ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 original scientific article UDC 581.9(234.323.6) received: 2004-10-29 THE ASSOCIATION GENTIANO TERGLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAE T. WRABER 1970 IN THE KRN MOUNTAINS (THE JULIAN ALPS) Bostjan SURINA University of Primorska, Science and Research Centre Koper, SI-6000 Koper, Garibaldijeva 1 E-mail: bostjan.surina@zrs-kp.si ABSTRACT The syntaxonomy and ecology of the Carex firma stands in the Krn Mts. (eastern Julian Alps) are presented by applying the sigmatistic method and cluster analysis. The researched stands are classified in the association Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae T. Wraber 1970 and are further subdivided into three subassociations: -dryadetosum octopetalae Poldini & Feoli 1976, -drepanocladetosum uncinati subass. nova and -potentilletosum nitidae subass. nova. Key words: phytosociology, phytogeography, endemic species, Elyno-Seslerietea, Caricion firmae, Caricetum firmae, Southeastern Calcareous Alps L'ASSOCIAZIONE GENTIANO TERGLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAE T. WRABER 1970 SUL MASSICCIO DEL MONTE NERO (ALPI GIULIE) SINTESI Mediante il metodo sigmatista e l'analisi a grappolo, l'autore presenta la sintassonomia e l'ecologia delle forma-zioni a Carex firma sul massiccio del Monte Nero (Alpi Giulie orientali). Le formazioni studiate sono distribuite nelle comunita Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae T. Wraber 1970 e quindi distribuite in tre subassociazioni: -dryadetosum octopetalae Poldini & Feoli 1976, -drepanocladetosum uncinati subass. nova e -potentilletosum nitidae subass. nova. Parole chiave: fitosociologia, fitogeografia, specie endemiche, Elyno-Seslerietea, Caricion firmae, Caricetum firmae, Alpi calcaree sud-orientali 99 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Boštjan SURINA: THE ASSOCIATION GENTIANO TERGLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAET. WRABER 1970 IN THE KRN MOUNTAINS (THE JULIAN ALPS), 99-112 INTRODUCTION The first review of the botanical research carried out in the Julian Alps that also embraced floristic activity in the Krn Mts. was prepared by Wraber (1969). Subsequently, botanical activity was presented by Dakskobler for the Upper Soča Valley (Dakskobler, 1997) and again by Wraber for the wider area of Triglav National Park (Wraber, 2001), while Surina & Vreš (2003) recently collected data on the botanical research carried out to date on Mt. Lemež. A more detailed review of the botanical research for the Krn Mts. was prepared by Surina (2004). The knowledge about the subalpine and alpine vegetation of the Krn Mts. is still poor in comparison with the knowledge about its flora. It has mainly been studied by T. Wraber and I. Dakskobler. In the first overall phytosociological study of the vegetation of rocky crevices and screes in the Julian Alps, Wraber (1972) made five relevés of the association Festucetum laxae (Aichinger 1933) Wraber 1970, two at Jezero v Lužnici and three at Krnsko jezero. He discovered Bupleurum longifolium, so far known only from Mt. Nanos, at the end of the Krn-Srednji vrh-Krnčica ridge on the northern slope of the peak Vršič, and thus made the relevé of the stand - Salicetum waldsteinianae Beger 1922 corr. Zupančič & Zagar 2001 (Wraber, 1980). In the context of his paper on phytosociological conditions of the species Minuartia rupestris in the Julian Alps, he also made three relevés on Mt. Rdeči rob (Wraber, 1986) and described a new association of rocky crevices in the Julian Alps -Paederoto luteae-Minuartietum rupestris Wraber 1986. The discovery of Viola cornuta on Mt. Lemež was surprising and phytogeographically important (found by forest engineer Ivan Veber), which gave rise to an individual paper in which Wraber (1995) discussed its origin in details, as well as provided a thorough phytosociological assessment (a relevé) of the site (Caricetum ferrugineae Ludi 1921 s. lat.). Since 1990s, Dakskobler has been active on this flo-ristically very rich and phytogeographically exciting southern edge of the Julian Alps. He has contributed a whole series of interesting novelties to the knowledge of the flora and vegetation of the Soča Valley and its surroundings. In a paper on the flora of the southern Julian Alps and its foothills he reported, among other things, on the find of the species Asplenium seelosii southeast of Mt. Veliki Kuntar, where he also supplemented the relevé of the site and classified it in the association Po-tentillo clusianae-Campanuletum zoysii Aichinger 1933 (Dakskobler, 1994). In 2000, he published a paper in which he thoroughly examined the phytosociological and environmental conditions of growth sites of the ste-noendemic species Moehringia villosa (Dakskobler, 2000). In a detailed review of all sites known to date, he also stated, for the Krn Mts., the peak Palec above Lašca pasture, Mt. Rdeči rob above Ovčje medrje and Slemen-ske peči by Snegova grapa gorge. Altogether he made seven relevés at the aforementioned locations belonging to the newly described association Campanulo carnicae-Moehringietum villosae Dakskobler 2000 (Dakskobler, 2000). The excellent find of Paradisea liliastrum below the Krnčica ridge was first publicly presented in a popular paper, and eventually also in an original scientific paper (Dakskobler, 2001a, b). In establishing the succession stands with overgrowing hayfields in former habitats of subalpine beech forests Polysticho lonchitis-Fagetum (Horvat 1938) Marinček in Poldini & Nardini 1993, he made two relevés on the southern slope of Mt. Lemež, which were classified in the association Centaureo haynaldii-Laserpitietum sileri Dakskobler 2003 prov. and one below the peak Debeljak by Krasji vrh in the pioneer spruce forest Adenostylo glabrae-Piceetum M. Wraber ex Zukrigl 1973 corr. Zupančič 1993 var. geogr. Cardamine trifolia Zupančič 1999 subvar. geogr. Luzula nivea Zupančič 1999 betonicetosum alopecuri Dakskobler 2003 (Dakskobler, 2003b). Surina and Vreš again initiated, with their discovery of three new localities of Viola cornuta between Mt. Lemež, peak Debeljak and Krnsko jezero, a discussion on the origin of its appearance in the Julian Alps, and with three relevés (Caricetum ferrugineae s. lat. - southwest slope of Debeljak, Avenastro parlatorei-Festucetum calvae (Aichinger 1933 corr. Franz 