CupeHbi, h^h CTpaHCTBHe no CTpaHe CMepTH
Muxam Es3auh
It is the aim of this paper to reinterpret Old Greek »singing« deities, the sirens, described mainly in Homer's Odyssey, but also in later sources from antiquity. The author first analyzes cosmological parameters of Homer's work, suggests an innovative view of the structure and organization of the world, and emphasizes the chtonic character of the cosmos through which Odysseus travels. The hero's journey to Ithaca, during which he encounters different elements of the chtonic world, thus resembles a journey to the land of the dead. The author especially emphasizes the semiotic explanation of the meeting of Odysseus with the sirens. The paper also contains a typological comparison of sirens with other chtonic creatures from the same mythological tradition (Harpies, Scylla and Carybde), etc.), and analyzes other motifs from the Greek epic tradition within the general mythological framework of »chtonism«.
O npoHexoxfleHHH CHpeH Ano^oaop cooGmaeT aBe BepcHH: b nepBOH tobophtch, hto CnpeHbi poflffmcb ot pe^Horo 6ora Axe^oa h My3H Me^bnoMeHbi (Bibl. I, iii, 4), bo btopoh — ot Axe^oa h CTeponbi (Bibl., I, vii, 10). Cy^ecTBeHHbiM npeacTaB^aeTca "eaHH-ctbo o^a" — Axe^oa, cbrna nepBo6oroB OKeaHa h Te^Habi, 6paTa OKeaHHa, HMero^Hx c^epofi cBoero oGHTaHHH KaK 3eM^ro, TaK h "BoaHbie Ge3aHbi" (Hes., Th, 365). n^yTapx nHTHpyeT c^oBa OaHccea h3 HeH3BecTHoft TpareaHH Co^oK^a (Quest. conv, IX, 14, 6): Cupenu, dw,epu &oprn, mm noeedarn / 3aKOH Auda1. 9to npoHcxoxaeHHe CHpeH ot Oopkhh, cHHa TeH h noHTa, 3ac^yxHBaeT BHHMaHHa, xoth h He Haxo^HT noa-TBepx^eHHA b apyrax HcTOHHHKax. H aeftcTBHTe^bHo, o^obctbo oopkhh ogmchhto 6h xToHHnecKHH h HyfloBH^HbiH xapaKTep CHpeH b Go^bmeft Mepe, neM cBA3b c Axe^o-eM2. XToHHHHocTb CHpeH hbho oGo3HaneHa y EBpHnHaa b oGpameHHH k hhm KaK donepm 3eMAU (Hel, 167).
B ^HTepaTypHHx HcroHHHKax CHpeHH BnepBbie ynoMHHaroTca b paccKa3e o cTpaH-ctbhhx OflHccea b cTpaHy MepTBbix. OaHcceH npon^HBaeT oko^o ocTpoBa CHpeH noc^e Bo3BpameHHA H3 AHaa. Ot ocTpoBa D,HpneH OaHcceH (coraacHo ero coGcraeHHoMy pac-cKa3y) n^HBeT nepe3 Mope h noaxoaHT k npedeny zny6oKomeKyw,ezo OKeana (eg rceipa' I'Kave Pa8uppoou 'QKeavaTo. Od. XI, 14)3. 3aTeM cnyTHHKH OaHccea BbrracKHBaroT KopaG^b Ha Geper h HayT nemKoM no menenuw OKeana (nap] poov QKeavaTo. Od. XI, 21) ao yKa3aHHoro D,Hpneeft MecTa. 9to MecTo HaxoaHTca b ToHKe, rae mHBaroTca peKH noa-
1	dht. no: n^yTapx, Sacmonbmie 6ecedbi, H. 1990.
2	CoraacHo Tecnofly ot OopKHa h KeTo, fleTeñ 3eMnn h ÜoHTa, poxflarorca Tpan, ToproHH, ExHflHa h CTpamHHH 3MeH (Th, 270-336).
3	3flecb h flagee ^t. b nep. B. A. XyKoBCKoro no: ToMep, Oduccea, Academia, M.-H. 1935. TpeqecKHH TeKCT UHT. no: Omero, Odissea, Einaudi, Torino 1989.
3eMHoro MHpa: Eucmpo 6ewum maM nupu^nezemoH e AxepoHoeo moho / BMecme c Kouu-moM, eenuKom eemeum CmuKca (Od. X, 513-514). CoeAHHeHne AByx peK b AxepoHTe o6o3HanaeTCH "cKaAoñ" (X, 515 )4.
Dipnea roBopHT OAHCcero: Kozda we / Tu, OKeaH e Kopa6ne nonepeK nepennuemu, docmuzHernb / Huskozo 6pe¿a, ¿de duKOpacmem nepce$OHrn rnupomü / flec uspaKum, ceoü mepnmw^uü nnod, u us mononeü nepHux, / Bsdemye Ha 6pe¿, nod KomopuM rnyMum OKeaH eodoepamHuü, / Vepmiü Kopa6nb ceoü, ecmynu e Audoey Mznucmom o6nacmb (X, 507-512). TaKHM o6pa3oM, b AeñcTBHTeAbHocTH OAHCceH nAbrneT He no Mopro, a no OKeaHy, nepeceKaa kotophh oh oKa3HBaeTCH y npe^e^oB noA3eMHoñ CTpaHH. O tom, hto npoTH-Bono^oxHHH 6eper OKeaHa ecTb TaKxe npeaeA noA3eMHoro MHpa, CBHAeTeAbCTByeT ot-cyTCTBHe co^Hna: CKopo npuwnu mu k ¿ny6oKomeKyw,uM eodaM OKeaHa; / TaM KuMMepunH nemMHan o6nacmb, noKpuman eeuHo / BnawmiM myMaHOM u M¿noü o6naKoe; HuKozda He nennem / OKy nmdeü maMnuuanynesapHOzo renuoc, seMnmMb / Oh noKudaem ecxodn Ha sees-daMu o6unbHoe He6o, / C He6a Mb, seesdaMu o6umhozo, cxodum, k seMne o6paw,ancb; / Honb 6esompadmn maM uckohu OKpywaem wueyw^ux (XI 13-19). TaKHM o6pa3oM, zopod KuMMepunH (Ki^^epímv nóXiq) MoxeT 6biTb TOAbKo ropoaoM MepTBbix, 6o^ee Toro, He-norpe6eHHbix MepTBbix, KoTopbie BCAeACTBHe 3Toro He MoryT bohth b noA3eMHyro CTpaHy. 9ToMy npe^no^oxeHHro KaK 6yATo 6h npoTHBopewr BCTpena OAHCcea c TeHbro Henorep6eHHoro 3AbnHHopa, oAHaKo yrpo3H, npoH3HocHMbie 3thm nocAeAHHM Ha CAynañ, ecAH oh ocTaHeTCH 6e3 norpe6eHHH (,..nmo6 ¿Heea / Mcmnw^ux 6ozoe Ha ce6n He HaeneK mu Moem 6edom. XI, 72-73) CBHAeTeAbCTByeT o6 HCKAroHHTeAbHoñ bs^hocth npaBHAbHoro noxopoHHoro o6paAa aah nocMepraoñ cyAb6bi noKoHHoro. OcTaBaacb 6e3 norpe6eHHH, TeHH MepTBbix, KaK moxho npe^no^oxHTb, CTaHoBHTCH "xHTeAHMH" npoMexyToHHoro ropoaa khmmhphhh, rae oxn^aroT pemeHHe CBoeH oKomaTeAbHofi cyAb6bi.
CoeflHHHH paCCKa3 OAHCcea C yKa3aHHHMH D,Hpnen, a 3th nocAeAHHe C recnoAoB-ckoh Tonorpa^Heñ noA3eMHoro MHpa, moxho npe^no^oxHTb CAeAyromyro CxeMy CTpaHCTBHH OAHCcea b CTpaHy MepTBHx. nepenAHBaa OKeaH, OAHCceH oKa3HBaeTCH b CTpaHe MepTBbix. C^e^ya TeneHHro Cthkc, oh npnxoAHT k CKaAe, okoao kotopoh cah-BaroTCH (hah 6epyT Hanaro) tph peKH noA3eMHoro MHpa: AxepoHT, nnpH^AereTOH h Ko-uht, kotophh, HB^HHCb oTBeTB^eHHeM Cthkc a, MoxeT paccMaTpHBaTbca KaK ee Henocpe^CTBeHHoe npoaoAxeHHe. y IecnoAa Cthkc HBAaeTCH BHyTpeHHeH (h^h no#-3eMHoH nacTbro) OKeaHa, kotophh o6TeKaeT He To^bKo 3eM^ro, ho h Mope: nod seMnem npocmpaHHoü / Momo OHa [Bo^a] us cenw^eHHoüpern npomeKaem cpedb hohu, / KaK OKeaH-ckuü pyKae. Mecnman nacmb eü docmanacb / Meenmb nacmeü eceü eodu eKpyz seMnu u mupoKOzo Mopn / B eodoeopomax cepe6pnHux ebemcn u e Mope enadaem (Th., 787-791 )5. OKeaH, xoth oh h oTen Cthkc (Th., 776), HB^aeTCH Ha3eMHHM npoaorasHHeM no^3eM-hoh peKH. O6TeKaa 3eM^ro h Mope, oh o6o3HanaeT npe^e^H BepxHero opraHH3oBaHHoro MHpa, oTfle^HH ero ot HHXHero, b kotopom KoHneHTpHpyroTCH ny^oBHma h TeHH yMepmHx.
BecTHHna 6oroB HpH^a, oTnpaB^aacb 3a boaoh Cthkc, BHTeKaromeñ H3 ckmh (Th., 784-787), t. e. nepeMemaacb H3 BepxHero MHpa b hhxhhh, HAeT no xpe6my wuponaüwezo Mopn (en' eópéa vroxa QaXáaaag. Th., 781)6. Moxho npeflno^oxHTb, hto b fleñcTBHTe^bHocTH oHa c^eayeT TeneHHro OKeaHa, nepexofla TaKHM o6pa3oM H3 oahoto npocTpaHCTBeHHoro H3MepeHHH b Apyroe, t. e. ABHxeHHe OKeaHa aoaxho o6o3HanaTb
4	y TeoHoAa CKaaa o6o3HaiaeT nyHKT, H3 kotopoh BHTeKaeT BoAa CBameHHoH peKH (Th., 786-787).
5	3Aecb h Aaaee TeozoHun TecnoAa uht. b nep. B. B. BepecaeBa no: O npoucxoxdeHuu 6o¿oe, M. 1990.
6	TpeqeoKHH TeKCT ^HT. no: Esiodo, Teogonia, Milano 1992.
TaKxe paaBopaHHBaHHe MHpoBoro npocTpaHcTBa, KoTopoe HaflHBaeTca Ha nepBoöHTHoft "ckmh". HpHfla coÖHpaeT Bofly, KoTopaa HenocpeflcraeHHo BHTeKaeT Ha cKaflH (¿k rcéxpnç Th., 786). 9to nocfleflHee oöcroaTeflbcTBo noaBoflaeT npeflnofloxHTb, hto, nofloöHo ToMy KaK BoflH OKeaHa aBflaroTca btophhhhmh no oTHomeHHro k BoflaM Cthkc, TaK h BoflH Cthkc aBflaroTca btophhhhmh no oTHomeHHro k Bofle BbrreKaro^eft HenocpeflcraeHHo Ha cKaflH, h k 3thm BoflaM oTHocHTca HaHMeHoBaHHe ce.HW,emoü peKu. B cHfly 3Toro cBoero nepeuuHozo KanecTBa ohh HcnoflbayroTca flfla KflaTBH öoroB.
TaKHM oöpaaoM, Bofla noflaeMHoro MHpa He aBflaeTca eflHHoft, ho coflepxHT b ce6e paa^HHHa b cooTBeTcTBHH c HcnoflHaeMoft ^yHKqHeft: Bofla, BbrreKaro^aa Ha cKaflH cfly-xht flfla KflaTBH öoroB; OKeaH oTfleflaeT BepxHHft MHp ot HHXHero; nepea noflaeMHyro Cthkc ocy^ecTBflaeTca nepexofl ot aaKpHToft "KaMeHHoft" BoflH k otkphthm BoflaM OKeaHa h Mopa. nepenflHBaa OKeaH, OflHcceft flocTHraeT rpaHHnH HHXHero MHpa, b ko-tophh oh BxoflHT, cfleflya TeneHHro noflaeMHoft peKH Cthkc, t. e. OflHcceft npHÖHBaeT k nyHKTy, b kotopom oKaHHHBaeT cBoe TeneHHe noflaeMHaa Cthkc h HanHHaeT cBoe flBHxe-HHe HaaeMHHft OKeaH. B 3tom nyHKTe oKaHHHBaroTca Bce aeMHHe nyTH, h no3TOMy OflHcceft h ero cnyTHHKH BHTacKHBaroT Kopaöflb Ha 6eper h flaflbme HflyT yxe nemKoM. ^BHraacb no 6epery noflaeMHoft peKH, OflHcceft flocTHraeT MecTa, rfle cflHBaroTca peKH HHXMHpa. B 3tom MecTe, y cKaflH, npoHcxoflHT BCTpena OflHccea c TeHaMH yMepmHx. CHMBoflHKa "cKaflH" y TecHofla KaK neHTpaflbHoro nyHKTa HHXHero MHpa, Ha KoToporo BHTeKaeT Bofla, KoTopaa no Mepe cBoero flBHxeHHa cTaHoBHTca Bofloft xh3hh, ho b ca-Moft ce6e, b cBoeM "KaMeHHoM" Hanafle oHa ecTb Bofla cMepTH, fleflaeT apxeranHnecKH flo-rHHHoft floKaflHaanHro MecTa BCTpenH xHBoro c MepTBHMH y cKaflH, y KoTopoft cflHBaroTca peKH noflaeMHoro MHpa.
