N. DUªUNCELI, S. SURME: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER-MATRIX CELLULOSE-BASED ...
275–280
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER-MATRIX
CELLULOSE-BASED COMPOSITE MATERIALS
MEHANSKE LASTNOSTI KOMPOZITNIH MATERIALOV S
POLIMERNO MATRICO NA OSNOVI CELULOZE
Necmi Duºunceli
*
, Seckin Surme
Aksaray University, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 68100 Aksaray, Turkey
Prejem rokopisa – received: 2019-09-17; sprejem za objavo – accepted for publication: 2019-11-08
doi:10.17222/mit. 2019.223
This study focuses on composite cardboard panels, determining their mechanical properties. The panels were manufactured of a
minced waste-paper-based composite material. First, four types of mixture were prepared using minced-material composite
cardboards with different ratios of polyethylene (PE). Second, the mixtures were compressed and heated in a mold, and then a
composite cardboard panel (CCP), 7-mm thick, was produced. In the third stage, tensile, three-point-bending, nail-pulling and
water-absorption tests were applied to specimens of different CCPs. Mechanical tests were conducted using a tensile testing
machine in accordance with ASTM 1037. In this study, the mechanical behaviors of the CCPs associated with the added PE
were investigated. Observations showed that the presence of PE enhanced the mechanical strength of the CCPs and resulted in
an increase in the nail-pulling-load and water-absorption resistance. The investigation was extended to conventional wooden
panels (oriented strand board and fiberboard), which were exposed to the same tests. The experimental data demonstrated that
the strength of the new product was higher than that of the conventional wooden panels. The results suggest that CCPs can be
used as an alternative to wooden panels.
Keywords: composite materials, mechanical properties, polymer, waste treatment, recycling
V{tudiji so se avtorji osredoto~ili na kompozitne kartonske panele (plo{~e) in dolo~itev njihovih mehanskih lastnosti. Paneli so
bili izdelani iz sesekljanega oz. narezanega kompozitnega materiala na osnovi odpadnega papirja. Najprej so izdelali {tiri vrste
me{anic iz sesekljanega kartona in razli~no koli~ino polietilena (PE). Me{anice so nato stisnili, segreli in oblikovaliv7m m
debele kompozitne kartonske plo{~e (CCP). Iz izdelanih kompozitnih kartonskih plo{~ so izrezali preizku{ance za trito~kovni
upogibni preizkus, trgalni preizkus in preizkus absorpcije vode. Mehanske preizkuse so izvedli na univerzalnem trgalnem stroju
v skladu s standardom ASTM 1037. Analize preizkusov so pokazale, da dodatek polietilena izbolj{a mehansko trdnost izdelanih
kompozitov in pove~a njihovo odpornost proti absorpciji vode. Raziskavo so avtorji dodatno raz{irili {e na testiranje lesenih
kompozitnih panelov (iz sekancev in vlaken). Nove kompozitne kartonske plo{~e imajo v primerjavi s konvencionalnimi
lesenimi plo{~ami ve~jo trdnost, zato bi se lahko uporabljale kot njihova alternativa.
Klju~ne besede: kompozitni materiali, mehanske lastnosti, polimer, obdelava odpadkov, recikliranje
1 INTRODUCTION
Solid waste is classified as organic and inorganic ma-
terials. The latter comprise glass, ceramics, and metals
such as iron; especially aluminum, copper and a small
amount of zinc are used for packaging materials. Solid
waste has the most impact in terms of polluting the
environment and the solution to this problem is the
recycling of these materials, which has been investigated
for many years. Additionally, being extensively used and
difficult to recycle, plastic materials are a huge problem
in terms of their effect on the environment.
1–4
Composite cardboards are widely used as the storage
material in the beverage and food industry. These ma-
terials also constitute a serious environmental problem
since there are limitations to the recycling of this waste.
In terms of reducing environmental pollution, it is im-
portant to produce a product from used composite
beverage containers in an economical and appropriate
manner.
5
Multilayer composite packaging is made from a com-
bination of different materials such as a polymeric
matrix, aluminum film and paper, and it is widely used
for packaging food and beverages. Composite packages
can be divided into three main types according to their
component proportions: paper-cardboard, metal and
plastic composite packages.