1980) Poldini & Feoli Chiapella in Feoli Chiapella & Poldini 1993 - the Skrbina pass and a relevé on a nitrophilous habitat in a small basin by lake Krnsko jezero) also researched the phytosociological characteristics of the sites (Surina & Vreš, 2003). In 2002 and 2003, B. Surina studied the subalpine and alpine vegetation of the Krn Mts. (Surina, 2004); the aim of this paper is thus to present some of the results of phytosociological research of the stands with predominating Carex firma. The published phytosociological data on the Carex firma stands in the Julian Alps are indeed scarce. The next inventory of the Carex firma stands in the Julian Alps in addition to Wraber's inventory from Mt. Jalovec and his synoptic table (1970), was only recently contributed by Dakskobler, who carried out a research into the phytosociological characteristics of a Carex rupestris site in the vicinity of Mt. Črna prst and temporarily classified the relevé in the association Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae (Dakskobler, 2003a). In the Karavanke Mts. (partly also in the Kamnik-Savinja Alps), Aichinger (1933) provided grounds for the association Gentiano-Caricetum with two phytosociological tables, while Ha-derlapp (1982) and Seliškar (1993) provided them in the Kamnik-Savinja Alps. In the Carnic Alps, Poldini & Feoli (1976) studied the association's phytosociology and ecology, while Wikus (1960) studied them in the Lienz Dolomites. 100 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Boštjan SURINA: THE ASSOCIATION GENTIANO TERGLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAET. WRABER 1970 IN THE KRN MOUNTAINS (THE JULIAN ALPS), 99-112 MATERIAL AND METHODS Studied area The Krn massif is the extreme western edge of the eastern Julian Alps (Fig. 1). It is surrounded on almost all sides by the valley of the Soča river and its tributaries, the rivers of Tolminka and Lepenica: to the north and northeast it is bounded by the Bovec basin and the Lepena valley, to the west and south by the Soča valley, and to the southeast by the Tolminka valley. Towards the east, the relief boundary is not so sharp; it is divided from the Komna plateau by a north-south mountain ridge from Velika Baba (2008 m) above the Lepena valley, Lanževica (2003 m) to Mahavšček (Veliki Bogatin, 2008 m) above the Tolminka valley. Two larger and two smaller crests and the group of mountains around Krnsko jezero stand out in the massif. The crests are not uniform and are broken here and there by smaller or larger passes ("škrbina"). Thus, in the longest ridge, between the peaks of Vršič and Lipnik above the Tolminka valley in the ridge in addition to the Krnska and Batog-niška škrbina, more important passes or steps are Vratca (around 2000 m) between the peaks of Lopatnik and Krnčica and Lužnica valley (around 1750 m), which is surrounded by the peaks of Maselnik, Skofič and Mt. Rdeči rob. The highest mountains on the ridge are Krn (2244 m), Batognica (2164 m), Krnčica (2142 m) and Srednji vrh (2134 m). The other major mountain chain, the deeply indented Polovnik ridge, is situated in the bend of the Soča river, climbing steeply and in places precipitously above the Soča valley from the northwest towards the southeast between the villages of Log Cezsoški and Drežniške Ravne. On the rock basis predominates the Upper Triassic stratified Dachstein limestone. Between the light grey Upper Triassic Dachstein limestone, deposits of the Upper flat micrite platy and calcarenite limestone of Volče with chert stand out from afar due to their characteristic reddish colour. They are particularly well seen on Mt. Rdeči rob, the stony edge between Lužnica and Peski, the eastern slope of Mt. Batognica and on the ridge between the Vogel and Lemež Mts. (Buser, 1986, 1987). Because of the prevailing carbonate bedrock, the Krn massif is strongly karstified, especially in some places. It is a typical high mountain karst world, with broken relief or numerous sink-holes, swallow holes, basins, abysses and caves. Glacial lakes, like the largest ones - Krnsko jezero, Dupeljsko jezero and Jezero v Lužnici - are found in sink-holes and at the dry valleys' bottoms. From a geotectonic aspect, the Krn massif is part of the Outer Dinarides, cutting into the Inner Dinarides with its southern edge. Fig. 1: Krn Mts. in the Julian Alps. SI. 1: Krnsko pogorje v Julijskih Alpah. 101 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Boštjan SURINA: THE ASSOCIATION GENTIANO TERGLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAET. WRABER 1970 IN THE KRN MOUNTAINS (THE JULIAN ALPS), 99-112 The Krn Mts. have Alpine climate. Because of the vicinity of the Mediterranean and the exposed position, the Krn massif is known for one of the highest amounts of rainfall in Slovenia. In the nearest and comparable meteorological station at Dom na Komni (1520 m), 2934 mm of rainfall annually was measured in the 1961 -1991 period and a mean annual temperature of 3.7 oC (Me-kinda-Majaron, 1995; Zupančič, 1995). The entire area is distinctly characterized by traces of the intense military activities from the First World War I, for this was the area of the Soča Front (Isonzo Front) during the years 1915 and 1917. Methods Phytosociological research of the Carex firma stands was conducted by applying the sigmatistic method (Braun-Blanquet, 1964). Two indices were calculated for each taxon while we first performed a linear transformation of coverage values for individual taxa (van der Maarel, 1979): (a) coverage index (Ic) according to Lausi et al. (1982), and (b) a share of coverage (D%), using the following formula: n c D% =£-<-100 1 sum n - number of relevés in the phytosociological table c, - coverage value of registered taxa csum - sum of coverage values of all taxa in the phytosociological table (Tab. 1) With the aid of the computer programme SYN-TAX (Podani, 1993) and extensive synoptic phytosociological table, comparisons with similar stands from the Alps and Dinaric mountains were made. The measure of dissimilarity was the complement of the "similarity ratio" coefficient. We used the Furthest neighbour - Complete linkage clustering method (CL), Minimization of Increase of Error Sum of Squares (MISSQ) and the ordination method of Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA). Groups of diagnostic species were formed on the basis of our own criteria, but with regard to numerous authors. The floris-tic composition of the researched stands was also analysed according to chorological groups and Raunkiaer's plant life forms. Here we followed the Chorological Atlas of Vascular Plants in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region (Poldini, 1991). Nomenclature sources for phanerogams are Register of the Flora of Slovenia (Trpin & Vreš, 1995) as well as some supplements in the Mala flora Slovenije (Martinčič et al., 1999). Synoptic phytosociological table is available from the author. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Floristic composition of stands The edificator and one of the characteristic species of the association is Carex firma1-5 (lc=85), which appears with the greatest constancy and cover values. Other characteristic species of the association are Phyteuma sieberi+-1 (lc=21), Helianthemum alpestre*'2 (lc=21), Crepis kernerf (lc= 12), Saussurea pygmea+-1 (lc=6), Chamorchis alpina+ (lc=2) and Saxifraga caesia+ (lc=1 ), of which only the first appears in more than half of the inventories. Differential species and some characteristic species of the contrasting Central Alpine association Caricetum firmae Ludi 1911 are Pedicularis rostrato-capitata+-1 (lc=15), Saxifraga squarrosa+-1 (lc=14), Sesleria sphaerocephala+2 (lc= 12), Achillea clavenae+ (lc=9) and Gentiana terglouensis+ (lc=5). Species of the association Caricion austroalpinae Sutter 1962 occur only rarely in these stands, namely Koeleria eriostachya, Linum juli-cum, Laserpitium peucedanoides, Senecio abrotanifolius and Trifolium noricum. The highest number of species in the association concerns to the alliance Caricion firmae Gams 1936 (order Seslerietalia albicantis Oberd. 1978 corr. Oberd. 1990 and the class Elyno-Seslerietea Br.-Bl. 1948), in which only Dryas octopetala+5 (lc=44), Aster bellidiastrum+-1 (lc=18) and Sesleria albicans+-3 (lc=19) were recorded in more than half of the relevés. Gentiana clusii, Leontopodium alpinum, Anthyllis vulneraria subsp. alpestris and Ranunculus hybridus are additionally more common. Scree species (class Thlaspietea ro-tundifolii Br.-Bl. 1948) are well established in habitats in which succession development has gradually led from scree syntaxa through stands of Dryas octopetala to Carex firma (Caricetum firmae s. lat.), e.g., Athamanta cretensis (lc=7), Leontodon hispidus subsp. hyoseroides (lc=6), Campanula cohleariifolia (lc=11), Soldanella minima (lc=8) and Ranunculus traunfellneri (lc=10). Rockier habitats with steeper incline suit species occurring in rock crevices (Asplenietea trichomanis [Br.-Bl. in Meier & Br.-Bl. 1934] Oberdorfer 1977, Potentilletalia caulescentis Br.-Bl. and Meier & Br.-Bl. 1926), namely Potentilla nitida (lc=14), Primula auricula (lc=6), Valeriana saxatilis (lc= 17), Saxifraga crustata (lc=12), Viola biflora (lc=10), Campanula zoysii, Paederota lutea and Pet-rocallis pyrenaica (the last three with lc=3). We recorded Rhodothamnus chamaecistus+-3 (Erico-Pinetea), with a degree of constancy lV, and in half of the relevés the species Selaginella selaginoides+-1, Tofieldia calyculata+2 and Rhododendron hirsutum+-2. The floristic composition of the association is given in Table 1. Phanerogams cover from 40 to 100% of the sites (the mean value is 90%). The moss layer in general does not cover a major area of the sites; the mean value is 1% (minimum 0 and maximum 20%), but it is well established in some Carex firma stands and reaches a mean 102 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Boštjan SURINA: THE ASSOCIATION GENTIANO TERGLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAET. WRABER 1970 IN THE KRN MOUNTAINS (THE JULIAN ALPS), 99-112 value of 20% (see Table 1, rel. 7-13). The species On-cophorus virens+-1 and Drepanocladus uncinatus+3 are established there with greater constancy and large cover values. Hemicryptophytes predominate (Tab. 2), around 20 % of the relevé areas being covered by chamaephytes, which indicates the unfavourable habitat conditions. Phanerophytes cover around 10% of the relevé areas, while the share of the relevé areas covered by geophytes and therophytes is low. Tab. 2: Plant life forms spectrum in the association Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae in the Krn Mts. (the Julian Alps). Tab. 2: Biološki spekter asociacije Gentiano terglouen-sis-Caricetum firmae v Krnskem pogorju (Julijske Alpe). Ecology, variability and sindynamics of the stands Carex firma is dominant in most associations of the alliance Caricion firmae. It is a very long-lived species and creates populations at sites due to its own clones. These gradually completely overgrow the sites, making the specific individuals no longer recognisable. Because of its longevity and gradual decay of the plants'ground parts, a layer of humus slowly accumulates under the turfs of Carex firma (in Schroeter, 1926). In the case in which the turfs in stands remain close-packed, friable rendzina can develop and gradual acidification occurs during further development of the soil due to the reaction of the soil basis and organic material, which is shown in the floristic composition with the establishment and final predominance of heathers (Arc-tostaphyllos alpina, Vaccinium gaultherioides, V. vitis-idaea, Loiseleuria procumbens, Empetrum hermaphro-ditum and others) or a succession development towards the associations Empetro-Vaccinietum gaultherioidis Br.-Bl. in Br.-Bl. & Jenny 1926 corr. Grabherr 1993 or the association Loiseleurio-Cetrarietum Br.