Booö^e yflHBflaeT flerKocTb, c KaKoft OflHcceft flocTHraeT cTpaHH MepTBHx h BoaBpa^aeTca Ha Hee: mu cnoKoÜHo I nnbinu; Kopa6nb Ham 6ewan, noemyHcb KopMuny u eempy. I E^mu eecb deHb napyca nymeeodmiM duxaHueM nonmi. I ConHue meM epeMeHeM ceno, u ece nomeMHenu dopozu. I CKopo npumnu mu k zny6oKo meKywuM eodaM OKeaHa (XI, 9-13); Eucmpo ceouM Kopa6neM OKeaHa nomoK nepepesae, I CHoea no MHozoucnnumoMy Mopm npumnu mu Ha ocmpoe I Em (XII, 1-3). Ha 3Toro paccKaaa OflHccea Mexfly npo^HM cfleflyeT, hto BHanafle oh nflHBeT no OKeaHy, a noToM no Mopro: Aôxap énel noxa^oîo Xínev póov 'QKeavoTo I vn"ùç ànô S' ÏKexo Kñ|aa GaXaroaonç (XII, 1-2: «3aTeM peKH OKeaHa TeneHHe ocTaBHB, j Kopaöflb flocTHr BoflHH Mopa»), hto b tohhocth cooTBeTcTByeT yKaaaHHHM D,HpneH: âÀX' ónóx' v SW vnl Si' 'QKeavoîo rcepf|anç (X, 508): «h nepenflHB c KopaöfleM OKeaH»). Oöpa^aeT Ha ceöa BHHMaHHe, hto no my cmopoHy OKeaHa, t. e. y npeflefloB cTpaHH MepTBHx, OflHcneft He BCTpenaeT hh oflHoro nyfloBH^a-cTpaxa. Coa-flaeTca BnenaxneHHe, hto TeHH MepTBHx cBoöoflHo nepeflBHraroTca c MecTa Ha MecTo öea Toro, htoöh kto-to hm b 3tom npenaTcTBoBafl noBHHyacb HcKflronHTeflbHo cbohm "öec-coaHaTeflbHHM BfleneHHaM": CaM h 6apam u oeuy Had hmoü zny6oKoü sapesan; I VepHaH Kpoeb nonunacH e Hee, u cnemenucb monnom I ffymu yconmux, us meMHuH 6esdmi 9pe6a nod-HHemucb (XI, 35-37 )7.
7 ai S' á"yépovxo I yu%al trnéí; 'Ep/ßeuq veKÚrav Kaxaxe6vnwxrav (36-37: «coöpaflHcb j flymH yMepmHx, [BHHfla] Ha 3peöa»). Ha 3xoft ^paabi moxho cflenaxb aaKnKweHHe, qxo 3peö aBflaeTca cneuu^unecKum MecmoM npeöHBaHHa flym yMepmHx, Ha Koxoporo ohh BHxoflax uepes HMy, npHBneqeHHHe aanaxoM KpoBH xepxBeHHoro xHBoxHoro. TaKHM oöpaaoM, OflHcceft, xoxa h HaxoflHTca b HHXHeM MHpe, BcxpeqaeTca c MepxBHMH He HenocpeflcTBeHHo b hx "c^epe oöHxaHHa" — b 3peöe, a y ee npeflena, oöoamqeHHoro noflaeMHHMH peKaMH.
B onHcaHHH EecHofla y Bxofla b nofl3eMHbiñ MHp CHflHT cmopoweM nec 6ecnow,ad-Hbiü u cmpawhbiü (Th., 769), kotophh BcrpenaeT ecex npuxodnw^ux, / Mhzko suahh xeoc-moM, weeern do6podyww yrnaMu. / Buümu w Hasad HUKoMy He daem, ho, HaMemncb, xeamaem / H nowupaem, Kmo moMKú nonpo6yem uapcmeo nomHymb / Mow,mzo 6oza Auda u nepce^oHUywacHoü (770-774). y BeprH^HH TperaaBbiñ D,ep6ep HaxoflHTca no my cmopoHy Cthkc, t. e. HenocpeflcreBHHo b CTpaHe MepTBbix. ^yMaeTca, ero ^yHKqHH hb^h-eTca naparoe^bHoH h flono^Haro^eñ no oraomeHHro k ^yHKqHH, Bbino^HaeMoH nepeBo3HHKoM MepTBbix XapoHoM: oh He flo^eH nepeBo3HTb Henorpe6eHHHx MepTBHx (Nec ripas datur horrendas et rauca fluenta / Transportareprius, quam sedibus ossa quierunt. Verg., Aen., VI, 327-328)8, a TaKxe xhbhx (Corpora viva nefas stygia vectare carina. 391). O
Bo3MoXHoCTH HHUHfleHTOB B 3TOH CHCTeMe CBHfleTe^bCTByeT To oÓCToHTe^bCTBo, HTO BHana^e Teceñ h nHpH^oñ, a noTOM EepaKn ch^oh 3acTaB^aroT XapoHa nepeBeCTH hx b napcrao MepTBbix (Nec vero Alciden nesum laetatus euntem / Accepisse lacu nec Thesea Piru-thoumque, / Dis quamquam geniti atque invicti viribus essent. 392-394). D,ep6ep, KaK moxho npeflno^oxHTb, ocy^ecTBMeT oKoHHaTe^bHbiñ "ot6op", noxHpaa He3aKoHHo flo6paB-mnxCH flo BHyTpeHHero napcraa Henorpe6eHHHx MepTBHx h^h xhbhx. Ecth 6h Ch6m-^a He ycbinH^a D,ep6epa ^enemKoñ, to oh 6h cbe^ KaK ee, TaK h 9Hea, He B3Hpaa Ha 3o^oTyro BeTBb h3 po^H nepCe^oHb, KoTopaa no3Bo^rna hm nepenpaBHTbca nepe3 Cthkc.
OflHCCeñ nepen^bBaeT OKeaH, floxoflHT flo yTeca, nofl kotophm oh CBo6oflHo co-o6^aeTca c TeHHMH yMepmHx, 6e3 KaKoro-^H6o npenaTCTBHH co ctopohh xHTe^eñ nofl-3eMHoñ CTpaHb. no cpaBHeHHro c BeprameBbiM afloM (h flaxe recHofloBCKHM) oHa KaxeTca nycToñ. C nyfloBH^aMH OflHCceñ BCTpenaeTCH He b AHfle, a CTpaHCTBya no Mopro, Ha nyTH k ocTpoBy TpHHaKpHH, rfle usdaem / rernoc mymux 6bKoe u 6apame na-cem maM Ha nurnHux, / 3mmuxpaeHmax (XII, 127-129). 3a xhbothhmh c^eflHT hhm^h OaaTyca h .HaMneTHa, flonepH Eora Co^Hna ot oKeaHHflbi Heepbi: Ceemmn Mamb, donepeü eocnumaemu, e TpmaKpuu shoühoü / Hx nocernm, nmo6 maM, om nwdeü e ydane-huu (xnóA,0i), deeu / Tywux 6uKoe u 6apaHoe nacrn Heycumo (XII, 134-136). 9to BecbMa Heonpefle^eHHoe yKa3aHHe Ha MecToHaxoxfleHHe ocTpoBa KoHKpeTH3HpyeTca, KaK HaM KaxeTca, b pe^H pa3rHeBaHHoro Ee^Hoca: 3eec, Harn omeu u emdum, 6mMemue, eernue 6ozu / Maaymcb eaM Ha nwdeü Oduccea, flaapmoea cuHal / flepsKo ohu y MeHH yMepmeuau 6bKoe, Ha Komopux / TaK nw6oeancn ecezda h — ecxodrn rn Ha seesdHoe He6o, / C seesdHozo m He6a cxodrn u k seM^e Hucnycmncn (XII, 377-381). TaKHM o6pa3oM Ee^Hoc bhaht cboh ocTpoB b MoMeHT Bocxofla h 3axofla, t. e. b flByx TOHKax, pa3fle^eHHbix KaK bo BpeMeHH, TaK h b npocTpaHCTBe. B TaKoM c^ynae, rfle HaxoflHTca octpob Ee^Hoca? CoBepmeHHo oneBHflHo, hto ero c^eflyeT HCKaTb 3a npefle^aMH MHpoBoro npocTpaHCTBa, t. e. no my cmopoHy OKeaHa. 9to o3HanaeT, hto OflHCceñ b fleñcTBHTe^bHocTH n^HBeT He no Mopro, a CHoBa nepen^HBaeT OKeaH h oKa3HBaeTca b mouKe, b kotopoh ommueammcn/ HanmawmcH 3eMHbie nyTH h ceopanueaemcn/paseopanueaemcH MHpoBoe npocTpaHCTBo.
OTn^HBaa H3 TpoH, OflHCceñ He3aMeTHo fl^a caMoro ce6a BxoflHT b dpyzoe npocTpaHCTBeHHo-BpeMeHHoe H3MepeHHe KoTopoe npHBoflHT ero Ha octpob Ee^Hoca, t. e. b TonKy, b kotopoh ero nyTb flo^xeH 6h oKoHnaTe^bHo CBepHyTbCH, a noToM cho-Ba pa3BepHyTbca, BHBefla ero b HopMa^bHoe npocTpaHCTBo, ec^H 6h ero ToBapH^H He cte^H CBH^eHHHx 6hkob Ee^Hoca. 3flecb hbho o6o3HanaeTCH mothb "3anpeTHoñ nH^H" CTpaHH MepTBHx, noc^e BKymeHHH kotopoh fle^aeTca a6co^roTHo HeBo3MoxHbiM
8 HaTHHCKHH TeKCT ^HT. no: Virgilio, Eneide, Einaudi, Torino 1989.
B03Bpa^eHHe b mhp xhbhx. H flencTBHTeabHo, eflBa Kopa6ab oTnabiabiBaeT c ocTpoBa, KaK eoccmam eenuKan 6ypu mpeeoza (XII, 408) h ecepasoM moeapuw^u 6brnu / CSporneHU e eody, u ece, KaK eopoHU Mopcme, paccencb, / B rnyMHoü ucnesrn nynme (XII, 417-319). CnacaeTca ToabKo OflHccen, kotophh He ea 3anpeTHoro Maca. Boo6^e TeMa eflH HMeeT b cTpaHcTBHH OflHccea onpefleaaro^ee 3HaneHHe. H flencTBHTeabHo, flo npn6HTHH Ha ocTpoB reaHoca kto-to Bcerfla ea cnyTHHKoB OflHccea: cHanaaa hx noxnpaeT nHKaon noaH^eM, noToM aecrpHroHbi, h HaKoHen Dipnea npeBpa^aeT hx b cBHHen b Ha-MepeHHH, KaK moxho npeflnoaoxHTb, nonoaHHTb cboh 3anacH cBexero Maca: nmuy^ux ecex saneprn ux e saKymKe eonrne6Huua, 6pocue / mm wenydeü u cemumi u 6yKoeux dumx opexoe / B nuwy, k Komopoü maKmKoMbi ceuHbu, nw6nw,uepbrnoM / 3eMnw Konamb (X, 241244). Tenepb ohh caMH eflaT "xTOHHHecKoe" Maco, h 3to norao^eHHe craHoBHTca ra6eabHbiM flaa Bcex — Bcex hx, a He ToabKo HeKoTopHx, KaK-To 6biao flo chx nop, norao^aeT BoflHaa 6e3flHa.
OTnpaBaaacb c ocTpoBa D,HpneH no HanpaBaeHHro k ocTpoBy reaHoca, Kopa6ab OflHccea floaeH cHanaaa nponabiTb oKoao ocTpoBa CHpeH, KaK o tom coo6^aeT eMy 6o-rHHa:
üpexfle Bcero th yBHflHmb CnpeH; HeroSexHoro napon
.Hobst ohh noflxoflamHX k hhm 6^h3ko aroflen MopexoflHbix.
Kto, no He3HaHbro k TeM flByM napoflenKaM npnSanxacb, hx caaflKHH
Ioaoc ycabimHT, ToMy hh xeHbi, hh fleTen MaaoaeTHHX
B floMe cBoeM HHKorfla He yremHTb xeaaHHbiM Bo3BpaToM:
üeHHeM caaflKHM CnpeHbi ero onapyror, Ha cBeTaoM
Cnfla ayry; a Ha stom ayry HeaoBe^bHX SeaeT
MHoro KocTen, h pa36pocaHbi Taero^HX kox TaM aoxMoTba.
