga 20-21 roga), xapaKTapbi3aBanaca He TonbKi 6iHnariHHaM (nonaBan), ane i ncixanariHHan, ca^ianbHan cnena^ro HanaBeKa, HKaa BbiHynHnacH y mMaTniKix g3eHHHHX (rynbHHx) a6pagaBara xapaKTapy, ynac^Bbix Manag3eBan cy6KynbTypbi (»3 pbiTyanbHara nyHKTy rneg^aHHA ^ianariHHaH cnenarn;b caMa na ca6e HegacTaT-KOBaa Hi gna nepaxogy y hobm cTaTyc, Hi HaBaT gna ^pa^H^y poga« [31, 66]. TaMy HaBaT iHgHBigyanbHHM aca6niBarn;HM nonaBara pa3Bi^^H (6e3yMoyHbiM 3 6aHbimna ^i3ianorii) y Tpagb^biMHan KynbTypbi HagaBanaca i ca^ianbHa-KynbTypHae »rynaH-He«. »PaHHHe pa3B^^ y g3HyHbiHKi agHbix TonbKi rpyg3en raBopb^b npa g3Be aKa-niHHara;i: a) mTo Ma^ 3aHana TaKyro goHKy na-3a mnro6aM, 6) mTo gaHKa He 3axaBae g3HBo^Ba ga mnro6y. HaagBapoT: paHHHH cnena^b g3HyHbiHKi naKa3Bae, mTo ae g3HBo^Ba 6yg3e thm 6onbm ^pa^H^nae, hhm paHen Hagbimna cTanarn;b. ArynbHae paHHae pa3B^^ g3HyHbiHKi He cnpbiae mnro6HaMy ^H^^ro TaKon »aHHHHH: HHa He 6yg3e nro6^b My«a, 3aycegbi 6yg3e y mnro6e naKyTaBa^ i HiKoni He Hapog3^b gayraBeHHbix g3H^M. y cynpa^nerna^b raTaMy no3HHe pa3Bi^e g3HyHbiHKi a6a^e y 6ygyHbiM go6pyro ^oHKy, pyxaByro racnagbiHro, ane 6a3g3eTHyro Ma^« [37, 47]. TaKiM HHHaM, nepaBara ^i3iHHara naHaTKy Hag gyxoyHbiM (npbipogbi Hag KynbTypan) y pa3B^^ g3ayHHHH MapKipaBana ae aKynbTypHbia (aMapanbHbia) naBog3iHbi y ga-nenmbiM i nagnapagKaBaHarn;b npbipogHbiM (He HanaBeHbiM) 3aKoHaM: »Kani y g3e-Ba^Ki-nagmnapKa BenbMi xyTKa pacTy^ ^m;Ki..., HHa 6yg3e BenbMi nagKaa ga My«-hhh, a 3aTbM xyTKa cacTapH^^a, hk rpb6« [35, 171]. npa3MepHa »nHmHHi ^opMH« y Manag3eBbiM KaneKTbBe aca^HflBanicfl 3 npaaBaMi «MBenbHara cBeTy (naKa3anbHa, mTo ga^^Tynb y Manag3eBbM cn^H^y ^.HaBa^ona^Ka He^pa^ap^HHHa BaniKia rpyg3i ^a3HaHaro^^a hk »gonKi« ^ »bhmh«), 3'flynflnicfl a6'eKTaM ^apTay i KniHay i, y cBaro Hapry, BbMarani »KynbTypHan Kap^K^ipoyKi«: »Mon ^a th TyTyniHKa, / npagan th KapoBaHKy, / Kyni MHe mHypoBaHKy! / A 3 MHHe Manb^i cMHro^^a, / Mto y MHHe cicbKi Tpacy^^a. / A 3 MHHe Manb^i 6ypHa^b, / fflro y MHHe cicbKi THpHa^b!« [5, 117-118]. npbi p^anbHaH »Kap^K^ipoy^H«, hk npaBina, BHKapHCToyBani npHeMH KaHTarie3Han Marii. »Kani g3ayHHHe 3gae^^a, mTo rpyg3i y ae npa3MepHa pa3BiTHH, i HHa xona ix 3MeHmH^b, Tp^6a HeKanbKi pa3oy 3MaHH^b ix Bagoro, y hkom a6MHBani Ha6o^HHKa« [37, 264]. AgHaK, naKonbKi npHro^HH g3HBoHbia rpyg3i 3'aynHnicH He TonbKi npbiKMeTan nonaBan c^enac^i, ane i a6'eKTaM ^paTHHHHX nepa^HBaHHay 3 6oKy xnon^y (»3-3a HKix nro6H^b i 3a HKia Hi6bTa HeHapoKaM xa^aro^^a« [35, 170], 6onbma^b MariHHHX npagnicaHHay gaTbiHbinaca MeHaBiTa ix »npaBinbHara« pocTy. »Ka6 BHKniKa^b pocT rpyg3en, g3ayHHHKa naBiHHa ec^i hk Mara Hac^eH »nacKpo-6rnmH«, 6ynb6y, p^^y, 6pyHKy i iHm. KpyrnHH npagyKTH, ca^p^ymH ix ^a^Hp^gHe 3a
213
^pac y ôenapycKaïï Tpagb^biMHaïï KynbTypbi
na3yxan na ronara D;ena... Kani m TaKiMi cpogKaMi M^Ta He gacaraeDfla, g3ayHbiHKa naBiHHa npbiKnacn;i ca6e ga cacKoy D;i pa3Hanonbix mnaHroKoy, D;i Kan;aHaT... Hmm gpymHen cMaKTani mHbiHroKi i Kan;aHaTbi, thm xyT^n g3ayHbiHy ynpbiromaD;b Bbico-Kia rpyg3i« [37, 47-48]. 3 raTan ma M^Tan npagnicBanaca HaD;ipan;b rpyg3i xnanen;Kan manKan [35, 170] D;i, cagmaro^bi xne6 y nen, cKy6aHyn;b »3a KomHHM pa3aM Tponnbi D;ecTa 3 nanaTH« i »nanKHyn;b« npbi raTbiM [39, 308].
AnTHManbHH mnro6HH y3pocT gna g3ayHbiHbi, Kani »g3eyKa 6bina caMa y ca6e« [4, 215], npagyrnegmBay agnaBegHacn;b gyxoyHara (pa3yMoBara, KynbTypHara) i ^i-3iHHara (npbipogHara) pa3Bin;D;a: »HaBecTa ni^biDfla cnenaro, Kani ae Kaca gapacna ga naaca« [40, 306]. Kaca (Banacbi) y gag3eHbiM BbinagKy ^irypye MeHaBiTa aK ciMBanin-Hae a3Ha^HHe pa3yMoBara nanaTKy (nagpa6a3Hen a6 cyBa3i Banacoy i pa3yMoBbix 3gonbHacn;ay HanaBeKa rn.: [41]).
nepHag g3aBon;TBa agnrocTpaBaHbi y 6enapycKiM ^anbKnopbi pacniHHan ciM-BoniKan. .D^ay^bma, aKaa gacarayna mnro6Hara y3pocTy i, agnaBegHa, ganyqaen^a ga Manag3ëBara KaneKTHBy, ciMBani3yeD;D;a cagoBbiMi (pyma, a6nbiHa, rpyma, Hap^mHa, BimHa) i nanaBHMi (KaniHa, pyTa, 6apo3a) gp^BaMi i KBeTKaMi y cTagbii cBanro kbít-HeHHa: »Ha rapog3e ga Ha nepaxog3e I TaM D;Bina poma HbipBoHeHbKa, I TaM xag3ina 3niHHa naHeHKa, I 3ni^Ha naHeHKa, Managa AneHKa. I ^Ha Tyro pomy ga cam^Hnana, I CamHbinana i BaHoK 3Bina, I 3aBiymbi BaHoK, nanmna y TaHoK« [24, 221].
»Cnenacn;b xnonn;a, aK i g3ayHbiHbi, TaKcaMa Bbi3Hananaca D^nbiM m^pa^aM ^aK-Tapay 6ianari^Hara i KynbTypHara KmTanTy: »Ëh xnonen; go6pbi, 3gapoBbi i npbirombi, 3Hae (BbinynaHa MHoro. - y^.) ycaKae g3ena pa6in;b i g3eyKy-HaBecTy 6yg3e nro6in;b« [4, 216]. K 18 ragaM xnonen; Myciy BbiKoHBan;b npaKTbiHHa yce racnagap^bia (»Mym-HHHcKia«) pa6oTH, mTo 3'aynanaca BamHan nepagyMoBan gna cTBap^HHa ynacHan caM'i. AgHaK, naKonbKi »KynbTypHae 6ygayHiD;TBa« nanaBeKa 3aBapmanaca TonbKi 3 ycTynneHHeM aro y mnro6, D;HaTniBacn;b xnonn;a Bbiaynanaca y royHan T^XHanariHHaH HegacKaHanacn;i: >^HaTniBbi Mym^biHa He yMee naD^nin;b KaMeHeM y D^nb, He yMee caHH caKeparo na agHHM Mecn;bi« [40, 306]. Be3yMoyHa, nonaBaa cnenacn;b 3'aynanaca HaTypanbHHM BH3HananbHiKaM npbi gacarHeHHi mnro6Hara y3pocry (»smna maHinKa He agpacna« - npa ^i3ianari^Ha Hepa3BiTara xnonn;a), ane ynwBanaca aHa TonbKi y KaHT^Kc^e coD;bia-KynbTypHbix BapTacn;ay roHaKa. Kani ëH xapaKTapbi3aBayca aKynb-TypHHMi aKacn;aMi (npbigypKaBaTacD;ro, HayMenbcTBaM, cKpanHan HeaxanHacD;ro i ga T.n.), to, Harneg3aHbi Ha cbom y3pocT, Ha6nimayca y HapogHan cBagoMacn;i ga y3-poyHro g3in;aD;i (HecaMacTonHara, HayMenara, He 3gonbHara KaHTpanaBaD;b, canbiD;b 3a ca6on) i ayTaMaTbiHHa BbiKnronayca 3 mnro6Han KaT^^opHi: »fflro aro maHiD;b, Kani y aro ca cpaKi Bamn;b?« [42, 8].
nayHanen^e roHaKa ciMBanwHa cyagHocinaca 3 BereTaD;bian XMenro, pag3en 6apBiHKaM i paMoHKaM: » - ^nep 6ygy mamica. I Ha TbiHbiHe XMenb pa3Biyca, I Ha HiyD;bi a^MeHb ymo Haniyca« [29, 159].
nepbiag 3HaxogmaHHa nanaBeKa y Manag3ëBbiM KaneKTbiBe He Mor 6bm;b 3aHag-Ta npan;arnbiM. »y HapogHan TpagbiD;bii ycxogHix cnaBaH napa nayHanen^a ^pa^a^-Banaca y cap^gHiM ag agHaro ga ^a^i ragoy gna a6ogByx nonay« [43, 234]. Ha npan;ary ^^Ta^a nepbagy, xapaKTapM3aBaHara BacKoBan rpaMagon aK »rynbHa«, acHoyHan 3a-ganan y Memax Manag3ëBan rpynbi 3'aynanaca cTBap^HHe ^aT^H^HHHHX mnro6HMX nap nacpogKaM a6pagaBMx rynbHay i iHmbix ^opMay pMTyanbHMx (pMTyani3aBa-hhx) naBog3iHay. Bo »y KomHan KaHKp^THaH naKanbHan TpagH^Hi icHaBani gaBoni
214
ynad3ímíp floóah
mopcTKiH y3pocraBbiH paMKi, y Memax hkíx npagnicBanaca 3aKnKTOHHe mnro6y. y 3BapoTHHM BbinagKy (aca6niBa npw Bbixag3e 3a BepxHroro MHmy) HanaBeK naTpannay y KaT^^opHro Bbi6iymbixcH 3 pbiTMy	i ymo TaMy ca^ianbHa HenayHaBapTac-
hhx nrog3eM (nepacTapKi, 6a6bini i ga T.n.)« [31, 65]. AgHaK Manag3éBaH rynbHH Mena 3Ha^HHe He TonbKi y »HanaBe^biM«, »rapbi3aHTanbHbiM« BbIMHp^HHL »rynbHH y pbi-TyanbHbM KaHT^Kc^e	a6mHbiHHara KaneKTbiBy Mi^anari3aBana ganynaHac^
Monag3i ga npa^cay cTagbii Managorn;i KocMa6iHnariHHara CBeTy, hmm a6yMoyniBa-naca hk aca6niBaa pona He pbiTyanbHbix ^yH^biay y ^pa^oyHbIM KaneHgapbi, TaK i cne^i^iKa yHyTpbirpynaBora ^H^^H« [43, 235]. HeBbinagKoBa MeHaBiTa a6pagaBHH g3eHHHi Monag3i cKnagani MaTpb^y ycix acHoyHbix pbiTyanay ragaBora Kona: Kana-gay, Macnem^i, ryKaHHH Bhchh, 3HnéHbix cBHTaK, Kynanna gbi iHm.
naKa3anbHa, mTo caMo cnoBa »rynbHH«, 3 nepmacHHM 3Ha^HHeM »cnHBaHHe ca cKoKaMi«, Mae BeparogHae cyagHHceHHe 3 ct. iHg »yájti« (maHaBa^ 6ocTBa) i ^p^^KiM »áylos« (cBHm^HHbi) [44, 16]. PbiryanbHbi xapaKTap Manag3éBbix rynbHHy 6onbm nagpa6H3Ha npainrocTpyeM Ha npbiKnag3e »^aH^b6bi ^Hp^mKi«« - ymKanbHan a6pagaBan g3ei, 6biTaBaHHe hkom aManb BbiKnroHHa cynagae 3 ap^anaM paccaneHHH nona^ix KpbiBiqoy [5, 56].
rynbHH pbrryanbHara 3MecTy y agpo3HeHHe ag rynbHi na6biToBaM, Mae cTporyro cyagHeceHac^ 3 »Mi^anariHHa HanpymaHbiMi« KponKaMi y nace i npacTopbi. »,3k 6onbm BbigaTHaH, hí6h cBHm^HHaa, rynbHH raTaa (^am^6a ^Hp^mKi. - y^.) bh-KOHBae^^a gaBoni p^gKa i BbiKnroHHa 3Ímom, y gHi ragaBHx cBHTay, hk, HanpbiKnag, Kanagbi, Hobh rog i 3araBeHHe nepag BHniKiM nocTaM...« [45, 99]. He^acp^gHa »^a-rn^6a« naHbrnanacH anoyHanbi - y »HynHBbi« npaMemaK nacy, hkí y Tpagb^biMHan 6enapycKan KynbTypbi pa3rnHgaycH hk Han6onbm anTbiManbHbi gna KaMyHiKa^ii 3 iHmacBeTaM (Bapo:m6bi, 3aMoBbi) i pa3HacTaMHbix MariHHbix MeTaMap^o3ay.
HeBHnagKoBHM 3'aynanacH i Mern;a »irpbimna« - Kap^Ma, hk naMemHaa KponKa y npacropaBan cicT^Me »cBaMro«/«Hy*:orBa« cBeTy. A6pagaBH xapaKTap »^aH^b6bi« BHHiKae i 3 a6aBH3KoBarn;i He npaBHg3eHHH, i 3 »caH^biHHaBaHHH« Ha He npaBHg3eHHe 3 6oKy gapocnbix: »Ba^Ki HiKoni He yMemBanica y ^Hp^mKy«, He 3a6apaHHni »marn^ ^Hp^mKy«, HaagBapoT, HaBaT 3aragBani raTa pa6^b...« [5; 81]. CaM cro:*^T »^aH^b6bi« y KaHT^Kc^e 3iMoBara coH^BapoTy, cMep^ cTapora cBeTa-napagKy i cTBap^HHH HoBara, 6e3yMoyHa Ha6biBay KacMiHHae rynaHHe. y raTbiM c^Hce 3HaKaBHMi 3'aynHK^a HanMeHHi g3eroHbix aco6ay, hkíh i 3aKnronaK^b ciMBaniHHbi mnro6: »,D,3eg« i »Ba6a«. y 6enapycKan Tpagb^bii y Bo6pa3e »,D,3ega« (a6arynbHeHa - »^3Hgoy«) ^irypyro^ npogKi, Bor, xaTHiK i m^pa^ iHmbix npagcTayHiKoy c^epbi caKpanbHara (BHgoMH 6biy i naMiHanbHbi g3eHb »Ba6bi«, y roHap npogKay maHonara nony). TaMy BbiKapbicTaHHe raTbix Bo6pa3ay y thx ^ íhohx ^anbKnopHHx cro^^Tax, 36onbmara, yKa3Bae Ha ix ciMBaniHHac^b, cyagHeceHac^ ca c^epan »BocKara«.
TaK, nagnac Kanagay, a^HyneHHe »Ka3H« i, agnaBegHa, Hapag^^HHe HoBara cBeTanagy 6bno Mar^biMae TonbKi npa3 nanacTyHaK-axBHpy 3 6oKy racnagapoy i ciM-Bani^HH nonaBH aKT »Ka3H« 3 npagcTayHiKoM caKpanbHan c^epH - ^3egaM ^i Mexa-HomaM: »Ka6 Hama Ko3aHbKa / ^h HaenácH, / nag MexaHomy / naBaninaca. / Hy-TKa, MexaHom, / flyn Ka3e y hoc. / Hag3bMe^^a ^Hna, / Byg3e Ka3a «HBa«, ^i: »y Hamara ^3ega / TaKaH ^Hna. / TaKaH ^Hna, / Ka6 Ka3a ^HBa« [46, 317, 384].
^tkí m ciMBani^HH c^Hc Mae i »nanixaHHe« Ka3H g3egaBHM kíhm. naKonbKi KipHna TypaycKi ga Han6onbm BigaBoHHbix i »6oraMep3Kix« rpaxoy HamHx npogKay
215
^pac y ôenapycKaïï Tpagb^biMHaïï KynbTypbi
agHociy i »6nyg co ckotom« [47, 385], MarHbiMa, na3HanaHbi aKT y gaxpbicD;iaHCKaM a6pagaBacn;i Mor Hacin;b p^anbHbI xapaKTap.
flareTynb KaHHaTKoBa He BbicBeTneHbiM 3acTaeDfla caM Bo6pa3 »^ap^mKi«. Ag-HaK, aHani3 ^anbKnopHara MaT^pbIany (^ap^mKa, ^nemKa, ^nbnembiK - y 6ena-pycKix Ka3Kax - gpaynaHbi xnornbiK) i ^yHKD;biay »^ap^mKi« nag Hac »^amü;b6bi«, ga3Banae narag3in;D;a 3 gyMKan ^.BapTam^BiH a6 ^aniHHbiM xapaKTapbi reTara nepca-Ha»a [41, 86], naKonbKi cnoBa »^ep^x« y 6enapycKan MoBe a3Hanae »TayKaH« [48, 688], aKi, y cBaro Hapry, ^anbKnopHan TpagbiDHan agHa3HaHHa TpaKTyen^a aK ciMBaniHHbi 3aMMeHHiK ^pa^aBaHa^a g3eTapogHara opraHa My^^HHH [32, 87-92]. y reTan cyBa3i naKa3anbHa, mTo y caMHM BagoMHM cBaD;inimHbi SpoTa, aKoe 3Haxog3inaca y ®ec-niax, 6eaTbiMD;bi ymaHoyBani aro y Bbirnag3e npocTara ^ani^Hara cnyna, a npbian, 6or BHTBop^Hx cinay 3aMni, »y3HiK 3 rpy6bix gpaynaHHx ^aniHHbix BbiaBay, aKia cTBapanica gna gbiamciMCKix oprin« [22, 40, 50]. Bnra^nmbiM aHanaraM 6enapycKaMy ^ap^mKy Mo»a Mor 6bm;b i niToycKi roHgy (Gondu), anaKyH agHociHay naMi: Mana-gbiMi nrog3bMi [49, 156].
Ha nanaTKy »^amü;b6bi« g3aynaTH i xnonDH nag3anaroDfla Ha gBa m^pa^i, npbi-hhm nepmbia cTaHoBaDfla 3 neBara, a gpyria - 3 npaBara 6oKy [5, 104], mTo ciMBani3ye y Mi^anariHHbiM nnaHe pacnag cycBeTy Ha g3Be 3bixogHbia KaMnaHeHTH (ig^HTHHHH ^neMeHT pbiTyana npbicyTHiqay i Ha Kynanni, Kani »ypagHiK« - KipayHiK a6pagaBan g3ei, pa3Bog3iy g3eBaK i ManbD;ay Ha gBa 6aKi nepag cKoKaMi D;epa3 Boraimna [50, 227]. AgHaK caMa »^amD;b6a«, 3ny^HHe nap, aKiM KipyroD;b a6paHbia 3 m^pa^y :aHaTbix »Ban;bKa« i »MaTKa«, y T^KCTaBHM nnaHe caHKDHaHyeDfla BbiKnroHHa ^ap^mKaM, aKi 3'aynaeDfla y Bbirnag3e MexaHomH (npbiragan MexaHomy KanagHara a6bixogy) i npbi-HociD^b KaMnaHeHTH, Hea6xogHHa gna 3aKnroroHHa mnro6y: »^ap^mKa, Haxy, Haxy, I fflro y n;a6e y Maxy, y Maxy? I - I mnineHKi, ironaHKi, I 3anaTH napcD;ëHaHKi, I ËnaHKi gH nana^Ki, I ,0,3eD;Kia 3a6aBaHKi« [5, 110, O 15]. Konro^bia, nagoy:aHbia npagMeTH reTara mnro6Hara Ha6opy ciMBani3yroD;b aKTbiyHbi My:HbiHCKi nanaTaK, p^HH 3 agTy-niHan (Mex, napcD;ëHaK, a6apaHaK) - :aHoHbi. nonaBH ciMBani3M reTbix p^Hay acKpa-Ba BbiaynaeDfla aK y caMix »^ap^mKax«, TaK i iHmbix ^anbKnopHbix T^KCTax. fla npbi-Knagy, y BacenbHan T^MaTH^H napBaHH Mex a3Hanae agcyTHacD;b d;hotm y HaBecTH: »Pacnapoyca Mex - i Ha 6an;bKy ^p^x« [51, 146], a »ronKa« BHCTynae y aKacn;i aKTbiy-Hara ^irypaHTa y nepmyro mnro6Hyro hoh: »fflBa^Ka 6bina Hama BacbKa, I Bbimbina yKpyr nagana I Tynon irnon 6e3 BymKa I I hhpbohhm moyKaM.« [52, 709]. 3an3gpoc-Hae yMenbCTBa y BbiKapbicTaHHi cBaën »ronKi« naKa3Bae i »g3agynbKa« ^ap^mKaBHx npHneBaK: »fl3eg 6a6e Ka:yx mbiiD;b, I Ba6iHa gyma HbiiD;b.I fl3eg 6a6e Ka^yx namHy, I CeM pa3 Ha HaHH npaciy« [5, 141, O 139]. ^HTbiHHae »npaHHTaHHe« Mae i mninbKa: »npb6er XBinbKa, 3a6iy mninbKy: Ax, XBinbKa, xapomaa TBaa mninbKa! npH6aran ^acKap^H, 3a6iBan ^aKpa^H^H« (3aragKa npa Macna6onKy) [53, 87]. XapaKT^pHa, mTo cnoBa »xBinb« Ba yMoyHan MoBe (»^ro6e^Ki neMeHT«) ^a6paKoy MarinëycKan ry6epHi a3Hanana MeHaBiTa My^HHHCKi H^nac [54, 131].