-Bl. & al. 1939 (both from the class Loiseleurio-Vaccinietea Grabherr 1993). Ludi's conclusion that the species Carex firma creates humus certainly applies, although it does not thrive well in it (Ludi 1911, in Schroeter, 1926). Together with Dryas octopetala, Carex firma plays, among other things, an important role in the stabilisation of screes, which can also be frequently observed in the Krn Mts. The stands of the association Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae prefer shady and northern exposition (Fig. 2) in the subalpine and alpine belt. The median altitude value of relevés in the Krn Mts. is 1910 m (maxi- mum 2120 m), whereby the lowest relevé was made at an altitude of 1330 m. This was a relevé at a growth site in which a special form of Carex firma stands had been created after a long successional development of vegetation from scree to grassland. Areas covered by the stands are in principle small (mean value is 4, minimum 1 and maximum 25 m2). Exceptionally, there are connected areas larger than 100 m2, such as on the saddle between the peaks of Mali Peski and Vrh nad Peski, where sheep have almost totally grazed the Carex firma turfs. N Fig. 2: Exposition of stands of the association Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae in the Krn Mts. (the Julian Alps). Sl. 2: Ekspozicija sestojev asociacije Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae v Krnskem pogorju (Julijske Alpe). We made 28 relevés and recorded 151 taxa, a minimum of 12 and maximum of 58 per relevé (the mean value is 28.5) The coefficient of variation is relatively high - 38%. A lack of floristic homogeneity of the association is probably the result of different growth sites in which Carex firma stands have been established. Where stands have formed, after gradual successions, on former screes, scree species are more frequent and they reach higher coverage indices. Much the same applies to the stands in rocky crevices, where plants from the class Asplenietea trichomanis are more frequent (Fig. 3). On the basis of diagnostic species and with the aid of numerical analysis of the association's stands, we thus divided the association into lower syntaxonomic units, which are well distinguished between themselves both floristically and ecologically (Fig. 3). abs. No. Z Fa Ha I He Ge Te Fa Ha He Ge Te 12 32 1 93 6 8 151 9 23 63 4 2 1 m ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Boštjan SURINA: THE ASSOCIATION GENTIANO TERGLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAET. WRABER 1970 IN THE KRN MOUNTAINS (THE JULIAN ALPS), 99-112 Relevés at sites with lengthy snow cover, which are therefore colder and wetter, were classified in the subassociation Gentiano-Caricetum drepanocladetosum unci-nati subass. nova (Fig. 3, rel. 7-13). It is well marked by the presence and greater cover values of species of the snow-bed vegetation on a calcareous bedrock (Soldan-ello-Salicion retusae Englisch 1999, Arabidetalia caeru-leae Rubel ex Br.-Bl. 1949), e.g., Festuca nitida+~2, Polygonum viviparum1-2, Geranium argenteum+~ 2, Oncopho-rus virens+-1 and Drepanocladus uncinatus+3. The enumerated moss species are good indicators of fresh and damp sites. The moss layer covers the major share of the surface of the habitats in this subassociation. The holotype of the subassociation Gentiano ter-glouensis-Caricetum firmae drepanocladetosum uncinati subass. nova is the relevé No. 8 in Table 1, holotypus hoc loco. Everything indicates that stands of this subassociation are the result of a successional transition from the snow-bed vegetation (Soldanello-Salicion retusae) or the associations Homogyno discoloris-Salicetum retusae Aichinger 1933 or Salici retusae-Geranietum argentei Surina 2004 to the stands of the association Gentiano ter-glouensis-Caricetum firmae s. lat. (Fig. 3). In shady habitats with mean values of inclination around 35 o, where turfs of Carex firma are not completely linked (phanerogams cover from 40-80 % of the relevé areas), we noticed stands in which a rocky crevice species Potentilla nitida23 predominates. In addition, Oxytropis jacquinii+A, Primula auricula+, Campanula zoysif, Paederota lutea+ and Petrocallis pyrenaica+ are abundant, which are also differential species of the new subassociation potentilletosum nitidae subass. nova. In this subassociation, with the exception of the species Fig. 3: Two-dimensional scatter diagram of relevés of the association Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae from Krn Mts. (the Julian Alps; PCoA, simliarity ratio). Sl. 3: Dvorazsežni ordinacijski diagram sestojev asociacije Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae v Krnskem pogorju (Julijske Alpe, PCoA, podobnost). Campanula cochleariifolia, species of the class Thlaspietea rotundifolii are poorly represented, which was indeed expected: stands of the subassociation potentilletosum nitidae are in contact with the subalpine and alpine stands of vegetation of rocky crevices and subalpine and alpine grasslands or the associations Po-tentilletum nitidae and Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae (Fig. 3). The holotype of the subassociation Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae potentilletosum nitidae subass. nova is the relevé No. 18 in Table 1, holotypus hoc loco. The relevés 19-28 (Tab. 1) are floristically most impoverished (the mean number of species per relevé is 19.5). This is mainly the result of a complete dominance of Carex firma25 and Dryas octopetala15, which on habitats with close-knit or joined turfs prevent other plants from thriving. The presence of a larger number of species of the class Thlaspietea rotundifolii in the stands of Carex firma, e.g., Crepis kerneri+ (characteristic species of the association, which was observed almost exclusively in this form), Athamanta cretensis+~\ Leontodon hispidus subsp. hyoseroides+-1 and Ranunculus traunfellneri+A, indicate the sindynamical connection of scree syntaxa with stands of subalpine and alpine grasslands (Fig. 3). Actually, in many cases these are Carex firma stands which, after prior stabilisation of screes with Dryas octopetala, have developed on more or less stabilised screes (e.g. relevé No. 19, which we performed very low, 1330 m). Dryas octopetala has an important role here, for it creates more favourable conditions for other species to thrive. On the other hand, this form appears exclusively in shady and cooler habitats (northern exposures predominate - see Table 1) with long-lasting snow cover. Poldini & Feoli (1976) noticed similar stands of Carex firma with D. octopetala in the Carnic Alps. From the syntaxonomic and sindynamic point of view, we followed the authors who classified them in the subassociation dryadetosum octopetale Poldini & Feoli 1976. The relevés 1-5 do not show particular floristic and environmental differentiation, so we have not typologi-cally divided them further. Geoelements In terms of the number of species (42) and coverage index (Ic=219), the Mediterranean-montane geoelement predominates in stands (Tab. 3). Of all the syntaxa observed in the Krn Mts., most of the species, 23 (Ic=148), belong to the Arctic-Alpine geoelement