(XII, 39-46)
CaeflyeT npeflnoaoxHTb, hto KaK b caynae nHKaonoB, aecTpHroHoB, CKHaabi h, no Bcen BHflHMocTH, caMon D,HpneH, CHpeHH He npocTo HMMo6HaH3yroT noflxoaa^Hx k hhm aroflen, a noxnparoT hx, o6HapyxHBaa TaKHM o6pa3oM cBoe H3HanaabHoe KanecTBo nyfloBH^ HHXHero MHpa9, noflxnflaro^Hx npnxofla^Hx k hhm MepTBHx. A noceMy onpeflefleaeHHe CHpeH KaK flonepen OopKHa, sHam^ux 3aKoH Auda, flyMaeTca, HMeeT He-nocpeflcTBeHHoe oTHomeHHe k 3toh ^yHKqHH CHpeH KaK nyfloBH^ CTpaHH CMepTH.
OnpefleaeHHe CHpeH KaK "aHreaoB cMepTH"10 npeflcTaBaaeTca coBepmeHHo HeonpaBflaHHon MoflepHraanHen apxaHHHHx npeflcTaBaeHHn. H3o6paxeHHe CHpeH Ha HaflrpoÓHHx naMSTHHKax c KpbiabaMH11, BoBce He fleaaeT H3 hhx Bonao^eHHa flymH hhh aHreaonofloÓHHe cy^ecraa. AHrea (aj^eXoc) ecTb eecmHuK, t. e. tot, kto nepeMe^aeTca b npocTpaHcTBe, cHMBoaoM KoToporo sBaaroTca Kpbiaba. CHpeHH y IoMepa cHflST Heno-flBHXHo Ha nyzy (ev Xei^rovi. XII, 45), 6e3 BcaKoro ynoMHHaHHa o Kp^iabax. H b caMoM fleae, CHpeHH b oTaHHHe, HanpHMep, ot TapnHH HHKorfla He HanaflaroT Ha npoxofla^Hx mhmo aroflen, a, cKpHTHe cKaaaMH, xflyT, noKa ohh caMH k hhm noflonflyT. Anoaaoflop coo6^aeT o CHpeHax: «OflHa H3 CHpeH Hrpaaa Ha KH^ape, flpyraa neaa, TpeTba Hrpaaa
9	O CHpeHax KaK fleMoHax HHXHero MHpa cm.: J. E. Harrison, Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, London 1962, p. 200.
10	J. E. Harrison, Cit, p. 204.
11	HKoHorpa^mecKHH MarepHaa, othocs^hhcs k CHpeHaM cm. b.: J. E. Harrison, Cit, pp. 197-207, a TaKxe: A. O. HoceB, Cupenbi, b: mu$u Hapodoe Mupa, t. 2, M. 1988 (flaaee — MHM), c. 438.
Ha ^AeHre: TaK CnpeHbi 3aBAeKaAH k ce6e nponAbiBaro^nx mhmo mophkob. HannHaa c 6e^ep oh HMeAH TeAo nTHUbi» (Epit., VII, 18-1). Kn^apa n ^Aem-a CAyxaT aah 3a-BAeneHna MopenAaBaTeAeH, ^yHKuna xe KpbiAbeB ocTaeTca 6e3 BcaKoro oStacHeHna. Cxoahhm o6pa3oM CnpeHbi npeACTaBAaroTca y Atoaaohhh PoAoccKoro: cbohm neHHeM ohh 3aB^eKaroT nponAbrnaro^nx mhmo AroAeñ, no^xH^aa hx chah Ha KaMHax (Apoll.
Rhod. IV, 893-895), h xoth nacTbro ohh nTHHbi, aah nero hm HyxHbi KpbiAba, He ro-
12
BopHTCH .
9th 6ecno^e3HHe KpbiAba moxho, pa3yMeeTca, paccMaTpHBaTb b KanecTBe Ae-KopaTHBHoH npHHaAAexHoCTH HAH BHBoAHTb H3 aCCoUHaUHH C nTHHbHM neHHeM. B AaH-hom CAynae, AyMaeTca, KpbiAba HMeroT Apyroe 3HaneHne, yKa3HBaa Ha AeMoHHnecKHH, nyAoBH^HHH xapaKTep CHpeH. Boo6^e KpbiAba moxho paccMaTpHBaTb b KanecTBe oc-HoBHoro aTpnSyTa AeMoHnnecKHx cy^ecTB: c KpbiAbHMH H3o6paxaAHCb Kepb, IoproHbi h Aaxe Th^oh13. H TeM He MeHee, HecMoTpa Ha npHcyTCTBHe KpbiAbeB, aah nyAoBH^Hbix cy^ecTB 6oAee xapaKTepHa HenoABHxHocTb, neM ABHxeHHe, KoTopoe y hhx BcerAa HMe-eT hhcto AecTpyKTHBHoe Ha3HaneHne: Kepb npnHocaT CMepTb, IoproHbi npeBpa^aroT b KaMeHb14, Th^oh npecAeAyeT 6oroB. noaTOMy, xoth CHpeHH HaAeAaroTca KpbiAbHMH, 3th nocAeAHHe ocTaroTca 6e3 BCHKoro ynoTpeSAeHna. BnepBbie CHpeHH noAHHMaroTca b Bo3Ayx y Obhahh:
Ho y Bac, AxeAoeBH Ao^epn, nTHHbH üepbH h Horn 3a^eM? BeAb paHbme bh AeBaMH Shah! Hab oTToro, hto, KorAa coSnpaAa UBeTH üpo3epnnHa BemHne, Shah bh c HeH, cnpeHb y^eHbie, BMecTe? üocAe no Mnpy BceMy ee bh HanpacHo ncKaAn, H ^toSh Aaxe Mopa npo Bamy y3HaAn 3aSoTy, BcKope HaA 3bSbro MopcKoH Ha KpbAbax-BecAax AepxaTbca Bh noxeAaAn, n k BaM SoxecTBa SAarocKAoHHocTb hbhah: PyKn n Horn y Bac BApyr xeATHMn CTaAn ot nepbeB!
(Met., V, 552-560)15
Cy^ecTBeHHo 3Aecb, oAHaKo, He npeBpa^eHne CnpeH b nTnu, a hx H3HanaAbHaa CBH3b c npo3epnnHoñ, Xo3hhkoh noA3eMoñ CTpaHH CMepTH. CoraacHo TnrnHy, «CnpeHH, Aonepn peKH AxeAoa n My3H MeAbnoMeHH, nocAe noxn^eHHH npo3epnnHH
12	Cp. onnoaHne CnpeH y rnrnHa: «üotom oh [Yahoo] npn6biA k CnpeHaM, Ao^epaM Myabi MeAbnoMeHH n AxeAoa, KoTopbie 6hah CBepxy xeH^nHbi, a HnxHroro qacTb TeAa HMeAH KypnHyro» (Fab, 125; uht. no: rnrHH, Mufyu, CÜ6. 1997).
13	tu^oh. TeppaKoTa. Ok. 500 ao h. 3. Phm, Myaen bhaah flxyAna, b: MHM, t. 2, o. 514. CorAacHo AnoA-AoAopy, Bce TeAo Tn^oHa 6hao noKpbiTo nepbHMH (Bibl., I, vi, 3).
14	B o6h^hom CBoeM ooootohhhh IoproHbi, KaK npaBHAo HenoABnxHbi — noKoaToa Ha Aoxe. H ToAbKo nocAe Toro, KaK üepoen oSearaABHA MeAyay, ohh «BCTaB o Aoxa, KHHyAHCb npecAeAoBaTb üepoea» (Apoll., Bibl., II, iv, 3).
15	O tom, KaK CnpeHH npeBpaTHACb b noAypbS, ocTaeToa ToAbKo AoraAHBaTbca. 3aoAyxnBaeT BHnMaHna BeobMa ooTpoyMHaa Bepona npooBe^eHHoro KoMMemaTopa XVII BeKa: CnpeHH noqyoTBoBaAn oe6a CToAb ooKopSAeHHHMn TeM, ^to KopaSAb OAnooea, He ocTaHoBHBmnob, npomeA mhmo, ^to nonaAaAn b Mope, npeBpaTHBmnob b noAypbS (Tableux du Temple des Muses..., par M. de Marolles, Abbé de Villeloin, Paris 1655). 9Ty ABoHHyro MeTaMop^oay oh npnAyMHBaeT He no He3HaHnro MH$a, a n3 HexeAaHna, KaK moxho npeAnoAoxnTb, oTHHTb y CnpeH CToAb nnKamwyro noApoSHooTb KaK pbi6nn xboot. Hama xe ueAb coctoht b tom, ^to6h ooBoSoAnTb CnpeH He ToAbKo ot qemyn, ho n ot nepbeB, BepHyB nx, TaK CKaaara., k "roAoMy" apxeTnny.
önyxaann h npnmnn b 3eMnro AnonnoHa, rae no Bone D,epepbi CTann nepHaTHMH 3a to, hto He noMornn npo3epnHHe» (Fab., 141). y AnonnoHHa PoaoccKoro CHpeHH ao CBoeH nyflOBH^HOH TpaHC^opManHH nenn BMecTe c aonepbro ^eMeTpn (IV, 896-898). B sthx no3flHHx CBHfleTe^bCTBax npocTynaeT, KaK HaM KaxeTca, Hanöonee apxaHHHbiñ cnoH npeacTaBneHHa o CHpeHax KaK o aeMOHHnecKHx cy^ecTBax HHXHero MHpa, c kotophmh BCTpenaeTca ayma yMepmero b CBoeM 3arpoÖHOM CTpaHCTBHH16. CooTBeTCTBeHHO, 3Ha-HHe saKoHa Auda — 3to 3HaHHe onacHOcreft, oxnaaro^nx aymy b CrpaHe CMepTH17. H3o6paxeHHe CHpeH Ha norpeöanbHbix npeaMeTax18, cneayeT, ayMaeTca, paccMaTpHBaTb
19
He b paMKax anoTponannecKoro pmyana , a b KOHTeKCTe apxarnHbix npeacTaBneHHH o nocMepTHOH cyflböe. H3o6paxeHHe nyaoBH^ HMenn CBoeö nenbro He OTnyrHBaTb, a cnyxHTb HanoMuHaHueM MepTBOMy o6 onacHOCTax, KOTopbie ero oxnaanH b 3arp0ÖH0M MHpe. npeaynpexaeHHa Dnpnen o6 OnacHOCTax, KOTopbie noxijaroT Oanccea h ero cnyTHHKOB nocne OTnnbrraa c ee ocTpoBa nonynaroT, TaKHM oöpa3OM, nonHOTy CBoero apxemunmecKozo sHanema. b KOHTeKCTe norpeöanbHoro oöpaaa. D,npnea b OTarnne ot apyrnx nyflOBH^ aBnaeTca xpaHHTenbHHneö uH$opMauuu, oönaaaHHe kotopoh aonxHO caenaTb MepTBoro Heya3BHMHM ana oxnaaro^nx ero b 3arp0ÖH0M MHpe OnacHOcreft. 9th onacHOCTH, coöcTBeHHO, CBoaaTca k oähoh — btopoh h OKOHHaTenbHOÖ CMepTH.
9pMHH-repMec, aBnaacb Oanccero Ha nyTH k aoMy D,Hpnen, npeaynpexaaeT ero o KOBapcTBe BonmeÖHHUbi (X, 276-307). B KanecTBe npoBoaHHKa aym yMepmnx (XXIV, 114) IepMec aonxeH oönaaaTb tohhhm 3HaHHeM o 3arp0ÖH0M MHpe h ero oÓHTaTenax20, a ero npHcyTCTBHe yKa3HBaTb Ha MecTOHaxoxaeHHe Oanccea. D,npnea roBopHT: M e usy-MneHuu, numba Moezo mu omeedan u He 6un I Hm npeepaw^eH; a docene HuKmo He usôez napodeûcmea, I ffawe u mom, Kmo, He nue, numb zyôaMu k numbw npumcanca (X, 326-328). npHcyTCTBHe IepMeca-npoBOflHHKa aym yMepmHx no3BonaeT npeanonoxHTb, hto penb naeT o aymax, KOTopbie CTpaHCTByroT 6e3 npoeodHum, h noaTOMy 0C06eHH0 pncKyroT OKa3aTbca bo npeBe KaKoro-HHÖyab HH^epHanbHoro xHTena. Kto 3th oaHHOKne nyTHH-KH, nyTemecTByro^He 6e3 npoBoaHHKa? Haao nonaraTb, hto 3to aymH MepTBHx, ko-Topne ocTMHCb 6e3 npaBHnbHoro norpeöeHHH. B Anae Oanccero aBnaeTca npexae Bcero ayma 3nbneHopa, npoca npeaaTb ero Teno norpeöeHHro. OTnero 3to öecnoKoft-CTBO? ^yMaeTca He TonbKO ot Toro, hto ocTaBHB 6e3 norpeöeHHH Teno 3nbneHopa, Oanc-ceH HaBneK 6h Ha ceöa rHeB "mcth^hx öoroB" (XI, 73). 9thmh öoraMH 3aecb MoryT ÖHTb
16	y nnaTGHa ayma MepTBoro C03ep^eT BepeTeHG ArnHKe, Ha BOcbMH Kpyrax KOToporo BoocceaaeT no CnpeHe h Kaxaaa H3^aeT no G^HGMy 3ByKy, BMecTe cocTaBnaro^Hx My3HKy c^ep (Plat., Resp., 617b). CoöcTBeHHo, MepTBHH 3^ecb CTpaHCTByeT He no 3arpo6HGMy MHpy, a no ero "H3HaHKe", rae nepea hhm GTpHBaeTca ckphthh MexaHH3M MHpGBGro ^yHKUHOHHpoBaHHa. npHcyTCTBHe 3aecb CnpeH, ayMaeTca, MGXHG paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK GCTaTG^HMH 3^eMeHT CKa3aHHH G CTpaHCTBEH MepTBGrG H erG BG3Bpa^eHHH C ^e^bro HH^GpMHpGBaHHa XHBbix g6 yBHaeHHGM B CTpaHe MepTBHx. nnaTGH CGxpaHaeT HCKnroqHTenbHG BHemHroro $opMy MH$a h HMeHa HeKGTGpHx nepcoHaxen (CnpeHH, Mghph), KGTGpHe nepBGHanbHG 6bMH aeMGHaMH nGÄ3eMHGH CTpaHH, HHTepnpeTHpya hx, GaHaKG, KaK yHHBepcanbHHe perynnpyro^He npHH^nbi MHpG3flaHHa.