6–8
Multilayer composite
cardboard contains paper and reinforcement elements in
a mixture of polymeric material and aluminum as the
matrix elements in different proportions. This type of
composite material generally contains 75 % of paper,
20 % of polyethylene and5%o faluminum and has been
used as a common raw material for the packaging
industry for forty years.
The recycling of composite cardboard is difficult due
to its multilayer construction and it is one of the fun-
damental problems of the modern world. The European
Union waste-management policies are based on the
waste-management hierarchy and the producer-respon-
sibility principle. The primary priority of this hierarchy
is to prevent waste in the production phase and reduce
the amount of waste and hazard level. The second
Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 2, 275–280 275
UDK 620.1:67.017:539.422.5:661.728.7 ISSN 1580-2949
Original scientific article/Izvirni znanstveni ~lanek MTAEC9, 54(2)275(2020)
*Corresponding author's e-mail:
ndusunceli@aksaray.edu.tr (Necmi Duºunceli)

priority is to ensure that non-recyclable waste is inci-
nerated while other waste is safely stored until its re-use,
recycling or use in energy recovery. Although there are
many methods for recycling composite beverage
packages, the most convenient and economical method is
to use them in the manufacturing of panels.
9–12
In the traditional sense, cardboard has different struc-
tures, ranging from a single thick paper sheet to multiple
corrugated sheets. The layer structure was shown to
significantly affect the stiffness and durability of card-
board at a high bearing load. The definition of paper and
cardboard varies from country to country and is
generally shaped by customer demand and traditions.
Cardboard is the basic element for product boxes and
packages. Although cardboard is associated with the
production of packaging, some of the products created
from recycled materials are also utilized as structural
elements in buildings, e.g., the walls, ceilings, roofs and
floors in temporary-accommodation buildings.
13
The basic cardboard types are given below:
The corrugated paper panel was patented in England
in 1875. This product consists of one grooved corrugated
plate and one or two straight linear plates. Its structural
characteristics made it popular in the packaging sector as
a shipping box.
14–16
Honeycomb-paper panels evolved
from corrugated-paper panels. These sandwich panels
consist of polygonal cells and have considerable
advantages over other products due to their lightweight
and superior strength properties. It is quite easy to
process, recycle, reuse and biodegrade. Due to such
advantageous features, it is used in many different
sectors. It has a widespread use as a core element in
interior walls, ceilings, partition walls, furniture panels
and coating surfaces. On the other hand, many artists and
architects make use of the paper panels in the honey-
comb form in their work.
17–20
Among the various types of cardboard, composite
cardboards are of particular interest because of their
enhanced mechanical properties and preservation of
beverages. Composite cardboard designed for recycling
can be mainly used in furniture making, construction,
aesthetic design, packaging and transportation. Compo-
site-cardboard panels (CCPs), whose main and matrix
material is composite cardboard, are capable of bearing
high loads in construction. In addition, the damping and
insulation properties of CCPs make them suitable for a
range of different uses.
21–27
In this study, four different CCPs were produced
using composite beverage packages and their mechanical
properties were determined. A paper composite sheet
normally consists of six layers. One of these layers,
polyethylene (PE), improves the strength of the paper
composite material. Since the focus of the investigation
was on the effects of a PE addition on the mechanical
properties of CCPs, the mechanical characteristics of
CCPs were analyzed as a function of added PE. Four
different panels were produced and three amounts of PE
were added to the shredded paper blend. The mechanical
and physico-mechanical properties of the panels were
investigated using tensile, three-point bending, nail-pull
and water-absorption tests.
2 EXPERIMENTAL PART
2.1 Preparation of CCPs
Four different panels were manufactured and then
specimens were extracted from them. The dimensions of
the panels were (200 × 200 × 7) mm. The first set of
panels was manufactured from minced composite card-
board without any additive. Composite cardboard nor-
mally includes 20 w/% PE; therefore, the PE share in the
panel was 20 w/%. To the second set of panels, 30 w/%
PE was added. The third and fourth sets of panels were
produced by adding 40 w/% and 50 w/% PE, respect-
ively.
