3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Book of Abstracts 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 | Book of Abstracts Organising Committee Zrinka Mileusnić (University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities) Ivana Štular (University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology) Matija Strlič (University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology) Martina Blečić Kavur (University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities) Neža Čebron Lipovec (University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities) Monika D’Amico (University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities) Darya Herman (University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities) Žiga Jevšnik (University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities) Boris Kavur (University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities) Tim Mavrič (University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities) Gregor Pobežin (University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities) Miha Rajh (University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities) Steering Committee Matija Strlič (University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology) Gorazd Bajc (University of Maribor, Faculty of Arts) Neža Čebron Lipovec (University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities) Matija Črešnar (University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts) Sabina Dolenec (Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute) Matjaž Finšgar (University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering) Lidija Fras Zemljič (University of Maribor, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering) Rok Hafner (Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia) Samo Hočevar (National Institute of Chemistry) Miha Humar (University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty) Martina Kikelj (Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia) Lidija Korat Bensa (Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute) Tadeja Kosec (Slovenian National Building and Civil Engineering Institute) Irena Kralj Cigić (University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology) Jasna Malešič (National and University Library) Zrinka Mileusnić (University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities) Klara Retko (Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia) Polona Ropret (Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia) Martin Šala (National Institute of Chemistry) Žiga Šmit (Jožef Stefan Institute) Eva Menart (Jožef Stefan Institute) Edited by Zrinka Mileusnić Design and Layout Alen Ježovnik Published by University of Primorska Press Titov trg 4, 6000 Koper · hippocampus.si Editor in Chief · Simona Kustec Managing Editor · Alen Ježovnik Koper · 2025 © 2025 Authors Free Electronic Edition https://www.hippocampus.si/ISBN/978-961-293-546-7.pdf https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7 Kataložni zapis o publikaciji (CIP) pripravili v Narodni in univerzitetni knjižnici v Ljubljani COBISS.SI-ID 257008643 ISBN 978-961-293-546-7 (PDF) Zrinka Mileusnić Introduction University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities Dear colleagues! zrinka.mileusnic@fhs.upr.si It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 3rd Annual Conference of the © 2025 Authors(s) Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science (E- RIHS.si), hosted by the University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities. This year’s conference will be held at InnoRenew CoE in Izola on November 18 and 19, 2025. It brings together researchers, conservators, curators, and professionals from var-ious disciplines to share and exchange knowledge and contribute to shaping fu-ture of heritage science. The programme features opening addresses and an award ceremony, a keynote lecture, oral and poster sessions, and a guided laboratory tour throughout the course of two days. It focuses on the latest analytical methods, digital transforma-tion, materials research, conservation strategies, and participatory approaches to protecting and understanding cultural heritage. Vania Virgili, Director General of E-RIHS ERIC, will deliver a keynote lecture high-lighting the shift from the physical to the digital and discussing the role of E-RIHS in advancing heritage science. We appreciate and thank all contributors, session chairs, reviewers, and partners who helped make this event a scientific success, as well as the organizing team for their dedication in making it a friendly and open environment for all attendees. We are thankful for the institutions that worked together to provide the collec-tions and case studies on which many of the presentations are based on. We encourage you to use these days to start conversations, make new partner-ships, build new collaborations and think about what the next generation of ser-vices and data ecosystems in the heritage field might look like. May the conver-sations that start in Izola continue long after the closing remarks, making the E-RIHS.si network stronger and helping to protect, understand, and make cultural heritage more visible to the public. We encourage you ‘to boldly go where no one has gone before and, above all, don’t panic.’ On behalf of the Programme Committee, Zrinka Mileusnić Head of the Organising Team, E-RIHS.si 2025 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Introduction https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.0 3 Programme Tuesday, 18 November 2025 Venue: University of Primorska, InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6a, Izola :–: Registration & Welcome :–: Opening Addresses Klavdija Kutnar, Rector, University of Primorska Aleksander Panjek, Dean, Faculty of Humanities, University of Primorska Andreja Kutnar, Director, InnoRenew CoE, Andrej Marušič Institute, University of Primorska Jonatan Vinkler, Director, University Library, University of Primorska Matija Strlič, Chair of the Programme Committee, E-RIHS.si, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana :–: Award and Recognition Ceremony :–: Keynote Lecture From Physical to Digital: Advancing Heritage Science through E-RIHS Vania Virgili, Director General of E-RIHS ERIC :–: Coffee Break :–: Session 1 chaired by Neža Čebron Lipovec From the European Directive to the National Strategy: Establishing an Ecosystem for Digital Cultural Heritage in Slovenia – Alenka Kavčič Čolić, Kolar Jana Use of Data Spaces for Humanities and Cultural Heritage Research in AID HCH project – Domen Mongus, Mitko Nikov, Mitja Žalik, Matej Brumen Big Data or Lots and Lots of Small Data? XML in CIDOC-CRM for the (Integration) Project of Epigraphic Heritage of the Middle Ages and Early Modern Period – Gre-gor Pobežin, Zrinka Mileusnić New Insights into Early Iron Age Iron Production in the SE Alpine Area: Case Studies from Cvinger near Dolenjske Toplice and Pungrt above Ig – Luka Gruškovnjak, Petra Vojaković, Jaka Burja, Barbara Šetina Batič, Agni Prijatelj, Manca Vinazza, Branko Mušič, Barbara Horn, Helena Grčman, Matija Črešnar Preservation of the Archaeological Record and Grave Goods at the Pezdirčeva Njiva Cemetery: An Integrated Geoarchaeological, Archaeometric, and Conservation Science Approach – Agni Prijatelj, Helena Grčman, Nataša Nemeček, Lucija Gra-hek :–: Lunch & Poster Session :–: Session 2 chaired by Boris Kavur Development of an Analytical Method for the Reconstruction of Historic Smells through GC-MS-O and Sensory Evaluation – Emma Paolin, Fabiana Di Gianvincenzo, Matija Strlič Reassessing the Risk of VOC Emissions from Archival Storage Boxes – Randa Deraz, Abdelrazek Elnaggar, Matija Strlič E-RIHS.si Multi-Analytical Approach to Heritage: Insights from the Heritage Science Lab Ljubljana – Ibrahim Elrefaey, Hend Mahgoub, Alban Paskoff, Irena Porekar Kacafura, Ana, Motnikar, Magdalena Mezeg, Pika Skerlj, Nives Slemenšek, Manca Boh, Lucija Močnik Ramovš, Martina Vuga, Jana Kolar, Matija Strlič Documenting the Senses: The Inclusion of Smell in the Register of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Slovenia – Mojca Ramšak, Nina Dečko, Tjaša Zidarič :–: Poster session 4 Wednesday, 19 November 2025 Venue: University of Primorska, InnoRenew CoE, Livade 6a, Izola :–: Registration & Welcome :–: Session 1 chaired by Martina Blečić Kavur Re-Reading the Building History by Merging Architectural, Technical, Historical and Ethnographic Approaches – Neža Čebron Lipovec, Irena Potočnik, Mike Burnard, Mohammad Derkivand, Andreja Kutnar Conservation Metamorphoses of Ptuj – Simona Menoni Muršič, Vlasta Čobal Sed- mak, Gorazd Gerlič, Mateja Neža Sitar Uncovering Autochthonous Deteriogenic Biofilm and Developing Beneficial Bacteria- Based Bioformulations from Indigenous Isolates for Biocontrol and Biocleaning of the Rožanec Mithraeum Limestone Monument – Janez Kosel, Milica Ljaljević Grbić, Ivica Dimkić, Tamara Janakiev, Črtomir Tavzes, Slađana Popović, Alek-sandar Knežević, Lea Legan, Klara Retko, Polonca Ropret, Nina Žbona, Nikola Unković Between Villa Rafut and Rafut Park: Monument’s Protection History – Tina Bratina :–: Coffee Break :–: Session 2 chaired by Tim Mavrič Wooden Shingle Roofs in Slovenia: Tradition, Intangible Heritage, and Scientific Vali- dation of Performance – Miha Humar, Boštjan Lesar Engaging Citizens in Building a Digital Twin for Cultural Heritage in Koper – Ana Slavec, Črtomir Tavzes, Miklosz Kresz The two Ancient Egyptian Sarcophagi in Vipava: Assessment of Heritage Value and Conservation Concerns for Site Management – Abdelrazek Elnaggar, Andrea Petrović, Darya Herman, Siniša Sekulić, Sonia Covolo Ciuch, Stefan Pemper, Ti-jana Marković, Eva Grmek, Jasna Fabčič, Jure Peršolja, Matejka Fajdiga, Ernesta Drole, Jan Ciglenečki Rethinking Historical Wood Waste – Aljona Gineiko :–: Lunch & Poster Session :–: Session 3 chaired by Gregor Pobežin Dating the Beginning of the Late Bronze Age – Boris Kavur, Martina Blečić Kavur, Andreea Dima, Oana Gaza, Maria Ilie, Cristian Manailescu Archaeological Heritage in Motion: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Interpreting Early Medieval Identities in the Eastern Alps – Andrej Magdič The Shipwreck of Gnalić: Revealing the Story Behind – Irena Lazar, Zrinka Mileusnić Interactive Entry into the Ship Interiors of Lost Slovenian Vessels – Boris Beja, Žiga Ceglar, Marko Stražar, Tis Loris Lavrič Remote Sensing Documentation for the Protection of Montenegro’s Underwater Cul- tural Heritage – Darko Kovačević :–: Closing remarks: Zrinka Mileusnić, Boris Kavur :–: Laboratory Tour 5 Vania Virgili From Physical to Digital: Advancing Heritage Science Director General through E-RIHS of E-RIHS ERIC © 2025 Authors(s) The digital transformation of heritage science is reshaping how cultural assets are analysed, preserved, and shared. The European Research Infrastructure for Her-itage Science (E-RIHS, www.e-rihs.eu) spearheads this shift by integrating phys-ical and digital access to advanced techniques and resources across Europe. Its mission is to create a cohesive environment where research infrastructures, tools, and data enable collaboration and innovation in cultural heritage. Established as a European Research Infrastructure Consortium (ERIC) in March 2025, E-RIHS in-tegrates diverse scientific disciplines – ranging from chemistry and physics to art history and archaeology – to promote open, data-driven approaches for heritage conservation and research. E-RIHS provides physical and virtual access to four complementary research plat-forms. ARCHLAB offers access to scientific archives and reference collections; FIXLAB to large-scale analytical facilities for advanced diagnostics and archaeom-etry; MOLAB to mobile, non-invasive instrumentation for in situ investigations; and DIGILAB, the newest platform, enables access to digital data, semantic tools, and cloud-based services. DIGILAB’s architecture follows FAIR principles and the heritage digital-twin model, linking research questions, instruments, data, and knowledge through interoperable workflows. The development of DIGILAB marks a significant evolution from physical to digital services within E-RIHS. The E-RIHS Catalogue of Services federates more than one hundred European services and collections under a unified access framework and introduces new digital services, such as ATON for 3D visualisation, Movida for data integration, and aioli.espadon for semantic annotation. Together, these tools al-low researchers to conduct heritage science directly within virtual environments, promoting data reuse, transparency, and collaboration across disciplines and in-stitutions. E-RIHS aligns with the European Cloud for Heritage OpEn Science (ECHOES, www.echoes-eccch.eu) to build the European Collaborative Cloud for Cultural Heritage (ECCCH). This ecosystem connects infrastructures, data spaces, and open-science communities, advancing Europe’s leadership in digital heritage. By bridging physical and digital access, E-RIHS fosters a sustainable, interconnected 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Figure 1 ARCHLAB (Prado archives, Madrid) Keynote Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.1 6 Figure 2 FIXLAB analysis (MTA Atomki, Hungary) model for cultural-heritage science, ensuring that knowledge remains accessible, reusable, and impactful for future generations. References Abergel, V., Manuel, A., Pamart, A., & Cao, I. (2023). Aïoli: A reality-based 3D annotation cloud platform for the collaborative documentation of cultural-heritage artefacts. Digital Ap-plications in Archaeology and Cultural Heritage, 29, e00209. https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.daach.2023.e00209 De Luca, L., & Guillem, A. (2024). E-RIHS IP D5.1 DIGILAB implementation plan. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13622848 Fanini, B., Ferdani, D., Demetrescu, E., Berto, S., & d’Annibale, E. (2021). ATON: An open- source framework for creating immersive, collaborative, and liquid web-apps for cul-tural heritage. Applied Sciences, 11(22), 11062. https://doi.org/10.3390/app112211062 Virgili, V., & Strlič, M. (2025). E-RIHS IP D4.3 Revised E-RIHS business plan. Zenodo. https:// doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14620279 7 Alenka Kavčič Čolić From the European Directive to the National Strategy: National and University Library Establishing an Ecosystem for Digital Cultural Heritage alenka.kavcic@nuk.uni-lj.si in Slovenia Jana Kolar National and University Library The establishment of the European Data Space for Cultural Heritage is based © 2025 Authors(s) on a European legal framework that links digital policy, culture, research, and intellectual-property protection. A key document is Directive (EU) 2019/1024 on open data and the re-use of public-sector information, which also requires cul-tural institutions (museums, libraries, archives) to make open data available for re-use without restrictions. The Directive introduces the concept of ‘high-value datasets,’ the re-use of which brings significant benefits for society, the environ-ment, and the economy. Cultural-heritage data are included in this category. In line with the European Strategy for Data (2020) and Commission Recommenda-tion (EU) 2021/1970 on a common European data space for cultural heritage, the European Collaborative Cloud for Cultural Heritage (ECCCH) is being developed, which by 2029 will provide secure storage, interconnection, and access to her-itage data at EU level. The National Strategy for Digital Cultural Heritage, prepared within the AID HCH project, provides the framework for these activities. It aims to establish an open, interoperable, and sustainable ecosystem that will enable the publication, long-term accessibility, and re-use of data. It emphasises the importance of adopting metadata standards and schemes and ensuring interoperability between insti-tutions, supporting research with artificial intelligence, developing data literacy, and engaging the public. Equally important is the provision of ethical and legal frameworks to protect sensitive content and enable the responsible use of data. Alignment with European practices will allow Slovenia to strengthen the sustain-able use of digital-heritage resources while increasing their scientific value and societal accessibility. An important contribution to these goals will be DIGILAB within E-RIHS (European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science), designed to establish research in-frastructure for the creation of digital content and the development of the data space. Slovenia participates as a member of the consortium through E-RIHS.si, which since 2018 has been connecting national research and heritage institu-tions. A key contribution of the Slovenian node will be the development of DIGI-LAB, where the National and University Library (NUK) will take part in high-quality digitisation, the design of metadata schemes, the system for assigning persistent identifiers, and the creation of a portal for data access. In this way, Slovenian her-itage science will be directly integrated into European research and data flows. 3rd Annual Conference Acknowledgements of the Slovenian Node of the European Research The research paper was elaborated within the research project no. J7-60128: AID HCH – Infrastructure Breakthrough in humanities and cultural heritage with artificial intelligence, funded by for Heritage Science the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (ARIS). E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.2 8 Domen Mongus Use of Data Spaces for Humanities and Cultural Heritage University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical Research in the AID HCH Project Engineering and Computer Science domen.mongus@um.si Although data spaces have become a recognised foundational technology for Mitko Nikov data sharing and the integration of distributed data sources in recent years, they University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science still often get confused with traditional cloud systems and data centres. While the latter are mainly maintained as silos for storing and distributing data through ap- Mitja Žalik plication programming interfaces (APIs), data spaces merely hold the addresses University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical of the APIs in a central catalogue, thus enabling access to multiple cloud systems Engineering and Computer Science concurrently through centralised services (Bacco et al., 2024). Matej Brumen In the research project ‘AID HCH – Breakthrough in humanities and cultural her- University of Maribor, Faculty of Electrical itage with artificial intelligence,’ we address the development of a prototype data Engineering and Computer Science space to support the introduction of new artificial-intelligence concepts in the © 2025 Authors(s) research of cultural heritage and the humanities. We primarily focus on develop- ing a federated data catalogue and implementing services that will allow for si-multaneously searching for data over multiple sources, fusing them, and training artificial-intelligence models that can be used for (i) studies of Slovene identity and the role of women, (ii) heritage narration, and (iii) preventive conservation. The first stage of the development of the central data catalogue is focused on integrating spatio-temporal data that support all three targeted studies. This in-cludes the registration of geographic maps, remote-sensing data (e.g. LiDAR), sensor data, and other documents that we geo-reference to selected spatial entities (e.g. newspapers to places), thereby creating a comprehensive picture of space and time. The observed spatial entities are then enriched with infor-mation obtained by processing individual data sources using trained artificial-intelligence models. The presented methodology has been integrated into a user-friendly node editor, as shown in Figure 1, which allows us to adapt the pipeline easily to different use cases (Lens, 2023). 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Figure 1 Graph-based pipeline for analysis of scanned documents and photographs built in a custom node editor The validation of the presented methodology was done by investigating archived images and identifying samples that contain men, women or both, as presented in Figure 2. The preliminary results indicate that over 92 recall and precision can be achieved, thus showing the potential for upgrading the system into an actual semantic search engine. Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.3 9 Figure 2 Detection of people in archived film photographs Acknowledgements We acknowledge financial support provided by the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (Research Project no. J7-60128: AID HCH – Breakthrough in humanities and cultural heritage with artificial intelligence, as the main funding source, with additional support from Research Programme Core Funding No. P2-0041). References Bacco, M., Kocian, A., Chessa, S., Crivello, A., & Barsocchi, P. (2024). What are data spaces? Systematic survey and future outlook. Data in Brief, 57, 110969. Lens, S. (2023). Procedural 3D modeling using geometry nodes in Blender: Discover the profes- sional usage of geometry nodes and develop a creative approach to a node-based work-flow. Packt Publishing. 10 Gregor Pobežin Big Data or Many Small Data? XML and CIDOC CRM Univerza na Primorskem, in a Project on Medieval and Early Modern Fakulteta za humanistične študije ZRC SAZU, Epigraphic Heritage Inštitut za kulturno zgodovino gregor.pobezin@fhs.upr.si Digital epigraphic projects are by no means a novelty. The Epigraphy.info plat- Zrinka Mileusnić form, for instance, currently lists dozens of active initiatives. Since the emergence Univerza na Primorskem, of the first digital epigraphic, palaeographic, and manuscript projects, scholars Fakulteta za humanistične študije have grappled with a persistent challenge: how to translate more than a century © 2025 Authors(s) and a half of established scholarly conventions – such as the Leiden standard in epigraphy – into a coherent digital format? The research community has largely addressed this issue through the adoption and refinement of guidelines for textual encoding in XML, particularly the TEI standard (Text Encoding Initiative), which has become the foundation for the dig-ital transcription of epigraphic texts. Within this framework, the EpiDoc subset of TEI provides a robust and well-tested schema for encoding inscriptions, and it remains the most widely accepted format for the digital transcription and inter-pretation of epigraphic sources. However, a persistent limitation of the EpiDoc model is its insufficient capacity to represent event-based phenomena – those connected to the archaeological context of inscriptions and their intra- and extra-textual relationships. These rela-tionships are essential not only for the interpretation of epigraphic material itself but also for its meaningful integration into broader historiographical or archae-ological data environments. To address this challenge, several initiatives, such as the EAGLE Project, have proposed methodological frameworks for harmonising EpiDoc with the CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CIDOC CRM). For medieval and early modern inscriptions, this harmonisation is not merely de-sirable but essential. Such inscriptions – simultaneously material and immaterial artefacts – often refer to entities that also appear in palaeographic, archival, and other historical sources. The integration of the TEI/EpiDoc and CIDOC CRM data models thus provides a coherent response to the central question of how to in-terlink diverse yet related datasets. By analysing a sample epigraphic record encoded in both the EpiDoc and CIDOC CRM frameworks, this paper demonstrates how an inscription can be described, concluding with a discussion of why both perspectives are indispensable for a comprehensive understanding of epigraphic heritage. Acknowledgements The research paper was elaborated within the research project no. J7-60128: AID HCH – Breakthrough in humanities and cultural heritage with artificial intelligence, funded by 3rd Annual Conference the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (ARIS) and the Research Programme Core of the Slovenian Node Funding No. P6-0460: Heritage as an Object and Reflection of Social Processes. of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.4 11 Luka Gruškovnjak New Insights into Early Iron Age Iron Production in the SE University of Ljubljana, Alpine area: Case Studies from Cvinger near Dolenjske Faculty of Arts luka.gruškovnjak@ff.uni-lj.si Toplice and Pungrt above Ig Petra Vojaković University of Ljubljana, Iron metallurgy