T^Ma cTpaTH g3ayHHHañ ^HaTniBac^i i, agnaBegHa, nepaxogy 3 g3aBO^Ka^a y ^aHo^H cTaH ciMBaniHHa a6H^pHBae^^a Ha npan;ary ycën »^aHi^b6H«, BHaynaro-HHca y pa3HacTaMHbix cro^sTHHx Bo6pa3ax. Han6onbm TbinoBbiM 3'aynae^^a croÄ^T 3 »naTanneHHeM« 6a6ynbKi g3egaM: »fl3eg 6a6y Ta^i^b Bag3en;b. I A 6a6a KpHHH^b, Ha Mg3en;b. I - Xan n;a6e KagyK 6ap^^b, I ^k th MHe xBapTyx g3ap^m!« [5, 140, 135]. »^k y KacManariHHHM, TaK i y aHTpananariHHHM nnaHax narpy:*3HHe y BogH a3Hanae
216
ynad3ímíp floóah
He KamaTKOBae 3racaHHe, a nacoBae BapTaHHe y Bo6narn;b aMop^Hara, 3a aKiM ig3e caTBap^HHe HOBara	^ »HOBara HanaBeKa«, y 3ane:Hacb^ ag Taro, ^ Bag3e^^a
pa3MOBa npa KacMÍHHae, 6ianariHHae ^ caT^pbIanariHHae« [2, 83]. Pa3pbiBaHHe »g3e-gaM« XBapTyxa, aKi y HapogHaM Tpagbm;bii ciMBani3aBay :aHOHbia reHiTanii, a aroHaa HaayHac^ (3axaBaHarn;b) y g3ayHbiHbi - ae ^HaTniBac^b [32, 129-130], BigaBOHHa yKa3Bae Ha ceKcyanbHbi xapaKTap »naTanneHbHa« »6a6ynbKi«. naKa3anbHa, mTo caM g3eacnoy »Ky^a^^a« y3bixog3^b ga mgaeypaneMCKara KopaHa küp- ca 3Ha^HHeM »Kine^, ropana :aga^« [55; 29], a 6enapycKaa ^anbKnopHaa Tpagb^bia TpaKTye »HaMaKaHHe« BaHKa, aK cTpaTy g3ayHbiHaM ^HOTbI [24, 221, O 187]. HeBbinagKoBa y HapogHbM coHHiKy Tan^b Karo-He6yg3b y HbicTaM Bag3e - Ha aBe npbiMyma^ nna-Ka^, 3acMyna^ raTara HanaBeKa [56, 385]. »He6acneKa«, mTo nagra;eparae g3ayqbi-Hy, ciMBani^Ha a6bI^pbIBae^^a y »^ap^mKax« po3HannaHaBMM HbrnaM. ^paTbIHHaa : ciMBoniKa, aKoro ragaK HacbinaHbia npbineyKi »^aH^b6bi«, 3'aynaro^a npaKTbiHHa »noyHMM Ha6opaM« mbi^pay, mTo Kagyro^b c^epy íhthmhhx y3aeMagaHbiHeHHay naMi: My:HbiHaM i :aHHbiHaM y Tpagb^biMHaM KynbTypbi.
AgHaK, y agpo3HeHHe ag BacenbHara ^ pag3iHHara ^anbKnopy, ^paTH3M >^a-p^maK« amqa He HaraTynbKi »npa3pbicTbi« i BigaBOHHbi. TaMy MeHaBiTa ix cynacTay-neHHe 3 iHmbiMi :aHpaMi, nepagyciM 3 caMeMHa-a6pagaBbiMi necHaMi, ganaMarae »npa^biTBa^« rnbi6oKa npbixaBaHbi œHc Hi6biTa 6acKpbiygHbix ciTya^iay: »nangy a Kapoy ga^b, / A 3a mhom :a 6mk 6a:b^b. / Ka6 ^6e KapmyH 3agpay, / ,3k :a th MHe xBapTyx napBay!« [5, 176, O 292]. T^Ma, na3HanaHaa ciMBoniKan xBapTyxa (rn. BHm^H) aK^^HTye^^a TyT i Bo6pa3aM apara 6biKa, y6anb^b aKora Ba cHe - a3Hanae Hapag:3HHe cbma, a ygap aroHMMi paraMi - Toe, mTo Ha aBe »HanaBeK ga6iBae^^a ga :aHHHHM« [56, 422]. flamnro6HHa nonaBbia 3hocíhh, He caH^biaHaBaHbia Bacenb-hhm pHTyanaM, aTaacaMniBanica 3 BHxagaM, »Bbinag3eHHeM« ca c^epbi KynbTypbi, yBaxog:aHHeM HanaBeKa y 3oHy npbipogbi, g3e yqbiHKi i g3eaHHi He p^^naMeHTaBa-HHa HiaKiMi HopMaMi: »nanagg3a nmarn^Ky :ana, / y noni 3aHanaBana. / y noni nag ënKaro / 3 ManagbiM MiKonKaro« [5, 143, O 146]. naKonbKi »amqa y cTapa:biTHac^ y npogKay 6enapycay enKa 3 ae xapaKrapHbiMi mbimKaMi ni^binaca ^aniHHbiM gp^BaM« [15, 218], to HanoyKa g3ayHbiHbi »y nece, nag enKaro« Mena y HapogHaM Tpagb^bii agHa3Ha^Hyro g^mbI^poyKy TaK, pag3iHa Managora Knina 3 He^HaTniBaM HaBecTH Ha-cTynHHM HHHaM: »^ nag ennro cnana? / ^ mumxa ynana? / ^ Kapoy gaina? / ^ Ha por npa6ina?« [52, 206, O 750].
HecyMHeHHbi ^paTHHHH KaHT^KCT Meni y »^ap^mKax« i pa3HacTaMHbia anepa-^Hi 3 ap^xaMi: »BHMgy, BHMgy y arapog, / y g3aBO^Ki Kaparog, / Ap^mKi m^HnaroHH, / ^3agynbKy myKaronbi, / Ap^mKi ^aTyroHH, / ^3agynbKy ^anyroHH« [5, 184, O 327]. Ap^xi, aKia capog iHmHx »nagapyHKay« ^pHHOci^b ^ap^mKa, 3'aynaro^^a aHgpa-riHHMM (yBaca6naroHHM My:HHHcKi i :aHo^H nanaTaK agHanacoBa) ciMBanaM, mTo i a6bI^pbIBae^^a y ^anbKnopH. TaK, 3HemHi Bbirnag ap^xay (»na naTHpH, na na^, 3anyniymHca Bica^b« [57, 330] TpHBana cyagHociy ix 3 aKTHyHHM My:HbmcKiM na-naTKaM, ane nonaa cTpyKTypa, y aKon Hapag:ae^^a agpo, 36ni:ana ix 3 Bo6pa3aM :aHonara ynoHHa. y MpaycKix i KynanbcKix necHax mHpoKa npagcTayneHH cro:^T, g3e ap^x 3 agpoM (»cap^g3iHaH«) ig^HTH^iKye^^a 3 g3aBO^Kac^ro i cy^pa^b^acTay-nae^^a My:HbmcKaMy nanaTKy, ciMBani3aBaHaMy MaHaniTHHM (6e3 agpa) KaMaHëM. Agcronb 36ipa^b, nymHH^b, Tpymnb^b ap^xi - ^a36ayna^b g3ayHHHy ^HaTniBac^i. TaK, y apxaiHHan a6pagaBan rynbHi »^mnyp« (BHKOHBanaca aK i »^aH^b6a« Ha Ka-
217
^pac y ôenapycKaïï Tpagb^biMHaïï KynbTypbi
nagbi) anomHÍ xapaKTapbi3aBayca HacTynHbiMi cnoBaMi: »Cag3in;b, cag3in;b amnap! / y 3anéHbiM Kp^cne, / y nacKaBbiM Kycn;e, / ^ap^mbIKi Tpymna. / Eapbi ca6e naHeHKy, / KaTopyro xonam« [44, 88].	6onbm Bbipa3Ha ciMBoniKa ap^xa aryHBaen^a y
»KaMopHan« necHi BacenbHara a6pagy, aKaa yxBanae »HenapymaHacD;b« HaBecTbi ga mnro6y: »A go6pa Hama MaHe^Ka HbiHina, HbiHina, / fflro He xag3ina y D;éMHbia nacbi y ap^mKi, ap^mKi, / He Hapa6ina cBaén pag3ÍHe HacMemKi, HacMemKi« [52, 196, O 708].
T^Ma Mra:nonaBbix gamnro6Hbix agHociHay agnrocTpaBaHa i y »^ap^mKax« 3 yMoyHan Ha3Ban »naina KOHiKa y Bagp^«, g3e KOHb BbicTynae ciMBanaM My^HHHcKa-ra, a Bagpo 3 Bagon - :«aHoD;Kara nanaTKy: »naina KOHiKa y Bagp^, / Big3ina a pbi6Ky Ha gHe. / CMa^Haa pbráa^Ka Kapacb, / naD;anyn, g3agyne^Ka, xon;b pa3« [5, 248].
Eonbm npa3pbcTa raTbi cro:*3T aryHBaen^a y Manag3éBbiM KaparogHbiM gbiano-3e nagnac BecHaBbix cBaTKaBaHHay, aKi 6biy 3a^iKcaBaHbi Ha roMenbmnbiHe: »- fl3ey-Ka-g3aBin;a, / Hanon Manro KaHa. y! / Hanon Manro KaHa, / - ^ Ha 6yg3em th Maa? y! / A He 6ygy nain;i / - Eyg3e MaHe TaTKa 6in;i. y! [58, 132].
napayHaHHe He3aMy«Hañ g3ayHbiHbi 3 HanoyHeHbiM nocygaM npbicyTHinae i y BacenbHHM ^anbKnopbi (Ha 3anoiHax - cBaTaM): »Ba3bMin;e ae, pacn;in;e ae, / Hega-pomnaHyro g3eBa^Ky. / Ba3bMin;e ae, gamn;e ae, / 3anaTyro napa^Ky« [59, 109]. Agcronb »pbi6Ka Ha gHe« ^irypye y T^KC^e HeBbinagKoBa: »TaK HiKoMy He yganoca, / Ak MHe, 6egHan cipan;e: / 3'ena pbi6Ky-TpanaTymKy - / Tpanenan;n;a y :«biBan;e« [60, 214, O 1414]. naKa3anbHbiM 3'aynaen;n;a mbipoKa pacnaycrog^aHH y Hapog3e Bbipa3: »^o>Bin;b pbi6Ky« - agHocHa Manrnx xnombiKay, mTo Monada y no^aK, i Toe, mTo THa ^ Kapacb, niHb, aKyHb i mnynaK naBogne Tpagbin;biñHara coHHiKa a3Haqaron;b Hapag:*^HHe cHHa [56, 435-436].
HacbinaHacD;b Manag3éBara ^anbKnopy ^paTbIHHañ T^MaTbIKañ, 6e3yMoyHa, He 3'aynaen;n;a npaaBan xBapaBiTan 3an;biKneHacn;i Ha ceKcyanbHan rne6e. HaagBapoT, nparaBopBaHHe ycix inacTacay >^Mbi« Ha ciMBaniHHbiM y3poyHi, y a6aBa3KoBa ga-cn;inHan ^apToyHan gbi ipam^Han ^opMe, cTBapana y Manag3éHay yayHbi (n;i aK npbi-HaTa 3apa3 - BipTyanbHbi) ceKcyanbHbi BonHT, aKi pa36ypay Ma^niBHa KoMnneKcbi y c^epbi p^anbHHX Mi^nonaBHX agHociHay i apram^Ha yBog3iy ix y ^aHy^^éBa-^anec-hh cBeT »gapocnara«	3Ha^Ha nenen, hhm cynacHHa ypoKi caMenHan ^THKi,
mTo éc^b TonbKi cnpo6an CTap^Hma^a naKaneHHa HaBa3a^b ynacHHa ceKcyanbHHa ^o6ii i Hea6a3HaHac^b cBaiM HamnagKaM.
AgHon 3 ^opMay »npaHiKHeHHa« y »gapocnyro« T^My 3'aynanica gByxc^HCoy-HHa 3aragKi, g3e agHa 3 agragKay Hacina ^agKp^cneHa ^paTHHHH xapaKTap, ane »npa-BinbHH« agKa3 3'aynayca 6acKpHygHHM. Ag3HanaroHH aca6niByro ^a^ynapHac^b TaKix 3aragaK capog Monag3i, Hin rineBin cnymHa 3aD;eMiy, mTo aHH »...BenbMi agnaBagani HaTypanbHan gna nepaxogHara y3pocTy ^iKaBac^i ga T^MH nonaBHx agHociHay« [61, 62]. npbiBag3eM TonbKi HeKaTopHa 3 ix: »Poc, poc, BHpac, 3 D;éMHara BHne3, Ha cBeT naKa3ayca, 3 g3eyKaMi naKaxayca« (Ap^x); »Ka6 He g3egaBa KananKa, coxna 6 6a6iHa MananKa« (Kanog3e^ 3 ^ypaBoM) [57, 330, 335]; »y g3ega BiciD;b, y 6a6H 33ae, g3eg nanpociü;b - 6a6a gae« (Toe [62, 90]; »A y Hamara TaTynbKi 3anaTHa 6ayTynbKi, aK 3a6ayTaroD;D;a, gHK yce 3ga^agaro^^a«, »Capog cana BiciD;b Kina« (3boh); »CTai^b non Ha MacTy, KpHHH^b: »rBanT, a6acn;y!« (caMaBap) [61, 19]; »Ka6 He g3egaBa paMacTBo, y 6a6H 6 na KaneHi agpacno« (BeHiK) [16, 246]; »Ee3 KocTa^Ki, 6e3 ^Hna^Ki, ag3iH cacTay i tom ycTay« (^ecTa y g3a^H); »raranéK 6a6y Kanae« (BeHiK y na3Hi); »3Bepxy nopHa, y cap^g3iHe - KpacHa, aK Hag3eHem - 6yg3e npaKpacHa« (KanémH) [53, 236, 248, 314].
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ynad3ímíp äo6au
AgHaK pa3rnag Bep6anbHaM ciMBoniKi Manag3ëBaM cy6KynbTypbi Mae œHc TonbKi 3 yniKaM ciMBoniKi a^biaHanbHañ, KaHKp^THbIx rynbHëBbix naBog3iHay, aK y paMKax KanaHgapHHx »irpbimHay«, TaK i y na6biToBbiM KaffreKOT;e.
y »^arn^6e ^ap^mKi« caM xapaKTap g3eaHHay Monag3i (»cKpyHBaHHe« nap y TaH^i, »noBH« 6a6ynbKi g3agynbKañ i HaagBapoT) Mey Bbipa3Hyro mnro6Hyro a^ap-6oyKy: »...Ha MoBe rynbHi TaHe^ - ckokí - ciMBani3ye »mnro6« [43, 238]. XapaKrapHa, mTo »Kpy^i^^a« Ba cHe - a3HaHae xyTKae Bacenne« [56, 315], ane agHaHacoBa g3eacnoy »cKpy^i^^a« y gaHHHeHHi ga g3ayHHHH a3HaHae cTpaHaHyro ëro ^HOTy. nagHac ycëM rynbHi Monag3b Bbiaynana Ha iHgbiBigyanbHbiM y3poyHi cbom cnpbiT, 3yxaBaTarn;b, yBimHac^ y a6bixogmaHHi 3 napTHëpaM, ^aHy^^ë ryMapy i ToHKac^ y cMaxoBiHax agHaHacoBa: »ycë raTa ^epacH^ae^^a goc^naMi, mapTaMi, npHMayKaMi aK Ha agpac »cBa^^i«, TaK i Ha agpac »Managbix«, Kani ëra;b ga Taro 3a^nKa, aca6niBa Kani xno^e^ Ha3rpa6HH i He cyMee yTpbiMa^ g3ayHHHy« [5, 73]. ,3k TpanHa 3ayBamay A.BargaHo-bíh, »^am^6a ^ap^mKi« ^KaBina »gapocnbix Managbix nrog3eñ ranoyHHM HHHaM TaMy, mTo TyT Ha3MymaHa Bbiaynaro^a ix rycTH i y3aeMHbia cxinbHac^« [5, 72]. CyHacHaa Manag3ëBaa gHCKaT^Ka, aHTbiiHgbiBigyanbHaa na cBaiM Bbi3Ha^Hm, gae 3HaHHa MeHeM maH^y gna p^ani3a^Hi TaKix MarHbiMa^ay.
y tom ma Hac 6onbmarn;b gap^Banro^HHHHx gacnegHHKay ag3HaHana »HaOT;in-nbi« xapaKTap KanagHbix irpbimHay: »...HacTa rynbHa KaHHae^^a myMHHM pa3rynaM, aKi gaxog3iy ga pa3Hy3gaHarn;i: a6gbiMKaM, na^nyHKaM, mapTaM ycanaKiM HaMa KaH^« [5, 66]. ^yHbia »BonbHarn;i« ganymHanica caMiM xapaKTapaM rynbHi. TaK, y »^am^6e Baxapa« (cManeHcKi BapbiaHT »^ap^mKi«) ga »6a^Ki« »nagBog3a^ xnon^y i g3ayHaT, raBopa^: >^anyñca!« A aHH (g3ayHaTbi) y KpHK, He xoHy^ naBa^^a. Bocb aHH nagbiMy^ ím BonpaTKy... TyT amqa 6oneñ cMexy...« [44, 69]. npbi yciM raTbiM icHaBani mopcTKia ^TbIHHbIa HopMH, a6aBa3KoBbia gna ycix yg3enbHiKay. 3a Kpbiygy, HaHeceHyro cnoBaM ^ g3eañ, roHaK ^ g3ayHHHa Marni 6b^b BbiganeHbia 3 Manag3ëBara KaneKTHBy Ha goyri Hac.
CiMBaniHHH xapaKTap »^aH^b6bi«, Harneg3aHH Ha »nparpaMy-MaKciMyM«, mTo cTaBinaca nepag »ManagHMi« (»Maa m th maHyneHKa, I Ä m tbom MymyneHKa! I Mh m 6yg3eM Ha cBe^ mH^b, I Mh m 6yg3eM g3a^H nnag3^b, I Mh m 6yg3eM ^ap^nKy n^b, I Mh m 6yg3eM g3a^H mam^.« [5, 73]), a6canroTHa He BHMaray npaKTHHHaM >^ani-3a^ii« T^MH: »Ha Tonañ, g3agynbKa, Haroñ, I Ha nary a cna^ 3 Ta6oñ, I Bo a HiBaHHo-Haa I - Ha BeHap 3nyHoHaa.« [5, 178, O 300]. npbiHbiM »cna^« y raTbiM œHce a3HaHana »BbiKoHBa^ mnro6HH a6aBa3aK« i He BHKnroHana cyMecHHx HaHoBaK Monag3i. TaK, y agHHM HaM6onbm paHHiM anicaHHi »^ap^mKi«, 3po6neHHM n.fflanKoBinaM Ha noygHi cynacHañ ^enenbmHbiHbi, »xnon^i i g3eyKi... nag KaHe^ BeHapa, ganëKa 3a noyHaH, na ^a^ap^gHaM 3rog3e Knagy^^a cna^ napaHKaMi« [5, 69]. AgHaK naTpa6aBaHHe 3BHHaro 3axoyBa^ npH raTbiM ^HaTniBac^b ganëKa He 3aycëgH BHKoHBanaca. »3pa3yMena, mTo g3aKyroHH BacenbHaMy xManbKy, mapTaM, ^acTaHoy^H ycëM cnpaBH Ha BacenbHyro rne6y i MHoriM iHmHM agnaBegHHM yMoBaM ManagHa nrog3i iHmH pa3 »^agaro^b«. I canpaygH: Hi agHa »^aHi^b6a ^ap^mKi« He a6bixog3^^ 6e3 TaKora pogy axBap...« [5, 67]. 3BHHaM »nagHaHoBaK« mHpoKa npaKTHKaBayca y Manag3ëBHM acapogKy Ha npa^ry ycaro rogy, aca6niBa yneTKy i yBoceHb [63, 190]. »Kani g3ayHHHa HaHye He Ha BaHopKax, a y xa^e, ^^Ta 3yciM He BHKnroHae cyMecHara cnaHHa. Xno^e^ npaBagmae ae; aHa 3axog3i^b y xaTy, g3e ymo yce c^a^b, Knag3e^^a Kana g3Bap^M i, nepaKaHaymHca, mTo yce nacHyni, ynycKae xno^^a, aKi cbixog3^b ga HacTynneHHa cBiTaHKy« [64, 290].
219
^pac y ôenapycKaïï Tpagb^biMHaïï KynbTypbi
T^Ma »nagHanoBaK« mbipoKa npagcTayneHa i y 6enapycKiM (^anbKnopbi: »rap6y3 6enbi, canog3eHbKi, I npbig3e Ka MHe Manog3eHbKi, I Ka6 6od;íkí He cKpbineni, I Ka6 nagKoyKi He 3BiHeni. I Ka6 MaTycH He cnbixana, I 3 kím h HoHKy HanaBana« [65, 97]. Ci-TyaD^biH Bbi6apy ^aT^H^bIHHa^a mnro6Hara napTHëpy HacaM npbiBog3ina ga Taro, mTo »ga g3HyHbiHbi, Ka6 nepaHanaBaD;b 3 ëH, yBaxog3HD;b TaKiM HbiHaM gBa D;i Tpbi xnonDH, na nap3e D;i HaBaT yce agpa3y« [64, 291]. npHWM, HaTypanbHa, »Bbi6ipana« He TonbKi g3HyHHHa: »Ka3ay 6aD;bKa, Ka6 h a^amycH, I Ka6 na Honax He xag3iy i He BanaHbiycH, I A h - xnoneD; go6pbi, h He BananycH: I ,0,3e g3eyKy nanyro, TaM i 3aHanyro. I y agHoH cnay h, y gpyroe yniycH, I A y Tp^^HH Ha nHHbi HaraBiD; 3a6biycH« [66, 255].
Be3yMoyHa, »nagHanoyKi« He Marni 6biD;b D;anKaM He3ayBa^HHMi gnH 6aD;bKoy g3HyHHHH (»,3k MaMynH ycnbimana I fla cTapoMy npaBegana: I - ycTaHb, gymKa, yc-TaHb, gymKa, I Ect y Kaci HexTa y no^Ky« [67, 306]), ane cTaBinicH hhh ga ix, y paMKax Tpagbm;bii xyT^H yxBanbHa: »BHgoMa, 6aD;bKi BegaroD;b npa raTa, agHaK He nepamKa-g»:aK>D;b ga^D^, a TonbKi iMKHyDfla 3acD;eparnbi He ag HacTyncTBay. ^ro6aH MaD;i 6bina 6 BenbMi 3acMyTOHaH, Kani 6 He gaHKa agMoBinacH HaBegBaD;b BHHopKi D;i Kani 6 xno-neD; He 3axaD;ey 3 ëH nepaHanaBaD;b. HacynpaD;b, ëH inbCD;iD;b, Kani xnonDH 3BHpTaroD;b Ha He yBary« [64, 291]. npacD;eß Ka^y^H, 6aD;bKi »3annromHBani bohh« Ha HaHHbiH bÍ3Íth: »A MaD;i He cnana, I flbi h ycë HbicTa Hyna. I MHHe He cBapbina, I CaMa TaKaH 6bina«. [68, 79]. 3BbiHaß cyMecHbix HanoBaK Monag3i 6biy pacnaycrog^aHM i y iHmbix Hapogay Eyponbi. TaK, ga npbiKnagy, BHCKoyDH flaHii y XIX ct. »MepKaBani, mTo g3Hy-HMHa He yHynHe KamToyHacD;i y HKacD;i ^ohkí, Kani HHa ^a^Hp^gHe He Begana My^-hhh..., xnoneD; naBiHeH 6biy nacnpa6aBaD;b, Ha mTo HHa BapTaH y ^paTHHHHM nnaHe... TaMy He 6bino He3BbiHaHHbiM cycTp^^b xaTy, g3e 6aD;bKi 3anpamani »My^HbiHCKyro Monag3b HaBegaD;b ix, Ka6 nepaHanaBaD;b y ixHae gaHKi 3 Hag3eHH Ha Toe, mTo raTa 3aBH^a 6onbm 6ni3Kae 3HaëMCTBa« [70, 145-146]. AgHaK HacaM ciryaDHH Marna bhxo-g3iD;b 3-nag KaHTponro i npbiBog3iü;b ga He3annaHaBaHbix HacTyncTBay: h Ta6e He Ka3ana, D;i He raBapbina, I He Knag3icH ca mhoh cnaD;b, 6o 6yg3e raypbina.I A ëH MHHe He nacnyxay, ycë npbi 6oKy KnaycH. I ^nep caMa He 3Haro, cKynb raypbina y3HycH. I ^nep, MaH MaD;i, raHi 3a KyMaMi, I A raypbina Ha nHHbi moyraiD;b HaraMi« [69, 220].
Be3yMoyHa, cTpaTa g3HyHbiHaro D;HaTniBacD;i, a thm 6onbm D;H»:apHacD;b na-3a mnro6aM, 6bini 3'HBaMi xyT^H BbiKnroHHbiMi, hhm yHapMaBaHbiMi. AgHaK »noyHaH ToecHacD;b HopMbi y npbiHD;bme HeMarHHMaH, 6o Tagbi raTbi naHHTaK na36aynHeDfla œHcy. Bonbm Taro, HopMa icHye TonbKi Ha Tne ^apym^HHHy« [31, 8].
TaKiM HbiHaM, raBapbiD;b npa BHKnroHHyro D;HaTniBacD;b 6enapycKae Monag3i -raTa BbigaBaD;b p^anbHae 3a ig^anbHae, gbi ^Hp^HH^b ^anbKnopHbiM nepmaKpbiHiD;aM.