28,29
First, all the panels were prepared of minced com-
posite cardboard and the determined PE amounts; then,
the mixtures were placed into a cold mold. After
exposure to pressure in the cold mold, the mold was
heated to the melting point of PE and the mixture was
kept in it for over an hour. 5 w/% of aluminum provides
an effective conduction of heat in and out of the material.
At the same time, aluminum ensures the rigidity of the
panel. The specimens were extracted from the CCPs
according to ASTM 1037.
30
The mechanical properties of the CCPs were deter-
mined through standard tests. Mechanical tests were
conducted using a universal testing machine Shimadzu
Autograph AG-IC (50 kN) equipped with an electro-
mechanical sensor for the control of longitudinal strains.
The tensile force was measured with a 5-kN load cell.
Engineering stress  was calculated as the tensile force
divided by the cross-sectional area of undeformed speci-
mens. The experimental program involved four series of
tests, each test being performed on a new specimen and
repeated five times.
Observations revealed good reproducibility of the
measurements: deviations between the stresses measured
on different specimens did not exceed 3 %. All the tests
were performed at room temperature. Then, comparisons
between a conventional wooden board (CWB) and the
CCPs were made for all the test results.
2.2 Preparation of test specimens
Tensile specimens were obtained from CCPs. Fig-
ure 1 gives the dimensions of the tensile-test specimens
and Figure 2 presents a photograph of these specimens.
The average thickness of the specimens was 7 mm. Five
specimens were prepared for each set (20 w/% PE,
30 w/% PE, 40 w/% PE and 50 w/% PE) and an oriented
strand board (OSB) and fiberboard panel (FBP) were
also tested. Specimens were stretched at a crosshead
N. DUªUNCELI, S. SURME: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYMER-MATRIX CELLULOSE-BASED ...
276 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 2, 275–280

speed of
 d = 4 mm/min. The tests were terminated when
the ultimate tensile stress values decreased by 20 %.
Three-point bending specimens were prepared in
accordance with the ASTM D 1037-99 standard
30
as
shown in Figures 3 and 4. Five specimens were prepared
for each set. The three-point bending test was performed
at a crosshead speed of
 d = 4 mm/min. The tests were
terminated when the maximum load values decreased by
20 %.
The standards published by ASTM include the test
methods for clear wooden materials and also for fiber-
board and particleboard. ASTM D1037 specifies the use
of the same test fixture for conducting nail- and screw-
withdrawal tests on wood-based product specimens.
Nail-withdrawal specimens should be at least
76×152 mm and have the as-manufactured thickness. A
nail is driven perpendicularly into the face of the wood
specimen, leaving at least 13 mm of the shank exposed.
Screw-withdrawal tests only differ in the dimensions of
the specimens: for face-withdrawal tests, they should be
at least 76×100 mm and 2.54 mm in thickness, while
edge-withdrawal specimens should be at least 76×152
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Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 2, 275–280 277
Figure 2: Tensile specimens
Figure 1: Dimensions of a tensile specimen
Figure 5: Dimension of the nail-pulling specimens
Figure 4: Three-point bending specimens
Figure 3: Dimensions of a three-point bending specimen
Figure 6: Nail-pulling specimens
Figure 7: Dimension of water-absorption specimens

mm and have the as-manufactured thickness. Nail-head-
pulling tests are very similar to withdrawal tests. All the
tests are conducted at a crosshead speed of
 d = 1.5
mm/min.
30
The nail-pulling test specimens are presented
in Figures 5 and 6.
Water absorption is used to determine the amount of
water absorbed under specified conditions. The factors
affecting the water absorption include the type of plastic,
additives used, temperature and length of exposure.
Water-absorption test specimens are shown in Figure 7.
The test specimens prepared for the water-absorption test
had an average thickness of 7 mm and dimensions of 152
152 mm.
30
3 RESULTS
The CCPs fabricated from the composite-cardboard
waste had better tensile properties than the equivalent
wood-based structural materials including OSB and FBP.
The average of the tensile-test values and the maximum
stress were taken for five specimens from each set. The
stress-strain curves for the panels are shown in Figure 8.