undoubtedly played an important role in the wide range of Faculty of Arts changes that occurred in the Early Iron Age, far beyond the Eastern Hallstatt Area. A key to its better understanding are interdisciplinary studies, which offer new Jaka Burja Institute of Metals and Technology data and can significantly supplement our previous knowledge about smelting of iron ore as well as smithing of iron objects. Barbara Šetina Batič The prehistoric complex of Cvinger near Dolenjske Toplice occupies a strategic Institute of Metals and Technology position between the regions of Dolenjska and Bela krajina. It has yielded impor- Agni Prijatelj tant finds for understanding the Late Hallstatt period (6th–4th century BC) and University of Ljubljana, contains the largest known iron-smelting area in the region. Interdisciplinary re- Faculty of Arts, search campaigns at Cvinger have combined modern remote sensing techniques, Biotechnical Faculty such as airborne laser scanning, multimethod geophysical surveys and geochem- Manca Vinazza ical mapping, with established archaeological methods. The results have pro- University of Ljubljana, vided new insights into the entire complex, including the chronological refine- Faculty of Arts ment of the iron-smelting area. Branko Mušič At the Pungrt Hillfort–an early urban settlement in central Slovenia inhabited University of Ljubljana, from the 8th/7th century BC to the 2nd century AD – the abundant macro-remains Faculty of Arts of iron slag, found primarily in secondary refuse contexts, provide clear evidence Barbara Horn that iron metallurgy played a significant role in the settlement’s economy. How- Gearh d.o.o. ever, only an integrated geoarchaeological approach allows reliable identifica- Helena Grčman tion of the primary locations of metallurgical production within the site. Scan- University of Ljubljana, ning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) Biotechnical Faculty Matija Črešnar University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts © 2025 Authors(s) 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Figure 1 Branževec iron ore smelting site below the Cvinger hillfort near Dolenjske Toplice: Results of the magnetic prospection (figure by: B. Mušič; see Mušič & Orengo, 1998, and Črešnar et al., 2020) Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.5 12 examination of the iron-working debris (hammerscale and slag) provided what is believed to be the earliest clear evidence for the use of flux in iron welding during the Early Iron Age. In addition, the full range of micro-refuse discovered allows us to infer that the blacksmith was probably involved in the entire chaîne opératoire, from ore procurement and processing to the final shaping of the iron objects. Figure 2 Pungrt hillfort. SEM-EDS analysis of micro-refuse from Building 24 in IIb2 phase. Flake hammerscale (A) photograph and (B) SEM image showing hammerscale with various ferrous oxides. Spheroid hammerscale (C) photograph and (D) SEM image showing dendritic microstructure typical for solidification. Miscellaneous hammerscale (E) photograph and (F) SEM image showing hammerscale, different ferrous oxides with flux. Slag (G) photograph and (H) SEM image showing solidification microstructure of slag. (I) Photograph of slag and EDS spectra showing presence of Pb and Cu, typical for copper smelting (figure by L. Gruškovnjak, J. Burja & B. Šetina Batič; see Gruškovnjak et al., 2025). Acknowledgements We have to acknowledge the projects ENTRANS (HERA), Iron Age Danube (Interreg DTP), Protourban hillfort Pungrt above Ig: 10 hectares to 10 microns (J6-3126) and Material re-silience in times of environmental and social changes (MATRES; VIP Univ. of Ljubljana; ARIS; SN-ZRD/22-27/510) as well as the research programme Archaeology (ARIS, P6-0247) for their financial support. 13 Agni Prijatelj Preservation of the Archaeological Record and Grave University of Ljubljana, Goods at the Pezdirčeva Njiva Cemetery: An Integrated Biotechnical Faculty agni.prijatelj@bf.uni-lj.si Geoarchaeological, Archaeometric, and Conservation Helena Grčman Science Approach University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty Pezdirčeva njiva is an extensive Iron Age cemetery located on the terminus of Nataša Nemeček Kučar’s western backslope. In use from the Late Hallstatt into the La Tène period National Museum of Slovenia (late 5th–2nd centuries BC), it contains both burial mounds and flat graves, with skeletal burials predominating and a smaller number of cremations. A total of Lucija Grahek Research Centre of the Slovenian 183 graves, excavated between 2017–2021, were preserved exclusively within the Academy of Sciences and Arts, site’s B horizons. Archaeometric analyses of bronze and iron artefacts from Late Institute of Archaeology Dolenjska Hallstatt and Vinica type graves revealed the counter intuitive result © 2025 Authors(s) that metal objects were, overall, better preserved in the older graves. In this study, we examine how the interplay of natural and anthropogenic pro-cesses over time shaped the stratigraphic record at the site. We also aim to ex-plain the preservation of grave goods at Pezdirčeva njiva within the broader con-text of the site’s palaeoenvironment and soil development. Drawing on three in-tegrated datasets-the site’s soil stratigraphy, the geochemical and micromorpho-logical properties of the soils, and a geomorphic analysis of slope processes-we developed two theoretical models: the first reconstructs site specific soil devel-opment throughout the Holocene, and the second explains the transformation and preservation of the archaeological record and artefacts. The soil stratigraphy at the cemetery indicates that the degradation of the ar-chaeological record and artefacts in the Late Hallstatt period graves, driven by bioturbation, eluviation-illuviation, and redox processes, accelerated only after agricultural fields were established over the burial site and the burial mounds had eroded from the surface. These processes began to affect the Late Hallstatt record significantly later than they did in the flat Vinica type graves, which have been continuously exposed to them since the La Tène period. Consequently, the archaeological record of the Vinica type graves is considerably more degraded, and the artefacts within them are more poorly preserved. The model therefore of-fers a plausible explanation for the apparent paradox that the younger flat Vinica type graves, together with their grave goods and the overlying buried soils, are less well preserved than the Late Hallstatt period buried soils and graves with artefacts beneath the burial mounds. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Figure 1 Grave goods and the archaeological record from Pezdirčeva njiva: (a) bronze, iron, amber, and glass artefacts from Dolenjska and Vinica-type graves at Pezdirčeva njiva (photo: N. Nemeček); (b) pedostratigraphic contexts at the site: Late Hallstatt-period burial mounds (left and middle columns) and flat Vinica-type graves (right column). Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.6 14 Emma Paolin Development of an Analytical Method University of Ljubljana, for the Reconstruction of Historic Smells Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology through GC-MS-O and Sensory Evaluation emma.paolin@fkkt.uni-lj.si Fabiana Di Gianvincenzo Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released by heritage objects not only reveal University of Amsterdam their material composition and state of preservation but also constitute their characteristic scents. In recent years, the study of heritage smells has attracted Matija Strlič University of Ljubljana, growing attention, highlighting their value in interpreting history and expand- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical ing cultural engagement (Bembibre, Barratt, Vera, & Strlič, 2017). Technology To characterise the olfactory profile of historical materials, both chemical and ol- © 2025 Authors(s) factory information are essential. These are obtained through gas chromatogra- phy coupled with mass spectrometry and olfactory detection (GC-MS-O), com-plemented by sensory analysis by a panel of trained assessors (Paolin et al., 2025). Our research aims to study and reconstruct historical smells by correlating chem-ical data with olfactory descriptors. The reconstruction process begins with an assessment of the olfactory relevance of identified compounds calculated using odour activity values (OAVs), i.e., the ratios between compound concentrations and their odour detection thresholds. This ensures that only relevant odorants are considered. These results are com-pared with the odorants detected as ‘strong’ during GC-O analysis and their corre-sponding compounds. These are then cross-validated and aligned with the olfac-tory descriptors defined through sensory panel evaluations. Once the correspon-dence between chemical and sensory descriptors is established, the key com-pounds and their OAVs are used to develop the reconstructed mixtures. As a case study, we examined the headspace of a historic perfume from the 1940s. The reconstruction process begins with a minimal set of five key compounds and is progressively expanded. GC-MS-O analysis identified 15 principal odorants, in-cluding linalool, linalool oxide, p-cymene, eucalyptol, and camphor, which con-tribute to its floral and fresh character. Each stage of the reconstruction was val-idated through panel assessments and GC-MS analysis to ensure both sensory and compositional similarity to the original sample. This methodology provides a robust framework for the preservation and recon-struction of heritage scents, offering museums and cultural institutions new op-portunities to present olfactory heritage and enhancing visitor immersion and engagement. Acknowledgements Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (projects N1-0228, P1-0447, and P1-0153). 3rd Annual Conference References of the Slovenian Node Bembibre, C., Barratt, S., Vera, L., & Strlič, M. (2017). Smelling the past: A case study for iden- of the European Research tification, analysis and archival of historic potpourri as a heritage smell. In J. Bridgland Infrastructure for Heritage Science (Ed.), ICOM-CC 18th Triennial Conference Preprints, Copenhagen, 4–8 September 2017 (Art. 1601). International Council of Museums. E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Paolin, E., Bembibre, C., Di Gianvincenzo, F., Torres-Elguera, J. C., Deraz, R., Kraševec, I., Ab- dellah, A., Ahmed, A., Kralj Cigić, I., Elnaggar, A., Abdelhalim, A., Sawoszczuk, T., & Str-lič, M. (2025). Ancient Egyptian mummified bodies: Cross-disciplinary analysis of their smell. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 147(8), 6633–6643. https://doi.org/10 .1021/jacs.4c15769 Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.7 15 Randa Deraz Reassessing the Risk of VOC Emissions University of Ljubljana, from Archival Storage Boxes Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology randa.deraz@fkkt.uni-lj.si The long-term preservation of paper-based heritage collections depends not only on environmental control but also on the chemical safety of storage mate- Abdelrazek Elnaggar rials. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particularly acetic acid, emitted from University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical archival boxes are often cited as a preservation risk (Menart, de Bruin, & Strlič, Technology 2014), yet their actual impact under realistic conditions remains poorly quanti- fied. Matija Strlič University of Ljubljana, In this study, we assessed VOC emissions from archival storage materials includ- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical ing polypropylene, coated and uncoated cardboards, recycled and speciality pa- Technology pers, naturally aged and lignin-based boards. Emissions were analysed using University College London, thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) and UCL Institute for Sustainable Heritage ion chromatography (IC). Paper and metal Oddy tests were applied to assess po- © 2025 Authors(s) tential preservation risks, while equilibrium acetic and formic acid concentrations in boxes were modelled at room temperature using measured emission rates and realistic air-exchange rates (Novak, Grau-Bové, De Stefani, Kraševec, & Strlič, 2024; Ramalho, Dupont, Egasse, & Lattuati-Derieux, 2009). Results showed that polypropylene and archival-quality cardboards primarily emitted inert hydrocarbons with low levels of organic acids, yielding neutral or even preservative outcomes in Oddy tests. Conversely, aged lignin-based and coated cardboards released higher levels of volatile acids and showed more se-vere Oddy test responses. Yet, equilibrium modelling demonstrated that even the highest-emitting materials did not generate acid concentrations exceeding the 100 ppb threshold generally regarded as harmful for paper. Importantly, elevated concentrations measured in practice are more attributable to emissions from the stored paper itself rather than from the enclosures. These findings indicate that accelerated Oddy tests overestimate the risks posed by packaging materials. Room-temperature emission assessments combined with ventilation modelling provide a more reliable framework for evaluating preservation risk. Archival box suitability should therefore be judged primarily on mechanical stability and humidity-buffering performance rather than VOC emissions. Overall, VOCs from box materials-including acetic and formic acids-are not a significant concern under typical storage conditions, supporting a more evidence-based approach to preventive conservation (Deraz, Di Gianvincenzo, Malešič, Kralj Cigić, Elnaggar, & Strlič, 2025). Acknowledgements This research was funded by the European Union (GREENART project, Horizon Europe, 3rd Annual Conference grant no. 101060941) and the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (projects N1-0271, of the Slovenian Node J7-50226, P1-0447, I0-012). The authors thank Josep Grau-Bové for valuable discussions, Ida of the European Research Kraševec for laboratory assistance, and the National and University Library of Slovenia and Infrastructure Zentrum für Bucherhaltung GmbH for providing material samples. for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia References Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Menart, E., de Bruin, G., & Strlič, M. (2014). Effects of NO2 and acetic acid on the stability of historic paper. Cellulose, 21, 3701–3713. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10570-014-0343-5 Novak, M., Grau-Bové, J., De Stefani, C., Kraševec, I., & Strlič, M. (2024). Evaluation and mod- elling of the environmental performance of archival boxes. Heritage Science, 12, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40494-024-01234-7 Ramalho, O., Dupont, A.-L., Egasse, C., & Lattuati-Derieux, A. (2009). Emission of volatile organic compounds from paper under natural conditions. e-Preservation Science, 6, 53– 59. Deraz, R., Di Gianvincenzo, F., Malešič, J., Kralj Cigić, I., Elnaggar, A., & Strlič, M. (2025). Quality assessment of box materials for long-term archival storage: VOC emissions are not a significant concern. ChemPlusChem. Advance online publication. Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.8 16 Ibrahim Elrefaey E-RIHS.si Multi-Analytical Approach to Heritage: University of Ljubljana, Insights from the Heritage Science Lab Ljubljana Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology ibrahim.elrefaey@fkkt.uni-lj.si The European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science (E-RIHS) provides state-of-the-art facilities, advanced methodologies, and interdisciplinary exper- Hend Mahgoub tise for the heritage science community. Within its Slovenian national node, E- University of Ljubljana, RIHS.si, the Heritage Science Laboratory Ljubljana (HSLL) plays an active role with Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology a particular research focus on heritage collections, visualisation, and digitisation. This abstract highlights the utilisation of E-RIHS.si services and network-building Alban Paskoff for collaborative research between Slovenian academic and heritage institutions. Chimie ParisTech – PSL Recent examples of this collaborative research include HSLL’s extensive investi- Irena Porekar Kacafura gations into textile heritage, linked with an ongoing doctoral research project. Maribor Regional Museum Non-destructive and in situ multi-analytical surveys using technical imaging, FTIR Ana Motnikar spectroscopy, microscopy, and XRF were carried out on textile collections from Slovene Ethnographic Museum the Slovene Ethnographic Museum and the Maribor Regional Museum. These Magdalena Mezeg analyses enabled the identification of fibres, mordanting, weighting, and dye- National Museum of Slovenia ing techniques, adding a new layer of information to museum collections. This Pika Skerlj multi-analytical approach has significantly advanced our understanding of tex- Posavje Museum Brežice tile degradation mechanisms and informed conservation strategies. Beyond textiles, investigations into diverse heritage objects have been con- Nives Slemenšek ducted through E-RIHS.si access projects for high-resolution imaging, scientific Posavje Museum Brežice documentation, material characterisation, training, and education. At the Na- Manca Boh tional Museum of Slovenia, FTIR spectroscopy and digital microscopy identified Želimlje High School a casein plastic inlay in a Baroque chair. At the National and University Library Lucija Močnik Ramovš (NUK), a comprehensive, multi-faceted investigation was conducted on a selec- University of Ljubljana, tion of manuscripts by the renowned Slovenian poet Srečko Kosovel. The study Academy of Fine Arts and Design integrated advanced analytical techniques including multispectral and hyper- Martina Vuga spectral imaging, near-IR and FTIR spectroscopy. This was complemented by University of Ljubljana, high-resolution photographic documentation and ultra-high-resolution digital Academy of Fine Arts and Design microscopy, utilising automated image stitching to create a single gigapixel-scale Jana Kolar representation for micro-scale analysis. This integrated approach, supported by National and University Library data-analysis tools, allowed for the detailed examination of material composition, Matija Strlič ink formulation, and the micro-topography of the substrate, providing unprece- University of Ljubljana, dented insight into the work’s creation and preservation state. Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Additionally, at NUK, XRF analysis was applied to three historical metal door han- Technology dles. One is suspected to be a later copy, and elemental analysis is expected to © 2025 Authors(s) help identify any compositional differences that could support their classifica- tion. At the Posavje Museum Brežice, XRF and FTIR analyses were used to inves-tigate the composition of a historical Baroque sled and to explore the pigment 3rd Annual Conference palette used on the walls of the Knights’ Hall in the castle. At the Academy of of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Fine Arts and Design of the University of Ljubljana, technical documentation, sci- Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.9 17 entific imaging, and microscopic analysis have been applied to paintings, sculp-tures, and historical artefacts. A core element of our work is the production and management of high-quality imaging and analytical data, forming the foundation for research, documenta-tion, and heritage preservation. The integration of digital imaging, spectroscopy, and data processing not only facilitates object-level analysis but also supports broader efforts in digitisation, comparative studies, and long-term digital preser-vation. These datasets are compiled into rich digital corpora and delivered to heritage institutions as comprehensive technical reports, raw source files, and, in some cases, scientific publications. Through in-depth studies of diverse heritage materials, this collaborative re-search demonstrates the versatility, reach, and impact of the E-RIHS.si network. It shows how a coordinated national infrastructure can effectively support aca-demic research, cross-institutional collaboration, and heritage conservation. 18 Mojca Ramšak Documenting the Senses: The Inclusion of Smell University of Ljubljana in the Register of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Slovenia mojca.ramsak@guest.arnes.si Nina Dečko In the preservation of intangible cultural heritage, the importance of multisen- Slovenian Ethnographic Museum sory documentation is increasingly recognised, yet the olfactory dimension re- Tjaša Zidarič mains significantly under-represented in official heritage registers. This study ex- Slovenian Ethnographic Museum plores the role of smell in the Register of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Slovenia, © 2025 Authors(s) filling a critical gap in contemporary register practice that traditionally privileges visual and auditory elements over other sensory experiences (Dečko, Zidarič, & Ramšak, in press). In this research, a comprehensive analysis of the Register of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Slovenia was conducted, in which all registered entries were system-atically analysed for explicit and implicit references to olfactory elements. The methodology included a qualitative content analysis of the register entries, struc-tured interviews with heritage bearers, and a comparative assessment of cur-rent register protocols. Data collection focused on identifying patterns of odour-related content across different heritage categories and assessing the discrep-ancy between the entries in the register and the experiences of heritage bearers. The analysis revealed that fewer than 4 of the registered entries explicitly men-tion odour, representing a significant under-representation of the olfactory ele-ments of cultural heritage. However, in-depth interviews with heritage bearers showed that odour is afforded much greater importance in different heritage ar-eas. Four main categories of smells emerged: food aromas that serve as quality indicators of traditional culinary practices; plant and animal scents associated with agricultural and pastoral traditions; medicinal scents associated with heal-ing practices; and characteristic craft smells that characterise artisanal produc-tion processes. Heritage bearers consistently emphasised smell as a key indica-tor of the quality of traditional practices, underlined the central role of olfactory memories in the transmission of traditions between generations, and reported the regular inclusion of smell-based elements in public heritage presentations and educational activities. These findings reveal a significant gap in the Register of Intangible Cultural Her-itage of Slovenia and demonstrate a discrepancy between the lived experiences of cultural heritage and the entries in the register. This suggests that current 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.10 19 registration practices do not capture the essential sensory dimensions of cul-tural heritage. The research shows that olfactory elements are more than periph-eral features-they serve as fundamental markers of authenticity, quality-control mechanisms, and powerful means of preserving cultural memory. This study demonstrates the importance of systematically integrating multisen-sory approaches into the Register of Intangible Cultural Heritage of Slovenia. It recommends the introduction of specific protocols for assessing the sense of smell in the register’s entries; the development of standardised terminology for describing olfactory characteristics; and the creation of a systematic framework for recording subjective sensory experiences of heritage bearers. These improve-ments would significantly increase the authenticity and completeness of register entries and ensure that future generations have a comprehensive understanding of traditional practices. The results also have far-reaching implications for inter-national heritage registers and suggest that multisensory approaches are an es-sential evolution of heritage recording methods rather than optional extensions. Acknowledgements Basic research project Smell and intangible cultural heritage J7-50233. References Dečko, N., Zidarič, T., & Ramšak, M. (in press). Vonjalna dimenzija nesnovne kulturne dediščine: Analiza praks in pomenov iz Registra nesnovne kulturne dediščine Slovenije [The olfactory dimension of intangible cultural heritage: Analysis of practices and meanings from the Register of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Slovenia]. Etnolog. 