HaH6onbmaH He6HcneKa cTpaD;iD;b cboh »bhhok« (D;HoTy) gnH g3HyHbiHbi 6bina 3BH3aHa 3 Manag3ëBHMi irpbimnaMi, y cBaro Hapry D;ecHa cyagHeceHHMi 3 caMHMi 3HaHHHMi cBHTaMi KanHHgapHara ^HKny (KanHgH, MacneHKa, BecHaBHH cbhth, Ky-nanne). y npbiBaTHacD^i, KaH^niKTHaH ciTya^HH naMi^ g3HyHHHaH i 6a^bKaMi Marna y3HiKHy^b na He BHpTaHHi 3 fôpaycKix Kaparogay: »fflro y ^epaMe I KpHHH^b, nna-HH^b? I - rop'eBa MaD;b I floHbKy 6ina I - A g3e, goHbKa, I BeHHHK g3ena?«
AgMeTHa, mTo i caMo cBHTa fôp'H (23.IV) Ha Mi^anari^HbiM y3poyHi pa3yMe-nacH HK caKpanbHH aKT annagHeHHH 3HMni cb. fôp'eM (3pHnaM): »fôp'H, agaMKHi 3HMnro, I rop'H, ^yc^i pacy, I fôp'H, ^H^neHbKyro, I fôp'H, 6HneHbKyro« [71, 158], g3e paca BHCTynae KacMiHHHM aHanaraM My^HHHCKara HaceHHH (napayHaH y pag3iHHHM ^anbKnopH: »Paca nana Ha TpaBÍD;y I Hama MaMa napagmD;a« [29, 315].
220
ynad3ímíp äo6au
AgHaK, ^ He caMHM ^paTbIHHa-HacbIHaHbIM cBaTaM 3'aynanaca Kynanne, aKoe BbiKniKana cBaëM »caTaHiHcKaM pacnycTaro« agnaMHae a6yp^HHe 3 6oKy ^pKoyHiKay. Aca6niBa HenaKoiy cBaTapoy MacaBbi xapaKTap reTara a6pagy i aro yKapaHëHac^ y HapogHaM KynbTypbi. TaK, amna y 1505 r. iryMeH naH^in 6egaBay: »Erga 6o npuugeTb caMHM npa3HuK Po«ecTBo npegoTeneBo, Torga bo cBaTyro Ty Ho^b Mano He Becb rpag Bo3MaTeTca, u b cenex Bo36,BcaTe3a b 6oy6HH u conenu u rygeHueM^ cTpyHHHM, u Bca-kumu Henogo6HHMu urpaHMu cotohuhckumu, nnecKaHueM u nnecaHueM, «eHaM «e u geBaM u rnaBaMu KuBaHueM u ycTHaMu ux Henpua3HeH Knun, Bca cKBepHbie 6ecoBcKue n^cHu, u xpe6ToM ux BuxnaHua, u HoraM ux cKaKaHue u TonTaHua; Toy «e ecTb My«eM,B u oTpoKoM BenuKoe nageHue, Toy «e ecTb Ha «eHcKoe u geBu^be meTaHue 6noygHoe hmï Bo3p^Hue, TaKo «e ecTb u «eHaM My«aTHM ocKBepHeHue u geBaM pacTn^Hua« [72, 90]* Harneg3aHbi Ha nepacneg 3 6oKy ^pKBbi, Bbipa3Hbia MaTbiBbi mnro6y i nnog-Harn;i 3axaBanica y KynanbcKiM a6pag3e HaBaT y n.n. XX ct.: »D^eyKi 6ary^, Ka6 xyT^M yKiHy^ y BaroHb cBae BaHKi. Hhm BaHoK xyT^M 3rapb^b, Taa g3eyKa cKap^M ycix bhm-g3e 3aMy«. Xnon^i Kigaro^a y aroHb, Ka6 BbixBa^^ agTynb BaHoK Tae g3eyKi, aKaa ^aga6ae^^a. Kani xno^e^ BbixBa^^ 3 araro BaHoK g3eyKi, to aHa naKaxae aro m BbiMg3e 3aMy«... Ca6paymbica, Kigaro^b y BaroHb naMan'e gbi npbiraBopBaro^b: »3apag3i «hto« a6o »3apag3i nëH«, - »Ka6 ragaBanoco rayago«. ^aHKi, y aKix HaMa g3a^M, ^ixeHbKa m^^Hy^b: »nnag3^eca g3e^«. At arHro pacxog3a^^a napaMi y nec, cag3a^^a m na«a^^a Ha MarKyM TpaBe ga m Kanaro^a ca6e qy^ He ycro hoh. Ka«y^, mTo y hoh Ha Kynano Hi «aHKi, Hi g3eyKi He nina^ rpaxoM Me^ ganbrneHHe 3 qy«biMi My«HbrnaMi ^ xnon-^Mi« [35, 130].
Ha ^anbKnopHbiM poyHi cTpaTa ^HaTniBac^i ciMBani3aBanaca cTpaTaro g3aBo^ Kara BaHKa (»KynanHa^Ka ga^Ky 6ina: - ,0,3e « th, m^nbMa, BaHoK g3ena? [24, 309] ^ HaMaKaHHeM xBapTyxa: »- HaMy y ^a6e, g3^aTKa, xBapTyx MoKpbi? - ManaM^i, 6a^romKa, Kynanica / fla MaiM xBapTyxaM y^panica« [72, 514]. Toe « 3Ha^HHe, mTo i cTpanaHH BaHoK, Mena Ha ciMBani^HHM y3poyHi i pacnne^Haa g3aB0^Kaa Kaca: »y«o Ha gBap^ coHeMKa y3bixog3^b / - KapanëBa ga^Ka 3 Byna^Ki npbixog3^b. / ,3e maTH c^pTH, 3MaTH, / ,3e Koca^Ka pacTpanaHa, / ,3e Bona^Ki 3annaKaHH« [29, 150].
npbi noyHaM agcyTHac^ cpogKay KaHTpa^n^ii, y ciTya^ii, Kani roHa^aa «aprn;b y cTaKpo^ nepay3bixog3ina HaayHH ceKcyanbHH boïïht, HacTyncTBH Ky-nanbcKaM »rynbHi« Marni 6b^b gocbm;b royHbiMi: »Ha Byn^bi na6op rapb^b, / A y g3eBaHKi «hbot 6an^b. / »OM, «aHimKa, paTyM, paTyM, / Kanbi6enbKy raTyM, raTyM«. HeBHnagKoBa, mTo MeHaBiTa y fla6paBemnaHcKix (25.03) BacHaHKax, aKia ryna^ He paHeM 3a 9 Meca^y nacna Kynanna, npagcTayneHH cro«^T npa g3ayHbiHy 3 na3a-mnro6HHM g3i^M: »BopaH rpana - chh 6aneHbKi, / fl3eyKa nnana - chh ManeHbKi. / BopaH rpana nana^^, / fl3eyKa nnana - Heg3e g3e^« [24, 115]. Ane i y TaKoM ciTy-a^ii BiHa 6onbmaM nacTKaM Marna ycKnaga^^a He Ha g3ayHHHy ^i ae napTHëpa, a Ha 6a^bKoy, mTo »nepaTpbiMani« g3eyKy, He aggani ae 3aMy« cBoenacoBa: »BoMTayHa cHHa ypag3ina, / Ha 6a^bKy HacnaBy nyrn;ina. / He BiHaBa^a^b BiHoyHara, / BiHaBa-Ba^b 6a^bKy ae, / fflro goyra 3aMy« He BbigaBay, / BaniKara nacary mKagaBay, / Hacra ga cBepHa nacHnay, / flbi 3 3anaTHMi KnronaMi, / A 3 ManagHMi naHinaMi / na Mëg, na bího, na ^ap^nKy / TaKyro gapocnyro g3eyKy« [24, 320].
Be3yMoyHa, y3aeMaga^HHeHHi Monag3i ganëKa He a6Ma«oyBanica paMKaMi cBaToHHbix irpHmnay. »He6acneKa« Marna ^agc^epa^a^b g3ayHbiHy i y 3BHHaMHHM,
* fflMbipbi n3aKyM Bacinro BapoHiHy 3a nagKa3aHyro KpHHi^y.
221
^pac y ôenapycKaïï Tpagb^biMHaïï KynbTypbi
6yg3éHHHM :hd;d;L npHHHM xnoneD; Mor cKapbicTaD;b gna 3agaBanbHeHHH cBaén no:ag3Í nro6bi 3pyHHH MoMaHT, Kani, HanpHKnag, g3ayHHHa 6bna Ha ag3ÍHoD;e i yganHHHHÍ ag goMy: »Ak y noni, y noni / naceD;b g3eyKa kohí. / npHnmoy ga e AKay, / CTaBiy g3eyKy paKaM« [73, 42]. He 3acMyHani raTKara 3yxa hí HagBop'e, hí agcyTHacD;b xaTHara KaM^opTy: »Ka6 raTara KaBana / MaD;enÍD;a 3aMana! / Ak éH MHHe Managy / naBaniy Ha nagy« [73, 32].
AgHaK, BÍgaBoHHa, mTo gacarayD;b cBaén M^TH xnoneD; Mor TonbKi ca 3rogH, xaD;a 6 yHyTpaHan, g3HyHHHH. y 3BapoTHHM BHnagKy maHD;ay Ha nocnex y aro He 6Hno: »A Ha BynÍDb 6Hna, / - A Big3ena Acro. / XaD;ey MHHe naBanÍD;b (BapHHHT: a6á6ÍD;b), / A h hí ganaca« [73, 72].
naKa3anbHan 3'aynaeD;D;a Taa aKanÍHHacD;b, mTo y 6enapycKÍM ^anbKnopbi nag-MaH g3ayHHHH i rBanT Hag éro, hk npaBÍna, npbimcBaeDfla »Hy:HM« ^THa-ca^HHnb-hhm ^neMeHTaM, agpo3HHM ag BHCKoyD;a i na naxog:aHHÍ, i na pogy 3aHHTKay.
Han6onbmaa He6acneKa narpa:ana g3HBoD;KaM hhcd;íhí 3 6oKy BaeHHa-cny:H-nara nrogy: Ka3aKay, :ayHepay, »ynaHay, rycapay«.
TaK, cro:^T mbipoKa BagoMan Ha nanecci i y naMe:HHx 6enapycKÍx p^^iéHax necHÍ »rana« 3aKnronaeD;D;a y nagMaHe Ka3aKaMÍ g3ayHHHH (a6aD;aroHH go6pae :hd;-D;é, 3a6iparoD;b ae 3 ca6oro), HKaa 3a cBaro gaBepnÍBacD;b pacnnaHBaeD^a D;HoTan: »Ha-MoBÍni g3eyKy 3 HopHHMÍ 6pHBaMÍ, / fla naBHni ae d^mhhmí nacaMÍ, / yBH3ani ae ga cochh KacaMÍ. / nagnanini cocHy 3 Bepxy i 3 icnogy...« [72, 207].
CÍMBonÍKa »nanaroHan cacHH« i cTpanaHan KacH BHpa3Ha yKa3yroD;b Ha cTpa-Ty g3HyHHHaM D;HaTnÍBacD;i npa3 rBanT d;í, hk MÍHÍMyM, npH agcyTHacD;i »nro6ocD;i« 3 ae 6oKy: »3a necaM, 3a necaM / CacHa ^ap^na. / Managa g3eBaHKa / Bag3ÍD;y ^p^na. / Bag3ÍD;y ^p^na / fflKnaHaHKÍ MHna. / fflKnaHaHKÍ MHna, / Ha flyHan nycD;ina.../ - CKa-:bm;e, mKnaHaHKÍ, / Maén MaMaHDb, / fflro h raTy HoHKy / He y nro6ocD;i cnana. / He y nro6ocD;i cnana, / He y D;anocD;i ycTana« [74, 113]. Aca6icTaa gpaMa g3ayHHHH y gaHH-HeHHHx 3 Ka3aKaMÍ po6ÍD;D;a MarHHMan, Kani HHa napymae HaMoBH 6aD;bKoy (»g3eyKa MaMKÍ He cnyxana, 3 Ka3aKaMÍ naexana«) i, TaKÍM HHHaM MycÍD;b pacnnoHBaD^a 3a ynacHyro rnynoTy: »A cTpaD;ina cbom bhhohhk / npa3 cbom rnynH pa3yMonaK. / nag 3HnéHeHbKÍM KycTo^KaM / 3 Manag3eHbKÍM Ka3aHoHKaM« [16, 326].
He MeHmyro He6acneKy yHynHni ca6on i »MacKani« (pacencKÍH :ayHepb): »Ahh cKanyD;b, hhh nrparoD;b, / - ^thm g3eBaK nagMaHaroD;b. / Ahh TBae 6enH pyHKÍ, / Ahh Ta6e nanaMaroDb / Ahh TBae 3naTH KonbDH, / Ahh y D;a6e nacbiMaroD;b; / Ahh TBaé 6ena nna^e, / Ahh Ta6e 3aMaparoD;b; / Ahh TBaro pycy Kocy,/ Ahh Ta6e nannyTaroD;b« [75, 99]. y HKacD;i »Ka3noy« y g3HBoD;KÍM »rapog3e« BHCTy^aro^b i nanHKÍ: »- On, mTo : th MHe Hapa6iy, nama, / fflro y MaÍM :HBa^e ^nHm^? / Hh pb6a, hh pb6ÍHaHKa, w ManH g3H^iHaHKa?« [65, 108]. nago6HHM hhhbm xapaKTapH3ye^^a y ^anbKnopH i »nro6oy« 3 6oKy naHa: »Hro6iy 6apHH g3eyKy Ha Hac, Ha naconaK, / A caM cey, naexay y ropag-rapagonaK« [65, 317].
Ee3yMoyHa, mHHpHH ^aHy^^i gBapaHÍHa ga BHCKoBan g3ayHHHH 6bni npaK-THHHa HeMarHHMHH 3-3a ca^HHnbHaH 6e3gaHÍ, mTo ix nag3anana, xo^b BHCKoy^H :apToyHa TnyMaHHni ^^Tyro po3Hi^y HeBanÍKan naMHnKan ^Í3ÍanarÍHHara KmTanTy: »Mh 6bni 6 naHaMÍ, gH He y Tyro g3ÍpKy nanani« [42, 75].
^aT^H^HHHyro ceKcyanbHyro narpo3y Taini y ca6e nrog3Í, hkíh xo^b i npHHa-ne:ani ga BHCKoBan rpaMagH, ane agpo3HÍBanica ag 3eMnapo6HaM 6onbmac^i xapaK-TapaM cBaix 3aHHTKay (y Mi^a^a^THHHaH Kap^iHe cBeTy hhh Hag3ananicH i 3BHm-
222
ynad3ímíp floóah
HaTypanbHbiMi MariHHbiMi ynacD;iBacD;HMi): KaBanb (»ManagHH KaBani / fl3HyHOHaHKy nÓHHni. / ^pa3 p^HKy, D;epa3 Mxi, / nana:biymbi Ha mhxí« [73, 89], maBeD; (»^anb MHe Tora mayD;a, / fflro hh BepHiD^a: / A6mbiy g3eyD;bi naganbD;a - / Hi naBepHeDfla« [73, 51] ), MnbiHap, pbi6aK, bhckobh non.
TaKiM HHHaM, 3 KaT^^opHi mnro6Hara napTHépa g3HyHHHH, y nepmyro Hapry, BHKnroHanicH (d;í 6bini cKptíaHe Hena:agaHHMi) npagcTayHiKi iHmHx ^THiHHHx cy-nonbHacD;ay (:bigbi, TaTapH, D;biraHbi, »MacKani«, »naxi«) i caD;biHnbHbix rpyn (naH, Ka3aK, :ayHep gH iHm.). iHgHBigynbHHH : HKacD;i ig^anbHa^a a6paHHiKa 3 niKy »cBaix«, »bhckobhx« y ^anbKnopHHx TBopax Ha6biBaroD;b xapaKTap yHiBepcanbHara Knim^, y3opa: »Bohh aro hchh, / 6poBH aro HopHH. / ^iHHKa aro 6eneHbKa«; »CaM 6anHBH, Byc HapHHBH«, » xnoneD; 6paBH KyHapaBH«, »xapombix aMD;a-MaTKi, xapoma-ra pogy« [68, 44-57, 271].
HaH6onbm TbinoBaH ^opMyna Bbi6apy cBaHro :aHixa agnrocrpaBaHa y mbipoKa BHgoMan necHi »Oh, xaD;ena : MHHe MaD;b...« HaH6onbmae MecD;a y éH 3aHMae nepaniK HeraTbiyHbix HKacD;ay My:HHH, 3-3a hkíx g3HyHHHa He narag:aeD;D;a ícd;í 3a ix 3aMy:. Capog HaH6onbm pacnaycrog:aHHx: HHBepHacD^b (»xog3iü;b ga nagpyri«), n'HHCTBa (»n'HHiü;a npaKnHTH«), agcyTHacD;b xapaKTapy, D;enbnyKaBaTacD;b (»hí :hbh, hí Mép-tbh«, »Heyganyri«), 6na3HaBaTacD;b (»naD;emHbi«), 3MpoHHacD;b (»He BHcénbi«), aBaH-TypHacD;b (»hk y noni BeD;ep«, 3animHHH ManagocD;b (»Manbi, Hegapocnbi«), cTapacD;b (»rag3iHa ga cMepD;i«), 6egHacD;b. CaM :a ig^an aKp^cniBae^^a niTapanbHa HaTbipMa cnoBaMi »npbiro:bi h BHcénbi«, »xapombi, 6araTH« [68, 298]. fflro i Ka3aD;b, ^opMyna yHiBepcanbHaa Ha yce Hacbi!
nago6HHH npbiHD;bmbi 6bini 3ag3eHHiHaHH i y Bbi6apbi HHBecTH gna xnonD;ay: »A naegy y MacKBy / flbi MacKoyKy Ba3bMy; / A naegy y BinbHro / flbi BinbHHHKy Ba3b-My; / A naegy Ha MecTa / flbi MHmHaHKy Ba3bMy; / A naegy y cano / flbi canHHKy Ba3b-My. / flbi MacKoyKa-m^nbMa, / flbi raTytí BH^py; / flbi BinHHKa-m^nbMa, / flbi BH^py nagHaci; / flbi MHmHaHKa-manbMa, / flbi cD;ani nacD;enro; / flbi canHHKa-gymKa, / flbi Knag3icb ca MHoro« [24; 256].
Thm 6onbm HenpbiMManbHbiMi y HKacD;i mnro6HHx napTHépaK 6bini :bigoyKi h D;biraHKi: »y3Hy 6h h D^biraHaHKy - / ^iraHaHKa HopHaH, / y3Hy 6h h Hyp^eHKy - / AHa HexpnmHOHaH« [76, 105]. HacaM agMOBa Hacina gocbiD;b p^3Ki xapaKTap: »nane3 6h h Ha 6apo3y, / flaK 6aroca BbicaTbi; / ^aHiycH 6 Ha :bigoyD;bi - / flaK 6aroca napxaTH« [73, 126].
y3op g3HBO^KaH npbira:ocD;i (^^gaKcaMa hk i xna^e^KaH) Haciy MaKciManbHa a6arynbHeHH, ^anbKnapH3aBaHH xapaKTap: »KpacHa g3eyHHHa«, »HapHa6pHBa«, »HopHHH bohh, Ha niü;o 6anHBa« ^i »pyca Kaca, cíhí bohh, 6ena niHaHbKa« i ga T.n. y nnaHe iHmHx g3HBOD^Kix Ba6HOTay nepaBara aggaBanacH »nHmHHM«, BHpa3HHM ^opMaM: »He BapH Kamy rycTyro, / BapH :Hg3eHbKyro. / He 6apH :oHKy xygyro, / Bapbi CH^eHbKyro« [15, 378].
naKonbKi mnro6 3'aynHycH agHHM 3 6a3aBHx cKnagHiKay HanaBeHaH goni yBoryne, gHK He g3iyHa, mTO nepaBa:Haa HacTKa ycix Manag3éBHx Bapo:6ay 6bni npHCBeHaHHH mnro6HaH T^MaTH^H. AgKa3H, aTpHMaHHH (npaHHTaHHH y gag3eHHx iHmacBeTaM 3HaKax) y pHTyanbHa 3HaHHHx KponKax npacTopH i Hacy (nag BaKHOM, Ha pocTaHHx, na Kanog3e:a; anoyHaHH, Ha KanagH, Kynanne gH iHm. cbhth) Mycini ga^b iH^apMa^Hro npa: a) Hac 3aKnroroHHH mnro6y (3 yniKaM D;biKniHHara ycnpH-HH^^H Hacy, agKa3 6biy agHa3HaHHH: y ^^THM - He raTHM rog3e); 6) Mec^a :hdhh y
223
^pae y 6enapycKaM Tpagb^biMHaM KynbTypbi
mnro6e (agKynb npHegyn;b ^aHÎxi, CBaTH); b) caD;HanbHa-npa^eciMHH CTaH 6ygyHara My^a (ygaBen;, KpaBen;, maBen;, apaTH i iHm.); r) y3pocT mnro6Hara napTHëpa (cTapw
-	ManagH); g) xapaKTap i aca6icTHa aKacn;i ^aHixa (n;ixi, cnaKonHH - 3ag3ipniBH, 6yMHH, D;Bapo3H - n'amn;a); e) MaëMacHH cTaH (6araTH - 6egHH). npH reTHM Ba-po^6n npagyrneg^Bani i MarHHMacn;b CKpanHe HeraTHyHara agKa3y (g3ayHHHa He BHMg3e 3aMy^ Haoryn D;i Hapog3in;b 3ayHacHa).
naKa3anbHHM y HamHM BHnagKy 3'aynaen;D;a Toe, mTo y Bapo^6ax reTara THny (nepaBa^Ha g3aBon;Kix) aKTHyHa 6Hno 3ag3eMHiHaHa D;ena HanaBeKa (aca6ni-Ba nog) i p^HH, aKia Meni Ha ciMBaniHHHM poyHi BHpa3Hae ^paTHHHae npaHHTaHHe (Knron/3aMOK; noHan/Kanog3e»:, ^ap^xi). »TaK, HeKaTopHa 3 g3ayHaT, 6ygyHH am^ y na3Hi (Ha KanagH. - Y^.), BHxog3aD;b ronHa i KaHaron^a na cHe3e i noTHM Ha3ayTpa rnag3an;b, HaKonbKi gaKnagHa BHnmay ix ag6iTaK. Kani ag6iTaK He rnagKi, 3 nanocaMi y3goy^ i ynonepaK - 3HaHHD;b, My^ 6yg3e npbig3ipniBH« [77, 56]. »BacHoro g3eyKa cag3in;b y cBaiM ManeHbKyM arapogHHKy nepag BoKHaMi Kana xaTH po3HHa KBeTKi. nepmH pa3 aHa naniBae cBae KBeTKi npocTa cBaiMi ^ CD;aKaMi. Kani KBeTKi go6p^ pac-Tyn;b i D;BiTyD;b, Ta Taa g3eyKa xyTKo nong3e 3aMy^, Kani ^ aHH pacTyn;b, ane KencbKo D;bBiTyD;b Ta cyg^aHH 6yg3e nixi HanaBeK« [35, 195-196].
»Ha Kynana nacna 3axagy coHD;a, aK 3a6nimHan;b Ha He6e 3opKi, g3eyKi ronHa 6aryn;b g3e-He6yg3b HeganëKa 3a BëcKy Ha pacTaHDH, CTaHoBaDfla paKaM i 3y6aMi, 6h raBaga, pByn;b nagapo^HiK. 3hh 3 reTHM 3enneM 6aryD;b gaMoy i na»:aD;D;a cnan;b, a nagapo^HiK Knagyn;b ca6e nag ronay. Honny He xi6in;b npHcmDfla cyg^aHH« [35, 131]. »Kani g3eyKa (Ha Kynanne. - Y^.) nepacKoHHD;b D;epa3 Boraimna i xon;b agHa icKpHHKa npH^niD^a ga cnagmDH, 3HaHHD;b, g3eyKa y^o xona 3aMy^. (Kani ^ Toe 3gapHD;D;a ManbD;y, to ëH y^o aK a:*^HiD;D;a, to 6yg3e na 6a6ax xag3in;b, ëH, aK Ka»:yD;b, »anacHH Manen;«). Kani ga cnagmDH icKpa He npHCTaHe, 3HaHHD;b, g3eyKa »n;apnni-Baa«, He agpa3y nong3e 3aMy^« [78, 38].
I HaBaT y na6HToBHx ciTyaD;Hax, HaynpocT 3 Bapa^6on He 3Ba3aHHx, n;ena (aro >«paTHHHHa« HacTKi) TaKcaMa Marno gaBanfla y 3HaKi. »,3k g3eyn;H d^hdk CBap6an;b, to aHa CBanro BaHKa He gaHociqb« [39, 209]; »Kani y g3eyKi ga CBap6an;b u;HD;Ki, Ta He xi6in;b, mTo npa3 ae 6'roDfla npaMra: ca6oro gBa xnonn;H, 6o a6ogBa ae Kaxaron;b i He xoHyn;b yc-Tynin;b ag3iH gpyroMy« [35, 196]; »aK cpaKa g3eyn;H CBap6in;b - xnonn;H ae yxBanan;b« [39, 209]; Kani y g3eyKi CBap6in;b Hi^^M nyna, to reTa 3HaK, mTo ae xnonn;H xBanan;b« [35, 147], aK g3eyD;H ry6H CBap6an;b, to xyTKa 3 KaxaHKaM D;anaBaDfla 6yg3e« [39, 209].