17	O nGCMepTHGM CTpaHCTBHH cm.: B. H. neTpyxHH, 3azpoÔHuûMup, b: MHM, t. 1, cc. 453-454.
18	Cp. 6p0H30BbiH CGcya H3 rpG6HH^H Bap6epHHH b npeHecTe. Ok. 680 äg h. a. Phm, My3en BHnnH flxynna, b: MHM, T. 2, c. 438.
19	J. E. Harrison, Cit., p. 204; ot ânoxpônatoç — "tot, kgtgphh yÄanaeT 3no".
20	TepMec BMecTe c A^hhgh TaKxe noMoraeT TepaKny BHBecTH aÄCKoro nca h3 CTpaHH TeHeH (XI, 623-626).
TOnbKO XTOHHHeCKHe ÔOXeCTBa HHXHerO MHpa21. OflHH, 6e3 nOMOmH npOBOflHHKa MepTBbix TepMeca, 3nbneHop He b coctohhhh HaftTH aopory k Ac^oannoHCKOMy nyry — e^HHCTBeHOMy b 3arpOÔHOM MHpe MecTy, rae ayma MOxeT nyBCTBOBaTb ceÔH cnoKOHHO, He Onacaacb 6biTb npornoneHHoft KaKHM-HHÔyab noa3eMHHM nyaoBHmeM. Ho pacHHTbiBaTb Ha noMomb npOBO^HHKa MepTBbix OHa MOxeT TonbKo b tom cnynae, ecnn Haa TenoM coBepmaeTca npaBHnbHbift noxopoHHbift oôpHa. nosTOMy, ocraBHB Teno 3nbneHopa 6e3 norpeôeHHH, Oancceft aenaeTCH OTBeTCTBeHHHM 3a ero nocMeprayro cyabôy, pHCKyH HaBnenb Ha ceÔH rHeB ôoxecTB MecTH.
B KaneCTBe ôoxecTBa nnn aeMOHa HHXHero MHpa H,Hpnea 3HaeT o6 ero onacro-CTHx, o KOTopbx OHa npeaynpexaaeT OancceH. Ho anH Toro, hto6h nonywrb 3Ty HH^opMannyro, oh aonxeH 6bin oÔManymb BonmeÔHHny, hto oh ocymecTBnHeT C noMO-mbro 6ora OÔMaHOB TepMeca. 9to nocneaHee oôcTOHTenbCTBO aenaeT apxemunmecm m-ZUHHblM, HTO ÔOr OÔMaHOB eCTb TaKXe ÔOr-npOBOflHHK MepTBHx, T. e. OH He TOnbKO yKa3HBaeT nyTb, ho TaKxe oÔMaHHBaeT CTOHmnx Ha 3tom nyTH nyaoBHm. TepMec yÔHBa-eT CTorna3oro ôeccoHoro Apryca, KOToporo moxho paccMaTpHBaTb KaK CTpaxa HHXHero MHpa22. BnaroaapH HacTaBneHHHM 3pmhh, Oancceft H3ÔeraeT nap Hnpnen, a rnaBHoe bh-Hy^aaeT ee aaTb eenuKyw Krnmey (X, 343-346), nocne nero oh nonynaeT aocryn k HH^opMauHH, KacaromeftcH ero aanbHeftmero nyTH h cymecTB, KOTopbie sonxHH eMy Ha HeM BCTpeTHTbCH.
3aecb mh HenocpeacTBeHHO noaxoaHM k Bonpocy: noneMy ayma yMepmero HenpeMeHHO aonxHa BCTpeTHTbCH Ha CBoeM nyTH co bchkoto poaa aeMOHHnecKHMH cymecTBaMH? H KaKyro ^yHKqnro ohh HMeroT b CHCTeMe HHXHero MHpa? B Bbicmeft CTe-neHH 3HaMeHaTenbHO, hto rpenecKHe nyaoBHma (Hes., Th., 265-336), KOTopbie onycTO-maroT 3eMnro, y BeprnnHH KOHneHTpnpyroTCH b hhxhcm MHpe: Multaque praeterea variarum monstra ferarum, / Centauri in foribus stabulant Scyllaeque biformes / Et centumge-minus Driareus ac belua Lernae / Horrendum stridens flammisque armata Chimaera, / Gorgones, Harpyaeque et forma tricorporis umbrae (Aen., VI, 285-289). CymecTBeHHHO TaKxe h apyroe oôcToaTenbCTBo: nepennbiBaHHe b ôapKe XapoHa Ha apyroft Ôeper He rapaHTHpyeT MepTBHM npeKpameHHe Bcex HcnbrraHHH — oaHa aopora BeaeT b 9nH3HyM, a apyraa b TapTap (Aen., VI, 542-543). OKOHnaTenbHaa cyabôa yMepmero pemaeTCH Ha cyae MHHOca (Aen., VI, 433) HnH PaaaMaHTa (Aen., VI, 566), nocne nero aymH pacnpeaenaroTca no pa3-nHHHHM oônacTHM noa3eMHoro MHpa HnH OTaaroTCH Ha pacTep3aHHe nyaoBHmaM (Aen, VI, 570-577). Y BeprHnHH pemeHHe npHHHMaeTCH He TOnbKO coraacHo BHHe yMepmero, ho TaKxe b cooTBeTCTBHH c $opMou CMepTH: yMepmHe b MnaaemecTBe, noKOHHHBmnee coôoh ot nroÔBH, norHÔmHe b ÔHTBe noMemaroTCH Ha pa3nHHHbix "nonax" (Aen., VI, 425478). 9tot ^opManbHHH KpHTepnft, ayMaeTCH, moxho paccMaTpHBaTb KaK Hanôonee apxaHHHHH, nexa^HH b apxemunmecKOM ocHoeaHUu norpeôanbHoro oôpHaa.
CTpyKTypa h coaepxaHHe apxaHHHoro norpeôanbHoro oôpHaa onpeaenHeTCH b nepByro onepeab 3aBHCHMOCTbro nocMepTHoft cyabôb ot cooTBeTCTByro^Hx pHTyanbHbix aeftcTBHH: «BpeMH Mexay CMepTbro h coxxeHHeM — nepexHaHHft 3Tan, Koraa b 3aBHCH-mocth ot pHTyanbHO "npaBHnbHoro" HnH "HenpaBHnbHoro" noBeaeHHH ônH3KHx MOxeT
21	Cp., HanpHMep, 3pHHHH, CTpamHHx 6oxeoTB MeCTH, oÔHTaro^Hx b Anae. Booôme, MecTb HBnHeTCH HCKnroqHTenbHoft ^yHKaneft xTOHHqecKHx, ho^hhx 6oxeoTB. Y Tecnoaa 6oxeoTBa, ocymecTBnHromHe BO3-MeaaHH — Moftpb, HeMecnaa, OpK (ôpKOÇ — KnHTBa) — aeTH ho^h (Th., 211-232).
22	Cp. CHaHmero y Bxoaa b ^apcTBO MepTBHx ôeccoHHoro Hepôepa, KOToporo CHÔHnna ycbinnHeT nenemKoft (Verg., Aen., VI, 417-423).
onpeflCTHTbca cyflböa noKofiHoro b 3arpo6HOM Mape»23. 9Ta cyAbSa onpeAenaeTca cre-neHbro onycmowemocmu noKofiHHKa ot xH3HeHHbix can, H3XHBaHHe kotophx HMeeT cBoefi ochobhoh nenbro Bce paTyanbHbie AeficTBHa: «Bce nparoToBneHo Ana coxxeHHH Tena naTpoKna: Bo3ABHrayr "cTocTyneHHbifi KocTep" b mapaHy h b AnHHy (noi^oav 5e nupWv ¿Kaxö^neSov ev9a Kai ev8a. Hom., Il, XXIII, 164)24, Teno Ha Hero Bo3noxeHo, ho oroHb He Bo3ropaeTca. Bo3HHKaeT nprapaK HecocToaBmeroca, "acnopHeHHoro" pmyana, 3a kotophm MaaHHT KaTacrpo^a: 3eMHoe He SyAeT H3XHTo-"onycTomeHo", a noKa 3eMna He oTnycTHna noKofiHoro, oh He nonaAeT b napcrao MepTBbix, h Ayma ero SyAeT MbKaTbca h MyHHTbca hh TaM h hh 3Aecb ... htoöh BoccTaHoBHTb nopaAoK, He 3aKpbTb öecnoBopoTHo ABepb b HoBoe KocMHHecKoe ycrpoficrao, He noryÖHTb Aymy naTpoKna, HyxHbi npe3BbraafiHbie Mepbi. Axann Harnes hx: oh cran MonHTbca BeTpaM Bopero h 3e^apy, oöe^aa npHHecTH hm xepTBbi 3a to, hto ohh BocnnaMeHHT KocTep. 9to oöpa^eHae xapaKTepHo HMeHHo noToMy, hto aApecaTH ero AecTpyKTHBHbie, pa3pymHTe^bHbie, onycTomaro^ae canH, npoacxoAfl^ae b kotohhom cneTe ot THTaHoB h coxpaHaro^He b ce6e 3th cneAH "THTaHHHecKH-xaoTHHecKoro", ho ohh HecyT c coSofi Ty KaTacTpo^y, KoTopaa b ^hhom cnynae Ana naTpoKna o3HanaeT cnaceHHe Ana hoboh xh3hh b AHAe. 9Ta KaTacTpo^a — BocnnaMeHeHHe KocTpa — cBoero poAa "MHKpoKocMHHecKHfi" ¿KTCupmoic, yHHHToxeHae orHeM HenoBeKa KaK o6pa3a MHpa,
ii	55	^ 25
HcnepnaHHe Bcero, hto cBH3aHo c xH3Hbro h c 3eMnefi».
Ot cTeneHH onycTomeHHocTH ot xH3HeHHbix can 3aBHcHT nocMepTHaa cyAb6a noKofiHoro. flyma, coxpaHaro^aa b ce6e crapbie cbh3h c xH3Hbro, cTaHoBHTca KaK moxho 3aKnroHHTb, Aoöbraefi KaKoro-HHÖyAb HH^epHanbHoro HyAoBH^a. H b caMoM Aene, HyAo-BH^e npeAcTaBnaeT KaKofi-To oahh onpeAeneHHbifi acneKT HenoBenecKHx cTpacTefi. Oco-ÖeHHo oTHeTnHBo 3To KaHecTBo AeMoHHHecKHx cy^ecTB KaK Bonno^eHHH HeH3XHTHx BneneHHfi o6o3HanaeTca b CapeHax. Cy^ecraeHHo b neHHH CapeH He "cnaAKo3ByHHe", a "coAepxaHae", KoTopoe HeoAonaMo BneneT k ce6e OAaccea:
K HaM, Oflnccefi SoropaBHbm, BenHKaa cnaBa axeHH, K HaM c KopaSneM noaofifln, cnaAKoneHbeM CapeH Hacnanaca; 3flecb hh oahh He npoxoflHT c cbohm KopaSneM Mopexoaen, CepAqeycnaflHoro neHbH Ha HameM nyry He nocnymaB; Kto xe Hac cnbiman, tot b aom Bo3Bpam;aeTcH, MHoroe cBeaaB. 3HaeM mh Bce, hto cnynnnoct b TpoHHcKofi 3eMne, h KaKaa YnacTt no Bone SeccMepTHbix nocTHrna tpohh h axeHH; 3HaeM mh Bce, hto Ha noHe 3eMna MHoroaapHofi tbophtch.
(XII, 184-191)
CoShthh TonbKo oKoHHHBmefica TpoHHcKofi BofiHH cocTaBnaroT rnaBHyro xh-3HeHHyro cBH3b OAaccea. Booö^e oTnHHHTenbHofi h caMofi 3aMenaTenbHofi HepTofi Oflaccea HBnaeTca nroSonHTcTBo, KoTopoe cTaHoBHTca npaHHHofi SeA KaK Ana Hero caMoro, TaK h ahh ero cnyTHHKoB (KaK b cnynae c nHKnonoM nona^eMoM), h oAHoBpeMeHHo no3BonaeT eMy HafiTH bhxoa h3 6e3BHxoAHHx nonoxeHHfi. H noaToMy CapeHH annenapyroT k 3Tofi xaxAe 3HaHHH o KoHKpeTHbix coShthhx, KoTopHe HMena
23	B. H. TonopoB, KoHHbte cocm.H3aHUH Ha noxopoHax, b: MccnedoeaHua e oönacmu öanmo-cmemcKoü dyxoeHoü Kyjibmypbi. nozpeöanbHbtü oßprnd, M. 1990, c. 20.