It can be observed that the tensile strength of the
CCPs increased with the increasing amount of PE.
Additionally, the toughness of the materials increased
with the increase in the amount of PE. When the strength
of the CCPs was compared with that of conventional
products, i.e., OSB and FBP, the strength of the new
materials was significantly higher than that of the con-
ventional wood-based materials. The tensile-strength
results are presented in Table 1.
Table 1: Tensile strength of the CCPs, OSB and FBP
Type of
panel
Rupture stress
(MPa)
Rupture
strain (%)
Young’s modulus
(MPa)
20 w/% PE 8.19 0.87 1353.63
30 w/% PE 9.58 1.22 1182.26
40 w/% PE 10.86 1.28 1137.93
50 w/% PE 12.98 2.05 1126.14
OSB 2.58 0.30 973.85
FBP 6.67 0.56 385.58
For the first sample containing 20 w/% of PE, the
maximum tensile strength was approximately three times
higher than that of the OSB. Furthermore, the tensile
stress and strain also increased depending on the amount
of PE. However, the modulus of elasticity decreased with
the increase in the amount of PE.
The ultimate tensile stress ( max
) of the CCP in-
creased remarkably with an addition of 10 w/% of PE to
each set of specimens (Figure 8). The CCPs with (30, 40
and 50) w/% of PE had a greater stiffness than the OSB
and FBP specimens. Young’s modulus of the CCP with
20 w/% of PE was 1.5 times greater than that of OSB and
3.5 times greater than that of FBP. The stiffness of CCP
increased with the addition of PE (Figure 8). The
mechanical behavior of CCP was non-linear, exhibiting
viscoelastic properties due to the characteristics of poly-
meric materials.
A further test was conducted to assess the influence
of the bending load on the mechanical behavior of CCPs
under monotonic loading. In each test, a specimen was
loaded with a crosshead speed of
 d = 4 mm/min until
rapture. This series included eight tests performed on the
specimens containing (20, 30, 40 and 50) w/% of PE.
Furthermore, a three-point bending test was performed
on the OSB and FBP specimens to compare their bend-
ing properties with those of the CCP specimens.
The observations taken during the three-point bend-
ing tests on CCP, OSB and FBP are reported in Figure 9
where load P is plotted versus deflection  . This figure
demonstrates that: (i) under bending, the load grows and
reaches its maximum value, then, it sharply decreases;
(ii) loading and deflection paths of the panels differ
significantly; (iii) hysteresis energy (the area between the
corresponding loading and deflection paths) strongly
increases with the increase in the amount of PE.
The manufactured CCP specimens had better bending
strength than the OSB and FPB specimens because the
influence of the maximum viscoelasticity deflection for
CCPs was substantially bigger than that for wood-based
panels. The Young’s modulus, rupture stress and rapture
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278 Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 2, 275–280
Figure 9: Load-deflection curves for the CCPs, OSB and FBP Figure 8: Stress-strain curves for the CCPs, OSB and FBP

deflection ( max) at the maximum load are presented in
Table 2.
Table 2: Three-point bending strength of the CCPs, OSB and FBP
Type of panel
Rupture stress
(MPa)
Rupture de-
flection (mm)
Young’s
modulus (MPa)
20 w/% PE 20.67 10.07 2690.39
30 w/% PE 21.88 15.68 2529.21
40 w/% PE 23.47 12.32 2804.37
50 w/% PE 23.84 16.79 2171.35
OSB 15.43 7.27 1768.85
FBP 13.63 4.48 2326.06
In terms of the amount of PE in the mixture of CCP,
the results of the three-point bending test were similar to
those obtained with the tensile test.
The three-point bending strength of the CCPs in-
creased as the PE amount in the mixture increased. Simi-
larly, the toughness values of the materials significantly
increased with the increasing amount of PE. Thus, it can
be concluded that the three-point bending strength of the
new products was higher than that of the conventional
wooden panels, namely OSB and FBP.