of the association under discussion. There was also a large number of species of the East-Alpine geoelement (13; Ic=100) and, together with the association Ranunculo hybridi-Caricetum sempervirentis Poldini & Feoli Chiapella in Feoli Chiapella & Poldini 1993, most are in the class 104 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Boštjan SURINA: THE ASSOCIATION GENTIANO TERGLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAET. WRABER 1970 IN THE KRN MOUNTAINS (THE JULIAN ALPS), 99-112 Tab. 3: Chorological groups and coverage indices (lc) of phanerogams in the association Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae in the Krn Mts. (the Julian Alps). Tab. 3: Horološke skupine in indeksi pokrovnosti (lc) fanerogamov v asociaciji Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae v Krnskem pogorju (Julijske Alpe). Number of taxa / koz-mop cirkum bor paleo-temp euro-sib euro-asi euri-med arct-alp alp-karp europ alp med-mont E-alp N-ilir ende-mits 2/2 9/31 1/1 4/7 8/37 1/2 23/148 3/24 8/54 10/54 42/219 13/100 11/40 12/55 Elyno-Seslerietea. Within the framework of the same class, we also recorded the largest number of endemic species in the association Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae (12; lc=55); 11 species (lc=40) belong to the Northern-lllyrian geoelement, 10 (lc=54) to the Alpine, nine species to the Circumboreal geoelement (lc=31), and eight each to the European (lc=54) and European-Asian (lc=37) geoelements. The number of species by geoelements and their coverage indices are shown in Table 3. Distribution of the association and syntaxonomical position of the stands Braun-Blanquet (1926) drew attention to the floristic and phytogeographic peculiarities of stands of the association Caricetum firmae s. lat. in the South Tyrolian Dolomites. He found that because of the presence of a larger number of endemic species (e.g., Gentiana ter-glouensis, Sesleria sphaerocephala, Pedicularis rosea, P. rostrato-capitata, Achillea clavenae, Valeriana saxatilis, Potentilla nitida, Soldanella minima, Phyteuma sieberi), they are well distinguished from central Alpine stands of the association and in the basic inventories of Aichinger (1933: Tab. 26 in 27) he proposed a Southeast-Alpine vicariant Firmeto-Primuletum wulfenianae Br.-Bl. 1933. The association was suitably described and typified by Wraber (1970) as Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae T. Wraber 1970, with an inventory that he surveyed on Mt. Jalovec at an altitude of 2600 m. Poldini & Feoli (1976) confirmed by phytogeographical and numerical analysis the association Caricetum firmae s. lat. in the South- and Southeastern Calcareous Alps in the context of a special, new association (Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae) or distinct phytogeographical race, in which they also took into account a synoptic table of respective association from the Julian Alps (39 unpublished relevés surveyed by T. Wraber). The area of distribution of the association embraces the entire south-eastern Alps. The western boundary of the distribution area accords with the boundary of the alliance Caricion austroalpinae, in the lnsubrian region (between the lakes Lago di Como and Lago Maggiore). The most south-easterly stands thrive in the Kamnik-Savinja Alps. ln Austria, impoverished stands of the association have also been observed on Dobrac (in Grab- herr et al., 1993). Carex firma stands extend to the Dinarides, all the way to Mt. Lička Plješivica (Horvat, 1930, 1952), and in the distribution area between Mts. Snežnik (SW Slovenia) and Trovrh (NW Croatia) they form a Dinaric vicariant Edraiantho graminifolii-Caricetum firmae Horvat (1930) 1934 (Seslerion junci-foliae Horvat 1930, Seslerietalia juncifoliae Horvat 1930), for which the presence of Illyrian and Dinaric or the absence of several Alpine species is characteristic. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dr. Igor Dakskobler (Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre, Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts) made an essential contribution to this paper. He unselfishly shared his wide knowledge and valuable experience with me, both in numerous discussions as well as in the fieldwork itself. Among other things, he provided me with a large number of as yet unpublished relevés. Prof. Dr. Tone Wraber by communicating older and difficult to come botanical literature contributed to a more complete treatment of the matter under discussion. I am sincerely grateful to them both. The research was carried out at the Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts. Appendix Localities of relevés: Slovenia, Julian Alps, Krn mountains: 1. slope above the Zelena škrbina pass, on top of the gorge between Velika Montura and Velika Baba Mts. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: VM02; leg. & det.: B. Surina, 5.7.2002. 2. just below the summit of Velika Montura. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: VM02; leg. & det.: D. Steševic & B. Surina, 29.7.2003. 3. stony ridge above the Skedenj ridge. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: I. Dakskobler & B. Surina, 8.8.2002. 4. the summit of Mt. Mali Smohor. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: B. Surina, 9.7.2002. 5. eastern slope of peak Palec. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: VM02; leg. & det.: I. Dakskobler & B. Surina, 8.8.2002. 6. Polovnik ridge, between the peaks Krasji vrh and Veliki vrh. MTB: 9747/2, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: I. Dakskobler & B. Surina, 18.7.2003. 7. between Skofič and Rdeči rob Mts. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: I. Dakskobler & B. Surina, 105 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Boštjan SURINA: THE ASSOCIATION GENTIANO TERGLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAET. WRABER 1970 IN THE KRN MOUNTAINS (THE JULIAN ALPS), 99-112 12.6.2002. 8. north-eastern slope of Mt. Krnčica. MTB: 9747/2, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: B. Surina, 23.7.2003. 9. ridge of Mt. Skofič above Gorenja Lašca. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: I. Dakskobler & B. Surina, 15.7.2003. 10. north-eastern slope of Mt. Lopat-nik. MTB: 9747/2, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: B. Surina, 22.7.2003. 