20 Neža Čebron Lipovec Re-Reading the Building’s History by Merging University of Primorska, Architectural, Technical, Historical, and Ethnographic Faculty of Humanities neza.cl@fhs.upr.si Approaches Irena Potočnik Interdisciplinarity is fundamental in the field of conservation, bridging heritage Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia science and heritage studies. A particularly enriching approach is the integration of ethnographic research, oral history, architectural analysis, technical investiga- Mike Burnard tions, and archival sources, offering new insights into a building’s history and its University of Primorska, InnoRenew CoE significance. In this context, we present a case study of the Servite Monastery in Koper/Capodistria, Slovenia, which exemplifies the potential of interdisciplinary Mohammad Derkiv and transdisciplinary methods. Over 15 years of research have uncovered the site’s University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute historical layers, enhancing our understanding of its complex past, particularly in a region marked by contested historical narratives. Andreja Kutnar The study employed a range of methods: architectural analysis; historical im- University of Primorska, Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences agery (early 20th-century photographs); ethnographic research based on ‘group and Information Technologies memory talks’ and the ‘photo-voice’ method; and participatory citizen-science © 2025 Authors(s) approaches via an online memory book. These methods provided a comprehen- sive understanding of the site, with a focus on its recent history, often neglected in traditional significance assessments that prioritise its monastic period. Recent research into the material qualities of the complex investigated discarded timber elements and their potential for reuse. Our findings highlight the tangible (spaces, material qualities) and intangible (functions, affective dimensions) attributes of the site, particularly its role as a maternity hospital. The transdisciplinary approach has proven essential in foster-ing an inclusive and sustainable appreciation of the site, offering a broader, more nuanced interpretation of its value for both the local community and heritage-conservation practice. The environmental benefits from long-term reuse of the discarded timber elements add another dimension to the site’s societal value. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.11 21 Simona Menoni Muršič Conservation Metamorphoses of Ptuj Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia We illuminate conservation approaches through three key revitalisation projects simona.menoni@zvkds.si undertaken in the past decade in the preservation of Ptuj’s heritage, which have Vlasta Čobal Sedmak proved decisive in the revival of the historic city centre. Ptuj is one of the oldest- Institute for the Protection of Cultural but also one of the most vulnerable-monumental environments in Slovenia, Heritage of Slovenia, where conservation work poses a considerable challenge. It is therefore essen- Restoration Centre tial to emphasise the continuous presence of the monument-protection service Gorazd Gerlič and the interdisciplinary teamwork of conservators, in which close collaboration Institute for the Protection of Cultural with architects is crucial. Through three large-scale and demanding projects, we Heritage of Slovenia present distinct problems, approaches, and solutions that have revitalised these Mateja Neža Sitar historically important areas from ambient, scenographic, architectural, and urban Institute for the Protection of Cultural perspectives. Heritage of Slovenia The former officers’ pavilion at Vičava 1, built in the Art Nouveau style between © 2025 Authors(s) 1903 and 1905, is an example of renovation in which the conservation regime- beyond the basic goal of rehabilitation and revitalisation of the building for busi-ness use (Technology Park) – required that the building, in as intact a state as pos-sible, continue to shape the wider setting of the cultural monument of national importance. At the same time, it had to maintain characteristic views towards the castle and from the castle. These principles guided the planning of conservation interventions in the building and its surroundings. By contrast, the long-decaying buildings of the so-called Old Glass Workshops provide an example of the comprehensive renovation of a quarter of bourgeois architecture that developed from the 15th century onwards. Revitalisation of the area – together with the associated streets and Vraz Square – created conditions for creative, cultural, and event activities (Youth Cultural Centre). The conserva-tion baseline was set as the conservation-restoration of all valued elements, in order to preserve the quarter’s heritage potential despite the collapse of essen-tial parts of the area. Conservators preserved the historical character of the quar-ter and directed contemporary architectural interpolations so that new interven-tions harmonise with the historic urban fabric. The renovation of the Ptuj city marketplace illustrates a conservation approach to redesigning and redefining an open urban public space in the heart of the city. The starting point for the scheme was analysis and interpretation of histor-ical sources and of the appearance of this area along the former riverbed of the Grajena. Interpreting Ptuj’s historical urban image is also vital for local residents, as such presentations of the past help establish an authentic sense of identity with the city inherited from former inhabitants. With effective cooperation, a shared in- 3rd Annual Conference terdisciplinary vocabulary, responsiveness to the wishes and needs of the local of the Slovenian Node of the European Research community, and – above all – mutual respect, projects of this kind present con- Infrastructure servators with the challenge and responsibility of transmitting to posterity the for Heritage Science enduring message of place through high-quality, modern renovation. E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 References Dediči prostora, varuhi pomnikov: ob 60-letnici mariborske spomeniškovarstvene službe. (2021). Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije, Območna enota Maribor. Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.12 22 Janez Kosel Uncovering Autochthonous Deteriogenic Biofilm Institute for the Protection of Cultural and Developing Beneficial Bacteria-Based Heritage of Slovenia janez.kosel@zvkds.si Bioformulations from Indigenous Isolates for Biocontrol Milica Ljaljević Grbić and Biocleaning of the Rožanec Mithraeum University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology Limestone Monument Ivica Dimkić University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology The conservation of the Rožanec Mithraeum limestone monument in Slovenia demands an integrated understanding of the fungal and bacterial communi- Tamara Janakiev University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology ties driving surface alteration and deterioration. High-throughput mycobiome sequencing (metagenomic) combined with light, FTIR, and Raman microscopy Črtomir Tavzes identified the epilithic lichen Gyalecta jenensis and its carotenoid-rich photo- Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia biont Trentepohlia aurea as the source of the salmon-hued biofilm on the mon- ument. Biopitting – the principal deterioration symptom – was attributed to en- Slađana Popović dolithic thalli and ascomata of Verrucaria sp., whose oxalic-acid secretion dis- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology solves carbonate substrates. FUNGuild analysis further confirmed a high relative Aleksandar Knežević abundance of lichenised and symbiotrophic fungi as key deteriogens. University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology In the next step, the monument’s indigenous bacterial community – isolated Lea Legan and identified during the initial metagenomic phase – was analysed as a ba- Institute for the Protection of Cultural sis for developing a synergistic bacterial consortium with the potential to be Heritage of Slovenia reintroduced for biocontrol and biocleaning treatment of the same Mithraeum Klara Retko monument. Parallel 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding revealed that Proteobacte- Institute for the Protection of Cultural ria, Actinobacteriota, and Cyanobacteria dominate the indigenous bacterial com- Heritage of Slovenia munity, while culturable isolates were chiefly Bacillus and Paenibacillus. Enzy- Polonca Ropret matic profiling highlighted Bacillus mycoides MIT8.7 and Paenibacillus amylolyti- Institute for the Protection of Cultural cus/taichungensis/tylopili/tundrae MIT8.18 as potent producers of amylase and Heritage of Slovenia protease, with subsidiary lipase, cellulase, mannanase, and xylanase activities es- Nina Žbona sential for biocleaning. Institute for the Protection of Cultural Plate-growth inhibition assays (PGI) pinpointed Bacillus velezensis MIT7.8 and Heritage of Slovenia Pseudomonas chlororaphis subsp. aurantiaca MIT4.11 as the most effective antag- Nikola Unković onists against seven autochthonous biodeteriogenic fungi. Additionally, full cul- University of Belgrade, Faculty of Biology tures of Streptomyces anulatus 1–3 TSA and Streptomyces sp. 11-11MM matched © 2025 Authors(s) the efficacy of commercial biocides (0.3 Preventol RI80, 100 Keim, 100 BFA) without inducing changes in surface roughness (Rq, Ra) over three months on locally sourced limestone models. By elucidating indigenous bacteria capable of targeted biocontrol and bioclean-ing, this study lays the groundwork for an eco-friendly, in situ bacterial consor-tium. Such a formulation promises an effective alternative to traditional chemical biocides for the long-term preservation of stone cultural heritage. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.13 23 Tina Bratina Between Villa Rafut and Rafut Park: University of Ljubljana, Monument’s Protection History Faculty of Arts tina_bratina@yahoo.com The central theme of my bachelor’s thesis was an analysis of Villa Rafut (1909–1914) © 2025 Authors(s) in Pristava near Nova Gorica – designed by the architect Anton Laščak (Antonio Lasciac) – in relation to the accompanying park, within the context of heritage protection. Villa Rafut is widely recognised in international academic literature as an example of the direct transfer of architectural stylistic innovations. Laščak’s international renown stems from his pioneering contributions to Neo-Islamic – more specifically Neo-Mamluk – style, which emerged in Egypt at the turn of the twentieth century. Following nationalisation, the villa was designated to house the district Hygienic Institute, while the area encompassing the park was recognised as a natural her-itage site of national significance. Significant changes took place only in 2003, when the villa was formally recognised as heritage and incorporated into the park complex. Since then, the villa and park have constituted a single cultural monu-ment of local importance, representing garden-architectural heritage. 3rd Annual Conference Figure 1 Villa Rafut (https://www Figure 2 Portrait of Anton Laščak, c. of the Slovenian Node .rafutskipark.si/sl/zgodovina/) 1906–1908 (ERPAC – Servizio of the European Research Musei e Archivi Storici, Fototeca Infrastructure Musei Provinciali di Gorizia; for Heritage Science in Kovšca, 2017) E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 The current decree reveals inconsistent and fragmented protection of the two parts of the monument complex, as evidenced by the naming of the monument unit as ‘Rafut Park with the villa.’ The unit’s unusual name not only indicates the consequences of past functional separation but also points to possible echoes of unjustified neglect of the monument’s historical, artistic, and architectural val-ues in representational strategies currently discussed in the context of the mon-ument’s revitalisation. Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.14 24 References Al-Naggar, A. (2021). Antonio Lasciac and his architectural works in Arabic eyes. Journal of Central and Eastern European African Studies, 1(1–2), 209–220. https://doi.org/10.59569 /jceeas.2021.1.1-2.12 Bratina, T. (2022). Med vilo Rafut in Rafutskim parkom: zgodovina varovanja spomeniške enote; zaključna seminarska naloga [Unpublished manuscript]. Cochelli, P., Sdegno, A., & Kuzmin, D. (2017). Research on architectural-heritage drawing be- tween Italy and Slovenia: The Antonio Lasciac villa. In G. Amoruso (Ed.), Putting tradition into practice: Heritage, place and design (pp. 217–226). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007 /978-3-319-57937-5_23 Giacomelli, M., & Godoli, E. (2008). Architetti e ingegneri italiani in Egitto dal diciannovesimo al ventunesimo secolo. Maschietto. Iskra, K. (2012). Obnova Rafutskega parka pri Novi Gorici: diplomsko delo [Bachelor’s the- sis, University of Ljubljana]. Repozitorij Univerze v Ljubljani. https://repozitorij.uni-lj.si/IzpisGradiva.php-lang=slv&id=116310 Kovšca, N. (2017). Med Gorico, Aleksandrijo in Kairom = Between Gorizia, Alexandria and Cairo. Piranesi, 25(39), 6–17. O’Kane, B. (2020). The architect Antonio Lasciac (1856–1946) in the context of Mamluk re- vivalisms. Annales Islamologiques, 54, 299–332. https://doi.org/10.4000/anisl.8664 Odlok o razglasitvi Rafutskega parka z vilo za kulturni spomenik lokalnega pomena. (2003). Uradne objave (OKO), 21, 1296–1297. 25 Miha Humar Wooden Single Roofs in Slovenia: Tradition, Intangible University of Ljubljana, Heritage, and Scientific Validation of Performance Biotechnical Faculty miha.humar@bf.uni-lj.si Wood has been a traditional roofing material in Europe and beyond, with wide- Boštjan Lesar spread use on significant buildings during the 17th century. Today, wooden roof- University of Ljubljana, ing persists mainly on huts and houses in Alpine regions, where it represents both Biotechnical Faculty tangible and intangible cultural heritage. Despite its high cost, wooden roofing © 2025 Authors(s) remains valued for its durability in harsh mountain climates, particularly in Slove- nia. The most common roofing elements are split wooden shingles made from spruce (Picea abies) and occasionally larch (Larix decidua). Several traditional be-liefs regarding the harvesting time, preparation, and performance of wooden shingles continue to circulate but lack scientific validation. This study combined historical review, field surveys, documentation of the shin-gles production, laboratory experiments, and a citizen science approach. Labo-ratory and field tests were performed to evaluate the moisture performance of split and sawn shingles. Moisture monitoring was established on several roofs in Trenta Valley and in the Ljubljana test field. In parallel, a citizen science project was launched to document the distribution, condition, and typology of wooden roofs across Slovenia. Citizens contributed photographs and data on existing shingle roofs in various Alpine regions, including southern Carinthia, Trenta, the Gornje-savska Valley, and Velika Planina. Experimental testing demonstrated no significant superiority of split shingles over sawn shingles in terms of moisture performance. The citizen science ini-tiative provided extensive documentation of existing shingle roofs, enabling the mapping of their distribution and identifying regional practices in shingle appli-cation and maintenance. The findings challenge long-held traditional beliefs about the superior durabil-ity of split shingles, emphasising the need for evidence-based approaches in preserving wooden roofing practices. At the same time, citizen participation has proven effective in recording the cultural and architectural significance of wooden roofs in Slovenia, contributing to both heritage preservation and scien-tific research. The combination of experimental testing and public engagement provides a framework for sustaining traditional Alpine architecture while safe-guarding associated intangible heritage. Acknowledgements The Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency’s financial support within the research programme P4-0015, research project J7-50231 (GROWTH), and the Infrastructure Centre (IC LES PST 0481-09 and I0-E012 E-RIHS) is accredited. This work was supported by the Wood- 3rd Annual Conference Innovate project, implemented within the framework of the Interreg V-A Italy-Slovenia co- of the Slovenian Node operation programme and co-financed by the European Community. of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.15 26 Ana Slavec Engaging Citizens in Building a Digital Twin for Cultural University of Primorska, Heritage in Koper Faculty of Mathematics, Natural Sciences and Information Technologies, Andrej Marušič Institute, The MonuPED project tackles the complex challenge of establishing Positive En- InnoRenew CoE ergy Districts (PEDs) within monument-protected areas (MPAs), where energy- ana.slavec@famnit.upr.si transition goals often conflict with cultural-heritage preservation. This citizen- Črtomir Tavzes science initiative, led by the Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of University of Primorska, Slovenia (ZVKDS) in collaboration with InnoRenew CoE, focuses on the historic Andrej Marušič Institute, centre of Koper – a densely built urban area with many protected buildings. These InnoRenew CoE protections pose barriers to energy-efficient renovations, such as thermal insula- Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia tion or solar-panel installation. To address this, the project will actively engage citizens in data collection, en- Miklosz Kresz riching existing datasets with first-hand information about their buildings. This University of Primorska, Andrej Marušič Institute, data will support the development of agent-based models that simulate stake- InnoRenew CoE holder behaviour and help identify solutions that balance heritage conservation © 2025 Authors(s) with sustainable energy practices. The project will use snowball sampling to re- cruit participants, beginning with interviews and progressing to focus groups and co-creation workshops. These activities will foster dialogue, raise awareness, and empower citizens to become co-creators of change. The initiative also promotes open science, with a data-management plan aligned with FAIR principles and a commitment to ethical data handling. Educational ma-terials and outreach activities will ensure broad public engagement, while results will be shared with policymakers across sectors – science, culture, energy, and ur-ban development. Ultimately, the project aims to catalyse a community-led urban transformation in Koper, serving as a model for similar initiatives across Slovenia and Europe. By in-tegrating citizen input into research and planning, the project demonstrates how grassroots participation can drive innovation, improve energy efficiency, and pre-serve cultural heritage in the face of climate change. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.16 27 Abdelrazek Elnaggar The two Ancient Egyptian Sarcophagi in Vipava: University of Ljubljana, Assessment of Heritage Value and Conservation Concerns Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology for Site Management abdelrazek.elnaggar@fkkt.uni-lj.si Andrea Petrović The Egyptian heritage in Slovenia is scattered across national and regional institu- University of Primorska, tions, which poses a particular challenge for its preservation, management and Faculty of Humanities interpretation. Among the most significant examples are two sarcophagi from Darya Herman the Old Kingdom in Giza, which were originally created as resting places for the University of Primorska, high-ranking officials Iun-Min and Ra-wer. They were discovered in the tombs of Faculty of Humanities the courtiers at the end of the 4th/beginning of the 5th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt Siniša Sekulić near the Pyramid of Khafre. Anton Lavrin, one of the most important Austrian University of Primorska, Slovenian consuls and collectors, brought these sarcophagi to Slovenia, where Faculty of Humanities they were converted into family tombs in his hometown of Vipava and are now Sonia Covolo Ciuch privately owned. When they were opened in 1987, it was discovered that the sar- University of Primorska, cophagus of Iun-Min contained the remains of Lavrin’s parents, while the sarcoph- Faculty of Humanities agus of Ra-wer contained a small lead coffin with the exhumed remains of his son Stefan Pemper Albert. University of Primorska, Today, the sarcophagi are located in a public cemetery which, although acces- Faculty of Humanities sible, is highly vulnerable to environmental exposure and vandalism. Although a protective roof was erected in the 1990s, the sarcophagi are exposed to rain, frost, Tijana Marković University of Primorska, wind, temperature fluctuations and accelerated decay due to their open location. Faculty of Humanities The site is also endangered by uncontrolled public access, a common problem in Eva Grmek Slovenian cemeteries. Škofijska gimnazija Vipava Jasna Fabčič Škofijska gimnazija Vipava Jure Peršolja Škofijska gimnazija Vipava Matejka Fajdiga Škofijska gimnazija Vipava Ernesta Drole Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia Jan Ciglenečki University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Arts © 2025 Authors(s) 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Figure 1 Location of the ancient egyptian sarcophagi in Vipava (photo: Abdelrazek Elnaggar) Through intensive archival research, on-site consultations and an on-site risk as-sessment, this study addresses key questions: How can the conservation and pre-sentation of the Vipava sarcophagi be systematically managed in the context of the museological and conservation framework? What gaps still exist in the un-derstanding of their reinterpretation and use in out-contextual settings? How can sustainable management strategies be developed to create a balance between Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.17 28 conservation, public engagement and community involvement? And most im-portantly, how can diverse stakeholders contribute to a long-term management plan that ensures both preservation and relevance to contemporary audiences? The study emphasises the need for a collaborative approach engaging the re-searchers, tomb owners, local authorities and communities, which could also con-sider formal recognition and possible inclusion on the National Heritage List. This will also contribute to a better understanding of the ways in which diplomatic, scientific and social networks have influenced the dissemination, study and re-contextualisation of Egyptian antiquities in Slovenia. Figure 2 Fieldwork with students from the Faculty of Humanities, University of Primorska, within the Heritage Science course (Photo: Abdelrazek Elnaggar) 29 Aljona Gineiko Rethinking Historical Wood Waste Estonian Academy of Arts, Faculty of Art and Culture As restoration and conservation projects increasingly prioritise sustainability, the aljona.gineiko@artun.ee reuse and recycling of historical building materials are gaining attention. This © 2025 Authors(s) study contributes to previous research (Fico, Rizzo, Malinconico, & Esposito Cor- cione, 2024) by exploring the suitability of historical wood waste as a 3D-printing material, addressing both heritage preservation and circular-economy goals. The research investigates how a 100-year-old wooden platband, found in a waste con-tainer, can be replicated from historical wood waste. To better understand the en-vironmental impact of fabricating a platband replica from wood waste, the dura-tion, energy consumption, and cost of the processes applied were documented and analysed. The research was conducted in several stages. First, the historical platband was cleaned of paint and dust to prepare it for digital modelling. Sawdust for filament extrusion was prepared from non-conditioned pine beams and oak parquet of the same age as the platband. Polylactic acid (PLA) was chosen as a binder for the composite filament (Mosomi, Olanrewaju, & Adeosun, 2024). The study then pro-ceeded with 3D printing using the fabricated filament. The final stage will involve outdoor moisture-content and biodegradability testing to evaluate the climate resistance of the printed replicas. Preliminary results indicate that historical, non-conditioned wood waste com-bined with PLA can be extruded into a filament suitable for 3D printing. High-accuracy photogrammetry captured the structure and surface features of the historical artefact with precision, which were then transferred to