KaxaHHe Ha ^anbKnopHHM poyHi ycBegaMnanaca aK CBoeaca6niBaa xBapo6a, mTo pagHKanbHHM HHHaM 3MaHana He TonbKi ^Ma^HMHH, ane i ^i3iHHH CTaH HanaBeKa. npa3 KaxaHHe, aca6niBa Henag3eneHae, Manag3ëH Mey »Tyry«, »^anb«, »3acMy-H^HHe«, »Hygy« (»3a Hygoro-D;eMHaToro xag3i^b He Mary«), »HapaBaHHe«, »ccHxaHHe«, »Mnoc^b« i, BegaMa 6accoHHin;y (»g3eHb i hoh He cnnro«).
Agcronb acHoyHan 3agaHan »cnaKyTaBaHara« KaxaHHeM HanaBeKa 6Hno gacar-HeHHe y3aeMHHx ^aHy^^ay 3 6oKy KaxaHara (KaxaHan). flaMarHHca (^i xa^a 6 na-c^pa6aBa^b) ^^TaH M^TH Mo^Ha 6Hno po3HHMi mnaxaMi: »AgHa 6Hna nro6iü;b CTana
-	/ ^ac^enb 6eny cnana. / A gpyraa nro6iü;b CTana - / Ycë D;anaBana. / A Tp^^aa nro6i^b CTana - / Ycë HapaBana« [68, 100]. AgHaK, HacaM cnpo6H naBog3in;b ca6e npHBa6Ha (»^paTHHHa«) y Me^ax Manag3ëBara KaneKTHBy BHrnagani HacTonbKi ygaBaHa i HeHa-TypanbHa, mTo BHKniKani 3pa3yMenH CMex: »^a^nag3i^e, aK ig3en;b / Kpy^a ^onan, aK Mag3Beg3b! / MaHe Ma^i ByHHna, / Ka6 a ^onan Kpy^ina« [73, 121].
224
ynad3ímíp äo6au
Kani : npocTbia cpogKi y3g3eaHHa Ha nro6ara nanaBeKa He g3enHinani, naKigani aro a6aaKaBHM ga cy6'eKTa KaxaHHa, Ha y36paeHHe 6panica MariHHbia T^xHano^ii (t. 3B. »nro6oyHaa Maria«), mTo yBa:anica Mi^anariHHan cBagoMara;ro BacKoy^, aK Han-6onbm pagbiKanbHbia i ^^eKTHyHHa. AcHoyHan M^Tan ycix nro6oyHbix 3aMoy 6ano HacnaHHë Ha a6'eKTa KaxaHHa »TacKi«, »npbiHygbi«, »npHBapH«, »npbicMyTbi«, cBanro poga MO^Han ncixa-^i3i^Han xBapo6a, aKaa Mo:a cnanan^b, Bbicymb^b (agcronb i Ha3Ba 3aMOBay - »npbicymKi«) nanaBeKa i nacraB^b 3a^KayneHyro aco6y y ^HTp aroHara :H^^a i ^Ma^HnHHx nepa:HBaHHay: »nag ycxogHan cTapaHon cTaa^ Tpa nena: ne^Ka MegHaa, ne^Ka :ane3Haa, ne^Ka KipniHHaa. ,3k aHH pacnaninica, pa3a:r-nica ag He6a ga 3aMni, TaK 6h pa3:aranaca y pa6a 6o:an k pa6y 6o:aMy nërKae, nanoHae i Kpoy rapany: He Mo:Ha ën Hi :b^b, Hi 6bm;b, Hi ern;i, Hi n^b, Hi cna^, Hi na:a^, ycë MaHe Ha yMe TpbiMa^« {79, 370].
A^biaHanbHbi : acneKT nro6oyHara napaBaHHa nanaray Ha npbiH^max KaH-Tarië3Han Marii i, nepagyciM, Myciy y:o 3nynb^b KaHKp^THHa ^nbi, npa3 MaHinyna-^ii 3 Han6onbm íhthmhhmí aro nacTKaMi. TaK, »Ka6 npbiBapa:b^b k ca6e Manan^, g3eyKa n :aHHHHa BHcTparae y ca6e Ha capaMa^Hi cTpyK Banocca, nan^b aro n Ton nonen gae TaMy nanaBeKy y HbiM-He6yg3b Bbirn^« [35, 194]. nago6HHM HbrnaM BbKapacToyBani i 6apo3aBH nicT, mTo y na3Hi npacTay ga a3agKy [35, 195], a TaKcaMa noT: »Tp^6a 3ga6b^b ynacHara noTy i ga^ y cTpaBe i niTBe npa6ni3Ha Kponenb 10 Ton aco6e, 3 aKon xonam ycTyn^b y mnro6: HiaKaa ynapTac^ He ycTo^b« [37, 50]. AgHaK Han6onbm g3encHHMi »napaMi« ninanaca Meca^Haa Kpoy g3ayHHHH. »^aH-HHHH n g3eyKi, Ka6 npbiBapHy^ k ca6e nanaBeKa, Kani y:o HimTo iHmae He naMarae, ^ixeHbKO garo^b aMy 3'ern;i ^ Bbm^b cBae Meca^Ki, Targa y^ Ton Hig3e Menrn;a He Hong3e 6e3 Tae »aHHHHH« [35, 195]. CiMBanwHaa cyTHac^ rerax MaHinyna^iay 3 »:aHo^an KpbiBëro« Bbipa3Ha agnrocTpaBaHa y »nro6:bi«, 3a^iKcaBaHan y 6enapycay ncKoymHHHH: »Cnen Kpoy 3 Kpoyro, caeg3iHi nro6oy 3 nro6oyro, Bang3i Maa Kpoy aMy y œp^, y :anH, Ba yce cycTaBH, Ba yBecb MarHiT, mTo 6 Ha Mor Hi :b^b, Hi 6b^b, HiKaro y rna3ax Hi 3pb^b, TonbKi agHy Map'ro« [79, 376].
Anpana nepaninaHbix cpogKay, mapoKa BbiKapbicToyBanica i pa3HacTanHbia »nro6oyHbia« 3ënKi, capog aKix HanMa^Henman ninanaca »3arapgymKa« (Drosera rotundifolia), 6o »3raTaBaHH i BHniTH HacTon 3 ae Kap^HHa Mae ynac^Bac^ npa-^a^Ba^b KaxaHyro aco6y« [80, 461].
3 THM :a, Ka6 na36aB^^ KaxaHHa, ^aHy^^i »ara;rog::Bani« 3 ganaMoran thx :a 3aMOBay (»agcymaK«): »Ha Mopa, Ha aKiaHe, Ha BocTpaBe ByaHe cTa^b cToy6. Ha THM cTay6e cTa^b gy6oBaa rpa6m^, y ën na:b^b KpacHa g3aB^a. Kpoy y ae He pa3-^apae^^a, Ho:aHbKi He nagmMaro^a... TaK 6h i y (iMa) œp^ He caKpymanaca, Kpoy He pa3rapanaca, caMa 6 He y6iBanaca, y TacKy He ygaBanaca« [79, 381].
Kani Harneg3aHH Ha yce BHcinKi, g3ayHHHa na-paHenmaMy He 3BapTana yBary Ha xnon^, to ën Mo:Ha 6ano agnoM^^b agMHcnoBHM HbrnaM. »Ka6 agaM^^^ g3ey^i, aKaa He nro6^b Manag3iKa, to Tp^6a ae nagKypb^b gyp^OM, gypHan'aHaM, to aHa 6yg3e 6e^a^b, cKiHyyma capoHKy, aK Bap'aTKa, na Byni^H« [39, 333]. noMcTa »cy-^epHi^H« Marna 6H^b 3Ha^Ha ropman. TaK, y3ayma nanaTHo, Bbipa6neHae g3eyKan, na-Kpy^iymH aro Ha Kpanax BaTpaKa i axBapaBayma 3 royHbiM 3aKnëHaM y ^apKBy, Bepa-ni, mTo 3 ^^T^Ix MaHinyna^iay g3eyKa »CKpy^i^^a« i 3aMy: He BHng3e yBoryne [81, 8].
AgHaK npbi ycix pacKnagax, aKaniHHac^ax, aca6icTbix :agaHHax i 3HemHix nepamKogax, g3aBO^Kaa i xna^e^Kaa »rynbHa« paHen ^ na3Hen Mycina CKOHHH^^a
225
^pae y 6enapycKaM Tpagb^biMHaM KynbTypbi
y3HD;D;eM mnro6y i CTBap^HHeM caM'i. Ag3iHa MarHbiMan iHCTbiTyD;biaM, aKaa a^apM-nana, caHKD;biaHaBana mnro6 i neriTbiMi3aBana caM'ro y TpagbiDMHHan cynonbHacn;i, 3'aynayca 3BbimcKnagaHbi i pa3BÎTbi a6pag Bacenna.
^paTbIHHbI Kog ôenapycKara BHcen^H
y TpagbiD^biMHbiM rpaMagcTBe mnro6 3'aynayca ag3iHa MarHbiMan ^opMan pHTyanbHan i caDbanbHan »neriTbiMi3aD;bii« caM'i i yMOBan npagay»^HHa pogy. »ycTynneHHe y mnro6 - raTa He TonbKi a^apMneHHe caMenHbix agHociHay, nepaxog y hobm CTaTyc, ane i npagnicaHbi KynbTypan cnoca6 BbIpam^HHa cy^ap^HHac^i na-Mi» 3gonbHacD;K> ga npan;ary poga i Hea6xogHacD;K> aTpbiMaHHa Ha raTa caDbanbHan caHKD;bii« [31, 66].
^a CTBap^HHa caMenHan napbi, aKaa 3'anaeDfla nepmaacHoBan mnro6y, Mae Bbipa3Hbi KacMaraHiHHbi œHc: cynpaD;bnacTayneHHa, ane agHaHacoBa y3aeMaganayHa-roHbia HacTKi CKnagaroD;b aKacHa HoBae ag3iHae D^nae (My»HbiHCKae i »aHoHae aK gBa 3Ha^HHi KaT^^opHi nony; g3eHb i hoh, He6a i 3aMna aK 3Ha^HHi HacaBa-npacTopaBan CTpyKTypbi KocMacy), mTo i rapaHTye KacMiHHbi (caD;bianbHbi, KynbTypHbi) napagaK. Agcronb pbiTyanbHbi acneKT 3aKnroroHHa mnro6y (Bacenna) 6biy MaKciManbHa pa3-ropHyTbi, ciMBaniHHa HacbiHaHbi i HenagnapagKaBaHbi 6ia-caD;bianbHbiM nepagyMo-BaM mnro6y: »HaMa nag3ei, aKaa »a^apMnaen^a« BacenneM« [31, 66]. BbiKnroroHHeM 3 raTara npaBina Marno 6biD;b TonbKi »noKpbiD;Kae« Bacenne, Kani Managaa 6bina y:»o D;a»apHaM. Ane y raTbiM BbinagKy BacenbHbi pbiTyan 6biy a6Me»aBaHbi i CD;innbi: »He Hac Manila, Kani 3-3a na3yxi Banin^a« [82, 83].
Bacenne, 3aMMaroHbi npaMe»KaBbi CTaH naMi» Hapag»^HHeM i CMepnro, ciMBa-ni3aBana nayTop 2-x acHoyHbix »biD^ëBbix nanaTKay agHaHacoBa: Cbixogy (cMepn;i) i npbixogy (Hapag»^HHa). »BeK« HanaBeKa nag3anayca aK 6h Ha gBa aco6Hbix »bm^i. »y canaH CBaa ynacHaa ^pa 3ni^HHa: ga Bacenna cenaHiH niHbiD;b ragbi ag CBanro Ha-pag»3HHa, a noTbiM ag Hacoy Bacenna« [83, 110]. y raTbiM œHce mnro6Hyro a6paga-Bacn;b Mo^Ha nag3anin;b Ha g3Be HacTKi: ciMBaniHHae naMipaHHe »aHixa i HaBecTbi y CBaiM Manag3ëBbM CTaTyce i Hapag»^HHe aKacHa hobhx nrog3en - My»a i »ohkl
y>Ko nagHac CBaTaHHa ranoyHbia ^yHKD;bii BbiKoHBaron^a CBaTaMi 3 6oKy xnon-D;a i 6an;bKaMi 3 6oKy g3ayHbiHbi. AKTbiyHacD;b 3 6oKy anomHix 3Bog3in;D;a ga MiHiMyMa - g3ayHbHa (xnonen;) aManb He pa3Maynae, ae pyxi a6Me»aBaHbia i Hocan;b BbiKnroHHa ciMBaniHHbi xapaKTap.
nacna 3acBaTaHHa (3apyHMH) xnonen; i g3ayHMHa aTpbiMniBaroD;b npaMe»KaBbi CTaTyc: »KHa3b« i »KHariHa«, i amna 6onbm »MapD;BeroD;b« gna CBaën y3pocTaBa-nona-Ban rpynbi - He yg3enbHiHaroD;b y BaHopKax, Manag3ëBbix 3a6aBax, ix 3'ayneHHe na-3a xaTan »pcTKa a6Me>aBaHae.
^a CMepn;i nagHac Bacenna agnrocTpaBaHa i y MaT^pHanax HapogHara coHHiKa. TaK, y6aHbiD;b naxaBaHHe - a3HaHana cbirpaD;b Bacenne [85, 34].
AgHaK anareeM ciMBaniHHan CMepn;i CTapora CTaTycy 3'aynayca nacag. I gna >aHixa, i gna HaBecTbi nacag, na cyraacD;i - aKT ciMBaniHHan g^^napa^Hi, Kani shh ry6nani CBaro Manag3eD;Kyro, g3aB0^Kyro »Kpacy« - 6a3aByro xapaKTapbiCTbiKy ixHara paHenmara CTaTycy. nepag thm, aK cecn;i Ha nacag (xne6Haa g3a>a, HaKpbTaa bh-BepHyTbM Ka>yxoM), xno^e^ i g3ayHHHa Mycini nepanpacin;b ycix npHcyTHHx a6 ga-paBaHHi KpHygay i rpaxoy (y3ragan nago6HH a6aBa3aK gna naMiparoHara).
226
ynadsimip äoöau
TaK, Ma^ y KaMopw HaBynae cBažro CHHa: »A th, cbiHKy, Maë g3^HTKo, 6yg3b Ka:gaMy naKopHH, He pa3rHHBi HiKora, a gyMaž ca6e a6 raTOM, mTo th poyHa hk Ha Tom CBeT ig3em i Mycim Ka:garo npac^b, Ka6 Ta6e TBae rpaxi gapaBani« [85, 39].
^oTa y ciTya^ii 3 nacagaM Mena ganëKa He TonbKi MapanbHa^THHHae 3Ha^H-He. »BbmpaynHronbicH ga bhh^, HHBecTa cag3^^ Ha HaKpHTyro Ka:yxoM (noyraro yBepx) g3e:Ky-xne6H^y. Kani HHBecTa ^HaTniyKa, to HiHKaž cinaro He Henbra agTynb 3hh^; He^HaTniByro HHBecTy Mo»a camTypxHy^ agcronb i Manoe g3^H. naKonbKi ratamy Hagae^^a aca6niBae 3Ha^HHe, to He^HaTniBaH g3HyHHHa 3po6^b nenm, Kani 3yciM He cHg3e Ha g3H:y: TaKiM HbmaM HHa na36Hrae y 6ygyHHM cHMeŽHHM mMaTniKix 6egay i Hažnepm y pa3BHg3eHHi cKa^HH« [37, 58].
^aTniBarn;b, hk ^pHH^OBaH npHKMeTa »cTapora«, gamnro6Hara cTaTycy, Hažnepm niKBigaBanacH ciMBani^Ha, nacpogKaM pHTyana 3 thm, Ka6 ratkim »a ciMBanin-HHM HHHaM Mo:Ha 6bino cTBapb^b »HoBara« HanaBeKa. AgcyTHac^ ^HOTH, TaKiM cHHaM, na36aynana 3HaHHyro nacTKy BHcenbHara a6pagy cBažro œHcy, pa6ina pHTyan mMaT y hhm »xanacTHM«. HeBHnagKoBa, mTo y TaKiM BHnagKy pHTyan, hk npaBina, 3ropTBaycH ^ nepanHHHycH.
^apManbHae 3ny^HHe ManagHx y agHy chm'ki He 3'HynHnacH caMaM^Taž BHcenbHara a6pagy. ^ He caMaž ranoyHaž 3aganaž 6bino 3a6ecnH^HHe HoBaž cHM'i mnacHaž gonHŽ, mTo npagyrneg:Bana, nepm 3a ycë, Hapag:^HHe ManagHMi 3gapo-BHx g3H^ž, a y:o noTHM fai npH tothm) racnagap^H ga6pa6biT.
naKonbKi nepmH (y ig^ane) ceKcyanbHH boïïht ManagHH aTpHMniBani nag nac BHcennH (»KaMopH«), a acHoyHHMi anepaTapaMi BHcenbHara pHTyany 6bini gapocnHH, cHMeŽHHH nrog3i, to ^paTHHHH ciMBani3M Haciy 6onbm npa3pbicTbi, BHHyHH xapaK-
y:o na^HHaroHH ca cBaTaHHH, y pa3HacTaŽHbix Mari^HHx MaHinynH^iHx aK-THyHa BHKapHcToyBanicH p^HH 3 Bbipa3Haž ceKcyanbHaž ciMBoniKaž.
TaK, Ka6 6bm;b :agaHaž y xnon^y i Ka6 thh 6inicH 3-3a He, g3HyHHHa nacnH npbe3gy cBaToy xaBana KopaK ag npHBe3eHaž 6yT^nbKi 3 ^ap^nKaro i noTHM TayKna Hro y cTyne« [86, 115]. ^paTHHHH KaHT^KCT raTaž ig^i 3Haxog3iM y 3arag^i npa Tay-Kan i cTyny: »BbicKaHbini ropbi 3-nag KaMeHHaž rapH, cTani Hag 6a6aro ropb^b, a: xaTa gpbi:b^b« [53, 234].
3 thm, Ka6 Hapag:anicH chhh, HHBecTa nag nac bhhtohhh TpHMana 3a na3yxaro ^ap^xi. y raTaž ciTya^ii aK^HTaBanacH ix cyagHeceHac^ MeHaBiTa 3 My:HHHcKiM nanaTKaM (napayHaž y 3arag^i: »Poc, BHpac, ca mTaHoy BHne3, kohhhk 3anyniycH, 3 g3eyKaž cnanro6iycH« [87, 330].
Hapag:3HHe/He-Hapag:3HHe g3H^ž, na HapogHHx yHyneHHHx, HHBecTa Marna p^^ynHBa^b, naKnaymH 3a na3yxy y ^pKBe agaMKHyTH/3aMKHyTH 3aMoK, g3e anom-Hi, hk cnymHa 3a^Miy amqa A.BargaHoBin, ciMBani3aBay :aHonae ^paBa [88, 176]. y 3arag^i 3aMoK Mae nago6Hae npa^HTaHHe: »Gra^b KapoBa, g3ipKa raToBa, npbiž-moy 6hk - y g3ipKy THpK« [87, 332]. TayKan, hk ciMBani^HH 3aŽMeHHiK ^p^^aBaHa^a My:HHHcKara ^nHca, Knani ManagHM y narn;enro, »Ka6 He mKog3ini napaymKi« [4, 384]. Ane, anpon axoyHaž ^yH^bii, TayKan Myciy Mari^HHM HHHaM y3Ma^Hi^b npag-yK^HMHyro ciny Managora. 3 gpyrora 6oKy, p^HH 3 aHanari^Haž ciMBoniKaž Marni bh-KapHCToyBa^^a i 3 mKagaHocHHMi M^TaMi. TaK, ni^binacH, mTo«Kani na3eHHH BeHiK (y 3arag^i: y cy6oTy Ha HHg3enro - gana cBaŽMy ga6pag3ero. I cBHp6^b, i 6ani^b, i mHaKOHa^^a - 6onež xoHa^^a« [89, 494] naKnarn;i nH BapoT i CTaH^b Ha iM nepag ag-
227
^pac y ôenapycKaïï Tpagb^biMHaïï KynbTypbi
npayneHHeM ^aHÎxa n;i HaBecTH y n;apKBy, to BacenbHH noe3g He KpaHenfla 3 Mecn;a« [37, 60].
AgHaK Han6onbm HacHHaHHMi ^poTHKan 6bini ^Ta^H Bacenna, 3Ba3aHbia 3 bh-neHKan KapaBaa i »naKnag3iHaMi« Managbix (»KaMopan«).
BacenbHH KapaBan Ha Mi^a-^a^THHHHM y3poyHi yBaca6nay ca6on flonro Managbix, gaBaHyro ynacHa BoraM: »,3chh MecaHHK Ha gBap^ CBeD;in;b, / CaM Bor KapaBan Mecin;b« [85, 100]. MapKyeMHa aro naMepH xapaKTapbi3yron;D;a 3BbimHaTypanbHa-cn;ro:
»Pacn;i, KapaBaro, BHmaï CTanna 3anaTora, 3anaTora, Bbiman ,3ca Managora, Managora, Pacn;i, KapaBaro, BHman KaHa BapaHora, BapaHora, BHman ,3ca Managora, Managora,
Pacn;i, KapaBaro, BHman Tonanro BHcoKara, BHcoKara« [85, 36].
»KacMiHHae« naxog^aHHe KapaBaa ^agKp^cniBae i aro agMHcnoBae a3ga6neHHe - Ha iM BHnaKanaca coHD;a, Mecan;, 3opKi [14, 191]. AgHaK ranoyHan ig^an, aKyro yBa-ca6nay KapaBan, aK ciMBan floni, 6Hna ig^a nnogHacn;i, Hapag»:anbHacD;i, ypag^an-Hacn;i. y tothm œHce ëH BHCTynay CBoeaca6niBan MaTpan;an 6ygynara caMenHara »HD^a Managon napH. HeBHnagKoBa, mTo am^a y XIX ct. Ha KapaBai pa3Mamnani BHaBH »cnapBaHHa caMD;a i caMin;H: neBeHb Ha KypbmH, rycaK Ha rycHHi, Ka6aH Ha CBiHHi...«, a TaKcaMa »Bo6pa3H pogaBHX opraHay My^HHHCKix i ^aHo^HX« [90; 35]. I HaBaT Ha naH. XX ct. »y Bani^H KapaBan nëKca ^aHHHHaMi nag cnaBaHHe »ca-poMHHX« neceHb, y6ipayca KapaBan TaKcaMa capoMHHMi ^irypaMi, aK HanpHKnag, ^irypan My:«HHHH, aKi TpHMay y pyKax CBon penis BaniKara naMepy« [12, 88]. Bh-pa6 KapaBaa, naHHHaroHH ag caMHX nepmHX anepan^iay, npbinaga6Hayca 3anan;D;ro i Hapag:*3HHro g3m;an;i, g3e ^yHKD;bii ^aHonara ynoHHa BHKoHBana xne6Haa g3a^a i neH. TaK, MecaHH n;ecTa, KapaBanmnH cnaBani: »KapaBaro-paro, n;ecn;eHKa, / HaTH-pH KaneHi yMecn;eHKa« [59, 100] n;i: »TynHyna He naMany, / nagKan;inaca nag naBy, / nagKan;inaca nag rpbm;a, / Bo a aro Manag3in;a« [4, 460]. AnepaDHi 3 KapaBaeM, aK Hag3BH^an Mon;Han KpbiHm;an nnogHacn;i, Ha ^anbKnopHHM y3poyHi ^apToyHa pa-3yMenica aK »He6acneHHbia« gna caMix ^aHHHH-KapaBanmD;: »KapaBanmD;H-Mag3-Beg3i, / He Hanynn;e y g3a^H. / Kani 6yg3en;e HanaBan;i, / To 3po6in;e na g3m;an;i« [91, 168]; »Grapmaa KapaBanHm;a / naexana y nec na gpoBH... / 3a neHb 3aHaninaca, / Ha Kanogy npa6inaca« [91, 164].