24	Ebtcmpo cnoxunu Kocmep, e wupuHy u dnuHy cmocmyneHHbtü (nepeBofl H. H. TpeflHHa).
25	TaM xe, cc. 28-29.
(h HMeroT) Henocpe^CTBeHHoe oraomeHie k xh3hh repoa. nocAeflHaa $pa3a (3naeM mu ece, nmo Ha none seMnu MHOzodapnoü meopumcn), KoTopaa KaK 6yflTo cBifleTeAbcTByeT o Bce3HaHHH CipeH, HMeeT CBoen ne^bro oKomaTeflbHo y6efliTb Ofliccea b tom, hto ohh b caMoM fleAe 3HaroT ece, nmo cnynunocb e mponncKoü seMne. TaKHM o6pa3oM, CipeHbi o6pa^aroTca He k xeAaHiro 3HaHia Boo6^e, He k "MeTa^rainecKoMy 3HaHiro"26, ko-Topoe BefleT k ri6eAi, a k BecbMa KoHKpeTHoMy xH3HeHHoMy iHTepecy, kotophh npofloAxaroT coxpaHaTb npoxofla^ie mhmo ocrpoBa CnpeH flymi. Ecah flyma BnoAHe onycTomeHa ot CBoeñ CBa3H c co6brmaMH HeflaBHeñ xh3hh, to oHa He cabmiT 3oBa CnpeH, a ecAi Bce e^e aBAaeTca o6peMeHeHHoñ xi3HeHHHM iHTepecoM, to oHa cah-miT hx neHie h oKa3HBaeTca Ha "Ayry", rfle ee oxiflaeT BTopaa h oKomaTeAbHaa cMepTb.
AHMoriHHyro ^yHKniro BbinoAHaeT C^hhkc, ho o6pa^aeTca oHa c flpyroMy acneKTy 3HaHia, cBa3aHHoMy HenocpeflcTBeHHo c norpe6aflbHHM o6pafloM27, HMeBmiM cBoeñ neflbro coo6^iTb noKotaoMy o ero hobom cocToaHii28, a TaKxe BBecTi b ero "ho-Boe co3HaHie" iH^opManiro, KoTopaa no3Boflifla 6h eMy BbixHTb b cTpaHe cMepTi. Anoflfloflop coo6^aeT o C^hhkc: «OHa iMefla Aino xeH^iHbi, rpyflb, Aanbi h xboct AbBa, a KpbiAba nTinbi. Y3HaB 3araflKy ot My3, C^hhkc yceAacb Ha OiKencKon rope i cTaAa 3aflaBaTb ee ^HBaHnaM. 3araflKa xe 3aKAronaAacb b cAeflyro^eM "KaKoe cy^ecrao, iMea ofliH i tot xe roAoc, craHoBHTca noonepeflHo HeTbipexHoriM, flByHoriM i TpexHoriM» (Bibl., III, v, 8)29. 3araflKa nyfloBi^a, TaKiM o6pa3oM o6pa^aeTca k xi3HeHHoH cyflb6e neAoBeKa b ee ^aocth — ot poxfleHia flo cMepTi, t. e. oHa MoxeT 6bTb pa3raflaHa ToAbKo neAoBeKoM BnoAHe i3xHBmiM cboh BioAoriHecKHH uhka.
B Bepcii ToMepa mh$ o6 9fline (Od., XI, 271-280) nepeflaeTca 6e3 BcaKoro otho-meHHa k C^hhkc. y Teciofla C^hhkc ynoMiHaeTca cpefli flpyrix nopoxfleHiH ExiflHH KaK nyfloBi^a, Hecy^ero zu6enb KadMeüuaM (Th., 326), ho o6 9fline KaK ero no6efliTefle HHnero He roBopiTca. B oTHomeHii ^epHencKon TiflpH, XiMepH h HeMeñcKoro AbBa roBopiTca, kto 6bm hx yBinnen. B paccKa3e Anoflfloflopa
26	Cp.: «It is strange and beautiful that Homer should make the Sirens appeal to the spirit, not to the flesh. To primitive man, Greek or Semite, the desire to know - to be as the gods - was the fatal desire» (J. E. Harrison, Cit., p. 198). OcraBnaa Bonpoc o "nepB06biTH0M MbimneHHH", 3aMeTHM CnpeHbi BOBce He o6e^aroT OflHccero 3HaHHe o 6orax, a TonbKo paccKa3biBaror eMy o tom, tTo cnytnnocb c TpoaHuaMH h axe^aMH nocne paapymeHHa Tpon. EndnencKHH 3Men fleficTBHTenbHo o6e^aeT nepBbiM nroflaM, tTo nocne Toro, KaK ohh BKycaT aanpeTHHx nnofloB, ohh 6yflyr KaK 6orn, 3Haro^ne flo6po h 3no. B BHfly Toro, tro 3tot TeKcT cooTHocnTca c BnonHe onpefleneHHofi KynbTypofi, cneflyeT BHatane oTBeTHTb Ha Bonpoc: o KaKHx 6orax HfleT petb — xToHHtecKHx nnn He6ecHbix? flna TaK HaaHBaeMoro "npHMHTHBHoro" tenoBeKa He cy^ecreo-Bano 3HaHna Boo6^e, h flaxe 6orn He o6naflann o6^hm flna Bcex 3HaHHeM.
27	Cp.: «They (Sirens) are mantic creatures like Sphinx with whome they have much in common, knowing both the past and the future» (J. E. Harrison, Cit., p. 199). Ohh fleficTBHTenbHo HMeroT Mexfly co6on MHoro o6^ero b KatecTBe fleMoHoB nofl3eMHoro MHpa, c kotophmh BcTetaeTca b cBoeM crpaHcTBHH flyma yco-nmero. H no3ToMy hx 3HaHHe HHKaK He MoxeT oTHocnrca k 6yflymeMy, KoToporo y MepTBoro HeT, ho TonbKo k npomnoMy. H flencTBHTenbHo, CnpeHH o6e^aroT paccKa3aTb Oflnccero o tom, nmo cAynuAocb e mpoMHCKou seMAe, t. e. o co6HTHax npomnoro, a C^hhkc 3aflaeT 3araflKy, KoTopaa Boo6^e He HMeeT HHKa-Koro oTHomeHHa hh k KaKoMy KoHKpeTHoMy BpeMeHH. 3Ta o6pa^eHHocTb k npomnoMy nnn k HeKoen BHeBpeMeHHocTH MoxeT cnyxHTb flononHHTenbHHM yKa3aHHeM Ha to, tTo petb HfleT o tyfloBH^ax, KoTopbie H3HatanbHo Hacenann nofl3eMHyro cTpaHy cMepTH.
28	3Ta HH^opMaTHBHaa ^yHKana noxopoHHoro o6pafla 3acBHfleTenbcTBopaHa b TH6ercKon Hcmopuu Houdxud-^azuHu, M. 1990). HaMa roBopHT Hafl TenoM MepTBon: «Hohaxha, c to6oh npoH3omno to, tTo Ha3HBaerca cMepTbro. Tenepb y Te6a HeT npHBa3aHHocTH k cHHy, HMy^ecTBy h nn^e» (c. 191).
29	^t. b nepeBofle B. T. EopyxoBHta no: Anonnoflop, Mu^oAozunecKaa 6u6AuomeKa, H. 1972.
coxpaHHeTCH, KaK HaM KaxeTca, HaH6oAee apxaHHHHH caoh MH^a o C^hhkc: Hy^oBH^e CHflHT Ha ¿ope h 3a^aeT 3araflKy npuxodnw^UM k HeMy ^HBaHuaM. Co6cTBeHHO, 3aneM ohh npnxoflHT k Hy^oBHrny? AnoAAoflop oGtacHaeT: «nocAe Toro KaK opaKyn npe#cKa3M ^HBaHuaM, hto ohh ToAbKo Torfla H36aBaTca ot C^hhkc, Korfla pa3raflaroT 3araflKy, MHorne npHxoflH^H k stoh rope, nbiTbiacb pa3raflaTb cmhcj 3araflKH; Korfla ohh He MorAH 3Toro cfle^aTb, C^hhkc, cxBaTHB oflHoro H3 hhx, noxHpaAa» (Bibl, III, v, 8). THrHH BBoflHT HoByro noflpo6HocTb: «Mexfly TeM C^hhkc, floHb TH^oHa, noaBHAacb b BeoTHH h crana onycTomaTb noAa ^HBaHueB» (Fab., 67), oGtacHaa TaKHM o6pa3oM noneMy ^HBaHUbi npHxoflHAH k C^hhkc, xeAaa ot Hee H36aBHTbca. B HKoHorpa^HH C^hhkc, xoth h H3o6paxaeTca c KpbiAbaMH h c jbBHHHMH AanaMH30, HHKyfla h HHKorfla He AeTaeT h He 6eraeT, a chaht HenoflBHXHo Ha koaohto hah Ha cKaAe. 3aKAroHeHHe caMo co6oh HanpamHBaeTca: k C^HHKcy npHxoflHT He xHBbie, a MepTBbie, HanpaBAaro^Heca b Aha. OTraAbiBaa 3araflKy, ohh bxoaht b cTpaHy cMepTH, a ecAH He oTraflbiBaroT, to hx noxHpaeT Hy^oBH^e31. TH6eAb c^hhkc KaK cAeflcTBHe pa3raflHBaHHH 3araflKH MoxeT HHTepnpeTHpoBaTbca b tom cMbicAe, hto flyma BcTpenaeTca b 3arpo6HoM MHpe He c Hy^oBH^eM Boo6^e, a co cbohm "ahhhhm" HyfloBH^eM, KaK BonAo^eHHeM ee cTpacTefi, HeBexecTBa h t. n. B MoMeHT cMepTH, TaKHM o6pa3oM, npoHcxoflHT oTfleAeHHe He ToAbKo flymH ot TeAa, ho TaKxe flymH ot ee coflepxaHHH, KoTopne npHHHMaroT ^opMy (ecAH sth coflepxaHHa oneHb "HacH-^eHHbie") nyfloBH^a. TeAo npeflaeTca coxxeHHro, a co cbohm HyfloBH^eM flyma BCTpenaeTca b 3arpo6HoM MHpe. npH stom Kaxfloe onpefleAeHHoe coflepxaHHe npHHH-MaeT cooTBeTcTByro^yro HyfloBH^Hyro ^opMy: BeAHKaHoB-ArofloefloB AecTpHroHoB, oflHorAa3oro noAH^eMa, cAaflKo3ByHHbix CHpeH, TpexroAoBoro Kep6epa hah 3MeeBoAocofi ToproHH, kotophx cTpaHcTByro^aa flyma y6rnaeT (hah o6MaHbiBaeT) hah caMa noxHpaeTca co6cTBeHHHM HyfloBH^HbiM coflepxaHHeM32.
30	J. E. Harrison, Cit, pp. 207-211.
31	CorAacHo npeflcTaBAeHHaM xHTeAeH ocTpoBa MaAeKyAa (HoBbie re6pHflbi), HyfloBH^Haa xeH^HHa oxh-flaeT flymy MepTBoro npH Bxofle b ne^epy, KoTopaa BefleT b cTpaHy MepTBbix. npH npH6AHxeHHH MepTBoro oHa HanoAoBHHy cTHpaeT HaHepHeHHbiH Ha 3eMAe Aa6HpHHT, KoTopbiH oh floAxeH BoccTaHoBHTb. Ecah MepTBHH 3Haem cxeMy Aa6HpHHTa, to HyfloBH^e ero nponycKaeT, a ecAH HeT — to noxHpaeT ero. (M. Eliade, La nascita mistica, Brescia 1974, p. 92). TaKHM o6paaoM, h 3flecb HyfloBH^e HMeeT BnoAHe onpefleAeHHyro ^yHKaHro: npoBepaTb cTeneHb HH^opMHpoBaHHocm noKoHHoro, 6Aaroflapa kotopoh oh MoxeT bohth b cTpaHy MepTBbix. O C^hhkc KaK "a tomb-haunting bogey"' cm.: J. E. Harrison, Cit., pp. 211-212. B stom otho-meHHH BecbMa noKaaaTeAbHo H3o6paxeHHe C^hhkc, cHfla^efl Ha MorHAbHoM xoAMe (%ffl|xa Y0;). B MaflpHflcKoM apxeoAorHHecKHM Myaee HMeeTca a^HHcKaa aM^opa (npH6A. 5 b. flo h. 3.) H3 rpo6HH^i c H3o6axeHHeM C^hhkc, cHfla^efl Ha KoAoHHe, c oahoh cropoHbi, h croa^ero HeAoBeKa c npoTaHyrofl KHH3y pyKoH, c flpyroH. 3to H3o6paxeHHe C^hhkc, flyMaeTca, moxho HcroAKoBbiBaTb b KoHTeKcTe apxaHHHbix npeflcTaBAeHHH o 3arpo6HoH cyflb6e.