11. north-western slope of Mt. Krncica (the vegetation was overgrazed by sheep). MTB: 9747/2, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: B. Surina, 23.7.2003. 12. ridge between Krn and Srednji vrh Mts. MTB: 9747/2, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: B. Surina, 22.8.2003. 13. rocky ledge on south-western slope of Mt. Krncica by »via ferrata— from Vratca pass to the summit of Mt. Krncica (remnants from World War I.). MTB: 9747/2, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: B. Surina, 23.7.2003. 14. rocky grassland on northwestern slope of Mt. Rdeči rob. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: I. Dakskobler & B. Surina, 15.7.2003. 15. Polovnik ridge, gorge in the ridge of peak Veliki vrh. MTB: 9747/1, UTM: UM82; leg. & det.: I. Dakskobler & B. Surina, 18.7.2003. 16-18. Polovnik ridge, gorge in the ridge of peak Veliki vrh. MTB: 9747/1, UTM: UM82; leg. & det.: I. Dakskobler & B. Surina, 18.7.2003. 19. Planina Duplje pasture, scree above the lake at Planina Duplje beneath the paths from Koča pri Krnskih jezerih mountain chalet to Lepoče. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: B. Surina, 24.6.2002. 20-21. Gorenja Lasca. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: I. Dakskobler & B. Surina, 8.8.2002. 22. Peak Mali Peski, northwest from the monument. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: B. Surina, 30.8.2002. 23. western slope of Mt. Vrh nad Peski, above Batogniška škrbina pass. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: D. Steševic & B. Surina, 30.7.2003. 24. Peak Skofič. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: B. Surina, 30.8.2002. 25. Gorenja Lašca, scree below the path from Mt. Veliki Peski to Lasca pasture. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: I. Dakskobler & B. Surina. 26-27. ridge between the peaks Mali Peski and Skofič. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: B. Surina, 30.8.2002. 28. Peak Skofič, pass between Lašca and Peski. MTB: 9748/1, UTM: UM92; leg. & det.: B. Surina, 30.8.2002. ZDRUŽBA GENTIANO TERGLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAE T. WRABER 1970 V KRNSKEM POGORJU (JULIJSKE ALPE) Boštjan SURINA Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper, SI-6000 Koper, Garibaldijeva 1 E-mail: bostjan.surina@zrs-kp.si POVZETEK Prispevek obravnava fitocenološke in okoljske razmere čvrstega šašja (Caricetum firmae s. lat.) v Krnskem pogorju (Julijske Alpe). Pri raziskavah, kjer smo uporabljali sigmatistično (srednjeevropsko) metodo (Braun-Blanquet, 1964), smo fitocenološke popise najprej razvrstili v diagnostične skupine in jih kasneje potrdili s pomočjo računalniškega programa SYN-TAX oziroma z metodo hierarhične klasifikacije (Podani, 1993). Za mero različnosti smo uporabljali komplement koeficienta "similarity ratio". Večinoma smo uporabljali metodo minimalnega porasta vsote kvadratov ostanka (Minimization of increase of error sum of squares - MISSQ), metodo kopičenja na osnovi najbolj oddaljenega soseda (Farthest neighbour-Complete linkage clustering) ter ordinacijsko metodo (Principal coordinates analysis - PCoA). Ce se je izkazalo za potrebno in smiselno, smo preučevane sestoje členili na nižje enote. Pri primerjavi življenjskih oblik s pomočjo numerične analize smo po predhodno opravljeni linearni transformaciji ocen pokrov-nosti za posamezne taksone (van der Maarel, 1979: r=1, +=2, 1=3, 2=5, 3=7, 4=8, 5=9) izračunali tudi indeks pok-rovnosti (Ic, Lausi et al., 1982) in delež pokrivanja vsakega taksona v okviru popisa oziroma celotne asociacije (D%). Skupine diagnostičnih vrst smo ob upoštevanju več avtorjev oblikovali po lastnih kriterijih. Floristično sestavo sestojev smo analizirali tudi po horoloških skupinah in Raunkiaerovih bioloških oblikah. Pri tem smo se ravnali po Atlasu flore Furlanije-Julijske krajine (Poldini, 1991), imena praprotnic in semenk pa navajamo po Registru flore Slovenije (Trpin & Vreš, 1995) ter Mali flori Slovenije (Martinčič et al., 1999). Sestoji s prevladujočo vrsto Carex firma poraščajo vetrovom izpostavljena rastišča na vršnih predelih gora v sub-alpinskem in alpinskem pasu. Ponekod jih najdemo na izrazito hladnih rastiščih na manjši nadmorski višini. Po predhodnih primerjavah s podobnimi sestoji iz jugovzhodnih apneniških Alp smo jih uvrstili v asociacijo Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae T. Wraber 1970. Sestoje te asociacije, v primerjavi s sestoji centralno-alpske (Carice-tum firmae Gams 1936), zaznamuje obstoj večjega števila endemitov in južno- oziroma jugovzhodnoalpskih vrst. 106 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Boštjan SURINA: THE ASSOCIATION GENTIANO TERGLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAET. WRABER 1970 IN THE KRN MOUNTAINS (THE JULIAN ALPS), 99-112 Asociacijo smo na podlagi floristične sestave posameznih sestojev in numeričnih analiz tipološko dalje členili na subasociacije -dryadetosum octopetalae Poldini & Eeoli 1976, -geranietosum argentei subass. nova in -potentilletosum nitidae subass. nova. Sestoji subasociacije -dryadetosum octopetalae so v sindinamični povezavi s sestoji asociacije Dryadetum octopetalae Rubel 1911 oziroma s stadijem Dryas octopetala, ki je pionirski tip vegetacije predvsem na deloma ustaljenih meliščih. Za razlikovalnice subasociacije -dryadetosum smo izbrali vrste Dryas octopetala, Athamantha cretensis in Leontodon hispidus s. lat. Sestoji subasociacije -potentilletosum nitidae kažejo floristično in sintaksonomsko podobnost s sestoji asociacije Potentilletum nitidae Wikus 1959 iz razreda Asplenietea trichomanis (Br.-Bl. in Meier & Br.