the 3D-printed replica. The digital-to-print route for the wood-waste/PLA composite required substan-tially more time, energy, and hands-on labour than producing a replica from new wood in a workshop. This shows that process optimisation remains an important goal for future work. The method presented constitutes a sustainable conservation approach that aims for zero waste while respecting the value of historical artefacts, particularly when original materials are in poor condition. This technology has clear potential for multidisciplinary application. Acknowledgements The study was carried out with the support of the Estonian Academy of Arts and with con-tributions from the Head of the Prototyping Lab of the Estonian Academy of Arts, Madis Kaasik, and Anna Jõgi. References 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node Fico, D., Rizzo, D., Malinconico, F., & Esposito Corcione, C. (2024). A sustainable approach to of the European Research recycling waste: Examples of the application of 3D printing to extend the life cycle of Infrastructure materials. Detritus, 28, 60–69. https://doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2024.19408 for Heritage Science Mosomi, E. K., Olanrewaju, O. A., & Adeosun, S. O. (2024). Pivotal role of polylactide in carbon E-RIHS Slovenia emission reduction: A comprehensive review. Engineering Reports, 6(8). https://doi.org Koper, 18–19 November 2025 /10.1002/eng2.12909 Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.18 30 Boris Kavur Dating the Beginning of the Late Bronze Age University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities As part of the FHŠ and IFIN-HH collaboration project, we performed a series of boris.kavur@upr.si AMS datings of samples from the late 15th and early 14th centuries BC at the 1 MV Martina Blečić Kavur Tandetron of the Department of Applied Nuclear Physics. The aim of the project University of Primorska, was to date the oldest cremation graves in eastern Slovenia from the Zavrč ceme- Faculty of Humanities tery and to synchronize the chronology of the beginning of the Late Bronze Age Andreea Dima with the wider cultural area ranging from the Carpathian Basin to northern Italy. Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D Based on the previous results of datings of various sites in the region, new dat- in Physics and Nuclear Engineering ings and comparisons of the results, we demonstrated that the Urnfield Culture Oana Gaza in Central-Eastern Europe begins around 1,420±20 BC. Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D As part of the project, we dated charcoal samples and samples of cremated bones in Physics and Nuclear Engineering from the same contexts. In the past experiments in controled environemnts Maria Ilie clearly demonstrated that exchange of carbon between bone apatite carbon- Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D ate and CO 2 in the combustion gases depend on both temperature and CO2 in Physics and Nuclear Engineering concentrations. Hence CO derived from woods from the cremation fires is likely 2 Cristian Manailescu substituted into the bone bio-apatite fraction explaining the remarkable simi- Horia Hulubei National Institute for R&D larity of σ13C values of cremated bones. Our assumption was that in open pyres in Physics and Nuclear Engineering the concentration of CO2 was lover and that the age discrepamcy between the © 2025 Authors(s) results could be explained with the old wood effect. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS) project N6-0297 (From Sea to Sea). The radiocarbon dating was supported under Research Programme Partnership in Priority Areas PNII MEN-UEFISCDI, contract PN 23210102 and PN 23210201. Experiments were carried out at the 1 MV Tandetron™ accelerator from ‘Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH) and were supported by the Romanian Government Pro-gramme through the National Programme for Infrastructure of National Interest (IOSIN). 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.19 31 Andrej Magdič Archaeological Heritage in Motion: Interdisciplinary Institute for the Protection of Cultural Approaches to Interpreting Early Medieval Identities Heritage of Slovenia andrej.magdic@zvkds.si in the Eastern Alps © 2025 Authors(s) Community identities in the early Middle Ages have long been a defining theme in Slovenian historiography and archaeology, but the dominant narrative-shaped in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries-projected modern ethnic con-cepts deep into the past (Magdič, 2024). Drawing on social theory (Habermas; Bourdieu; Laurajane Smith), this paper shows how recent interdisciplinary re-search on migration, regional settlement patterns, and political organisation, based on computer models and archaeometric analyses of material culture, repo-sitions early medieval settlers as dynamic communities rather than fixed ethnic groups, thus moving beyond traditional frameworks. We combine critical discourse analysis of historiographical and archaeological texts (Magdič, 2024) with advanced spatial and computational approaches and archaeometric techniques. The use of machine-learning tools such as time-series clustering and emerging hot-spot analyses (Štular et al., 2022) and the results of petrographic investigation of pottery (Fazioli, 2024) are linked with the results of regional historical geolinguistic research (Magdič, 2022) to interpret patterns of movement, cultural interaction, and the formation of identities. Our results show that nineteenth- and early twentieth-century scholarship en-trenched nationalistic assumptions, while current interdisciplinary work reveals more complex pathways. Machine-learning analyses point to at least two waves of migration between c. 500 and c. 700 AD in the Eastern Alps that created com-plex community identities. Petrography shows a clear shift in ceramic technology from carbonate-rich late antique fabrics to gneiss-rich and grog-rich wares in the early Middle Ages, indicating both technological innovations and new commu-nity practices. Data on regional communities and dialect boundaries further illus-trate the interplay of complex identity landscapes. By integrating historiographical criticism, digital archaeology, linguistics, ceramic petrography, and social theory, we move beyond the nationalist narrative of the nineteenth century and develop a multi-scalar interpretation of early medieval communities. This approach considers material culture as habitus and identity practice and emphasises the need for closer collaboration with the natural and computer sciences to test hypotheses about mobility, provenance, and interac-tion. Interdisciplinarity combined with community-oriented theory thus enables a more nuanced and deeper understanding of archaeological heritage and its identity narratives. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node References of the European Research Fazioli, P. (2024). The transition from late antiquity to the early Middle Ages in the South- Infrastructure eastern Alpine region from the perspective of coarse-ware ceramic technology. Beiträge for Heritage Science zur Mittelalter- und Neuzeitarchäologie in Österreich, 40, 7–24. E-RIHS Slovenia Magdič, A. (2022). O župah, župnijah in narečjih: primerjalna prostorska analiza rezulta- Koper, 18–19 November 2025 tov zgodnjesrednjeveške arheologije, zgodovinopisja in regionalne geolingvistike na primeru Dravske ravni in okoliških vzpetin. In Kulturna formacija in kulturni spomin: ju-bilejna publikacija (pp. 69–92). Alma Mater Press. Magdič, A. (2024). Skupnostne identitete v zgodovinopisju in arheologiji zgodnjega sred- njega veka na Slovenskem. Ars & Humanitas, 18(2), 143–157. Štular, B., Lozić, B., Belak, M., Rihter, J., Koch, I., Modrijan, Z., Magdič, A., Karl, S., Lehner, M., & Gutjahr, C. (2022). Migration of Alpine Slavs and machine learning: Space-time pattern mining of an archaeological data set. Plos One, 17(9), e0274687. Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.20 32 Irena Lazar The Shipwreck of Gnalić: Revealing the Story Behind University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities, At first glance, the interpretation of the ship’s contents and history seemed UNESCO Chair straightforward; however, only a detailed, interdisciplinary investigation of di- irena.lazar@fhs.upr.si verse sources – including scientific analyses of the glass materials – revealed the Zrinka Mileusnić true story of the vessel and its cargo. University of Primorska, Within the international project The Heritage of the Serenissima under the Cul- Faculty of Humanities ture 2000 programme, a multidisciplinary team undertook one of the first com- © 2025 Authors(s) prehensive studies of the Gnalić wreck and its finds, building on the rescue cam- paigns carried out since the 1960s and subsequent archival research. The ship – identified as the Gagliana grossa, lost in 1583 – sank a few miles south of Biograd (Croatia), carrying a rich, mixed cargo. Although the vessel transported a wide array of commodities – ceramics, met-alwares, textiles, and raw materials – the predominant component of the cargo was glass. Thousands of glass items were recovered, including Italian tableware, drinking vessels, window-glass ‘crowns,’ mirror plates, and an intriguing set of ob-jects with Eastern characteristics. Drawing on archaeometric analyses alongside archival evidence, recent work re-examines trade mechanisms, supply chains, and consumption patterns in the Eastern Adriatic during the late sixteenth cen-tury. Acknowledgements The research paper was elaborated within the Research Programme Core Funding No. P6-0460: Heritage as an Object and Reflection of Social Processes. References Lazar, I., & Willmott, H. (2006). The glass from the Gnalić wreck (with contributions by S. Gluščević & C. M. Jackson). Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče Koper. Mileusnić, Z. (2024). Material culture as a mirror of interculturality of the 16th century/ Ma- terijalna kultura kao zrcalo međukulturnosti XVI vijeka. Konteksti kulture: studije iz hu-manistike i umjetnosti, 2, 45–54. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.21 33 Boris Beja Interactive Entry into the Interiors of lost Slovenian Ships University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and The paper examines the sculptural legacy of Stojan Batič, created for Slovenian Engineering ships of the Splošna plovba company, which remains largely inaccessible to the boris.beja@ntf.uni-lj.si public. With his sculptures and reliefs, Batič adorned the ships Trbovlje (1960), Bela Tis Loris Lavrič Krajina (1961), Ljubljana (II) (1964), Ljutomer (1965), Kras (1967), Postojna (1967), University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Portorož (I) (1968), and Portorož (II) (1986). In his works for ship interiors, he inter- Sciences and Engineering preted themes of community, mining life, the national liberation struggle, music, Žiga Ceglar national history, the relationship between mother and child, Greek mythology, University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural and dance.In the selected works created in the late 1950s and early 1960s, two of Sciences and Engineering the artist’s characteristic features are particularly evident in his interpretation of Marko Stražar various stories and motifs, many of which relate to the places after which the ships University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural were named. These are the perforated relief, which in its enlarged form serves as Sciences and Engineering a visual complement to architecture, and his distinctive treatment of the sculp- © 2025 Authors(s) tural surface, composed of geometric planes that resemble a network, honey- comb, or raster structure supporting narrative elements. The experimental part includes three-dimensional animations based on archival black-and-white pho-tographs of ship interiors from Ljubljana and Portorož. The proportions of the spaces were determined using Batič’s artworks as a reference. The reconstruction Figure 1 Archive photographs of the ship’s saloon with the relief of Batič (Splošna plovba Archive) 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Figure 2 Final render of the reconstructed lounge with completed materials, lighting and post-processing (Marko Stražar) Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.22 34 aimed to present to the viewer the spaces once experienced by Slovenian sailors and visitors, which no longer exist today. The result of this research and creative process is a set of three-dimensional reconstructions of ship interiors that can be experienced through virtual reality technology as well as in the form of a two-dimensional video walkthrough. Acknowledgements Jerneja Batič, Duška Žitko, Splošna plovba, Mednarodni grafični likovni center. References Dražil, G., & Šutej, L. (2022). Foto/Grafika. Mednarodni grafični likovni center. Smyth, C. (2015). Functional design for 3D printing. C. T. Smyth. Stephen, H. (2018). 