CaMo nacag:*3HHe KapaBaa y neH ycBegaMnanaca aK ciMBaniHHH nonaBH aKT, g3e KapaBan - yBaca6neHHe My^HHHCKan annagHaronan cinH, a neH - g3eTapogHara ^aHonara nanaTKy: »flayHo neHKa 3iae, / A npbmenaK parona, / neH KapaBaa xona« [4, 221]. HeBHnagKoBa, mTo raTyro npan^gypy BHKoHBay, aK npaBina, ^aHaTH My^HH-Ha. ,3k cnymHa 3ayBa^Hy M.HiKonbCKi, »My^HHHa naBiHeH cag»:aD;b KapaBan y neH TaMy, mTo ëH na CBaën npHpog3e 3'aynaen;D;a aKTHyHHM, annagHaroHHM nanaTKaM« [14, 214]. Bonbm BHpa3Ha »My^HHHCKi« ciMBani3M nipara Bbiaynaen^a y »KaMopHHX« necHax: »A on, MaMyxHa, y Knen;b Bagyn;b. / - He 6onca, nipor gagyn;b. / He Ton nipor gagyn;b, / KaTopH agyn;b, / A Ton nipor gagyn;b, / KaTopH He yciM garon;b« [52, 178].
npaHHTBaen^a ^^Tae 3HaH^HHe nipara i y ^apToyHHX, gByxc^HCoyHHX necHax BacenbHara 3acTonna: »He cag3i, CBaTKa, na c^aHH, / HamH g3eyKi ^apTayniBHa: / y
228
ynad3ímíp äo6au
OT;HHe g3ipKi Kpy^ni, / 3 TBaëM Kim^Hi, cBaTKa, / nipamoK gacTa^ HapaBini. / nag npbineHKaM MHmxa nicHyna, / CBa^^H nipamoK c^cHyna. / CBaT nipara He gae, / fla-Moy g3e^M naHace. / He TaK	- / ,3k cTapoM cBa^^i« [29, 402].
^ani^Hyro ciMBoniKy Bbiaynae i xne6Haa nanaTa, hkom cagmani KapaBaM y neH. TpyKaroHbi ëro y cTonb, MymHbiHbi-KapaBaMHiKi MariHHbiM HbiHaM cnpbiani pocTy Ka-paBaa y naHbi [67, 183]. Kani m y racnagapa 6bini amna Manogmbia goHKi, KapaBaMHiK rpyKay y cTonb Tpbi pa3bi, Ka6 thh npa3 Tpbi ragbi naMmni 3aMym [4, 513]. BeparogHa, mTo MeHaBiTa cyagHeceHac^ xne6HaM nanaTbi 3 »apbiM«, MymHbiHcKiM naHaTKaM nH«H^b y acHoBe ae BbiKapbicTaHHH y HKarn;i a6apora ag napyHa i rpagy (a6apori ^aniHHaM ^opMbi mbipoKa BagoMbia y iHgaeypaneMcKaM Tpagb^bii).
CyBH3b ma neHbi 3 »aHo^HM nanaTKaM BbiHiKae, hk 3 npacTopaBaM apram3a^ii BacKoBaM xaTbi (»Ba6iH KyT« na nena), TaK i 3 HegByxœHcoyHbix yKa3aHHay Ha raTa y ^anbKnopH. TaK, y 3aragKax neH BbicTynae MeHaBiTa hk mnro6Hbi napTHëp: »TaTynbKa yniyca, Ha MaTynbKy y36iyca; MaTynbKa nixaa, TaTynbKy cnixaa«; »npbiMmoy, namny-nay, y3ne3 Ha ae, cag3ey ga noTy, cnaraay axBoTy« [89, 495-496].
nacna Taro, hk KapaBaM BbiMani 3 naHbi, ëH KaHHaTKoBa Ha6biBay pbicbi mbiBoM íctotm: »flaM^H MHe nacamoK ^agmpa^^a, a ga Kne^ ga6pa^^a! A paraT a, 6araT, a y Manba g3BepKi He yne3y« [14, 183].
BagoMa, royHbia >«paTbiHHbia BonbHarn;i« rynani i y »BacenbHaM 6aceg3e«, g3e ranoyHMM a6'eKTaM mapTay 6bini cBaT (MapmanaK) i cBa^^H (pag3eM gpymKa Manago-ra). 3BbinaMHa raTbiM nepcaHamaM npbinicBanicH po3Hbia »HenpbicToMHac^«: i Hega-p^HHac^i: »CBaT cBaHbKy pa3yBay, / AHgapaK pa3agpay, / nagHay HomKy, na3ipay...«, »npbexay MapmanaK - MemnamH / flbi y naBy hM^ 3amHaMiy. / Ty3ay, Ty3ay, Ty3ay, He BMHay - / 3acTaraay, 3annaKay, 3aKpbiHay. / A xto imoy MiMa - He MiHyy, / ycanaKi nyraM OT;e6aHyy« [74, 137]; »Cag3^b gpymKo Ha nay^i, / Cnyc^y 6ynayKy nag nayKy. / fla npbi6er KypMayKo, / fla yxaniy gpymKaBy 6ynayKy. / fla: »KH^H, Kb^bi« KypMay-Ky, / AggaM Maro 6ynayKy, / flaM Ta6e Maca g3anaHKy« [85, 137].
HacaM 3aHHTKi cBaTa i cBa^^i Bbirnagaro^ aManb mTo »HHBiHHa«: »fla yce ra-py^, 6apaHyro^b, / CBaT cBaHb^i xBapTyx mbie, / fflbie HiTKaro, Tpace nbiTKaro...« [85, 136]. Ac^p^HBae^^a y BacenbHbix npbineyKax i »c^nnbi«, »^HaTniBbi« xapaKTap TyT^MmaM Monag3i: »Ham 6pa^MKo He cTapbi, / He npbinipaMcH ga c^Hbi, / Bo Hambi g3eyKi ropniBbi, / npa3 c^HKy g3ipy Kpy^ni, / na 6pa^MKa 36yg3ini« [85, 138].
naKonbKi pbiTyan ciMBaniHHbiM HMHaM a^apMnae HaBaT 6e3yMoyHMa 3 ^i3ia-nari^Hara nyHKTy rnegmaHHa nag3ei (Hapagm^HHe, cMep^b), to HaBaT TaKi íhtmmhm ^Ta^ Bacenna hk »KaMopa« (»naKnag3iHM«) ^i nanpocT »nepmaa mnro6Haa hoh« 3 MepKaBaHaM nag Hac ae g^^napa^MHM HHBecTbi gocM^b ëMicTa agnrocTpaBaHM y bh-cenbHMM ^anbKnëpM.
CaMoe naMHmKaHHe (KaMopa, Kne^), g3e Knani Managbx cna^, 6bno ganëKa He BMnagKoBMM, 6o 3'aynanacH yBaca6neHHeM ga6pa6bTy, gacTaTKy (mb^M - floni) ycëM racnogb - TaM 3axoyBanica npagyKTM xapnaBaHHH, 36omma, HaM6onbm KamToy-Haa MaëMac^b [92, 239]. TaKiM HbHaM, »cnop« ga6pa, mTo 3axoyBanaca y KaMopM, My-cina cTaHoyna y3g3eMHiHa^b Ha Managbix y ^pagy^MMHMM nnaHe, a nnogHaa ^aT^H-gHH ManagoM mnro6HaM napbi, y cBaro Hapry, cnprnana naBeni^HHro ga6pa6bTy ycëM racnagapKi. AKpaMH Taro, yce raTbia naMamKaHHi (KaMopa, Kne^) »a6'agHoyBae Toe, mTo HHM 3'aynaK^a xanogHMMi (6e3 aHary), He Maro^b a6pa3oy i iHm. KynbTypHMx ciMBanay. I pa3aM 3 tmm hhm 3Haxog3H^^a y Memax cBaëM, 3acBoeHaM T^pMTopMi« [31,
229
^pac y 6enapycKaft Tpagb^biMHaft KynbTypbi
84]. npaMemKaBH, naMim »npbipogaM« i »KynbTypaM«, eTaTye rarax naMamKaHHay ^agKp^cniBae TaKi m caMH, na cyTHacn;i, eTaTye maHixa i HaBecTH.
^k i nro6bi iHmbi ^p^^^g^HT, nepmaa mnro6Haa hoh Menaca craD;b 3HaKaBaM gna cymoHKay, royHHM HHHaM naynnbiBaD;b Ha ix ganeMmae mbiDflé. HanpbiKnag, ni-Hbinaca, mTo tom 3 Managbix, xto 3acHe nepmbi, »tom ynapog yMp^« [39, 212], a »Kani ManagH pa3Bama CBaéM moHDH yce By3nH Ha ag3embi i pacmniniD;b KayHep Kamyni
-	Taa 6yg3e nérKa HapagmaD;b g3an;eM« {37, 66]. Aca6niBaa pona y »nparpaMaBaHHi« floni Managbx agBog3inaca HaHHHHro nacD;eni. 3 M^TaM agBecn;i MarHHMHa cypoKi i ncoTy y nomaK Marni Knacn;i TayKaH, Hom, cepn i iHm. Bbipa6bi 3 mane3a. 36omma, bh-BepHyTb Kamyx - Mycini cnpbiaD;b nnogHacn;i M 6aran;D;ro Managbix. BaniKae 3Ha^HHe Meni i agMHcnoBHa 3énKi: »nacD;eneHbKy cnana, / A Tpbi 3enni Knana: / nepmae 3enne
-	poma, / Ka6 6bina npbiroma, / A gpyroe 3enne - KBen;i, / Ka6 6bini y ae g3en;i, / Tp^^e 3enne - MaTa, / Ka6 6bina 6araTa« [52, 174].
y agpo3HeHHe ag D;anepamHaM ciTyaD;bii, Kani »naKnag3iHbi« Managbix a3Ha-HaroD;b royHbi neparornaK y BacenbHbix ypaHbicTacD;ax, y TpagbiDHMHaM KynbTypbi pHTyan He nepanbiHayca hí Ha xBiniHy. HaagBapoT, »naKiHyymbi maHixa i HaBecTy ag-Hbix, rocD;i naHHHaroD;b TaHD;aBan;b, cnaBan;b HenpbicToMHbia necHi, mapTaBaD;b« [52, 302]. CMex i mapTH Ha Mi^anariHHbiM y3poyHi 3'aynaroD;D;a Bbipa3HbiMi npHKMeTaMi mbiD^a (MépTBbia He cMaron^a) i ag3HaKaM »cBaMro« cBeTy (cMex He ynacD;iBbi Ha-HbicD;iKaM - agHo cTpamHH poraT), a TaMy BbicTynaroD;b y aKacn;i g3eMcHbix a6aporay ag Mar^HMara y3g3eaHHa HaHHCTaM cinbi. SpaTbiHHbi m 3MecT »KaniHaK« (KaMopHbia necHi), 3 yniKaM BepH y pHTyanbHyro, MariHHyro mod; cnoBa, TonbKi aKyMynaBay cTBa-panbHyro ^Hepriro BaKon caMoe KaMopH.
npan^c g^^napa^Hi HaBecTH Ha ciMBaniHHHM y3poyHi anicBayca aK aKT nep-mara BopHBa: »3aKnagaMü;e 6biKi-HeyKi y BapMo / fla 6yg3eM HaBiHaHbKy M apan;i« [52, 184]. AgnaBegHa MymHbiHcKi nonaBH opraH BHCTynae y aKacn;i 3eMnapo6naM npbi-nagbi: »Ka3ani HaM, CaMéHKa rynbTaM, - / 3anaTyro comaHbKy Hanpaynay, / HopHyro a6nory pa3g3ipay« {52, 184]. npHHHM, g3ena Taro, Ka6 »caxa« 3Haxog3inaca y npan;oy-hhm cTaHe i He cxi6ina y agKa3HH MoMaHT, 6bini npagyrnegmaHH agMHcnoBHa, y3-6ygmanbHHa MaTogH. flpymKa 3 Manag3in;aMi Bagyn;b ManagHx y Knen;b, g3e »maHixa pacnpaHaroD;b i Knagyn;b y nacn;enb. noTHM pacnpaHaroD;b garana Managyro - Ka6 y maHixa pa3rapanaca nro6oy k cBaéM HaBecn;e« [4, 385].
flaBoni pacnaycrogmaHHMi 3'aynaroDfla necHi, g3e Managbia BbicTynaroD;b y bo6-pa3e mHBénay (niciD;a i 3aan;), nTymaK (rony6, rany6Ka; cena3eHb i »ByTKa«) i HaBaT maMapH (KaMap, Myxa). nonaBHa y3aeMagaHHHeHHi naMim ímí »3aKaMy^naBaHbi« mapToyHHM HHHaM: »fla Hama nicyxHa n'aHa 6bina, / fla Ha rapogax cnan;b narna. / npb6ex 3aroxHa, nér Ha ae, / npaHHynaca nicyxHa - MoKpa y ae: / flbi ^i He 6biy ma th, KacH, na MaHe?« [52, 182]. HacaM aBanogaHHe ManagoM ^aKa3Bae^^a aK BaMcKoBHa g3eaHHi, mTypM i 3axon ManagHM HeMKix yMan;aBaHHay ^i Kp^^ac^i: »KypH, KypH, ga He neMD;e paHa, / fla He neMD;e paHa, He 6yg3in;e naHa. / Om, Ham naHonaK 3 BaMHH npHexay, / 3 BaMHH npbiexay, ropag 3BaaBay« [52, 184]. AgHaK y 6onbmacn;i BHnagKay »npHHHHa« cTpaTH HaBecTaM ^HaTniBac^i BHCTynae agaco6neHa ag Bo6pa3y ynacHa Managora, npHMaroHH y ^anbKnopH caMH pa3HacTaMHH BHrnag. ^^Ta Moma 6H^b i HeMKae HeBagoMae »Tp^^ae«, mTo g3eMHinae caMo ca6oro: »^aHimoK ga ga nombro ig3e, / fl3eBaHbKy 3a ca6oM Bag3e. / nanamHni gBoe c^a^i, / Tp^^e KanHxa^i. / - Cni-^e, g3e^i, HyTKa, / Tp^^e ycTana xyTKa« [52, 177]. naBogne KanapoBaM cyagHeceHac^i
230
ynad3ímíp hoóah
i 3gonbHarn;i maha^ cBaro KaHricT^H^bIro i npyrKa^b - raTa MO»a 6b^b napBAK: »- A MaMa^Ka, 6ana3e, / nay3e napBAK na Ha3e. / A MaMa^Ka, 6aroca, / Eh ma MAHe yKyce« [52, 180]. ^yHbia 6oneBbia agqyBaHm g3ayHHHbi i yayneHm a6 MymHbrncKaM »apara;i« npHBog3Íni ga 3'ayneHHa y KaMopHbix necHax Bo6pa3a g^ananan manbi ^ m^pmHa: »npbina^y, MaMKa, m^pmaHb / flan yTKHyy mana, / C^p^a Mae 3agpbm:ana. / fl3eyKy He 3a nyn, ga 3a ^paBa/ YKycíy na cepagy« [52, 180]. 3gonbHarn;b ^pa^aBa-Hara nonaBara opraHa My^HHHH ^aBaniHBa^^a y naMepax TaKcaMa npHBog3Ína ga ^KaBbix ^anbKnopHbx aHanoriay: »A y Hac céHHA maBani 6bini, / HaTbipbi ho:*:kí y Kynb 6bini, / naTaa Homa^Ka maBanina, / HaM ^ap^ni^y canag3Ína« [52, 192].
Harneg3AHbi Ha Toe, mTo y 6onbmarn;i BbinagKay aKTbiyHaM cinan BbicTynae My^HbiHCKÍ nanaTaK y po3Hbix inacTacax, nacaM 3an3gpocHae yMenbcTBa y a6bixo-gmaHHi 3 thm caMHM »nanaTKaM« g^MaHCTpye Managaa: »A Hama Managa y Kne^ cag3^b, / y Kne^ cag3^b, Kay6acbi íHHe. / Ha^bimna Kay6acy - caM-gpyry He yHacy, / Ha^bimna gpyryro - amna TaKyro, / HaHbmina Tp^^roro - amna nenmyro« [32, 183].
fl3ABO^aa ^HOTa TaKcaMa Ha6biBae y ^anbKnopbi p^HaBbI xapaKTap i Mo»a Bbirnaga^ ak »HbipBOHa KaniHa« (aragKa, pyma) ^ 3onaTa: »On, cnayHa, cnayHa g3eBa^Ka, / fflro hí xag3Ína y ^mhha nacbi na ap^mKi, / fla mTo xag3Ína y m^aprna 6apbi y aragKi, / fla ypaHina HbipBOHyro aragKy y KpaBaTKy, / fla n nyc^na xapomy cnaBa^Ky, / fla ypaHina HbipBOHy KaniHy y napHHy, / fla n nyc^na xapomy cnaBa^Ky Ha pag3ÍHy« [16, 213].
CTayneHHe ga ^HaTniBac^i g3ay^HHbi y Tpagb^biMHbiM rpaMagcTBe ^apMaBa-naca, nepm 3a ycé, 3 yniKaM MÍ^anarinHan Kap^Hbi cBeTy, xapaKT^pHaM gna TaranacHan cBagoMara;L Cynpa^nacTayneHHe »^naa—Ha^naa« 6bino TonbKi KaHKp^THaM npaaBan ^nara m^pa^y 6ÍHapHbix ana3^biay KmTanTy: »noyHH—nycTH«, »6ara-th—6egHbi«, »neBH—npaBH«, »ypagniBbi—HeypagniBH« i r.g. HeBbinagKoBa, ^THO^-pa^ A.Tpo^Ki 3a3HaHHy y XIX ct.: »npocTH HanaBeK Bepb^b y Toe, mTo ^HaTniBaa g3ayHbiHa npbrnoc^b y goM 6o^ae 6aracnayneHHe, a He^HaTniBaa - 3raneHHe, pa3nag i iHm. HenagH i c^yc^am^HHe goMy« [4, 114].
Bbipa3Hae yKa3aHHe Ha raTyro ^aT^H^bIMHyro He6acneKy gna ycén racnagapKi 3Haxog3ÍM i y ^anbKnopbi: »Ha qy^e bh, kohí, / Ha qy^e i, KapoBH, / Ha nyn, Hama namHA, / fflro k HaM g3ÍpaBa npHnmna« [52, 205].
TaMy, Kani BHcBATnanaca, mTo HABecTa »HaH^CHaa«, 3 ae i 3 ycae ae pag3ÍHH ga-Boni ^opcTKa Knini: »nag énKan pacna, / He g3eyKan npHnmna. / nag enKan cnana, / He g3eyKan ycTana. / 3 enKi 3Baninacb, / Ha cyK npa6inacb« [52, 205]. »Haexani npHga-Ha^KÍ, ak agHa, / A npHBA3ni 6onaHKy 6e3a gHa. / - A ^ bh y ae caMi gHO ycTaHaBi^e, / A ^i bh ae 3 ca6on gaMoy BA3^e« [52, 205]. Han6onbm BagoMHM naKapaHHeM 3a TaKyro npaBÍHy 6bno HaKigBaHHe Ha 6a^bKoy Managon ^i cBaTa (3aKocHÍKa) xaMyTa [67, 223]. »y raTHM BHnagKy a6H^pHBae^^a ak ^opMa xaMyTa, TaK i aro agHociHH ga ^HBénbHara cBeTy. TaKÍM HbrnaM naBog3ÍHH »HaH^CHaH« ^pH^aga6Haro^^a na-Bog3ÍHaM ^HBénay« [31, 85]. Kani m HABecTa aKa3anaca ^HaTniBaH, »^aHHHae^^a pyx i cBaBonne. ^oc^i, cKanyHH na naBax, CTaparo^^a ix ^epaBapHy^b i nanaMa^: racnagapH, Ka6 He ganyrn^b ^^Ta^a, HHM-He6yg3b ^ag^iparo^b naBH. Kani rara;AM ygae^^a i^ 3agyMa, to ahh xBana^^a, mTo ím BenbMi go6pa 6bno - ga3Bonini HaBaT ^anaMa^b naBH! 3a6aBaM HAMa KaH^: 3aKocHÍKÍ noBa^b Kyp^H, p^my^b, raTyro^b - ycé ga3Banae^^a, Kani Managaa BapTaa Taro« [67, 223]. Ha gyMKy A.Ban6ypHHa: »^KCTaTHHHH xapaKTap naBog3ÍHay yg3enbHÍKay, agMayneHHe yci^ icHyro^Hx HopMay
231
^pac y 6enapycKaft Tpagb^biMHaft KynbTypbi
i npaBinay - THnoBH y3op Kapn;iHbi agHayneHHa icHyronbix cyBa3ay i agHociHay« [31, 85]. Ha ToMenbmHbiHe, Kani HaBecTa 6bina D;HaTniBan, ae ca6poyKi 6ini nocyg, a »Ha gBapbi BbiBemBaroD;b HbipBoHbi cn;ar« [4, 385], (mTo nag'ro:Bae 3pa6in;b :apToyHyro TpaKToyKy m^pa^y HbipBoHacD;a::Hbix cBaTay).
AgHaK, Haypag d;í, cTayneHHe ga gamnro6Hbix cyBa3ay Monag3i y TpagbiD;bin-hhm rpaMagcTBe 6bino yHi(iKaBaHbiM i CT^p^aTH^HHM. CBae Kap^KTHBH yHocini p^^iaHanbHHa, KaH(ecinHbia gbi n ^^axanbHHa hhhhíkí. Agcronb, »raBopa^bi a6 rpaMagcKan gyMD;bi, mh y cBaro napry naBiHHH yniHBaD;b Mar^biMacD^b ae pa3gBaeHHa Ha (apManbHyro, aKaa a6Bamnana ninbHyro Hea6xogHacn;b BHKaHaHHa thx d;í iHmHx HopMay, i p^anbHyro, aKaa ycyp'é3 raTara He naTpa6aBana i gocbiD;b ni6epanbHa cTaBi-naca ga napymanbHiKay« {93, 41].
^poTbIKa pag3ÍHHaw a6pagaBa^i
y TpagbiD;binHbiM rpaMagcTBe, g3e caM'a pa3rnaganaca, nepm 3a ycé, aK ag3iHa MarHHMH MexaHi3M caMay3HaneHHa i npan;ary pogy, nanaBeK ni^biyca »cynoyHHM« (canpaygHHM) He TonbKi na ycTynneHHi y mnro6, ane a6aBa3KoBa nacna Hapag:^H-Ha g3aD;en. AgcyTHacn;b :a g3aD;en y caMenHan napbi, HaagBapoT, pa3rnaganaca aK 6o:aa Kapa, mTo BbiKnronana cy:oHKay 3 m^pa^y »HapManbHbix« nrog3en, pa6ina ix can;bianbHa i pbiTyanbHa HenayHaBapTHMi (HanpbiKnag, 6a3g3eTHHx He 3anpamani y cBaTbi, KyMH, ix yg3en y pbiTyanax KanaHgapHara D;biKna 6biy a6Me:aBaHbi). »npbi-hhhh 6a3g3eTHacn;i TnyMaHbinica canaHaMi y po3Hbix MacD;oBacn;ax na-po3HaMy, ane acHoyHaa 3 ix i caMaa pacnaycrog:aHaa - ynnbiy Mecan;a (6a3g3eTHHMi ni^binica Tbia, xto Hapag3iyca Honny y KaHD;bi agHon KBagpbi Mecan;a i y nanaTKy HoBan - y Me:ax). y mMaTniKix paéHax Eenapyci 6a3g3eTHacn;b npbinicBanaca napag3encTBy y nac Ba-cenna« [94, 15]. y KynbTypax pbiTyanbHara Tbiny 3'ayneHHe Ha CBeT g3in;aD;i am^a ga-néKa He a3Hanana 3'ayneHHa y rpaMag3e HoBara nanaBeKa - ag3iHKan con;biyMa g3in;a pa6inaca y BHHiKy cKnagaHbix a6pagaBbix g3eaHHay, naHHHaroHH ag MariHHbix anepa-D;biay npH nepapa3aHHi nynaBiHH i cKoHHBaronbi nepmHM nacTpbiraHHeM Banacoy y 1 rog.
SpoTHKa, aK ciMBani^Hae agnrocTpaBaHHe Mi:nonaBbix ganbiHeHHay i, agna-BegHa, 3aqaDfla i Hapag:^HHa g3aD;en, y pag3iHHan a6pagaBacn;i Mae HeKanbKi y3poy-Hay BHpam^HHa aK Bep6anbHara, TaK i aKD;biaHanbHara nnaHy. Han6onbm apxai^Haa ciMBoniKa na:biD;b y acHoBe cro:^Tay, 3Ba3aHbix (d;í 3aKniKaHbix naTnyManbiD;b) 3 npHHHHan 3'ayneHHa g3in;éHKa Ha CBeT i Hag3aneHHeM aro flonan, y tom nac aK T^Ma y3aeMaagHociHay KyMa i KyMH BbinynaeD^a 6onbm BbiayHbiM ^paTH3MaM, na6ygaBa-hhm Ha gaBoni npa3pbicTbiM ciMBani3Me.