32	MepTBaa fleBymKa b TH6eTcKoH Hcmopuu Houdxud-dazuHu roBopHT o fleMoHHHecKHx cy^ecTBax, c kotophmh BcTpeHaeTca b 3arpo6HoM MHpe: «no cAoBaM AaMH, y KoToporo a npexfle noAyHHAa pyKoBofl-ctbo, BHemHHe $opMH MoryT npeflcTaBAaTbca xopomHMH hah nAoxHMH, ho Bce ohh cyTb 3a6AyxfleHHa co6cTBeHHoro pa3yMa h b fleflcTBHTeAbHocTH cBoeH ^opMbi He HMeroT. Beflb h Bbi Bce — HoMyH-xaH h tboh cAyrH — Toxe $opMH Moero pa3yMa, a b fleflcTBHTeAbHocTH HHHero HeT. ^BeT, $opMa h npoHee, Bo3HHKHyB b MoeM pa3yMe, noHeMy He HcHe3aroT?» HoMyH-xaH oTBeHaeT: «Tbi noHaAa, hto Bce Bo3HHKaro^He BHfleHHa — 3to 3a6AyxfleHHa pa3yMa. Pa3MbimAaa Hafl sthm, th no3HaAa npHHHHy coeflHHeHHa BHfleHHfl h pa3yMa. OTKa3 ot HaKonAeHHa 3a6AyxfleHHfl — 3to Bo3flBHrHyTaa to6oH flo6pofleTeAb. OflHaKo th npeKpaTHAa cboh pa3MHmAeHHa h He yTBepflHAacb b hhx, noToMy h yBHfleAa cboh BHfleHHa» (cc. 209-210). ByflflHcTKaa ^haoco^hh 3flecb BnoAHe corAacyeTca c apxaHHHHMH npeflcTaBAeHHaMH o nocMepraofl cyflb6e: hokohhhk BHflHT co6cTBeHHHe BHfleHHa, noToMy hto He onycTomHAca BnoAHe ot coflepxaHHH cBoero 3eMHoro cy^ecTBoBaHHa, KoTopHe b cHAy 3Toro onnomHsmmca, npeflcTaBAaacb KaK oTfleAbHHe h He3aBHcHMbie ot co3HaHHa cy^ecTBa.
y ToMepa HHHero He roBopHxca o BHemHeM oönHKe CHpeH, xoxa noflpoÖHO onH-GHBaroxca flpyrae nyflOBH^a: nHKnon, necxpHroHH, CKHnna h XapHÖfla. CHpeHH npenb^arox nyxHHKoB He gboh BHflOM, a neHueM cAadKuM (¡Uyupfj Qekyovciv âoiSf. XII, 44), ocTaBaacb, OflHaKO, HeeuduMbimu33. H b caMOM flene, ohh GHflax Ha nyry, Ha KoxopoM neAoeenbux ôeAeem I Mnozo Kocmeû, upas6pocanu mAewux Kod maM AoxmombH (X, 45-46). EcnH 6bi npon^HBaro^He mhmo ocxpoBa nroflH BHflenH CHpeH b xaKoM OKpyxeHHH, xo Bpafl nH 6h ohh noflfla^HGb onapoBaHHro hx ronoca. 3flecb moxho npeflnonoxHXb cne-flyro^yro GxeMy: npHBneneHHbie neHHeM, nyxHHKH npHÖnaxaroxca k ocxpoBy h, Korfla BHflax CHpeH, nonaflarox b none hx npHxaxeHHa, KoxopoMy, HMMOÖHnraoBaHHbie ox yxaca, ohh yxe He b coGxoaHHH GonpoxHBnaxbGa.
nocne ocxpoBa CHpeH OflHGGeö nponnHBaex mhmo GKanH Ckhoth, kotopoh oh He BHflHx: Bsop o6pamuewu Ha KopaÔAb u cxeanennux edpyz o6pamuewu, ycneA h I ToAbKo ux pyKu u Hozu eeepxy Had ceoeû zoAoeow I MeAbKom npumemumb: ohu e eucome npusu-eaww^uM ZAacoM I HmhMoe npoKpumAu c nocAednew cKopôuw cepdua (XII, 247-250). CKHn-na oÖHxaex b ne^epe, Koxopaa HaxoflHxca Ha cepeflHHe ckmh, noflbiMaro^eöGa flo Heöa: Mawe u cuAbHuû cmpeAoK He docmuzHem HanpaeAemoû c moph I EucmpoAemHweû cmpeAow do exoda eucoKoû newepu (83-84). TaKHM 0Öpa30M, OflHGGeö He Mor BHflexb, KaK CKHnna noxHpana y Bxofla b ne^epy ero noxH^eHHbix xoBapH^eö (256-259). O CKHnne, o ee BHemHeM oönHKe h noBaflKax, OflHGGeö 3Haex HGKnronHxenbHO go GnoB D,HpneH, Koxopaa npeflynpexflaex ero o öeGnone3HOGXH BcaKHx oöopoHHxenbHbix Mep: 3Haû we: He cmepmnoe sao, a 6eccmepmnoe (oó dvr¡TáXX' áOávamv KaÁóv) CrnMa. Ceupena, I Muko-cuAbHa, nenacumna, cpawenue c Heû neeosMowno. I Mywecmeo sdecb He nomowem; odHo sdecb cnaceHue — 6ezcmeo (118-120).
CHpeHH Moryx paGGMaxpHBaxbca KaK GMarneHHbiH BapHaHx Ckhoth. Bopböa g HHMH 6ecnone3Ha: eflHHGXBeHHoe, nxo moxho Gflenaxb, — sxo 3anenHXb ceöe ymH HnH npHBa3axb ceöa k cxonöy. CHpeH HeBO3MOXHO BHflexb, xonbKO cnbimaxb. npoH3Hxenb-HHH naö, KoxopHM öe3 yMonKy CKHnna ecw ozAawaem oKpecmHocmb (XII, 87), KOHxpac-xHpyex go GnaflKHM neHHeM CHpeH. Korfla OflHCceö h ero GnyxHHKH nponnHBarox mhmo CKMH CKHnnH, ohh BHflax h cnbimax, KaK nepefl 3eBoM yxaGHOö XapHÖflH eoAHu cwu-6aAucb, a e nedpeympo6u omKpumom KuneAu I Tum u nepnuû necoK (XII, 242-243 ). B sxox MoMeHT, Korfla ohh cnyxoM h 3peHHeM npHBneneHbi k oflHoMy nyflOBH^y, mecxepbix h3 hhx neeudumo u 6ecwyMHo noxn^aex flpyroe, nxo no3Bonaex npeflnonoxHXb o flononHH-xenbHOGXH ^yHKqHH XapHÖflH h Ckhoth: oflHa oxBneKaex, a flpyraa b sxo BpeMa noxH-^aex, HMea, oflHaKo, npH BHemHeM pa3fleneHHH oflHy oömyro yxpoöy. AHanora^HbiM 0Öpa30M ^yHKqHoHHpyrox CHpeHH: gbohm neHHeM ohh oxBneKarox nyxHHKoB ox hx oc-
íí	»	"	34
HoeHozo nymu h ohh OKa3HBaroxGa Ha nyry , rfle hx noxHpaex flBOHHHHHoe nyfloBH^e34.
33	HHrfle He rGBGpHTca, ^tg OflHCceH bhäht CHpeH, a TG^bKG cnbimHT: BAeKomuû I Cepduem ux cAywamb (XII, 192-193). HaMeK Ha spHTenbHHH KGHTaKT Mexfly KGpa6neM h CHpeHaMH KaK-6yflTG 6h ecTb: Cupenu yeudeAu mumo mueyw,uû Kopa6Ab naw (182). B opHrHHaae, oflHaKo, raaron "yBHfle^H" GxcyxcTByeT: (xàç 5' oO Xá6ev râiùaXoç v^ûç, 6yKB. «gt hhx He CKpbmca 6hctphh KGpa6nb»), t. e. ocTaexca 6e3 yTG^HeHHa, KaKHM o6pa3GM CHpeHH y3HaroT g npHÔ^HxeHHH KGpa6na. B cnaBaHCKGM ^GnbKaope no^HpaTenbHHua nrofleË Ba6a-^ra cnena, ^tg eH, GflHaKG, He MemaeT cpa3y xe pacno3HaBaTb npHcyxcTBHe KGro-TG qyxoro b CBoeH H36ymKe.
34	Cp., HanpHMep, tpghhh^hhx cecTep TpaË, flG^epeH OopKHa h KeTG, HMeBmHx HaM TpoHx GflHH rna3 h GflHH 3y6, KGTGpHMH GHH GÖMeHHBanHCb nGGqepeflHG (Apoll., Bibl, II, iv, 2), a TaKxe TepHGHa, CHHa XpHcaopa h GKeaHHflH KannHpGH, HMeBmero TpGHHoe Teno (Apoll., Bibl., II, v, 10). HyflOBH^e MGxeT 6bTb GnpefleneHG KaK cy^ecTBG He BnonHe BHflenHBmeeca H3 nepBGHaqanbHoro xTOHH^ecKoro (HnH yTpo6Horo)
OnHCHBaa noapoÖHO CKHnny, Dipnea HHqero He roBopHx o "^opMe" CHpeH, KpoMe xoro, qxo ohh cnaax Ha Ayzy (év Xei^rövi) nocpean qenoBeqbnx Kocxen. 9xo yMonnaHHe npeaCxaBnaexCa BeCbMa MHoro3HaqHxenbHHM. OnHCaHHe CKHnnH 3a-BopaxHBaex cbohm xHBonncHHM yxacoM:
CxpamHaa CKHnna xHBex hckohh xaM. Ee3 yMonxy naa, BH3roM npoH3HTenbHHiM, BH3ry m;eHxa Monoaoro noaoÔHbiM, Bcro ornamaex OKpecxROcxt qyaoBHm;e. K Hen npHÔnnxaxtca CxpamHo He nroaaM oaHHM, ho h caMHM 6eccMepxHbiM. ^BeRaanaxt ^BHxexca nan y Hee; Ha nneqax xe KOCMaxbix fflecxt noaHMaeTca anHHHHx, rorHÔncxtix men; h Ha KaxaoH fflee xopqax ronoBa, a Ha qenrocxax b xpn paaa 3y6bi, Hacxbie, ocxpHe, nonHbie qepRoro CMepxtro, CBepKarox; BaBHHyBmHCt 3aaoM b nem;epy h BHaBHRyB rpyat H3 nem;epH, BceMH rnaanx ronoBaMH H3 nora yxacRaa CKHnna. ^anaMH mapa KpyroM no CKane, 06nHBaeM0H MopeM, ^obht aenb^HHoB oHa, xroneHen h Moryqnx noaBoapHx Hya, 6e3 qacna Racenaromax xnaaRyro 3h6b Am^hxphthi. Mhmo ee hh oaHH Mopexoaen He Mor HeBpeaHMo C nerKHM nponxn KopaöneM; Bce 3y6acxbie nacxn pa3HHyB, Pa3oM oHa no mecxn qenoBeK c Kopaöna noxa^aex.
(XII, 85-100)
H3 axoro onncaHHa, Mexay npoqHM, cneayex, qxo 3aaHaa qacxb xena CKHnnbi
35
Bceraa CKpHxa, a Hapyxy oHa npoxarHBaex xonbKo cboh anHHHHe men35, a xaKxe, qxo aaxe 6orn noöoanncb 6h c Hen Bcxpexnxbca36, x. e. 6orn BepxHero Mapa HHKoraa He Bcxpeqaroxca c aeMoHaMH (nan qyayBH^aMn) HHXHero, KoxopHe ana hhx onacHH37. Dnpnea 3Haex o CKHnne ao Menbqanmnx noapoÖHOCxeä, KaK h o Bcex apyrnx oönxa-
eaHHCTBa, h nG3TGMy, aBnaacb Ha noBepxROCTH GxaenbHHM cy^ecTBOM, BHyTpH ghg npo^oixaeT coe^HH-aTbca c eaHHGH ana Bcex qyaoBH^ gohgbgh. H aeHCTBHTenbHO, Bce qyaoBH^Hbie nopoxaeHHa KeTG h OopKHa (Hes., Th., 270-350) npe6biBaroT HenoflBHxRO b tgm caMOM MecTe, rae ghh poxaaroxca — "3a OKea-hgm", "b ne^epe", t. e. b HHxHeË, xTOHHqecKOH c^epe, — He cnocoÔHbie GT^enHTbca gt CBoero o6^ero xTGHHqecKoro KopHa.
35	S;ra 5' è^ta%ei Ke^aXàç SeivoTo ßep/6pou, j aóxoñ 5' í%6uá, aKÓrceXov nepi|xai|xTmaa, j SeX^Tvá;... («bhcg-BHBaeT ronoBH H3 yxacHGH 6e3^HH j h hobht, o^ynbraaa CKany, ^enb^HHOB...» 94-96). B rpeqecKOM TeKCTe He roBopHXca o tgm, qTO Crania nonb3yeTca "nanaMH" ana oxoth, a TonbKG, qTO Tfjç î toi nôSeç eíal SuTSeKa nâTeç ârapoi («Hor y Hee ÄBeHa^naTb, Bce o6e3o6paxeHHbie». 89). B HTanbaHCKOM nepeBO^e cnGBG ârapoi nepe^aexca KaK invisibili ("HeBH^HMbie"), qTO, xoTa h He CGOTBeTCTByeT HopMaTHBHGMy 3HaqeHHro cnoBa, HMeeT CBoro norHKy: "Horn" cnyxaT CKHnne He ana nepe^BHxeHHa (oHa HHKoraa He bhxoäht nonHGCTbro H3 CBoeH ne^epbi-6e3ÄHbi), a ana npucocKu, n0Ä06H0 MonnrocKy, k KaMHro, qTOÔH, TaK CKa3axb, He BHBanHTbca H3 CBoero noroBHrn^a b to BpeMa, KaK OHa BHTarHBaeT cbgh meH, aocTHraa ronoBaMH Mopa. Onpe^eneHHe ne^epH ckhhhh KaK ßepe6pov ("6e3^Ha"), b KGTopyro OHa Bcer^a HanonoBHHy nozpyxeHa (S/SuKev), a He npocTO cKpuma, mg:hg, ayMaexca HHTepnpeTHpoBaTb KaK cpa^eHHOCTb ckhhhh co CKanoH, a "ne^epy" (anéoç) KaK bxoä b e^HHyro ana Bcex "gctpgbhhx" qy^OBH^, KOTopHx BCTpeqaeT b CBoeM CTpaHCTBHH O^HceH, xTGHHqecKyro yTpo6y.