-Bl. 1934) Oberdorfer 1977; poraščajo vlažna in hladna, proti severu izpostavljena rastišča. Razlikovalne vrste za subasociacijo -potentilletosum nitidae so vrste Potentilla nitida, Oxytropis jacquinii, Primula auricula, Campanula zoysii, Paederota lutea in Petrocallis pyrenaica. Sindinamično povezanost in posledično floristično sorodnost sestojev asociacije Gen-tiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae s sestoji vegetacije snežnih tal iz zveze Soldanello alpinae-Salicion retusae Englisch 1999 (predvsem s sestoji asociacij Homogyno discoloris-Salicetum retusae Aichinger 1933 in Salici retusae-Geranietum argentei Surina 2004) pa kažejo sestoji, ki smo jih uvrstili v subasociacijo -geranietosum argentei. Za razlikovalnice slednje smo določili vrste Geranium argenteum, Polygonum viviparum, Festuca nitida, Drepanocladus uncinatus in Oncophorus virens. Uveljavljajo se na rastiščih z dolgotrajno snežno odejo. Sestoji asociacije Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae so razširjeni v celotnih jugovzhodnih Alpah. Areal asociacije sega na zahodu do Insubrijske regije oziroma do gora med jezeroma Lago di Como in Lago Maggiore ter na vzhodu do Kamniško-Savinjskih Alp. 9 slovenskih Alpah (skupaj s Karnijskimi pripadajo Jugovzhodnim Apneniškim Alpam) uspevajo v Julijskih Alpah, Karavankah in v Kamniško-Savinjskih Alpah. V Avstriji so floristično obubožane sestoje te asociacije opazili na Dobraču. Sestoje čvrstega šašja iz Liburnijskega krasa med Snežnikom in Ličko Plješivico uvrščamo v dinarsko vikarianto Edraiantho graminifolii-Caricetum firmae Horvat (1930) 1934 iz zveze Seslerion juncifoliae Horvat 1930 in reda Seslerietalia juncifoliae Horvat 1930. Za sestoje te asociacije je že značilna prisotnost ilirskih (dinarskih) vrst na eni ter odsotnost nekaterih alpskih vrst na drugi strani. Ključne besede: fitocenologija, fitogeografija, endemične vrste, Elyno-Seslerietea, Caricion firmae, Caricetum firmae, Jugovzhodne Apneniške Alpe REFERENCES Aichinger, E. (1933): Vegetationskunde der Karawanken. 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(2000): Fitocenološka oznaka rastišč en- demične vrste Moehringia villosa (Wulfen) Fenzl (Caryo-phyllaceae). Razprave IV. razreda SAZU, 51, 41-93. Dakskobler, I. (2001a): Paradiževka dokončno v flori Slovenije. Proteus, 63, 200-204. Dakskobler, I. (2001b): Vrsta Paradisea liliastrum (L.) Bertol. v Krnskem pogorju (Julijske Alpe). Razprave IV. razreda SAZU, 42, 87-113. Dakskobler, I. (2003a): Floristične novosti iz Posočja in sosednjih območij v zahodni Sloveniji - III. Hladnikia, 15-16, 43-71. Dakskobler, I. (2003b): Pionirsko smrekovje nad sedanjo (antropogeno) zgornjo mejo v južnih Julijskih Alpah (primer iz zgornje Baške doline). Hacquetia, 2, 1952. Grabherr, G., J. Greimler & L. Mucina (1993): Se- slerietea albicantis. In: Grabherr, G. & L. Mucina (eds.): Die Pflanzengesellschaften Österreichs. Teil II: Natürliche waldfreie Vegetation. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena, Stuttgart, New York, p. 402-446. Haderlapp, P. (1982): Alpine Vegetation der Steiner Alpen. Carinthia II, 40, 1-56. 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Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor, Hidrometeorološki zavod Republike Slovenije, Ljubljana, 366 str. 108 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Boštjan SURINA: THE ASSOCIATION GENTIANO TERGLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAET. WRABER 1970 IN THE KRN MOUNTAINS (THE JULIAN ALPS), 99-112 Tab. 1: Phytosociological table: analytical table of the association Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae T. Wra-ber 1970 in the Krn Mts. (the Julian Alps). Tab. 1: Fitocenološka tabela: analizna tabela asociacije Gentiano terglouensis-Caricetum firmae T. Wraber 1970 v Krnskem pogorju (Julijske Alpe). Releve number i 2 3 4 S 6 7 8» g i0 ii i2 i3 i4 iS i6 i7 i8» ig 20 2i 22 23 24 2S 26 27 28 1 9 1 9 1 74 1 9 1 1 7 1 2 1 9 1 9 2 2 2 1 9 1 7 1 1 7 1 1 1 1 7 2 2 1 9 1 7S 1 9 1 9 1 9 Altitude (m a.s.l.) 04 0S 04 02 o 0 o 0 0 0 O o o S S 0 S o Un ^ o o ^ O O fn o o o o o o fn Ln O fn Ln Ln Ln Ln Exposition N N NW N N W SW NW SW E NE W NE N NE N E N NE NW N N NE N N N Inclination (0) 10 1S S0 0 4S S0 60 S 1S 1S 4S S 10 2S 20 S0 20 70 S0 S 0 10 20 20 40 10 20 10 Coverness (%) Herb layer 90 90 100 S0 70 S0 90 9S 9S 70 9S 100 90 40 70 70 S0 70 S0 90 7S 9S 9S 90 60 90 90 100 Moss layer D1 1 10 10 20 20 10 20 1 S 20 S S S 1 1 1 1 1 10 Relevé area (m2) 6 S 2 6 S 4 4 4 2S 4 S 2 4 12 4 4 4 4 6 4 4 2S 2 6 12 4 4 1 Number of species 27 27 20 26 42 4S SS 29 SS 2S S7 S4 22 2S 21 1S 21 22 S0 40 2S 2S 12 1S 19 20 1S 1S Characteristic species of the association Carex firma Helianthemum alpestre Crepis kerneri Saussurea pygmaea Chamorchis alpina Saxifraga caesia He 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Ha t t . 2 t 1 1 t He . . . . . . . . He . . . . . . . 1 Ge . . . . . . . . Ha . . . . . . . . 4SSS1 . t . t 1 11 Differential species of the association (versus Caricetum firmae Ludi 1911) Phyteuma sieberi Pedicularis rostrato-capitata Saxifraga squarrosa Sesleria sphaerocephala Achillea clavenae Gentiana terglouensis Differential species of subassociations Polygonum viviparum Ge . Festuca nitida Drepanocladus uncinatus Geranium argenteum Oncophorus virens He 1 He t Ha t He t He . He t Potentilla nitida Oxytropis jacquinii Primula auricula Campanula zoysii Paederota lutea Petrocallis pyrenaica Dryas octopetala Athamanta cretensis Leontodon hispidus s. lat. Caricion austroalpinae Koeleria eriostachya Linum julicum Laserpitium peucedanoides Senecio abrotanifolius Trifolium noricum He D He D Ha He He He He Ha 2 1 1 21t 22S 11 1. 12 Ha 1 2 1 He . . . 4422S44 1 t . . . t t 11..... He He He Ha He fr % Ic D% 2S 100 V SS 10.S 11 S9 II 12 1.S S 29 II 6 0.S S 11 I S 0.4 2 7 I 2 0.2 1 4 I 1 0.1 2S S2 V 21 2.6 1S 64 IV 1S 1.9 17 61 IV 14 1.S 12 4S III 12 1.S 11 S9 II 9 1.2 6 21 II S 0.6 1S 64 IV 19 2.4 9 S2 II 9 1.2 6 21 II 6 21 II 6 0.S 4 14 I 9 S2 II 14 1.S S 22 I 7 0.9 7 2S II 6 0.S 4 14 I S 0.4 4 14 I S 0.4 4 14 I S 0.4 21 7S IV 44 S.6 S 29 II 7 0.9 6 21 II 6 0.7 1S I 4 0.S 11 I 2 0.S 7I 2 0.2 4I 1 0.2 4I 1 0.1 109 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Boštjan SURINA: THE ASSOCIATION GENTIANO TERGLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAET. WRABER 1970 IN THE KRN MOUNTAINS (THE JULIAN ALPS), 99-112 Caricion firmae, Seslerietalia caeru leae & Elyno Seslerietea Aster bellídíastrum He + + + + + + + 1 + + 1 + + + 1 1 .1 + 1 . + 20 71 IV 18 2.3 Seslería albicans He + + . + 1 1 + 1 + 1 1 + 1 1 1 2 + + + . . 18 64 IV 19 2.5 Gentíana clusíí He + + + 2 + + + + 1 1 + . + . + . . 13 46 III 12 1.6 Leontopodium alpinum He + + + . + + + + 1 + + . 10 36 II 8 1.1 Anthyllis vul neraria / al pe stris He + + + . + + 1 + + + . + . . 10 36 II 8 1.1 Ranunculus hybridus He .11 + 1 + + 1 + + . 9 32 II 9 1.1 Silene acaulis Ha + + 1 + + + 2 + 1 . 9 32 II 9 1.2 Pinguicula alpina He + + + . + 1 + + + .1 .9 32 II 8 1.0 Salix alpina Fa + . + + 1 + + + 1 .8 29 II 7 0.9 Thymus alpigenus Ha + . . 1 + 1 + + 2 + .8 29 II 8 1.1 Homogyne discolor He 1 1. 1 + + + 1 . 7 25 II 7 0.9 Carex sempervirens He + + + + + + . + . . 