Han6onbm apxai^HH MaTbiy 3aqaDfla g3in;éHKa, aKi (iKcyeDfla aManb BbiKnroHHa Ha EenapycKiM nagg3BiHHi (ap^an paccaneHHa KpHBinoy), TpHBana cyagHocin^a 3 Bo6pa3aM KaBana: »On, cnaci6a TaMy KaBanro, / fflro cKyBana g3an;éHy. / ManaTo^KaM He cTyKay, / y pyna^Ki He xyKay, / A, na:aymbi Ha nany, / Ynipayca y c^aHy. - ^é^naa, go6paa Ky3Ha 6bna!« [69, 219-220].
y iHgaeypanencKan Mi^anorii Bo6pa3 KaBana Mae gaBoni yHiBepcanbHae 3Ha-H^HHe. Eh »Hag3eneHH 3BHmHaTypanbHan cTBapanbHan cinan, 3Ba3aHan 3 araéM, i Ba-nogae (^yHKD^biaMi g^Miyp^a - BapxoyHara 6ocTBa... - naMaraTara agHaro 3 BapxoyHHx 6aroy, KynbTypHara repoa i (^i) npogKa« i »Mo:a BHKaBa^b necHro, Bacenne, cnoBa«
232
ynad3ímíp hoóah
[95, 21]. naKa3anbHa, mTo »cbatma KaBani« Ky3bMa i ,D,3am'ah ^irypy^b i y Bacenb-HaM Tpagb^bii KpbiB^Kara ap^any: »Cbatm Ko3bMa-,D,3eM'AH, / npbixag3i, npbixag3i Ha cBag3b6y k HaM. / Ca cBaéM Ky3eHKaM, / CKyM HaM cBag3e6Ky...« [14, 137].
,3k i 3aHa^^é, TaK i Hapog3iHbi	BbiMarani, na HapogHbiM MepKaBaHHi,
y3aeMag3eaHHA My^HHHCKara i ^aHonara nanaTKay. I Kani y nepmbiM BbinagKy yg3en My^HHHH 6biy HacaMp^H p^anbHbI, i pbiTyanbHbi ciMBani3M TonbKi a6birpbiBay raTyK ciTya^iro (napayHaM: »3apa3 xp^cb6iH Mana ryna^b, »6o g3A^M He pag^a-K^b, akía g3e^, g3A^M ^a nanb^M He 3po6im, My^HK Tp^6a« [69, 93]), gbiK yg3en My^a y pogax cBaéM ^ohkí rpyHTaBayca BHKnKHHa Ha nparMaTH3Me ciMBani^Hara nnaHy. TaK, y 6enapycay CManeHm^HHH yn. ,D,a6paBonbcKi 3a^iKcaBay 3BbiHaM, Kani My^HHHa »ganaMaray« cBaéM :«oh^i Hapag»:a^, iMiTyKHbi pogaBbia cxBaTKi i na-KyTH. y BbinagKy, Kani atohma cTorHH 6bini He nepaKaHaynbiMi i, agnaBegHa, cna6a ganaMarani, 6a6Ka-naBiTyxa HaBA3Bana Ha g3eTapogHbi opraH My^a cyBopyK HiTKy i pa3-nopa3 agqyBanbHa ae Toprana. AKpaMa Taro, ni^binaca, mTo HapayH^bi Mory^ ^nKaM nepaKnarn;i p^anbHH 6onb i naKyTbi 3 ^ohkí Ha My^a [96, 370-371]. nago6-hh 3BbiHaM icHaBay i Ha nanecci. »My^ y nac pogay npbicyTHiqay, Ka6 :«oh^i 6bino nar^M pag»:a^. A am^, Ka6 nar^M pag3^b, Tp^6a 6bino Ha cBaMro My^a Ka3a^ gp^HHHMi cnoBaMi« [69, 61]. AgcyTHac^ My^a npbi pogax Marna 3aMAHA^ p^H 3 Bbipa3HaM ciMBoniKaM My^HbiHcKara annagHHKHara nanaTKy. Ha MiHmHbiHe, »Kani naHbiHanica pogbi, 3Bani 6a6Ky-naBiTyxy, AKaa Kana napag3ixi Knana BenbMi cnenbi arypoK (Kani ga aro gaKpaHy^^a, to npa3 agTyniHy nane3y^ 3apHATbi). ^Tbi arypoK Knani gna Taro, Ka6 napag3ixa xyTKa i nérKa Hapag3ina g3^a« [69, 187]. y AKarn;i ga-naMo^Hara cpogKy npbi ^fl^Kix pogax BbiKapbicToyBani i HaraB^bi My^a (Bbipa3Haa cyBA3b 3 nonaBaM c^epaM my^hhhh), npa3 akía «aHHHHa Mycina nepacryn^b Tpbi pa3H [97, 480].
AgHaK HaM6onbm Bbipa3Hbia ^paTHHHHfl ^neMeHTH pag3iHHaM a6pagaBarn;i BbiaynA^^ nagnac »3acTonbHaM 6acegbi«. MeHaBiTa nagnac 3acTonna »na^biHaK^ ^ caMHa HenpHcToMHHH ^apTH He TonbKi cnoBaM, ane i cnpaBaM - y hhm He Mo»a 6b^b copaMy, 6o Ha xp^cb6iHH 36ipa^^ TonbKi ^aHaTHH (BbinynaHa mhom. - y^.) [69, 108-109].
AcHoyHHMi »repoaMi« íhthmhhx npbirogay i ceKcyanbHHx naxag^^HHay y pag3iHHHM ^anbKnopbi BbicTyna^b KyM i KyMa, mTo ganéKa HeBbinagKoBa. Pona 6a6Ki-naBiTyxi i KyMoy y pbiTyane, y napayHaHHi 3 6a^KaMi g3^éHKa, 3'flynfle^^a nepmacHaM, 6o »naBiTyxa »nern^« ^na nanaBeKa, cTBapae ^opMy, a xpocHHa ga^b íma, ganyHaK^b ga c^epH gyxoyHara. Toe, mTo ranoyHHa yg3enbHiKi ratara npa^-cy - He 6a^Ki, a cTapoHHia, cyagHoci^^a 3... T^Hg^H^MAM pHTyana ga BHnyH^HHfl g3i^éHKa 3 »npHpogH«. y gag3eHHM BHnagKy pa3MoBa Mo»a ic^i npa Toe, Ka6 ga^b g3i^fl^i »canpaygHHx«, He 6ianariHHHx 6a^bKoy« {31, 47]. AgHaK »niKaHTHac^« ciTya^Hi nanarana y thm, mTo 3'aynflKHbicfl »6a^bKaMi« g3i^fl^i, KyM i KyMa, na Ha-pogHHx yayneHHflx, Mycini 6H^b My^aM i ^oHKaM ^i, ak MiHiMyM, Me^b y3poBeHb y3aeMagaHHHeHHay, gacTaTKoBH gna 3'ayneHHA g3i^HKa. Harneg3AHH Ha Toe, mTo y p^anbHHM ^H^^i nonaBHA ga^HHeHHi naMi^ KyMaM i KyMoM 6bni ^opcTKa Ta6yaBa-hha (»HegapaBanbHH ^p^x«), a mnK6 mí^ ímí 3a6apaHayca [39, 335], raTbi »npa6en« 3 nixBoM KaMneHcaBayca BipTyanbHa-^apToyHHM HHHaM y pag3iHHHM ^anbKnopH.
HaMHac^eM iHi^HATHBa y rpaxoyHHM 36ni^^HHi ^pH^icBae^^a KyMy, akí 3ana-^ae^^a ga KyMH, npHHocaHH éM agMHcnoBHA nagapyHKi: »A KyM KyMKy / y cagonaK
233
^pac y 6enapycKaft Tpagb^biMHaft KynbTypbi
Bag3e. / A KyM KyMDb / AryponaK Hace / - He xany a / Arypo^Ka TBanro. / He nanan th / XBapTymoHKa Manro. / A KyM KyMKy / y cagonaK Bag3e, / A KyM KyMDb / flb Kin-6acKy Hace. / - He xany a / flb Kin6acKi TBaen, / He nanan th / flb cnagm^Ki Maen«, ane, naKamTaBaymbi xManbHora Megy, KyMa po6iü;D;a 6onbm 3raBopniBan: »yninaca, KyMOK, MegaM TBaiM. / flb pa6i th y^o, mTo xonam, / 3 ^HBaTOHKaM MaiM« [74, 150]. »nagapyHKi-nanacTyHKi« KyMa Marni Men;b a6canroTHa p^anbHHa HacTyncTBH: »flaM nagapaK gaparon, / Xon;b ManeHbKi, gaK ^hbom. / Byg3em, KyMKa, KanbixaD;b, / Byg3em KyMa npaKniHaD;b« [69, 380].
iHTHMHHa ga^HHeHHi KyMH n KyMa y ^anbKnopbi nacra npbiMaroD;b Bbirnag racnagapnan »ganaMori« 3 6oKy anomHara. TaK, KyM »Kpbie KyMe xaTy« (a 3aTHM i no^aK), cee KaHanenbKi, ^ap^ Hag3en KyMH d;í HaBaT tto Ha KpocHax: »KyM ga KyMH 3anan;ayca, / KpaceHKi TKan;b en a6an;ayca. / Ak eH TKay, npHTHKay, / npHTHKaroHH, Ka3ay: / - Th KyMa, th gyma, / Ha yce KyMH xapama!« [69, 393] (napayHan, KpocHH y 3aragD;bi: »XBapTyxaM mapye, HaraMi Kipye, / fl3e pa3men;D;a - TygH cyHe« [74, 204].
HacaM cBae ^agaHHe KyM BHKa3Bae gocbiD;b npocTaniHenHa: »TaKi, KyMa, gan-ca, / TaKi garaganca, / TaKi nacaM nag noacaM / namnynaD;i ganca« [15, 638]. Ane i caMa KyMa ganeKa He 3aycegH BHrnagae naciyHan crapaHon y gaHHHeHHax 3 KyMaM. TaK, aHa Mo»a 3anpacin;b aro Ha agMbicnoByro »Kacb6y«: »Am^, KyMe, He BigHo, / XaBanMaca nag pagHo... / y MaHe, KyMe, TpaBa acaKa, / Kaci, KyMe, 3 BbicaKa« [15, 426], d;í nanpaciü;b a6 iHTHMHan nacny3e: »KyM He n'en;b, KyM He n'en;b, / KyMa He xoHbm;b. / y KyMH y ^pap^ce, y KyMH y ^pap^ce / Bnbxa mnaKoHHD;b. / - KyMonaK-6paTonaK, KyMonaK-6paTonaK, / He 6onca ^p^xy / Bbirarn y KyMH, BHraHi y KyMH / Bnbxy 3 ^pap^xy« [69, 383].
y ^apToyHan ^opMe agnrocTpaBaHH y pag3iHHan ^a^3ii He^acp^gHH íhthmhh KaHTaKT KyMH i KyMa, nag nac aKora anomHi cyTHKaen^a 3 HeBagoMan »3BapHHan«, mTo aro MoD^Ha nanoxae: »A KyM KyMKy pa3yBay, / nag nagoniK 3arnagay. / - A, Ky-Ma^Ka, mTo 3a 3Bep? / A 6aroca, Ka6 He 3'ey. / - A KyMonaK-gypanoK, / ^ th y nece He 6bBay, / TaKix 3Bap^n He Bigay? / ^Ta, KyMoK, BHgpa, / ffl/ro yciM nrog3aM BigHa. / ^Ta, KyMoK, 6o6pa, / fflro yciM nrog3aM go6pa. / KyMKa y nece 6bBay, / TaKix 3Bap^n He Bigay. / He KyKye, He nae, / TonbKi pon;iK pa3ae«* Cro^^T ^^TH nanynapHH i mbipo-Ka BagoMH Ha Benapyci, Mae pa3HacTanHHa BapHaHTH. y agHHM 3 ix ig^HTH^iKa^Ha »3BapHHH« npagcTayneHa 6onbm nagpa6a3Ha: »A a 6biy y nece, / A a 6aHbiy 6apcyKa, / flbK y KyMKi m^pc^b He TaKa... / A a 6biy y nece, / A a 6aHbiy nica, / flbK y KyMH nbica. / A a 6by y nece, / A a 6aHbiy BoyKa, / flbK y KyMH ^ noyKa« [69, 138]. 3naKaHH KyM cnpa6ye pa3a6pa^^a ca »3BapHHan« 3 ganaMoran ynacHan »36poi«, ane MapHa: »naKynb BHHay nicTaneT, / ArnaHyyca - 3Bepa HeT« [69, 379].
Ane, HaBaT 6e3agHocHa KyMoy, T^Ma »npa ^^Ta« 6bna gaBoni pa3ropHyTan y T.3B. »TnycTHx«, »capoMHbix« ^i »6paxniBHx« necHax i npbneyKax, aKia 3'aynanica Heag'eMHan nacTKan pag3iHHara ^anbKnopy. HanpHKnag, »ceKcyanbHaa npbroga« Marna ag6H^^a HaBaT naMi^ 6a6an i nopTaM: »HopT 6a6e Hi^i nagae / flbn 3a ^H^Ki 6ap^. / ^aKa^inica y KyToK / - npanapoy 6a6y rypoK. / Grana 6a6a a3ipa^^a, / fflro ^hbot cTay ^agHMa^^a... / Crana 6a6a ^naKa^i / - nanano y^o i KyBaKa^i. / ^roni, nroni, nronaciKi, / Mto 3pa6ini rynaciKi« [66, 130].
* 3anicaHa ayTapaM y 1995 r. ag MaKeeHaK M.n., 1927 r.H., y b. MacKaneHKi BepxHag3BiHcKara p-Ha.
234
ynadsimip äoöau
npbmeyKi, aKia BHKoHBanica Ha Pag3iHax, Meni gByxœHcoyHbi xapaKTap, Kani 3a 3HemHe 6acKpbiygHaM ^opMan xaBayca Bbipa3Hbi ^paTbIHHbI ^agT^KCT. »3k cBeg-Ha^ ÎH^apMaTapw, BHKoHBanica hhh y:o Ha nagHan CTyneHi Becanorn;i npbicyTHbix i, HaTypanbHa, 6bini :apToyHHMi: »A y Hamara 3a-3a-3a^a / AgapBani a-a-a6nHHKa / y 3snëHHM cagy. / A y Hamara g3a-g3a-g3ag3i / yce goHKi 6na-6na-6naxaMi Tapryro^b HHH. / ^rnrnrpa^i no-no-non / CBaix gaHoK ë-ë-ënKaMi 3arapag:Bay. / A y Hamara no-no-nona / AgapBaHa :o-:o-:oyTaa nap^HaHKa y aro«.* ,3k y:o ag3HaHanaca paHen, ^iKca^ia nago6Hbix ^anbKnopHbix TBopay 3'aynae^^a Han6onbm npa6neM-Han gna nanaBora gacnegHHKa, naKonbKi Hocb6iTH Tpagb^bii (iH^apMaTapbi) na-3a a6pagaBan ciTya^iaM TpaKTyro^b raraa necHi aK »6eccapoMHbia«, cnaBa^ aKia y mTog3ëHHHM	a TbiM 6onbm cTapoHHaMy HanaBeKy (gacnegHHKy) HenpbicTon-
Ha i HSMo^Ha. 3aKpaHaroHH T^My ^paTbIHHa-mnro6HaM ciMBoniKi pag3iHHara pHTy-any, Hea6xogHa 3BapHy^ yBary i Ha a6pagaBbia g3eaHHi, He^acp^gHa 3Ba3aHbia 3 6a6KaM-naBiTyxaM. y Mi^anariHHbiM BHMap^HHi MeHaBiTa 6a6Ka-naBiTyxa (»nynoy-H^a«, »^y^ap^3Ka«) BbicTynae aK ^acp^gHiK naMi: c^epan caKpanbHara (BoraM) i co^iyMaM, BbinpomBaroHbi i gacTaynaroHH HoBaHapog:aHaMy flonro: »Ba6yca cTa^b, g3i^a^ro g3ap:b^b, / Bory pag3^^. / I 3 BoraM pag3^^, gonro npoc^b / i 6araByro i rpamoByro« [69, 206]. HeBbinagKoBa y raTan ciTya^ii Toe, mTo »6a6Kan« Marna 6b^b »aH^MHa cTanara, y:o Heg3eTapogHara BeKy,y 3BapoTHHM BbinagKy gona HeMayna^ Marna 6b^b »^epa^a^HyTaM« ae ynacHHMi g3e^Mi.
AcHoyHan pHTyanbHan cTpaBan pag3iH 3'aynae^^a »6a6iHa Kama« - yBaca6-neHHe He TonbKi goni HoBara y rpaMag3e HanaBeKa, ane i KaneKTbiyHan goni yBoryne, aKyro Hea6xogHa 6bino HaHoy pa3MepKaBa^. »Pa36iymbi rapmHoK ^ MicKy, racnagap ry6nae y:o cBaë npaBa Ha Kamy. ,Ha cTaHoB^^ arynbHan. Ko^hh 3 rac^M KamTye 6a6iHy Kamy, a 6a6Ka Hag3anae ën ycix g3a^M, mTo k MoMaHTy pa3g3eny 6a6iHan KamH 36iparo^a crogbi aManb mTo 3 ycae BëcKi. Ka6eTH, y aKix goMa 3acTanica g3e-6apy^ HeKanbKi mTyK na^HHay ag 6a6iHan KamH y Kim^Hro, ^ 3ana3yxy, 6o npbiexa^ gaMoy 3 xp^cb6iH 6e3 6a6iHan KamH ni^bm^a Toe caMae, mTo BapHy^^a 3 ropaga ga g3a^M 6e3 rac^H^« [69, 193]. TaKiM HHHaM, ko»hh g3^ëHaK BëcKi aTpHMniBay cBaro HacTKy goni. »naKa3anbHa, mTo Kama - He TonbKi xp^cb6iHHaa, ane i BacenbHaa, i naxaBanbHaa cTpaBa, r.3H. BHKapHCToyBae^^a ko:hh pa3, Kani y3HiKae Hea6xogHarn;b ciMBaniHHara nepapa3MepKaBaHHa :b^^Bbix ga6poTay i KamToyHa-^ay - cBanro pogy noTnaH« [31, 52].
y HamHM KaHT^KC^e ^KaBarn;b yaynae caM npa^c 6i^^a nocygy, aKi »yTpHM-niBae mnro6Ha^paTHHHbia ag^HHi«. TaK, »y Ko6pHHbcKiM paëHe rapmHoK 3 Kaman pa36iBana [32, 66] caMa 6a6Ka-naBiTyxa 3 na:agaHHaMi: »Ka6 k Ham^M g3ey^i xag3i-ni KaBanepH« a6o gna xnonHHKa: »Ka6 :aHiyca, y napH :biy« [94, 69]. Ba ycxogHiM nanecci »:aHHHHH - yg3enbH^bi xp^cb6iH Kigani agHa y agHy HapanKaMi ag pa3-6iTara rapmHKa ^ Knani ix Ha ranaBy 6a3g3eTHHx :aHHHH i npH raTbiM BHKa3Bani na:agaHHe: »Ha Ta6e, Ka6 i y ^a6e npa3 rog 6bina Kama« [94, 70].
HecyMHeHHyro ^paTHHHyro cKipaBaHac^ Mey 3BHHan, mHpoKa pacnaycro-g:aHH Ha Benapyci (BbiKnroroHHe CKnagaro^b HeKaTopHa p^^iëHH nanecca), - Ha-^pHKaH^H pag3iHay ^a^a^b (KaTa^b) 6a6Ky-naBiTyxy Ha 6apaHe. ^ra^ 6a6Ky Ha 6apaHe, aK npaBina, naKpHTan BHBepHyTHM Ka:yxoM, Mycini BHKnroHHa My:HHHH i
* 3anicaHa ayTapaM y 1995 r. ag Kapg3roKoBan T.B., 1930 r.H., y b. MacKanëHKi BepxHag3BiHcKara p-Ha.
235
^pac y 6enapycKaft Tpagb^biMHaft KynbTypbi
a6aBH3KOBa D;epa3 yero BëCKy. Ha MeHmHbiHe 6a6ü;bi npbi raTbiM pa3ManëyBani mnoKÍ apKa-HbipBoHan (^ap6an, Ha ranaBy naBa3Bani mMaT xycTaK, yTopKBani nep'e TaK, mTo aTpbiMniBayca canpaygHbi BaHeD;. PocD;i, mTo cynpaBag:ani ae, nepanpaHanica: My:-hhhh y «aHonae ag3eHHe i HaagBapoT, cycTpaKanica capog ix »goxTyp«, »cangaT«, y MHorix Ha ranaBe 6bino Hag3eTa p^maTa [94, 76-77].
Ha BiD;e6mHbiHe i MarinëymHbiHe 6a6Ka, Kani ae D;arani, nagraHana My:HbiH BeHiKaM [69, 95]. ,3k cnymHa 3ayBa:bina T.KyxapoHaK, D;araHHe 6a6Ki-naBiTyxi Ha 6apaHe »g3eaHHe, HacTonbKi HacbinaHae pa3HacTaMHbiMi ciMBanaMi i Bo6pa3aMi, mTo D;a:Ka nanaD;b aro aHaniTbiHHyro xapaKTapbicTbiKy« [94, 78]. CaMa ayTapKa ninbiD;b, mTo »acHoyHaa M^Ta BbiKaHaHHa a6pagy - :agaHHe cag3eMHiqaD;b ga6pa6biTy i mna-cniBaMy :biD;D;ro g3iD;aD;i« [94, 78]. y ceMaHTbiHHan iHT^p^p^Ta^Hi 6apaHbi, aK npa-Bina, ^agKp^cniBae^^a ae ^ani^Haa cyTHacDb »y BoHKaBan ^opMe 6apaHbi Hannepm npbiD;arBaroD;b yBary ae rocTpbia 3y6bi, mTo, HaTypanbHa, Bbi3Hanae ae ^ani^Hyro ceMaHTbKy« [32, 58]. Ane, xoD;b ciMBani^Hae aTaecaMneHHe 3y6a 6apaHbi i Ranaca He BbKniKae ^ap^HaHHa, ceMaHTbiKa caMon 6apaHbi nagaeDfla 6onbm mbipoKan. rpa^in-Haa BbiaBa acHoBbi 6apaHbi - pam^^icTbI KBagpaT (poM6), am^a 3 nacoy HeaniTy Mae 3Ha^HHe 3aMni, pa36iTan Ha Hag3enbi. npacTaKyTHiK, y aKiM Ko:Haa 3 a^eK Mena KponKy (Ha Ko:Hyro a^MKy 6apaHbi npbinagae 3y6) a3Hanay 3aceaHae (annogHeHae) none [98, 88-89]. ^aHonaa ceMaHTHKa acHoBbi 6apaHbi 3Hanmna cBaë agnrocTpaBaHHe i y ^anbKnopbi. TaK, y 3aragD;bi 6apaHa aTaacaMniBaeD^a 3 :aHoHbiM ag3eHHeM: »,D,3i-paBaa nnaxTa ycë none naKpbina« [82, 331], g3e »nnaxTa« - :aHonae ag3eHHe Tbiny cnagHiD;bi 3 gByx cmbiTbix ga nanaBiHbi nonaK« [99, 270]. y »KyMaycKix« necHax 6a-paHa 3 a^MKaMi-agTynmaMi TaKcaMa cyagHociD^a 3 :aHHbiHaM: »npbmmoy KyM ga KyMbi / na3binaD;i 6apaHbi. / KyMa Hary nagHana: / O to Ta6e 6apaHa!« [66, 132]. TaKiM HMHaM, 6apaHa ciMBani3ye g3encHae cnany^HHe My:HbiHcKara i :aHonara nanaTKay y KaHT^KC^e ig^i nnogHacD;i (ypag:aMHacD;i, Hapag:anbHacD;i). ^Tyro ig^ro yBaca-6nae i caMa 6a6Ka-naBiTyxa. y npbiBeg3eHbiM BHm^H anicaHHi 6a6Ka ciMBani^HbiM HbrnaM »BapTaeDfla« y g3aBoD;Ki, g3eTapogHbi cTaH (»pyMaHeD;« Ha mnaKax, BaHeD; Ha ranaBe), a BeHiK, aKiM aHa naraHae My:HbiH, y HapogHaM Tpagbm;bii »BbicTynae aK ciMBan-3aMamnanbHiK My:HbiHbi« [32, 102]. HeBbinagKoBa, Ha BiD;e6mHbrne, Ka6 a6nernbiD;b pogbi, 6a6Ka-naBiTyxa rpyKana naManoM y cTonb [66, 101]. AKpaMa Taro, »6iDflë BeHiKaM y HapogHaM cBagoMacD;i ycnpbiManaca aK ciMBani^Hbi ^KBiBaneHT futuere« [32, 103].
nagcyMoyBaroHK, Mo:Ha MepKaBaD;b, mTo a6pagaBae D;araHHe 6a6Ki-naBiTyxi Ha 6apaHe Mycina cnpbiaD;b He TonbKi go6pan goni HoBaHapog:aHara, a 3'aynanaca 3aKnro^HbM ^Ta^aM y3HayneHHa ^aT^H^Hay D;i cnopy MeHaBiTa KaneKTbiyHaM goni (Ha raTa yKa3ye i MapmpyT »D;araHHa« - D;epa3 ycë cano), a MeHaBiTa ae g3eTapogHara cneKTpa. npacD;eM Ka:yHbi, g3iD;ëHaK, aKora npbiHana 6a6Ka, He Myciy cTaD;b anomHiM y BëcD;bi.