36	oô5é Ké Ttç |v j ynSfloeiev i^Sráv, oO5' el 6eôç óvTiáaeie («hhktg j He paa 6hh 6h BHaeTb ee, ^axe 6or, ecnH 6h ee BCTpeTHn». 87-88).
37	Cp. noeflHHGK BepxoBHoro Eora 3eBca c qy^OBH^HbiM th^ghom (Apoll., Bibl, I, vi, 3). BcTynaa b pyKO-namHyro, t. e. Bxo^a b HenocpeflCTBeHHbiH KOHTaKT c qy^GBH^eM, 3eBC TepnHT nopaxeHHe h no6exaaeT TH^GHa Ha paccmoMHuu, cpaxaacb c hhm 6pocaeMbiMH ceepxy MonHHaMH h HaKOHen noKpbiBaa ero ropoH.
Te^Hx HHXHero MHpa, c kotophmh BCTpenaeTCH OflHcceft. H BOBce He n0T0My, hto b KanecTBe 6orHHH (8eà) OHa HBflHeTcH Bce3Haro^eft. Bora KOHKpemHU, t. e. KaxflHft H3 hhx oöflaflaeT BnoflHe onpeflefleHHoft $yHKuueü, h no3TOMy hx ecesHŒHue MoxeT otho-chtch To^bKo k KaKoft-To oflHoft onpeflefleHHoft KocMHnecKoft c^epe. ,D,axe BepxoBHHft Bor He npHHHMaeT ocoöo BaxHHx pemeHHH He nocoBeToBaBmHcb npeflBapHTeflbHo c flpyrHMH öoraMH38. npHxofl TepMeca, 6ora-nocpeflHHKa Mexfly BepxHHM h hhxhhm MHpaMH, Ha octpob D,HpneH yKa3biBaeT, KaK HaM KaxeTca, Ha nepBoHanaflbHoe KanecTBo 3toh noccfleflHeft KaK Xo3hhkh CTpaHH CMepTH, b cHfly nero oHa flaeT OflHccero TOHHyro "HH^opManHro", Kacaro^yrocH "HpaBoB" ee nyfloBH^HHx oÖHTaTefleft, 6e3 kotopoh oh ÖHfl 6bi cpa3y nporaoneH, ecflH He caMoft BoflmeÖHHneft, to bo bchkom cflynae ee alter ego — CHpeHaMH. noflxoflH k floMy D,HpneH, cnyraHKH OflHccea BHflHT: Tum zonocoM seoHKonpuxmHbiM 6ozuhh / nena (X, 221-222). OnapoBaHHbie neHHeM D,HpneH ohh nbroT npHroToBAeHHHft ero HanHToK, nocfle nero npeBpa^aroTCH b cBHHeft, npeflHa3HaneHHHx Ha CbefleHHe, o neM ohh, nflana h xproKaa, no Bceft bhahmocth, floraflHBaroTcH. CHpeHH TaKxe npexfle 3aBopaxHBaroT nyTHHKoB, 3acTaBflHH hx 3aÖHTb o6o BceM, a noToM hx noxHparoT. Moxho npeflnofloxHTb, hto b oxhhhhh ot D,HpneH, cHanafla npeBpa^aro^eft nyTHHKoB b xhbothhx, a noToM hx noxHparo^eft, CHpeHH noxHparoT hx cpa3y, 6e3 bchkhx npoMexyTo^HHx npHroToBfleHHft.
B 3tom nyHKTe, flyMaeTca, bo3moxho o6o3HanHTb cfleflyro^yro cxeMy oTHomeHHft Mexfly D,Hpneeft h CHpeHaMH. D,HpneH roBopHT OflHccero: numbH Moezo mu omeedan u He 6un / Mm npeepaw^eH; a docene HuKmo He us6ez mpodeücmea (X, 326-327). To xe caMoe roBopHT CHpeHH, xoth b HecKoflbKo HHoft ^opMe, htoöh, KaK moxho npeflnofloxHTb, He pacKpHTb nyTHHKaM cbohx hcthhhhx HaMepeHHft: 3decb hu oöuh He npoxodum c ceouM Kopa6neM Mopexodeu / CepueycnadHOzo neHbH Ha HameM nyzy He nocnymae (XII, 186-187). OTnflHBaH c ocTpoBa D,HpneH, OflHcceft oneHb 6hctpo h flerKo flocTHraeT ocTpoBa CHpeH: Tow nopoü KpenKOsdaHHuü Kopa6nb Ham, nnueH npu6nuwancH / K ocmpoey cmpamHux CupeH, npoeowaeMuü nezKuM nonymHUM / BempoM (XII, 166-168). nyTb 3tot, mhmo ocTpoBa CHpeH cKaflH CKHflflH h XapHÖflbi flo ocTpoBa TeflHoca, yKa3HBaeT OflHccero D,HpneH, H3 nero moxho 3aKflronHTb, hto Heflb3H npHnflHTb k ocTpoBy CHpeH, He ocTaHoBHBmHcb npexfle Ha ocTpoBe D,HpneH. OflHaKo, ecflH CHpeHH cHflHT Ha flyry, ycH-naHHoM HefloBenbHMH kocthmh, 3HanHT KoMyTo Bce-TaKH yflaeTcH H3ÖexaTb nap D,HpneH h flaxe flonflHTb flo ocTpoBa CHpeH? OöbHcHeHHe 3Toro napafloKca HaxoflHTcH, flyMa-eTcH, He b tom, hto D,HpneH oÖMaHHBaeT OflHcceH, roBopH, hto hhkto flo chx nop He H3-
38 3eBc Bonpomaex öoroB: Eozu, pasMucnume eu u coeemoM cepdeu nonoxume, I TeKmopa mu coxpaHuM nu om cMepmu unu HanocnedoK I Cuny nenea daduM no6edumb SHaMeHumozo Myxa (Hom., Il., XII, 174-176). A^HHa npeflynpexflaex BepxoBHoro Bora: MonnuenocHuü omeu, uepHooßnauHuü! Hmo mu eewaemb? I Cmepmnozo Myxa, usdpeene cydb6e oßpeuennozo o6weü, I Xouemb mu, 3eec, paspemumb coeepmenno om cMepmu neuanb-Hoü? I Bonm meopu, no ne ece na nee coznacuMca mu, 6ozu! (178-181: nepeBofl H.H. rHeflH^a). Ho flaxe nocfle xoro, KaK 3eBc corflamaeTca Ha cMepxb TeKxopa, oh öepex aofloxbie Becbi, caobho xeflaa e^e paa yflo-cxoBepHXbca b aöcoflroxHoft npeflpemeHHocxH cyflböbi repoa: na nux on I Epocun dea xpe6ua CMepmu, e con nozpyxamwuü donzuü: I ^peßuü odun Axunneca, dpyzoü — npuaMoea cuna. I Bsan nocpedune u nodnan: noKu-nyn íeKmopa xpeöuü, I Thxkuü k Audy ynan (209-213). BepxoBHHH Bor, xaKHM oöpaaoM, nofl^HHaeTca HeKoMy öeaflH^HoMy aaKoHy, cxoa^eMy Hafl BceMH öoraMH h onpefleflaeMoMy KaK Kfp (cyflböa, xpeöHft). Kfp, poxfleHHaa Hombro, npHHaflflexHX k xtohh^ckoh c^epe öHXHa, Hafl kotopoh BepxHHe öorH He Bflac-XHH, h noaxoMy aHaHHe npeflHaaHaqeHHH, Hcxofla^Hx h3 3xoh xeMHoft oöflacxH MHpa, Moxex öHXb xoflbKo oxHocHxeflbHHM, xpeöyro^eH flonoflHHxeflbHon npoBepKH.
6er ee HapoaeöcTBa. OHa roBopHT OaHccero coBepmeHHyro npaBay, yMaaHHBaa ToabKO oflHy "aeTaab", 3HaHHe kotopoö cpa3y xe h 6e3BO3BpaTHO napaaraoBaao 6h OaHccea39. B KaKOH-TO MOMeHT, npH6aHxaacb k ocTpoBy CHpeH, edpyeycnoKounca eemep u murnb eo-uapunacb / HaMope: deMOHyenadun nynmu suöyneenoHo (XII, 168-169). 9to npeKpameHHe BeTpa, ayMaeTca, moxho HHTepnpeTHpoBaTb KaK yKa3aHHe Ha unnmsopHocmb deuweHua Kopa6aa OaHccea. B aeöcTBHTeabHocTH, oh HHKyaa He naHBeT, ho npoHcxoaHT TpaHc^opManna ocTpoBa D,npnen b octpob CHpeH, KOTopaa BocnpHHHMaeTca "Ha6aroaaTeaaMH" KaK nepeMemeHHe b npocTpaHcTBe. npn 3tom caeayeT npHHHTb bo BHHMaHHe h^^m3hohhctckhh xapaKTep BoaH, Mopa40. OTnaHBaa c ocTpoBa D,HpneH, OaHcceö h ero cnyTHHKH BxoaaT b xmoHmecKyw ympo6y Mupa, co3epnaa, TaK cKa3aTb,
ÍÍ	5S41
ero H3HaHKy 41.
CnyTHHKH OaHccea bh^ht h cabimaT D,Hpnero no cm cmopoHy ocTpoBa, a no my cmopoHy, t. e. yxe HenocpeacTBeHHO b hhxhcm MHpe, ohh cabimaT roaoc CHpeH, oaHaKO He bh^ht hx. 3aecb BO3MOXHa caeayromaa peKOHcrpy^Ha: Bbixoaa h3 "noaa npHTaxe-hhh" ocTpoBa ÜHpneH, KpHTHHecKHM (HaH npeaeabHHM) nyHKTOM KOToporo HBaaeTca octpob CHpeH, OaHcceö b aeöcTBHTe^bHocTH cabimHT He roaoc CHpeH, a roaoc D,HpneH, kotophh 3OBeT ero o6paTHO, Ha "ayr", rae nyTHHKOB oxHaaeT BTopaa h OKOHnaTe^bHaa cMepTb. PaccKa3HBaa o6 onacHocTax 3Toro "apyroro ocTpoBa" h yMMHHBaa o "^opMe" ero o6HTaTeaeö, Dipnea cKpHBaeT ot OaHccea, hto octpob CHpeH — 3to cTpamHaa, 6e3BO3BpaTHo ra6eabHaa "H3HaHKa" ee co6cTBeHHoro aoMa-ocTpoBa. 9to "3HaHHe" napaaraoBaao 6h OaHccea, caeaaao 6h ero coBepmeHHO Hecnoco6HHM k aaabHeömeMy naaBaHHro, nepeMecTHao 6h ero cpa3y H3 "aoMa" DHpneH Ha "ayr" CHpeH.
3aecb bo3moxho, BnponeM, BO3paxeHHe, hto OaHcceö aBaxaH npHnaHBaeT h ot-nabmaeT Ha octpob h c ocTpoBa D,HpneH. OTBeT caeayeT, ayMaeTca, HcKaTb b oco6eHHoc-thx npocTpaHcTBa, b KOTopoe nonaaaeT Kopa6ab OaHccea. Caeaya aBHxeHHro 3Toro "KpHBoro" npocTpaHcTBa HHXHero MHpa, oh, KaK b BopoHKe, oKa3HBaeTca Ha ocTpoBe DHpneH. B 3tom nyHKTe npoHcxoaHT MaKcHMaabHoe HcKpHBaeHHe npocTpaHcTBa h co-OTBeTcTBeHHO MaKcHMaabHoe BO3pacTaHHe cHaH npHTaxeHHa. H no3TOMy, hto6h bhh-th H3 "noaa" ocTpoBa, OaHcceö aoaxeH cHanaaa onHcaTb Kpyr, KpaÖHaa TOHKa KOToporo ecTb "cKaaa", noa kotopoö caHBaroTca noa3eMHbie peKH, h noTOM, BepHyB-mHcb K HcxOaHOH TOHKe, T. e. o6paTHO Ha OcTpOB DHpneH, BHHTH Ha HOByro "op6HTy", BHBoaamyro yxe H3 HHXHero MHpa b BepxHHÖ, rae octpob IeaHoca OTMenaeT rpaHHuy Mexay aByMa MHpaMH. 9Ta npocrpaHcTBeHHaa cxeMa naaBaHHa OaHccea BnoaHe co-OTBeTcTByeT Kpyroo6pa3HOMy aBHxeHHro OKeaHa y TecHoaa. no-BHaHMocTH, OaHcceö, roHaeMHÖ no Mopro 6oraMH h aeMOHaMH, nocemaeT ToabKO AHa. EcaH 6h hhxhhh mhp
39	Cp. caMoro OaHcceH, kotophö He roBopHT cbohm TOBapHmaM o CKHaae, noTOMy hto HHaHe eecna 6 ohu no6pocanu om cmpaxa u, epecmb nepecmaernu, / npasdm 6 cmonnunucb eHympu Kopa6na e oxudaHbu Hanacmu (XII, 224-225).