The bending strength of the CCP containing 20 w/%
of PE was approximately 1.5 times higher than that of
the conventional wooden products. The increased
amount of PE had a positive effect on the strength of the
CCP specimens. Although Young’s modulus of the CCP
specimen containing 50 w/% of PE was lower than that
of FBP, the other sets of CCP specimens had superior
bending properties compared to those of OSB and FBP.
The rupture deflection of the CCP sets was greater than
that of OSB and FBP specimens.
A systematic experimental scheme for the charac-
terization of the nail-withdrawal resistance was con-
ducted for the CCPs. The determination of clearly
defined nail-withdrawal resistance allows for the utili-
zation of CCPs in a wide range of practical design
applications. The nail-withdrawal resistance was
measured for each CCP specimen in order to determine
the strength variability within the panels. The nails were
hammered into the center of a specimen until they
reached the opposite surface of the specimen.
Table 3: Nail-pulling load of the CCPs, OSB and FBP
Type of panel
Strength of the nail pull
(N/cm)
20 w/% PE 116.05
30 w/% PE 140.08
40 w/% PE 145.08
50 w/% PE 164.61
OSB 50.21
FBP 33.47
The nail-withdrawal load applied on each specimen
is given in Table 3. The strength value of the fourth CCP
set was three times higher than that of OSB and nearly
five times higher than that of FBP. Furthermore, in-
creasing the amount of PE in CCP made a notable
difference in the withdrawal load of the CCP.
Before the water-absorption test, the initial thickness
and weight of all the specimens were measured. Then,
all the specimens were kept in containers full of pure
water for two hours. After this period, the specimens
were weighed again and placed back in the container for
24 h. At the end of the test, the thickness and weight of
the specimens were measured for comparison. Table 4
presents the thickness and weight of the specimens for
2-hour and 24-hour test durations.
Table 4: Water absorption of the CCPs, OSB and FBP after2ha n d
24 h
Type of
panel
Increment (%)
After 2 h After 24 h
Weight Thickness Weight Thickness
20 w/% PE 2.68 1.54 8.38 6.04
30 w/% PE 2.35 0.80 6.04 4.04
40 w/% PE 2.26 0.83 5.77 3.2
50 w/% PE 1.74 0.96 4.49 3.15
OSB 20.12 4.64 56.57 14.89
FBP 20.19 6.59 58.91 20.04
The amount of PE in CCP causes a substantial
decrease in the degree of water absorption. Similarly, the
increase in the thickness of CCP decreased with the
increase in the amount of PE. When the amount of PE in
CCP was higher than 30 w/%, the increment of the panel
thickness decreased monotonically with the increased
time in water. The weight of the conventional wooden
panels in the water increased rapidly during the test. The
comparison between the new products and conventional
wooden panels showed that the absorption of the latter
was approximately ten times higher than that of the
former.
4 CONCLUSIONS
After beverage packages are used, they become waste
materials that need to be recycled in certain quantities. In
this study, a CCP was produced from waste milk and
juice packages. This product is important not only for its
commercial value but also for its positive environmental
impact and the incorporation of solid-waste recycling
into the manufacturing stream. The results of the investi-
gation were as follows:
• The tensile strength of the CCP obtained with
recycling was higher than that of the conventional
wooden panels. When the amount of PE in the CCP
increased, the tensile strength also increased.
• The strength of the CCP during the three-point
bending was higher than that of the conventional
wooden panels. The increased PE amount in the
mixtures improved the three-point-bending strengths
of the CCP specimens.
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Materiali in tehnologije / Materials and technology 54 (2020) 2, 275–280 279

• According to the results of the nail-pulling test, the
nail-withdrawal load for the CCP was higher
compared to conventional wooden panels.
• The water absorption of the new products was
significantly lower than that of the conventional
wooden panels.
Based on these results, it can be concluded that
cardboard made from paper-based composite materials
can be used in the manufacturing of furniture, artistic
production or, as an auxiliary material, in the construc-
tion industry. The product has a great potential in
household applications and can become a competitive
product for commercial use as well as having a wide
range of benefits for the protection of the environment
and conservation of natural resources.
Acknowledgment
Necmi Dusunceli acknowledges the financial support
from the Aksaray University Department of Scientific
Research Projects, project number 2015-074.
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