Kona g3ëH
HaayHacD;b ^paTHHHaH KaMnaHeHTbi y 6onbmacD;i a6pagay caMeMHara i KanaH-gapHara ^HKny, 6e3yMoyHa, He a3Hanae, mTo y 6yg3ëHHbM (caMeMHKM, racnagap^KM) :md;d;í T^Ma ceKcyanbHbx agHociHay (ceKcyanbHac^i yBoryne) 6bna He aKTyanbHan ^i Ta6yaBaHan. HanaBenaa ceKcyanbHaa ^aT^H^Ha ycBegaMnanaca, aK agHa 3 npa-
236
ynad3ímíp äo6au
ABay KacMÍHHañ cTBapanbHan ^Heprii, mTo, y cBaro napry, ga3BanAna HanaBeKy 6biD;b He TonbKi p^^H^ieHTaM Ba y3aeMaagHocÍHax 3 npbipogañ, ane h caM0My g3eñcHHM HHHaM yg3enbHinaD;b y 6hd;d;í CycBeTy. nepagyciM, raTa gaTHHbinacA racnagapnañ g3eMHacD;i BACKoyD;a (nonaBH aKT 3 maHHHHañ i y3BopBaHHe 3AMni Ha cÍMBanÍHHHM y3poyHi - 3'abh ig^HTHHHHA), Kani nonaBHA opraHH MymHHHH d;í maHHHHbi bhkoh-Bani BHpa3Hyro npagyDHMHyro, cTHMynroronyro ^yHKD;biro y agHociHax ga naneTKay, HaceHHA, 6ygynara ypagmaro. »Ha BÍD;e6mHHHe, Ka6 ypag3ina go6paA nmaHÍD;a, rac-nagap ceAy Ae yH0Hbi, pacnpaHyymbicA garana« [37, 108]. Kani cag3ini rypKi, 3 M^TaH cTHMynADHÍ ix pocTy BHKapHCToyBani p^HH 3 Bbipa3Hañ ^anÍHHañ ciMBoniKañ: Kon, naneHa, TayKan, npH raTHM KaT^^apHHHa 3a6apaHAnacA cag3ÍD;b rypKi mambiHe, »mTo 3 neT BHnmna (He g3eTapogHara BeKy. - y.^.), 6o He 6yg3e nnogy HÍAKara« [100, 308]. nonaBH ciMBani3M 6biy 3ag3eMHÍHaHbi i npH cAy6e nëHy. BenapycH nagg3BiHHA ceAni nëH Ha KaHCTaHD;iHa i AneHy (3.VI) i npH tothm KananicA ronHMi na 3AMni, Ha akoh ëH 6yg3e noTHM cD;AniD;D;a, - Ka6 BHpac goyri i BanaKHÍcTH« {63, 230]. Ha nanecci, ak naBegaMnAe 3.rnorep, maHHHHH Ha^Ap^gagHi cAy6bi nëHy 36ipanicA y Kap^Me, g3e 6anroroD;b i cKanyD;b npa3 neHb, nacTayneHH nacApog xaTH, raBopa^bi, mTo ak BHcoKa KaTopaA cK0HHD;b, TaK BHcoKa BbipacD;e Ae nëH« [101, 377]. Ha Kynanne (BÍD;e6cKÍ naB.) 3 THM, »Ka6 3aBiBanicA BAniKiA mod;hha KanaHH... Amqa ga ycxogy coHD;a 6a6a pacnpaHaeD^a garana i po6ÍD;b BaKon pacniHH BAniKae Kona« [102, 209].
HecyMHeHHyro ^paTHHHa-mnro6Hyro a^ap6oyKy Mena i KanaHHeIKynAHHe maH-HHH Ha HiBe nag nac gamHHaK, a TaKcaMa MamnynADHÍ 3 »6apagoñ« - p^mTaH mHT-Hix Kanacoy, naKiHyTHx Ha noni y a6pagaBHx M^Tax [103, 27-36].
yBoryne, nonaBaA ig^HTHHHac^b nanaBeKa, 3aMaD;aBaHaA AroHan caDHAnbHañ ponAH (MymHHHCKaAImaHonaA npaD;a) i agnaBegHan KynbTypHan aTpbráyTHKañ (ag-3eHHe) pa3rnAganacA ak ag3iH 3 Heag'eMHHx ^neMeHTay cBeTa6ygoBH i cBeTanapagKy. 3aMaxi Ha Ae ^apym^HHe, HaBaT Ha 3HemHiM y3poyHÍ, ycBegaMnAnicA ak cKpanHe He-raTHyHHA, »g'A6anbCKiA«. nago6HHM HHHaM ycnpHManacA nepaanpaHaHHe MymHHH y maH0D;Kyro, a maHHHH y Mym^HHCKyro BonpaTKy (3a BbiKnroroHHeM a6pagaBHx ciTyaD;HAy, g3e »nagMeHa 6Hna caHKDHAHaBaHa caMiM pHTyanaM: KanAgH, Kynanne, Pag3iHH i ga T.n.). »HAMomHa nanaBeKy ag3ABaD;D;a y 6a6cKae y6paHHe, ak i 6a6e HAMomHa KnacD;i Ha cA6e MymHHHCKÍA nopTKi d;í manKy, 60 HAHHCTaA cina B03bMe ga h 3aMeHÍD;b thx nrog3en - Mym^HHy 3po6ÍD;b 6a6aro d;í maHHHHy MymHKoM ga h npH-Kama ca6e cnymbiD;b. A aHën TagH agcTynÍD^a ag Taro HanaBeKa« [35, 147]. nago6Hae nepaanpaHaHHe BAno ga 3MeHH He TonbKi aca6icTHx xapaKTapHCTHK nanaBeKa, ane h AroHHx racnagapqbix ^yHKDHM: »Ton Mym^HHa 6yg3e 6aAD;D;a BayKa i Haoryn 6yg3e nanaxniBH, akí Hag3ABae maHöHH ranayHH y6op. ^aHHHHy y MymHHHCKañ manDH BenbMi cKopa MomHa cypoHHD;b, a cBoncKaA mHBëna cTaHe TaKon maHHHHH 6aADfla« [37, 81.
nago6HHM HHHaM iHT^p^p^TaBanicA i rapMaHanbHHA aca6nÍBacD;i apraHi3My KaHKp^THa^a nanaBeKa. »y Karo He pacTyD;b hí BycH, hí 6apaga, toh hí 6a6a, hí nana-BeK. Kani y 6a6bi pacTyD;b BycH a6o 6apaga, Ta TaA 6a6a He 6a6a h MymHK He MymHK, a TaK ca6e nopT Begae mTo« [35, 163].
naKa3anbHÍKaM ma nagBHmaHan ceKcyanbHan ^Hep^ii (ropnÍBacD;i, »ynro6^HBa-cd;í«) pa3rnAganicA nacTHA 3y6bi, akía, npayga, 6aneni 3Ha^Ha HacD;eñ, hhm >^gKÍA« [37, 77]. AgHaK, npH nro6bix pacKnagax, nonaBae mbiDflë 6enapycKara BACKoyD;a ga-nëKa He 3'AynAnacA HeñKañ Hea6xogHan BHMymaHac^ro g3enA ^pa^A^y pogy, ane
237
^pac y 6enapycKaft Tpagb^biMHaft KynbTypbi
6bino ganéKa He anomHHH pagacD;ro i connro 6hdhh Ha raTHM cBeD;e. I xoD;b yce ^anbKnopHHH TBopH Ha »raTyro« T^My, 6e3 BHHHTKy, HOCHD;b :apToyHH xapaKTap, ix cyTHacHaH, npayg3ÍBaa acHOBa Haypag d;í Mo:a BbiKnÍKaD;b cyMHÍy. y npbiBaTHacD;i, raTa gaTHHHDfla cyagHHceHHH na mKane :HD;D;éBbix KamToyHacD;Hy nonaBara aKTa i xapHaBaHHH: »Ha mTO 6a6e pamaTO, Ha mTO 6a6e ciTa: g3eg 6a6y naTanTay - 6yg3e 6a6a cHTa« {104, 24]. npHHHM, :apcD;b Marna 3acneD;b y nro6biM MecD;bi, a caM »gBy-6oh« BH3HaHaycH híhhm He npbixaBaHatí ^Ma^HHHac^ro: »Ax th, Cigap-MaKaD;ép, / Ha napo3e 6a6y D;ép: / fflro naBepHÍD;b - / Ba6a nepgHÍDb / fflro naD;icHÍD;b - / Ba6a nicbHiD;b« [73, 6]. My:HHHCKaH :a mod;h, 6e3 ycanHKix nagnopaK 3 6oKy »BÍarpH«, Mo:a na3aM3gpocD;ÍD;b d;í He ko:hh npagcTayHÍK »MOD;Hatí nanoBH« i céHHH: »Ham g3eg caHi raeD;b - / na HaTHpH KniHH 6'eD;b: / nacTOH, 6a6KO, amna cna6KO / raHro nHTH - notíg3iD;b rnagKa!« [73, 87]. npH raTHM »napHBy nnoD;i« 3 ycéH anaHTaHacD;ro, ga noyHae 3HHMori aggaBanica He TonbKi My:HHHH: »TaM 6bina, TaM 6bina, / fl3e kohí nacyD^a; / TaK gana, TaK gana, / fflro pyKi TpacyD^a« [73, 32].
AgHaK HacaM :aHOHHH cnag3HBaHHi He cnpayg:Banica: »A Hy : th hh gy: - d;í Ha D;a6e nixa? Kanamyca, Bapymyca, a th na:Hm D;ixa?« [42, 8]. IHTHMHaa Hay-gaHa Marna MeD;b i gaBoni 6aHanbHyro npHHHHy: » - fflaBani, 6a6Ka, HaroH / - Hi Mary, KapMÍneD; moh! / A 6 i paga maBanÍD;b - / fflaBanyxa He craÍD;b« [73, 29].
fflTO gaTHHHD;b T^xHiKi ceKcy, to, 6e3yMoyHa, BapbiHTbiyHacD;b nonaBHx CTa-cyHKay 6enapycay XIX ct. 6bina 6onbm CD;innaM, hhm y »KaMacyTpH«, ane i TyT npa-coHBaeDfla royHaa pa3HacTaMHacD;b. HaH6onbm pacnaycrog:aHaH 6bina KnaciHHaa eypaneHCKaa na3ÍD;biH »My:HHHa 3Bepxy«: »He na:Hca, MapKa, 6oKaM / ^Ta Ta6e He HapoKaM. / fla na:Hca npaByceHbKa: / Byg3e Ta6e ga MinroceHbKa« (»KaMopa«) [52, 178-179]. flaBoni HacTa y ^anbKnopbi cycTpaKaeD^a yKa3aHHe i Ha na3ÍD;biro »My:HH-Ha 33agy«: »Ak y noni, y noni / naceD;b g3eyKa kohí. / npbitímoy ga e AKay - / CraBÍy g3eyKy paKaM« [73, 42], a TaKcaMa »BepmHÍD;a« d;í »:aHHHHa 3Bepxy«: »Cag3ÍD;b CBaD;-d;h Ha eni, / PacnycD;iymbi KaneHi« [4, 446]. Ha 6biTaBaHHe apanbHHx ^opMay ceKcy Ba ycxogHix cnaBHHay (npayga, y a6pagaBHM KaHT^KC^e) yKa3Bae amna »CnoBa HeHKara XpbiCTanro6D;a« y p^gaK^Hi k. XIV - naH. XV ct.: »M erga :e oy Koro uxb 6oygeTb 6paKb, TBopaTb cb 6oy6HH u cb conínbMMM, u cb MHorHMM HrogecH 6^cobckmmm; m uho :e cero ropmí: ycTpouBbme cpaMOTy Moy:bCKoyro u BbKpagbiBarom;e Bb Bígpa u bb Hamí, n'roTb u, BHHeMbme, ocMopKHBaroTb u o6nu3HBaroT u D^noyroTb« [105, 375]. nago6HHH 3ragKÍ 3Haxog3ÍM i y 6enapycKÍM ^anbKnépbi k. XIX - n. XX ct.: »^ro6nro, nro6nro neD;eHbKy / 3a cnagKy KOHxeD;ÍHbKy: / Ak nano:bm;b y paTOK / flaK 3aHbiÍD;b :HBaTOK« {73, 54] d;í »Cíhíh mTaHH, 6enaa nagKnagKa, a mTO y mTaHax, Toe cnagKa« (3aragKa npa D;yKpoByro ranoyKy) [87, 331]. ApanbHHH npaKTHKaBaHHÍ, xyT^M 3a ycé, He 6bini BynÍD;atí 3 agHa6aKOBHM pyxaM: »fl3eg 6a6y carHyy, / KacMOD;-D;e pa3g3bMyy. / CanogKae BHKyciy, / A ropKae BbinnroHyy« (ap^x) [87, 320] d;í »Ak 3a necaM, 3a 6yHpaKaM / TaM CTaana 6a6a paKaM, / A gypaHb gyMay KannÍD;a / flaH gaBaH TygH Manila« [87, 237].
3ragKÍ npa aHapManbHHH ceKcyanbHHH naBog3ÍHH cycTpaKaro^^a y ^THa^-pa^ÍHHHx MaT^pHHnax i ^anbKnopH BHKnroHHa p^gKa. npHHHHaH ceKcyanbHHx g^BiH^HHy aManb 3aycégH 3'aynanacH ncixÍHHaa xBapo6a HanaBeKa. TaK, y agHHM 3 anoBagay A.Cep:nyToycKara, nonaBHH gaHHHeHHÍ 3 D;énKatí Mae MeHaBÍTa »mana-naBaTH« napa6aK, hkí ycyp'é3 niHH^b, mTO HHa ag aro »npHBana ro:aro 6bKa« [106, 143]. naKa3anbHaa y raTHM nnaHe iH^apMa^HH 6bna 3a^ÍKcaBaHa ^THa^pa^iHHaH
238
ynad3ímíp äo6au
^Kc^egbI^bIaM nfly Ha BymannHHe. TaM, y b. CTapbia Typocbi, cBaëM HeHapManbHaM ceKcyanbHaM apbieHTa^iaM Bbinynayca BacbKa rep^iK. »3 6a6aMi ëH gy«a pyrayca. A a aro He 6aanaca, mh 3 ím Kapoy pa3aM nacBini. Ba6 ëH He nro6iy, My«nHH gy«a nro6iy. Ag3iH ëH «biy, 6a^KÍ naMepni. Xag3Íy a6agpaHH ycë yp^Ma. floMa caMaroHKy raay. BbiBana, 3aBag3e ga ca6e My«HKa, Hano^b i cna^ naKnag3e. A naT0M HexTa gana«^ a6 raTHM HananbcTBy, Hy aro i 3a6pani y gypgoM. TaM ëH, Ka«y^, gy«a ynro-6iyca y HananbHÍKa 6anbHiqH. Myc^b ëH TaM yciM Hagaey i aro aTpaBini«. npH cBaëM HeHapManbHac^ BacbKa Bbinynayca Hag3BbinaMHbiM gapaM y BHKaHaHHÍ a6pagaBbix (KynanbcKix, KanagHbix, BanÍKogHHx) necHay: »BacbKa nanHHae ne^, Hy aK 6a6a, a mh y«o aMy nagnaBaeM«*.
Ha nagneTKaByro MacTyp6a^iro, aK Ha cpogaK 3Ha^^a ceKcyanbHaM Hanpyri (napayHaM: »fla3Bonb, MaTymKa, «aHÍ^a. / fla3Bonb y3a^ Karo xany; / He ga3Bonim MHe «aH^^ - / KonaM nen pa3Bapany« [73, 58]), y Tpagb^biMHaM cynonbHac^ npaK-THHHa He 3BapTani yBari, xo^ Kipbina TypaycKÍ amna y XII ct. ninbiy »pynHH 6nyg« HamHx npogKay 3a cyp'ë3HH ^p^x [46A, 385].
Harneg3anH Ha Toe, mTo nag, y3aeManaBara i KaxaHHe y caM'i pa3rnaganica aK HaMBHm^Mmaa KamToyHac^ y Tpagb^biMHbiM rpaMagcTBe, p^anbHae cTaHoBÍmna cnpaBay Marno icT0THa agpo3HiBa^^a ag ig^any. flanëKa He 3aycëgH npH 3aKnKTOHHÍ mnro6y yninBanica ^any^^i 6ygynbix cy«0HKay. BenbMi nacTa acHoyHaM MaTHBa^iaM mnro6y BHcTynana canaHcKaa racnagapnaa nparMaTHKa. y cÍTya^ii, Kani, HanpH-Knag, Managaa g3aynHHa Mycina íot;í 3a cTapora ygay^, Haypag ^ M0«Ha 6bino na-Ka^ ^nnbix y3aeMHHx ^any^^ay y raTaM caM'i. fla Taro « cTapH My«, BigaBonHa, He Mor 3agaBon^b ceKcyanbHHa 3anaTpa6aBaHHi ManagoM «ohkí. ycë rata, 3 gaKnag-Harn;ro HaagBapoT Marno ag6bm^a i 3 ManagHM xnon^M, mTo 3aMmoy y »npHMaKi« ga 3HanHa cTap^MmaM 3a aro «ohkí. Agcronb HeBHnagK0Ba, mTo T^Ma na3amnro6HHx agHociHay gocb^b mHpoKa npagcTayneHa y 6enapycKÍM ^anbKnopbi. npHnHM Bani3-Haa KonbKarn;b necHay Ha raTyro T^My He Myc^b 3Bog3^b y 3MaH gacnegnHKa. Pa3-M0Ba y gag3eHHM BHnagKy ig3e xyT^M npa HemMaTnÍKÍa ^p^^^g^HTH, pa3ropHyTHa i THpa«aBaHHa y«o Ha ^anbKnopHHM y3poyHÍ, nHM npa MacaByro 3'aBy cynpycKaM HaBepHaOT;i y p^anbHHM «b^^. y 3BapoTHHM BHnagKy npbiMmnoca 6 y3a^ Ha Bepy yce »«ygacHHa, aKaninHac^ caMeMHara «H^^a, aKÍa M0«Ha BbinbiTa^ y ^anbKnop-hhx 36opHÍKax: »A a My«HKa He nanro6ina, / 3aBana y cagoK i naBecina« [75, 316]. ^ He caMH pacnaycrog«aHH cro«^T - 3gpaga ManagoM «ohkí cTapoMy My«y: »- npbiM-g3Í, npHMg3Í, MnagH xnonna, / y nepmaM rag3ÍHe. / Ig3Í, ig3Í, cTapH My«, / y nec na KanÍHy« [65, 371]. Kani y cTapora a6yg«aro^a ^aga3p^HHi, Manag3^a po6^b K0HTp-3axagH: »- Kani, MÍneHbKÍ, th MHe He BepHm, / naBecb 3BaHonaK Ha naganonaK.. / 3k xto 3aTpoH^b - 3BaH0K 3a3B0H^b... / 3BaHonaK 3BÍH^b y cag3e na xaTH, / A My« He nye, 60 rnyxaBaTH« [65, 315]. BagoMa, mTo TaKÍa »6aBH«, a thm 6onbm y agcyTHac^ My«a ygoMy Meni ^nKaM 3aKaHaMepHHa HacTyncTBH: »HanaBay y Hac Ka3aK Mana-g3eHbKÍ. / HanaBay ëH TpH gHÍ i TpH HonH. / flbi naKÍHyy MHe Kapbia BonH« [75, 97]. He MeHmaM yBÍmHarn;ro »Ha cTapaHe« BH3Hananica i My«HKÍ, Ha mTo cnpaBagnÍBa HapaKani «ohkí: »Ëh ap^^b ny«yro HiyKy, / Ëh nro6^b ny«yro «oHKy« [65, 171]. npH raTHM, y Banox »Í3bMeHmnHKa« Ba6H0TH ny«Hx «aHnHHay 6bini 6onbm npb^aranb-hhmí, nHM ynacHaM «ohkí: »A y cycega nro6a «aHa, / ,3k na6any - œp^ Mnee. / Cy-
* 3anicaHa y 1999 r. crygaHTKaÄ nfly IpagoBin A. ag KpHBe^ T.E., 1930 r.H. y b. CrapHa TypocH Byma^ Kara p-Ha.
239
3pac y óenapycKaM Tpagb^biÄHaÄ KynbTypbi
cegaBa ypagniBa, I TnycTa, 6ena, HapHa6pbiBa. I Mafl xyga, pyga6poBa, I Cyxa, flK Kapa gy6oBa« [65, 183]. HacaM My:biK nacTynay ca cBaëH :oHKaH 6onbm pagbiKanbHa: »3aMKHyy :oHKy Ha 3aMOK, I A caM naHmoy ga g3flBOK« [65, 328].
na3amnro6Hbifl agHociHbi :aHaibix nrog3eH ycBegaMnflnicfl HapogHaH Tpagbi-^HflH, flK cTpaTa iHgbBigyanbHaH :b^^Baß ^Hep^ii i, nepm 3a ycë, pa3yMOBbix na-T^H^HH: »He narnflgaH Hy:bix :oHaK: ^ cKaceem, ^ 3gypHeem« [107, 127]; »Hy:bifl :oHKi - 6e3ranoye« [108, 129]. ^inrnnacfl, mTo HaH6onbm ropniBbifl na-3a mnro6aM My:HHHH, Hey3a6aBe nanbiHaro^b HaragBa^ cboh g3eiapogHbi opraH: »Xto k 6a6aM BenbMi MHora Mae ganbiHeHHfl, toh xyTKa a6nbicee« [35, 155]; »Hy:afl MflKKafl nagym-Ka Ha ny:oH nameni nbiciHy ^pa^flp^6i^b« [107, 139]. 3 thm, Ka6 My:biK He xag3iy na Hy:bix :oHKax, aKTbiyHa BbiKapbicToyBanicfl pa3HaciaHHbifl MariHHbifl cpogKi. IcHaBay m^pa^ agMbicnoBbix 3aMOBay: »Ha 3axaBaHHe KaxaHHfl«, »npbicMyTbi«, »mo6 BflpHyycfl 6a^Ka k g3^fl^««: »naciay^ necKy ag 3flMni ga He6a, mo6 caM racnog3b 3 Hfl6ëcay 3nfl3ay, TaKora nanaBeKa ga g3^fl^ gagoMy npbiraay, ga y nameni cna^ na-Knay« [79, 381]. HacaM 3aMOBa cynpaBag:anacfl royHbiMi Mari^HbiMi MaHinynfl^iflMi. »Kani My:bK xog3^b na gpyrix, y3fl^ py6amKy ^ TaM miaHH, ^ mTo, nagpa^ Ha KacHiHKi, 3Mepa^ 3 ranaBbi ga Hor i Tagbi nag cBaro narn;enb nana:b^b i 3araBapbm;b« (KpyncKi p-H) [79, 581].