40	Cp. npeBpameHHa, npoHcxoaamHe Ha Kopa6ae, Ha kotopom nabiBeT ^hohhc: Becaa h MaHTH npeBpamaroTca b 3Meö, Becb Kopa6ab HanoaHHeTca BHHorpaaHHMH aoaaMH, a caM ^hohho npeBpamaeTca bo abBa, a nonpHraBmHe b Boay nHpaTH — b aeab^HHOB (Hymn. Hom. VII; Apoll., Bibl., III, v, 3). O Boae KaK HaaroaHOHHOTcKOM 3aeMeHTe Ha MaTepHaae HHaHÖcKOö MH^oaorHH cm.: H. Zimmer, Miti e simboli dell'India, Milano 1993, pp. 34-56.
41	Cp. oTHomeHHa 3arpo6Horo HHxHero MHpa h BepxHero MHpa xhbhx: «Koraa Ha 3eMae aeHb, b 3. m. — HOHb, y xhbhx — aeTo, y MepTBHx — 3HMa, yMepmHe xoaaT BBepx HoraMH, oaexay hocht HaH3HaHKy, hx nHma — aa aaa xhbhx» (B. .H. üeTpyxHH, 3aepo6Huü Mup, b: MHM, t. 1, c. 453.).
y ToMepa orpaHnnnBaaca ToabKo crpaHofi TeHefi, t. e. Ah^om sensu stricto, to Ha oS^eM ^OHe apxanHHHx npeflcTaBaeHnfi o noTycTopoHHeM Mnpe oh Bbiraaflea 6h nopa3n-TeabHo öeflHHM, KaK 6h BoBce He cy^ecTByro^nM. B fleficTBHTeabHocTn, c caMoro ot-nabrrna H3 Tpon BnaoTb flo npnSbiTHa Ha octpob ^eaKoB, Oflnccefi cTpaHcTByeT no HHXHeMy MHpy, n3 KoToporo, KaK 6h b npopbiBe nepe3 npocTpaHcTBo, oh bhhochtch Ha 6eper poflHofi HTaKn:
EbicTpo (KaK noaeM mnpoKHM KoHefi neTBepHH, SecnpecTaHHo
CnabHbiM roHHMbix Shtom, nopaxaromnM Bcex coBoKynHo,
HyTb flo 3eMaa npHKacaacb HoraMn, aerKo coBepmaeT
üyTb cboh) KopaSab, Bo3flBHraa KopMy, noSexaa, n, nypnypHofi
C3afln boihoh Hanapaa, ero MHoromyMHoe Mope
M^aao Bnepefl; SecnpenaTcTBeHHo nabia oh; n cokoi, SbicTpeftmHfi
Mexfly neprnTbiMH HeSa, ero He floraaa Sh b noaeTe —
TaK oh cTpeMHTeibHo, 3biSb pacceKaa, aeTea nepe3 Mope,
Myxa Heca SoropaBHoro, noaHoro Mbicaefi bhcokhx,
MHoro BcTpe^aBmero Sefl, coKpymaromnx cepflne, cpeflb SypHofi
CTpaHcTBya 3h6h, n MHoro BeanKnx BHflaBmero SpaHefi —
Hbme xe cnaa oh, 3aSbiB npeTepneHHoe, chom 6e33a6oTHbiM.
(XIII, 81-92)
9to naaBaHne Oflnccefi coBepmaeT eo cue, a npocbinaacb He ysuaem cBoefi poflHofi HTaKn (XIII, 188), nocae nero nocefifloH npeBpa^aeT KopaSab ^eaKoB b KaMeHb, a nx ropofl 3aflBnraeT ropofi, npeKpa^aa cooS^eHne Mexfly flByMa MnpaMn. TaKHM oSpa3oM, Oflnccefi Bo3pa^aeTca He c oflHoro n3 3aTepaBmnxca b Mope octpobob, a n3 flpyroro npocTpaHcTBeHHo-BpeMeHHoro H3MepeHna. H ecan 6h A^nHa b oSpa3e nacTyxa (XIII, 190) He cooS^naa eMy, hto oh HaxoflHTca Ha HTaKe, to oh ocraBaaca 6h b noaHoM HeBe-fleHHH o MecTe, Kyfla ero Bbicaflnan ^eaKH. npeBpa^eHne Oflnccea b cTapna (XIII, 430433) TaKxe MoxeT paccMaTpnBaTbca KaK caeflcTBne nepexofla H3 6e3BpeMeHba HnxHero Mnpa, Bcerfla paBHoro ceSe caMoMy, b peaabHoe 3eMHoe BpeMa, rfle Bce H3MeHaeTca. B 3tom oTHomeHnn ocoSo npoacHaro^nM MoxeT, KaK KaxeTca, cayxnTb npaaHflcKoe cKa-3aHne o naaBaHnn EpaHa. EpaH flocTnraeT CTpaHH XeH^nH, ho Ha Seper oh cohth He pemaeTca. Torfla «xeH^HHa Spocnaa KaySoK HHTefi npaMo b Hero. EpaH cxBaTna KaySoK pyKoro, n oh npncTaa k ero aafloHn. KoHen hhth Shi b pyKe xeH^HHbi, n TaKHM oSpa3oM oHa npnTaHyaa aaflbro b raBaHb. Ohh Boman b Soabmofi aom. TaM Shio no aoxy Ha Kaxflbix abohx — Tpnxflbi fleBaTb aox. .ScTBa, npeflaoxeHHbie hm, He nccaKaan Ha Saroflax, n Kaxflbifi Haxoflna BKyc Toro KymaHba, KaKoro xeaaa. Hm Ka3aaocb, hto ohh npoSbian TaM oflHH rofl, a npomao yxe MHoro aeT»42. HnTb, KoTopaa npncTaeT k aafloHn EpaHa, BTarnBaeT ero b flpyroe BpeMa-npocTpaHcTBo. H Korfla oh Bo3Bpa^aeTca b peaabHoe BpeMa-npocTpaHcTBo, oahh n3 ero cnyTHHKoB «eflBa KocHyaca oh 3eMan HpaaHflnn, KaK TOTnac xe oSpaTaaca b rpyfly npaxa, KaK ecan Sh ero Teao npoaexaao o b 3eMae yxe MHoro cot aeT»43. TaKHM oSpa3oM, ecan Sh He BMemaTeabcTBo SornHn A^n-hh, KpafiHe 3anHTepecoBaHHofi b cyflbSe Oflnccea, to n oh nocae Bo3Bpa^eHna n3 "cTpaHbi Se3 Bo3BpaTa", npeBpaTaaca Sh b rpyfly npaxa. B tot MoMeHT, Korfla Oflnccefi BxoflnT b H3MepeHne HnxHero Mnpa, BpeMa flaa Hero ocTaHaBanBaeTca. H noaToMy b
42	Raaeauue Epaua, cbma &e6arn, b: HcaaudcKue cazu. HpmudcKuU snoc, M. 1973, c. 673.
43	TaM xe.
fleHCTBHTenbHOCTH A^HHa He npeBpa^aeT Onnccea b CTapnKa, ho ocraHaBinBaeT nponecc pacnana, KOTopoMy oh craHOBHTca nonBepxeHHbiM b peaibHOM BpeMeHH, noc-TeneHHO 3aTeM OMOiaxnBaa KaK ero caMoro, TaK n cocTapnBmyroca neHeiony, n Bceiaa cniy n SonpocTb b coBceM onpaxieBmero .HaapTa.
PeKOHCTpynpya apxeTHnnHecKHH "KapKac" CTpaHCTBna Onnccea, k KOTopoMy, pa3yMeeTca, He CBonnrca noaMa EoMepa, moxho c nocTaTOHHbiM 0CH0BaHHeM yTBepxnaTb, hto h3 Tpoh OTnibiBaeT KopaSib He c xhbhmh BOHHaMH, a c Mepmebrnu, ko-Topbie HanpaBiaroTca Ha OcTpoBa BiaxeHHbix, hto-to Bpone CKaHnnHaBCKOH Baibxai-jh, paa naBmHx b Soro bohhob. Ha aTOM CBoeM nyTH ohh ao^xhu npeonoieTb pa3iHHHbie npenaTCTBHa, KOTopbe oxHjaMT MepTBoro b hhxhcm MHpe, h noaTOMy oneHb HeMHorHe noSnparoTca no aTOH HTaKn BenHoro YcnoKoeHna repoeB. npoTen Be^aeT napro MeHeiaro:
Ho nia TeSa, MeHeiaä, npnroTOBnin Sora HHoe:
Tbl He yMpemb h He BCTpeTnmb cynbSbi b MH0r0K0HH0M Aproce;
Tbl 3a npeneibi 3eMin, Ha noia EinceftcKne
üociaH SoraMH — Tyna, rne xnBeT PanaMaHT 3iaT0Biacbiä
(Tne npoSeraroT CBeTio SecnenaibHbie ähh neiOBeKa,
Tfle hh MeTeien, hh iHBHeä, hh xianoB 3hmh He SbiBaeT;
Tfle ciaflK0myMH0 leTaromnä BeeT 3e$np, OKeaHOM
C lerKOH npoxianoä Tyna nocbuaeMbm ironaM SiaxeHHbiM).
(Od., IV, 561-568)
MeHeian MOxeT ctokohho oxnnaTb aToro Se3Soie3HeHHoro nepeHeceHHa Ha octpob BenHoro SiaxeHCTBa, n0T0My hto oh cynpyr EneHU u sxmb zpoMoeepwua 3eeca (569). Onnccen xe, htoSh noSpaTbca no aToro caMoro ocTpoBa, noixeH SopoTbca c So-raMH H HynOBH^aMH, OnOieBaTb xHTpOCTH, HHHHMbie 3I0BpenHHMH neMOHaMH, H B KOH-noB, 0Ka3aBmHCb Ha CBoen HTaKe, He y3HaeT ee, a noM cboh HaxonHT pa3opeHHHM h OCKBepHeHHHM. A OKOHHHB CBOH Tpynbl, OH OnaTb nOIXeH OTnpaBHTCa B HOBHH nyTb, yxe He no Mopro, a no 3eMie b HeBenoMyro CTpaHy ironen, Mopn He SHam^ux, nuw,u ceoeü He coÄHWßx (XI, 123). EcTb CBoa iorHKa b tom, hto b n03nHen BepcHH MH^a otuom OnHCcea Ha3HBaeTca He .HaapT, a Cncn^ (Hyg., Fab., 201), oSMaHyBmnn naxe SornHro CMepTH, enHHCTBeHHHH H3 yMepmHx, Siaronapa CBoen xhtpocth, B03BpaTHBmnftca H3 CTpaHH CMepTH Ha 3eMiro (Theogn., 701 sgg.). He ero in cynbSy noBTopaeT Onnccen, KOTOpHH 0TKa3bIBaeTCa SblTb MepTBHM H B KOHne KOHUOB HaxOnHT CBOro HTaKy, 3acTaBiaa naxe SoroB coriacHTbca c ero B03Bpa^eHneM.
TpeSyroT Sorn, ^roS Shi oh HeMenia ToSoro OTOciaH; HSo eMy He cynbSa yMepeTb naieKO ot 0TW3Hbi; Boia, HanpoTHB, cynbSbi, htoS B03iroSieHHbix SinxHnx, ponHyro 3eMiro n CBeTioycTpoeHHbiä noM cboh onarb oh yBnnei.
(V, 112-115)
CoKpameHHH
Apoll., Bibl.	Anoiionop, Euönuomexa
Apoll., Epit.	Anoiionop, dnumoMa
ApolW. Rhod.	AnoiiOHHH PonoccKnn, ApzoHaemum
Eur., Hel.	EBpnnnn, EneHa
Theogn. Verg., Aen.
Hom., Il. Hom., Od. Hes., Th: Hyg., Fab. Plat., Resp.
Plut., Quest. conv.
IoMep, Hßuada
IoMep, Oduccea
TecHOfl, TeozoHUH
ththh, mu$u
n^aTOH, rocydapcmeo
n^yrapx, 3acmoMHbie eonpocu
OeorHHfl
BeprHAHH, dHeuda
Sirene ali potovanje po deželi smrti
M. Yevzlin
V članku avtor interpretira starogrška htonska "pojoča" božanstva sirene, ki so opisane predvsem v Homerjevi Odiseji, pa tudi v poznejših antičnih virih (Heziod, Apolodor). Na začetku obravnava avtor kozmološke parametre Homerjevega dela, predlaga precej ino-vativen pogled na strukturo in organizacijo sveta in poudarja htonski karakter kozmosa, v katerem se Odisej premika. Potovanje junaka na Itako je podobno potovanju v deželo mrtvih preko različnih elementov htonskega sveta. Posebna pažnja je posvečena semiotični razlagi srečanja Odiseja s sirenami. Prispevek vsebuje tudi tipološko primerjavo siren z drugimi htonskimi bitji iste mitološke tradicije (harpije, Scila in Karibda in dr.). V splošno-mitološkem okviru "htonizma" so analizirani tudi drugi motivi grške epske tradicije.