7 25 II 6 0.7 Hieracium villosum He . + . + + + + + + .7 25 II 6 0.7 Hedysarum hedysaroides He . + 1 + 2 + + + .7 25 II 7 0.9 Poa alpina He + + 1 + + + + .7 25 II 6 0.8 Androsace villosa Ha 1 1. 1.. + + + . 6 21 II 6 0.8 Galium anisophyllum He + . + + 1 1 + . 6 21 II 6 0.7 Bartsia alpina He . + + + + + . 1 . .6 21 II 5 0.7 Euphrasia salisburgensis Te . + + + . + . + + .6 21 II 5 0.6 Erigeron glabratus He . . + + + + + . 5 18 I 4 0.5 Aster alpinus He + + + . . + + 5 18 I 4 0.5 Astrantia bavarica He . 1 + + + . 4 14 I 4 0.5 Carex mucronata He . . + + + + . 4 14 I 3 0.4 Heliosperma alpestre Ha .. 1 + 1 + .4 14 I 4 0.5 Biscutella laevigata He + + 1 .3 11 I 3 0.4 Salix serpyllifol ia Fa . . + + + . . .3 11 I 2 0.3 Potentilla crantzii He + + + .3 11 I 2 0.3 Pedicularis verticillata He + + . + .3 11 I 2 0.3 Gentianella anisodonta Te + + + .3 11 I 2 0.3 Euphrasia picta Te + + + .3 11 I 2 0.3 Ranunculus carinthiacus He + + + .3 11 I 2 0.3 Gentiana verna He + . + .2 7 I 2 0.2 Carlina acaulis / simplex He + + .2 7 I 2 0.2 Pulsatilla alpina He . + . + .2 7 I 2 0.2 Thesium alpinum He + + .2 7 I 2 0.2 Anemone narcissiflora Ge . + . + .2 7 I 2 0.2 Campanula scheuchzeri He . . + + .2 7 I 2 0.2 Daphne striata Fa . + + .2 7 I 2 0.2 Coeloglossum viride Ge 1 .1 4 I 1 0.2 Gentiana nivalis Te + .1 4 I 1 0.1 Betonica alopecuros He + .1 4 I 1 0.1 Helianthemum grandifl orum Ha + .1 4 I 1 0.1 Hieracium bifidum He . + . .1 4 I 1 0.1 Myosotis alpestris He + .1 4 I 1 0.1 Polygala alpestris He + . . .1 4 I 1 0.1 Rhinanthus aristatus / aristatus Te + .1 4 I 1 0.1 Alchemilla velebitica He + .1 4 I 1 0.1 Anthoxanthum nipponicum He + . . .1 4 I 1 0.1 Arabis vochinensis Ha + .1 4 I 1 0.1 Cerastium subtriflorum He + .1 4 I 1 0.1 Euphrasia pulchella Te + .1 4 I 1 0.1 Gentiana pumila He + .1 4 I 1 0.1 Gentiana utriculosa Te . . + .1 4 I 1 0.1 Lotus corniculatus He + .1 4 I 1 0.1 110 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Boštjan SURINA: THE ASSOCIATION GENTIANO TERGLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAET. WRABER 1970 IN THE KRN MOUNTAINS (THE JULIAN ALPS), 99-112 TRThlaspietea rotunditolii s. lat. Campanula cochleariifolia He . . . 1 . t t t t 1 t . t 1 ttt . 12 43 lll 11 1.4 Ranunculus traunfellneri He t t . . t . . t t . . . . . . 1 t t tt t . . t 12 43 lll 10 1.3 Soldanella minima He t t . . t . . . . . . 1 t 1. t 1 . . 8 29 ll 8 1.0 Salix retusa Fa . . . . . t t tt t 14 t . . . 8 29 ll 8 1.1 Juncus monanthos He . . . . . . 1 .t t t t . t t .7 25 ll 6 0.8 Saxifraga aizoides Ha . . . . t t t t t.1 . 6 21 ll 5 0.7 Cerastium austroalpinum Ha . . . .t t .t. t . . .4 14 l 3 0.4 Gypsophila repens Ha . . . . . t .t.t. .3 11 l 2 0.3 Thlaspi kerneri Ha . . . .t t t . . .3 11 l 2 0.3 Soldanella alpina He . . . ..1. t . . .2 7 l 2 0.3 Achillea atrata He . . . . . . . t t .2 7 l 2 0.2 Armeria alpina He . . . .t t. .2 7 l 2 0.2 Festuca laxa He . . . t t . . .2 7 l 2 0.2 Minuartia austriaca Ha . . . tt .2 7 l 2 0.2 Silene vulgaris / glareosa Ha . . . t t .2 7 l 2 0.2 Alyssum ovirense Ha . . . t. .1 4 l 1 0.1 Moehringia ciliata He . . . . . . . t .1 4 l 1 0.1 Poa minor He . . . t .1 4 l 1 0.1 Rumex scutatus He . . . t .1 4 l 1 0.1 ATAsplenietea trichomanis Valeriana saxatilis He 1 1 1 1 . .t t.t 112 t t. t t t . 16 57 lll 17 2.1 Saxifraga crustata Ha . t . t t. t t.t 1 ttt t . t . . . 14 50 lll 12 1.5 Viola biflora He t 1 t t t t. t t t . t t. t 12 43 lll 10 1.3 Minuartia sedoides Ha . . . t tt 2 . t t .6 21 ll 6 0.8 Potentilla clusiana He . . t t . . . t 14 14 l 4 0.5 Saxifraga paniculata Ha . . . t . t t .3 11 l 2 0.3 Saxifraga burseriana Ha . . . t t .2 7 l 2 0.2 Asplenium viride He . . . t . . t .2 7 l 2 0.2 Bupleurum petraeum He . . . 1 .1 4 l 1 0.2 Asperula aristata He . . . t .1 4 l 1 0.1 Astragalus australis He . . . t .1 4 l 1 0.1 Carex atrata He . . . t. .1 4 l 1 0.1 Carex capillaris He . . . t. .1 4 l 1 0.1 Minuartia rupestris Ha . . . t .1 4 l 1 0.1 Saxifraga tenella Ha . . . t .1 4 l 1 0.1 Arabis pumila / stellulata Ha . . . t. .1 4 l 1 0.1 Valeriana elongata He . . . . . . t 4 l 1 0.1 EPErico-Pinetea Rhodothamnus chama ecistus Fa t t1 t 2 3 . . t 1 2 2 2 2 2t . t . . 1 t 2 1 19 68 lV 27 3.5 Rhododendron hirsutum Fa . tt . t t . . t t 2 t t . t . . . t t 1 t 14 50 lll 13 1.6 Arctostaphyllos alpina Fa . tt t 1 1 . . . . . t . . . . 2 t .8 29 ll 8 1.1 Calamagrostis varia He . . t . . .1 4 l 1 0.1 Larix decidua Fa . . . t . .1 4 l 1 0.1 VP Vaccinio-Piceetea Selaginella selaginoides Picea abies Pinus mugo Vaccinium vitis-idaea Huperzia selago Other species Salix waldsteiniana Salix appendiculata Tofieldia calyculata Festuca sp. Parnassia palustris 111 Ha 1 1t. 1t. .t. t t t . .t . t 1 1 t . . .....14 50 lll 13 1.7 Fa . t . . . t . . . . . .....2 7l 2 0.2 Fa . . t . . . . . .....1 4l 1 0.1 Ha . .t. .....1 4l 1 0.1 Ha . .t. .....1 4l 1 0.1 Fa . .....t . . t . . . t . . .3 11 l 2 0.3 Fa . . t . . . . . .1 4l 1 0.1 He 1 t. t t 1 . . t . .t.2 1 t t . . . t . . 12 43 lll 12 1.5 He . t. . . . . t t . .t. .4 14 l 3 0.4 He . . . t t . . . t. . . t . .4 14 l 3 0.4 ANNALES • Ser. hist. nat. • 14 • 2004 • 1 Boštjan SURINA: THE ASSOCIATION CENTIANO TERCLOUENSIS-CARICETUM FIRMAET. WRABER 1970 IN THE KRN MOUNTAINS (THE JULIAN ALPS), 99-112 Homogyne alpina He . . . 11.... +.................3 11 1 3 0.4 Lloydia serótina Ge . . . . . 1 + ... +................3 11 1 3 0.4 Alchemilla flabellata He . . . . + .. +...................2 7 1 2 0.2 Carex ornithopoda He . . . + . +.....................2 7 1 2 0.2 Daphne mezereum Fa . + . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 1 2 0.2 Globularia cordifolia Ha + ............+.............2 7 1 2 0.2 Linum catharticum Te . .................+ +.......2 7 1 2 0.2 Alchemilla cinerea He . . . . . +.....................1 4 1 1 0.1 Festuca nigrescens He . . . . +......................1 4 1 1 0.1 Gentianella ciliata He . ...................+......1 4 1 1 0.1 Gnaphalium supinum He . ................+.........1 4 1 1 0.1 Hieracium sylvaticum He . ......+...................1 4 1 1 0.1 Laserpitium siler He . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 1 1 0.1 Luzula multiflora He . ......+...................1 4 1 1 0.1 Poa sp. He . . + . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 1 1 0.1 Pseudorchis albida Ge . ........................+ . 1 4 1 1 0.1 Trifolium pallescens He . . . . . +.....................1 4 1 1 0.1 112