,3k cBeg^b^b nanflBb ^THa^pa^iHHH BonbiT, nago6Hbifl MariHHbifl npaKTbiKi 6biiyro^b i y cynacHañ 6enapycKaH BëOTM, HacaM npbiBog3AHbi ga TpariKaMiHHbix ciiya^iflH. y 1996-97 ragax y ^HTpbi agHaro 3 cenbcaBeiay BemaHKOB^Kara paëHa (Ha3Ba nacenimna He npbiBog3^^ na ^THHHHx MepKaBaHHflx) ag6binacfl HaciynHafl ricTopbfl. ^oHKa, gaBegaymbicfl, mio fle My: - Mfl^oBbi yqacTKOBbi, xog3^b ga iHmaH, 3BflpHynacfl na ganaMory ga BflgoMaH 3HaxapKi. naKpbiyg:aHafl :aHHHHa nanpacina 3pa6^b TaK, Ka6 y eHHara My:a ^nKaM 3HiKna nonaBae :agaHHe ga »pa3-ny^rn^i«. Ane, HaroyHa, »napa« aKa3anicfl 3aMO^HbIMi i »:agaHHe« Ba ynacTKOBara 3HiKna He TonbKi y gaHbiHeHHi ga nanro6oyH^bi, ane i ga cBaëH :ohkí. ^iiapanbHa 3a HeKanbKi g3ëH He ciapbi flmq^ My:HbiHa, flKi BH3Hanaycfl HecnaionbHaH ropniBararo, cTay a6canroTHa 6e3ganaMo:Hbi y ceKcyanbHbiM nnaHe. 3BapoTbi :ohkí ga 3HaxapKi i cnpo6bi anomHflH »agpa6^b« y3g3eflHae nocnexy He Meni. nacnfl naro KaH^niKT Ha6biy agKpHTH xapaKTap, a nicTbi ca cKapraMi Ha »Beg3bMy« gacbinanicfl HaBaT y p^gaK^Hro a6nacHOH ra3eTbi.
y toh :a nac, ricTopbifl Begae BbinagKi, Kani nonaByro cna6arn;b, flK bmhík cy-poKay, neKaBani MeHaBiia MO^HbIfl 3Haxapbi ^ napayHiKi. TaK, y 1631 r. nag nac »napa-g3eHCKara« npa^cy, mio npaxog3iy y HaBarpagcKiM rpogcKiM cyg3e, 6bini BbiflyneHbi HacTynHHfl ^aKTbi. Kani naHi $flp^HcaBa, y:o 6ygynbi 3apyqoHaß, pbixiaBana Mflgbi ga cBaHro Bflcennfl, BflgoMbi napayHiK Kapn nanpaciy y fle Taro Mëgy. AipbiMaymbi ag-MOBy, Kapn ^a^flp^g3iy $flp^HcaBy, mio raia Mo:a ga^^a y 3HaKi ManagoH. y BbiHiKy »napay« ®flp^HcaBa i fle My: m^c^b TbigHfly nacnfl Bflcennfl He Marni Me^ nonaBMx ciacyHKay. PagM 3goney ga^ TonbKi Kapn. »A Kani npbiñmoy, TonbKi kíhkom ygapby na OT;ëraax caMy $flp^HcaBy i Ka3ay ëH ga My:a. I Ha thm :a Mec^H Meni naMi: ca6oH 6ni3Kac^b i ga no:Ky He gañmoymH« [109, 145].
^3enfl npa^inaKTHKi i neKaBaHHfl pa3HaciaHHHx nonaBbix nHC^yHK^Hfly i xBapo6ay mHpoKa BbiKapbicToyBanacfl ^iTaT^pa^ifl, aca6niBa, ^^Ta gaTHHHnacfl ^apym^HHfly y nonaBaH c^epH :aHHHH. ^ni3a A:^mKa ^pHBog3i^b ^^nH m^pa^ :aHo^ix »^apym^HHiKay«: »6nicKaBi^a« (Potentilla argentea), »Kypanafl cnenaia«
240
ynad3ímíp äo6au
(Helianthemum vulgare), »rBa3g3iHKa« (Erythraea centaurium), »cHMi3HnéH« (Pyrola rotunbifolia), »g3eBH^paHaK« (Parnassia palustris) gbi iHmbiH [80, 462]. y HKarn;i 3a-OT;eparanbHara cpogKy «aHHHHH BbiKapbicToyBani agBap 3 »3arapTymKÍ« (Orchis latifolia), ag 6H3g3eTHarn;i, BbiKniKaHan HapaMi, 360p 3 »MapKoymKa« (Daucuc carota) i »^apym^H^a« (Parnassia palusrus); y HKarn;i neKay ag BeHepbiHHbix xBapo6ay y^H-Bani »>biBaTa6onbHiK« (Plantago arenaria), a npbi »My>HbiHcKix npa6neMax« - »cTa-HoyHiK My>b^Ki« (Prunella vulgaris) [80, 418, 495].
naKonbKi ceKcyanbHMH naBog3iHH HanaBeKa 3'HynHK^a npbiBaTHbiM Bbinag-KaM aroHHX ca^iHnbHbix naBog3iHay, to yHyneHHi npa yHapMaBaHyro/HeHapManbHyro ceKcyanbHac^, hkíh icHaBani y Tpagb^biMHbiM rpaMagcTBe, 3'HynHnicH agHMM 3 hmh-HiKay MexaHi3My ig^HTH^iKa^Hi »Hy>biH^y« - npagcTayHiKoy iHmbix ca^iHnbHbix i ^THiHHbIX rpyn. »Hy>biHe^<, hk npbiH^moBa agpo3Hbi ag »TyT^MmbIx« (racnagap-hmmí 3aHHTKaMi, 3BMHKaMi, pbicaMi xapaKTapy, MoBan i r.g.) Hag3HnHycH i pa3HacTan-HbiMi xi6aMi ceKcyanbHara xapaKTapy ^ »HeHapManbHa^ro« cHMenHara
HaM6onbmaM ropniBa^ro, no>agg3ro i, agnaBegHa, pacnycTan xapaKTapbi3aBa-nicH cny>b^eni xpbic^HHcKara KynbTy - nanbi gbi KcHHg3bi. nepagyciM, y »rpaxoy-Han aKTbiyHac^« Bbi3HaqanicH npaBacnayHMH cBHTapbi, hkíh Marni 3aMMa^^a a6nyg-Han cnpaBan HaBaT y ^pKBe: »MHe hh M0»Ha ga ^pKBbi xag3^b, / MHe hh M0»Ha Ha cnoBeg3i 6b^b: / nanbi, g3HKi 3anH^K^a, / I y KHm^ax cnaMbinHK^a« [65, 50]. npbi raTbiM, cnpaBa Haypag ^ a6MH»yBanacH agHbiMi 3anéTaMi: »Hy:»bi >ohkí Bory MonH^^a, / MaH m^nbMa 3 nanoM 6opa^^a... / Ox, i 6opa^^a, KaHae^^a, / Híhk m^nbMa 3 ím He cnpaB^^« [65, 47]. nago6HbiH naBog3iHbi nana BbiKniKani agnaBegHyro p^aK-^HB 3 6oKy My>HbiHcKae nanoBbi BécKi. »Bbiy ag3iH non, ga TaKi naraHbi, mTo hk Hro n 3HMnH Hacina. npocTa gpay 3 nrog3en mKypy. A ga 6a6 6biy TaKi nagKi, mTo HeManb ycix Manag3^ nepanpo6yBay. Y»^ 36ipanicH g3e^K>Ki a6cTpbim;i eMy Kocy ga nepa-6iBa^ Hori, ane 6aHnica rpaxy« [106, 90-91]. flaMararonbicH cBanro, non nepaKoHBae ^H>apHyro >aHHbiHy y Hea6xogHarn;i gapa6^b nnog y enHbM HspaBe (ck»st go6pa BHgoMbi HHMe^iM mBaHKaM, ^paH^y3CKiM ^a6nie i iTanbHHcKiM ^a^^HM Hacoy Agpag»^HHH): »I nanay non Manila ga g3^H gapa6nH^ ga TaK 3axag3iyca, mTo MaTpyHa a> nanana Kpbina^« [106, 91]. npayga, My>biK noMOT^b ag^KBaTHHM hh-HaM. na3HHaroHH y nana g3Be 6apaHH, éH y 3arag cBHTapa cBaén >oh^i i ^HaTniBaM gan^: »Ka6 gani a6eg3Be« yKnagae iHmbi c^Hc. 3 gpyrora 6oKy, ropniBac^ nana i Hro-hh cTaTyc ^acp^gHiKa naMi> nrog3bMi i BoraM 3'HynHnicH npbiHbiHan 3BapoTay ga Hro 6H3g3eTHHx >aHHHH. TaK y anoBHg3e ca 36opHiKa A.Cep>nyToycKara »AgyKaBaHbi 6hhok« cH6poyKa pa^b 6H3g3eTHan >aHHbiHe: »Ba^bim, nanog3i nnogHbie, 6o cbBiHe, - Ka> TaH Manag3^a, - cxag3i k HamaMy nany, 3aHeci eMy racb^H^ ga nanpaci ero ro»^HbKo, moo n y6naraem. Eh y>o MHoriM naMor. ^nep g3HKyro^b« [106, 143].
y agpo3HeHHe ag nanoy, »6nyg« KcHHg3oy, mTo yBoryne He Meni npaBa Ha ch-MenHae >H^^é naBogne ^ni6aTy, y ^anbKnopH naKa3aHH 6onbm 3aKaMy^nHBaHbiM i BHTaHHaHHM. naKa3anbHan y raTbiM c^Hce 3'HynHe^^a pag3iHHaH necHH 3 DibróoHHbi-hm: »Tp^6a, Tp^6a, g3HyHHHaHKa, / ^epac^aBHga^i, / ^i npbinmnocH, g3HyHHHaHKa, / nepag ^pa6aBa^i? / - He gaBana, naHe KcéH>a, / He gaBana HiKoMy. / TonbKi gana nepag / KcéHg3y ManagoMy. / - Bygy^b Ta6e, g3HyHHHaHKa, / rpaxi agnymnoHH, / Bo to > ^H6e npa6aBay / HanaBeK cBHH^0HH« [69, 472].
nago6HaH cnoBeg3b, ane y>o y HKac^i BHcenbHan 3a6aBH 6HTaBana Ha Mh-g3enbmHHHe. »KcéHg3«, anpaHyTH y >aHonyro c^agHi^y, 3 »cbhtom Bagon« -^ap^nKaH,
3pac y óenapycKaM Tpagb^biÄHaÄ KynbTypbi
cnaBagae npbicyTHbix. »Aca6niBa aKD^HTyeDfla ^apym^HHe 10 3anaBeTy. »KcëHg3« 3a-gae nMTaHHi, HacTaynae cnaBagaronaraca, ix pa3MOBa Mae BonbHH, HaBaT ^pbiBonbHbi xapaKTap. TyT MHora HaMëKay Ha nag3ei canpaygHHH, rnega^bi 3BbiqaMHa ycë BegaroD;b i 3 BaniKan acanogan conaD;b, hk raTa ycë a6birpbiBaeD;D;a. »CnoBeg3b« 3aBapmaeDfla »ManiTBan«: »floMÎKa-goMÎKa, / 3Baninaca 6a6a 3 KoniKa, / ygapbinaca a6 nen - / Bh-cKa^biy xnanen;« [58, 122].
AgHaK BbinagKi 3 p^anbHa^a :hd;d;h 6bini ganëKa He TaKiMi cMemHHMi. TaK, y gp. n. XVIII ct. ,D,y6icKi (BineHmHbiHa) nna6aH GraHKeBin a6BiHaBaHBayca y 3rBanTa-BaHHi MamnaHKi KaMiHcKan nag BbirnagaM BbiraaHHH 3 He g'a6na, a TaKcaMa T^p^3H GraHeBiq i	MaD;KeBiH, y npHMyce HHBecT nepag BHHHaHHeM ycTynan;b 3 iM
y nonaByro cyBH3b i y thm, mTo g3in;ëHKa, Hapog:aHara ag aro, ëH 3aragay yKiHyD;b y xney cBiHHHM [110, 150]. y 1897 r. BepHiKi MHCT^HKa KongaHaBa nagani cKapry Ha KcHHg3a Tpag3D;Kara y MarinëycKyro gyxoyHyro KaHcicTopbiro. KcëHg3 a6BrnaBaHBaycH y thm, mTo, 3aBbimaroHbi KomTH Ha pbiTyanbHbia nacnyri (BHHHaHHe, naxaBaHHe), ëH a6ipae npbixag:aHay, a »ca6paHHH rpomH TpaD;in;b Ha pa3rynbHae «HDflë i Ha yTpHMaHHe 3HaHHan KonbKacn;i npHcnyri :aHonara nony, HKaa MHHaen^a mTOMecan; i aTpHMniBae go6pae y3Harapog::aHHe« [111, 137].
^yHan ceKcyanbHan »HeHapManbHacD;ro« xapaKTapH3aBanica y 6enapycKiM ^anbKnopbi i npagcTayHiKi iHmHx ^THiHHHx cynonbHacD^y: »MacKani« (pycKia), »xaxnH«, »Ma3ypH«, »:bigbi«, D;biraHbi gH iHm. Ak npaBina, »Hy:biHD;aM« npbinic-Banaca pacnycTa (»^bina agHa MacKoyKa ga BenbMi pacnycHaa 6a6a...« [28, 177]) i g3iyHHH, 3 rneg:aHHH »TyT^MmbIx« caMeHHHa y3aeMagaHHHeHHi: »A:aHiycH cTapH :big, / y3Hy :oHKy rongy; / nacag3iy Ha npbineHKy - / I cTay 6in;b y Mopgy« [73, 166] D;i »^big :bigoyKy He y3nro6iy, / na D;biD;Ke apMonKan 6iy. / A :bigoyKa He cxan;ena, / I apMonKa agnan;ena« [87, 223]. BanaD;y:Hbi nag :hd;d;h D;biraHoy cnapag3iy yayneH-He npa ix npbiHDMnoByro »6ancTpyKaBaTacD;b« (»Ba ycix D;biraHoy HHMamaKa 6an;b-Koy« [28, 190] i HeMar^biMacD^b CTBap^HHH iMi nayHaBapTan cHM'i: >^biraH-pbiraH! / npagay gymy 3a narymKy, / npagay :oHKy 3a MamoHKy, / npagay xaTy 3a nanaTy, / A MaTKy 3a mBanKy, / Kyniy 6anananKy« [87, 177]. Ma3ypH, ynopaBeHb 3 rnynoTan, HecnpaKTbiKaBaHacD;ro i naHoTan, Hag3ananicH amH^ i :HBënbHaM K>pniBacD;ro: »Ma-3ypH HagTa ropniBbia: Ko:aH Ma3yp 3a g3eyKaMi hk KHHp 6erae« [112, 233]. »XaxnH« (yKpaiHDb) y Banox 6enapyca nrog3i He TonbKi Hag3BHHaM ynapTHH [28, 128], ane i gocbm;b :opcTKia y agHociHax ga :aHHHH. TaK, naxog:aHHe Ha3BM BëcKi 3amno6'e Ha nanecci TnyMaHbiD^a HacTynHHM HbiHaM: »^biy TyT yKpamen;. I 6iy cBaro :oHKy. ^rog3HM g3iBa: 36iparo^^a ^nflg3e^b. Ëh 6'e, a HHa nHTae: - 3a mno 6'em?« [113, 294].
I y ceKcyanbHHM BHMHp^HHi »xaxon« 6biy Hena:agaHHM napTHëpaM gna mh-cD;oBan :aHHHHH: »AxHy, MaxHy, / A Hi gaM xaxny. / Xaxon	He Mai^b - / npon;i
m^pc^i ^ixai^b« [12, 211].
Ee3yMoyHa, m^pa^ »agxineHHay, npHnicaHHx »Hy:biHD;aM«, Mey xyTH^H yayHH, hhm p^anbHH xapaKTap, agHaK HeKaTopHH 3 ix agnaBagani p^HaicHac^i. y npHBaT-Hacn;i, yayneHHi npa pac^ycHac^b »MacKanëy« BHHiKani 3 Ha3ipaHHay 3a Mapannro i naBog3iHaMi pycKix cTapaBepay. »y MapanbHHx agHociHax pacKonbHiKi, hk cBeg-Hbm;b... 3Hay^a Hapoga A.CeMHHToycKi, Hi:^H 3a Mapanb 6enapycay. PacKonbHiKi He npbi3HaroD;b CBHTac^i mnro6y, Mana ^^HH^b cy:^HcTBa, :aHHHHH : He Hagaro^b BaniKara 3HaH^HHH ^HaTniBac^i i BepHac^i y mnro6e« [114, 284]. HacaM HaBaT MoyHaa agpo3Hac^b »TyT^Hma^a« i »Hy:biHD;a« npHBog3ina ga KaMi^HHx Henapa3yMeHHay 3
242
ynad3ímíp hoóah
>«paTHHHbiM« agn;eHHeM. »Pa3, aK cTaani MacKani y cane, TaK ag3iH xan;ey nepn;y ga aen;, gH M Kam^ Ha cTapyro Ka6eTy: - ^M! 6a6a, nanpy ga aen;! A aHa: - A Ka6 3 n;a6e,
-	Kams, - gyx BHnepno! Kygbi th MaHe cTapyro ^a^p^m ga aen;!« [115, 37]. »ATpbi-Man;b Ha ap^xi« ag npocTaM BacKoBaM Ka6eTH Mor i naH ca CBaéM He3pa3yMenaM TaK-ToyHacDro. »Ebiy ca6e KipMam, am ig3e aKicb naHiHHK i Hexan;a mTypxHyy 6a6y y 6ok, TaK agBapHyyca i MyBin;b: - napgoH, 6a6Ka! - A Ka6 n;a6e, - Kams, - cKyna ygymbina!
-	naHbD;ece: gay caMKy nag 6ok i amna na, ocb Kama: napgyH 6a6a! A Ka6 th napg3ey, rag3e th, HirgH hí cTpbiMaymbicé!« [115, 37].
Ee3yMoyHa, mTo 6onbmacn;b TaKix ciTyaDbay agHocin^a ga c^epbi HapogHara ryMapy, ane yce acneKTH »Henaga6eHCTBa« HymbiHD;ay (y thm niKy i ix Heag^KBaTHHa ceKcyanbHHa naBog3iHbi) He y ManoM cTyneHi ynnHBani Ha Toe, mTo BHKnroHHaa 6onbmacn;b mnro6ay y TpagbiD;biMHaM 6enapycKaM cynonbHacn;i 3'aynanaca MoHa-^THiHHaM.
3aBapmaroHH HeBaniKi i mMaT y hhm ^a^ap^gHi gocneg, npHCBenaHH ^paTHH-hhm KaMnaHeHTaM 6enapycKaM TpagbiD;biMHaM KynbTypH, Hea6xogHa cromita Ha m^pa^y npbiHD;bmoBbix MoMaHTay.
AHani3 gacTynHaM ^THa^pa^iHHaM i ^anbKnopHaM ^aKTypbi nepaKaHayna cBegHbm;b, mTo y cynonbHacn;ax pHTyanbHara THny, g3e a6pagaBaMy (ciMBaniHHa-My) a^apMneHHro nagnarani yce 3HaHHHa MoMaHTH caD;bianbHara i iHgHBigyanbHara mbiD^a, T^Ma ceKcyanbHHx agHociHay MymHHHH i maHHHHH (mb^M - y3aeMag3e-aHHa MymHHHCKara i maHonara nanaTKay) nanpocTy He Marna 6biD;b irHapaBaHaa, a thm 6onbm Ta6yaBaHaa.
CeKcyanbHaa ^Hepria HanaBeKa ycBegaMnanaca aK p^anbHaa, npagMeTHaa npa-aBa cTBapanbHaM KacMiHHaM ^Hep^ii, agcronb - ^paTH3M, aK ciMBaniHHae BHayneHHe raTae ceKcyanbHacD;i i nonaBHx y3aeMagaHHHeHHay, 3'aynayca a6aBa3KoBHM ^neMeH-TaM npaKTHHHa ycix pHTyanay KanaHgapHara i caMeMHara D;biKny. Aca6niBa raTa ga-THHHnaca a6pagay, aKia ciMBaniHHa p^ani3oyBani nepaxog ag »cTapora« ga »HoBara« d;í to Ha KaneKTHyHHM (KanagH, MacneHKa, BaniKg3eHb, Kynanne) d;í Ha iHgHBigy-anbHHM (Pag3iHH, Bacenne) y3poyHi.
3 yniKaM Taro, mTo y TpagbiD;biMHaM KynbTypH yce ^neMeHTH cycBeTy pa3-rnaganica aK Beni3apHaa cicT^Ma 3HaKay i ciMBanay, mTo y cBaro Hapry aManb 6e3 BHHaTKay nag3ananica na nonaBaM npbiHanemHacD;i (d;í cyTHacD;i), ^paTHHHHM 3MecTaM Marna Hag3anaDfla, y 3anemHacD;i ag KaHKp^THa^a ciTyaTHyHara KaHT^KCTa, Hag3BHHaM mHpoKaa KaT^^opHa 3'aBay i p^Hay. TaK, ^aniHHae »npaHHTaHHe« MaroD;b p^HH, 3Ba3aHHa 3 g3eMcHaM iHCTpyMeHTanbHaM c^epaM: ronKa, xne6Haa nanaTa, caxa, pana, TayKaH, g3iga, ma6na, MeH, CTp^nb6a, Byga i g.T.n. ^apManbHae (Konep, a6pHCH) i TbinanariHHae (n;BépgacD;b, aKTbiyHacD;b) namani y acHoBe TaKora ciMBani3My: enKa, mHmKa, MopKBa, rypoK, rpbi6, pbi6a, gmana, Kay6aca, nipor, Kon, ^ap^x, nanKa, por, aK ^anbKnopHbia 3Ha^HHi ^anacy. ^aHoHH, g3eTapogHH nanaTaK ciMBani3aBayca p^Ha-mí nonHMi, 3 agTyniHaM, ane npbiHD;binoBa naciyHHMi: rapmnoK, 6oHKa, Bagpo, g3ama, Mex, aMa, Hapa, neH i ga T.n. CaM nonaBH aKT BbiaynaeD^a y KaT^^opHax aKTHyHaM g3eMHacn;i: KaBan;b, apan;b, pa6in;b, g3ay6cD;i, TayHH, 3acagmBaD;b, ycTaynaD;b, Men;b, Ha-D;arBan;b, napon;b, KanaD;b, mbiD;b i r.g.
y agpo3HeHHi ag pycKaM Tpagbm;bii (rn. »3anaBeTHHa Ka3Ki« A.A^aHacbeBa) niTapanbHae anicaHHe (na-3a ycanaKaM ciMBoniKaM) ceKcyanbHHx y3aeMagaHHHeHHay
243
^pac y 6enapycKaft Tpagb^biMHaft KynbTypbi
My^HHHH i «aHHHHH y 6enapycKiM ^anbKnopbi npaKTbiHHa He cycTpaKaen^a, ahh Ha y3poyHi ycën TpagbiD;bii ni^binaca HenpbiMManbHbiM i naxa6HbiM.
Bbi3HaqanbHaa pbica 6enapycKan TpagbiDHMHan ^poTHKi (ak i ycën ^poTHKi y npbiHD;bme) - ae D;ecHaa cyagHeceHacn;b 3 HapogHan cMexaBon KynbTypan. Bo i no-naBbi aKT, i cMex y agHonbKaBan cTyneHi agMaynaroD;b cMepn;b i cynpan;bcTaaD;b ën, cD^apgmaroHbi mbiDflë.
Ha y3poyHi Manag3ëBan cy6KynbTypbi, HacbinaHacD;b »rynbHi« ^paTHHHHMi ^neMeHTaMi 3'aynanaca Hea6xogHan yMoBan nayHaBapTacHan caD;biani3aD;bii nana-BeKa i cTBap^HHA ^aT^H^bIMHaM mnro6Han napbi. SpoTbiKa, y agpo3HeHHe ag d;a-nepamHara nacy, He 3'aynanaca raToBbiM npagyKTaM gna MacaBara cna^HBaHHA, a npagyKaBanaca caMiMi yg3enbHiKaMi »rynbHi«, y TaHD;ax, rynbHax i cneBax, mTo, caMo ca6oro, 3gbiMana mMaT akía KoMnneKcbi i nagneTKaByro Hea6a3HaHacn;b y nbiTaHHax nony.
3 gpyrora 6oKy, He xan;enaca 6 npagcTaBin;b ^poTHKy Hambix npogKay, ak TonbKi nacTKy pHTyanbHan, ciMBani^Han p^anbHac^i, 6o i y mTog3ëHHHM, na6biToBbiM BHMap^HHi KaxaHHe i iHTHMHaa 6ni3Kacn;b 3 KaxaHHM HanaBeKaM 6bini He anomHaro pagacD;ro 3AMHora »hd^a.
HÏTapaTypa
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5.	^arnD;b6a ^ap^mKi. Mh., 1993.
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10.	TonopKoB A.n. Manou3BecTHHe uctohhuku no cnaBAHcKon ^THoceKcono^uu (k. XIX - h. XX b.) // STHunecKue cTepeoTunbi MymcKoro u meHcKoro noBegeHua. CnB., 1991. C. 301-318.
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13.	Eenapycbi: y 8 t. T. 3: EaHgapHHK B.K. ricTopbia ^THana^iHHa^a BbiBy^HHa. Mh., 1999.
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Eros v beloruski ljudski kulturi
Uladzimir Lobač
Članek obravnava seksualno simboliko in povezave v beloruski ljudski kulturi 19. st. in zgodnjega 20. stoletja. Posebnosti seksualne kulture in simbolizma beloruske etnične skupnosti raziskuje avtor s pomočjo analize velikega števila etnografskih in etnoloških virov. Posebno pozornost posveča erotičnim sestavinam v subkulturi mladih Belorusov: seksualne motive v šegah ob poroki in rojstvu. Opredeljuje pa tudi vsakodnevne stereotipe o spolnih odnosih.
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