3D printing for artists, designers and makers. Bloomsbury Visual Arts. Watson, F. (1982). The history of furniture. Obris. Žitko, D. (2020). Slovenske ladje: 6 ladij Splošne plovbe. Pomorski muzej ’Sergej Mašera’ Piran. Žitko, D. (2023). Iztrgano pozabi: pomorska in umetniška zbirka Splošne plovbe. Pomorski muzej ’Sergej Mašera’ Piran. 35 Darko Kovačević Remote Sensing Documentation for the Protection University of Montenegro, of Montenegro’s Underwater Cultural Heritage Institute for Interdisciplinary and Multidisciplinary Studies darkok@ucg.ac.me Montenegro’s underwater cultural sites remain incompletely documented, lim- iting their legal protection, research, and long-term conservation. The ‘Under- © 2025 Authors(s) water Cultural Landscapes of Montenegro,’ initiated by the Center of Archaeol-ogy, University of Montenegro, responds to this challenge by applying advanced remote-sensing technologies and interdisciplinary methods to support state in-stitutions in the legal declaration of protection, and monitoring of these cultural resources, which are often invisible to decision-makers. The project integrates Multi Beam Echo Sounder and Side-Scan Sonar surveys with targeted underwater photogrammetry to produce high-resolution 2D and 3D datasets suitable for met-ric analysis, condition assessment, and monitoring. Built on inter-institutional co-operation and technical capacity developed through prior EU co-funded projects, the methodology prioritizes in-situ, non-intrusive documentation in accordance with the UNESCO 2001 Convention. Survey outputs are consolidated within a Geographic Information System database, ensuring standardized metadata and cross-sectoral access. Integration of the dataset into Montenegro’s Spatial Plan until 2040 establishes a basis for including underwater cultural heritage in mar-itime spatial planning processes. Beyond regulatory aims, the project translates scientific outputs into public outreach campaigns, strengthening institutional ca-pacities and supporting sustainable cultural tourism. Grounded in established acoustic-mapping and metric photogrammetry practices, the project delivers op-erational datasets and governance tools for accountable management of Mon-tenegro’s underwater cultural landscapes. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Lecture https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.23 36 Lea Legan A Vibrational Spectroscopic Study of a Medieval Sword Institute for the Protection of Cultural from the Collection of the National Museum of Slovenia Heritage of Slovenia, National Museum of Slovenia lea.legan@zvkds.si A late-medieval longsword (inv. no. N40037) from the arms and armour collection of the National Museum of Slovenia represents a fine example of the fourteenth- Klara Retko Institute for the Protection of Cultural century German blade-making tradition, most likely produced in Passau or a re- Heritage of Slovenia, lated workshop. In addition to typological and stylistic study, scientific analy- University of Ljubljana, ses were undertaken to investigate its state of preservation and possible past Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical conservation-restoration treatments (Lazar, 2023). Technology Two micro-samples were taken from the metal surface and analysed using Fourier- Nataša Nemeček transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy. The aim was to National Museum of Slovenia identify organic and inorganic components present on the surface and to clarify Polonca Ropret both historical conservation-restoration procedures and current corrosion pro- Institute for the Protection of Cultural cesses. Heritage of Slovenia, Results revealed the presence of natural resin, probably of triterpenoid origin, University of Ljubljana, mixed with oil, most likely applied as a protective coating. Protein bands indicated Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology the use of animal glue, presumably as a binder or coating component. Corro- sion products identified included oxalates-linked to biological activity or organic Tomaž Lazar decomposition-and chukanovite (Fe 2(OH) CO ), which forms under low-oxygen 2 3 National Museum of Slovenia conditions in the presence of carbon dioxide. Raman spectroscopy confirmed the © 2025 Authors(s) presence of iron oxide (Fe2O3) and revealed variations in vibrational bands across spectra from different particles, suggesting differences in crystalline phases, im-purities, or degrees of degradation. These heterogeneities provide valuable in-sights into the sword’s exposure to diverse microenvironments and potential his-torical interventions. Additional detection of silicates points to environmental contamination, while further protein signals confirm the presence of organic residues from protective layers. The findings strongly support the conclusion that the sword underwent restoration in the early twentieth century, employing methods typical of that pe-riod, such as resin- and glue-based coatings. Overall, the analyses demonstrate the coexistence of historical conservation lay-ers with active corrosion processes. The identification of Fe2O3, chukanovite, and oxalates illustrates both the persistence of degradation and the long-term influ-ence of environmental conditions. These results provide an essential basis for planning future stabilisation and conservation-restoration strategies tailored to the sword’s current material condition. Acknowledgements The authors thank the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (ARIS) for support under 3rd Annual Conference E-RIHS.SI (infrastructure programme I0-E012). of the Slovenian Node of the European Research References Infrastructure Lazar, T. (2023). A newly acquired medieval sword in the collection of the National Museum for Heritage Science of Slovenia. Acta Militaria Mediaevalia, 19, 87–106. E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Poster https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.24 37 Zoja Bajdè Research on the Easel Painting Emavs by Ivan Grohar: Institute for the Protection of Cultural Material Characterization Heritage of Slovenia zoja.bajde@zvkd.si During conservation-restoration, the paint layer’s response to non-polar solvents Petra Bešlagić and heat revealed that the 131-year-old painting Emavs, by Slovenian painter Ivan Institute for the Protection of Cultural Grohar (1867–1911), could not have been painted using the traditional oil tech- Heritage of Slovenia nique attributed to it. As there are no detailed studies of Grohar’s painting tech- Maša Kavčič nique, and everything indicates the presence of wax in the paint, we decided to Institute for the Protection of Cultural conduct a material analysis of the painting. Heritage of Slovenia We examined the painting’s surface non-invasively using a portable X-ray fluo- Irena Kralj Cigić rescence spectrometer (XRF) and Raman spectrometers (RS). The elemental and University of Ljubljana, Faculty of material composition (pigments and fillers) of selected areas of the painting was Chemistry and Chemical Technology determined. Using optical microscopy, we identified the layers present in cross- Barbara Štuhec sections of the samples (ground and paint layers). We analysed their material University of Ljubljana, Faculty of composition (binders, pigments, fillers, and degradation products) using Fourier Chemistry and Chemical Technology transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy (RS). The results confirmed the Lea Legan presence of wax and oil in the paint and ground layers. To determine the exact Institute for the Protection of Cultural types of binders present we examined one sample using gas chromatography Heritage of Slovenia, National Museum of Slovenia coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The palmitic-to-stearic acid ratio (P/S) revealed that the identified fatty acid esters are characteristic of natural drying © 2025 Authors(s) oils, suggesting linseed oil was used. The presence of wax was visible on the chro-matogram, but we could not determine its type. Using a portable FTIR spectrom-eter with the reflection technique, we further examined the surface of the paint-ing and confirmed the presence of wax at all examined locations. In addition to the characteristic doublet bands in the methylene group vibration regions, we detected a carbonyl group vibration band, which indicates the presence of natu-ral wax. However, this band could also be due to linseed oil, making it difficult to determine the exact type of wax. The use of various methods revealed the Emavs painting’s materials and tech-nique, although the type of wax remains unclear. These findings alert conserva-tors to the possibility of encountering the wax-oil technique in Grohar’s works. This technique requires a different approach to conservation and restoration than that used for paintings created using the traditional oil technique. For art his-torians, the findings offer an interesting topic for researching a previously over-looked and relatively unknown painting technique in the 19th and the 20th Cen-tury Slovenian easel painting. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Poster https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.25 38 Klara Retko A Multi-Analytical Study of an Unrestored Floating Institute for the Protection of Cultural Component from Slavko Tihec’s Kinetic Object Vertikale Heritage of Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology Slavko Tihec is one of the most important sculptors of the second half of the 20th klara.retko@zvkds.si century in Slovenia. Since the late 1960s, Tihec incorporated movement into his Simona Škorja sculptures, blending abstract art with physical laws in his unique works known Museum of Modern Art as Aquamobiles. These kinetic sculptures, powered by water or electricity, repre- sented a major innovation in 20th-century Slovenian art and remain key pieces in Lea Legan the national modern art collection. Institute for the Protection of Cultural Heritage of Slovenia; The kinetic object Vertikale represents an important piece of the collection at the National Museum of Slovenia Museum of Modern Art (Slovenia). It consists of four parts: 21 floating compo- nents, a basin with an electric pump and pipes, a basin cover, and water. Although Petra Bešlagić Institute for the Protection of Cultural much of the object was restored in the past, it is currently in poor condition and Heritage of Slovenia requires further restoration and conservation. Moreover, since the original material composition of the floating components re- Rok Hafner Institute for the Protection of Cultural mains unknown, this study focuses on analysing an unrestored component that Heritage of Slovenia has not previously undergone any treatment. We present a non-invasive and non-destructive multi-analytical approach to determine the material composi- Lidija Korat Bensa Slovenian National Building and Civil tion of this component. The study combines 3D scanning, X-ray radiography, Ra- Engineering Institute man spectroscopy (using a portable Raman spectrometer), infrared spectroscopy (using a portable reflection FTIR spectrometer), hyperspectral imaging (HSI), and Rožle Repič Slovenian National Building and Civil X-ray computed microtomography. X-ray radiography and computed microto- Engineering Institute mography revealed the internal structure and the presence of compartments. Raman spectroscopy, HSI, and FTIR identified the presence and distribution of Miha Humar University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical pigments and materials such as titanium dioxide (rutile), polyester/alkyd resin, ni- Faculty trocellulose, and aragonite. The latter indicates limescale deposits. These findings will inform the development of an optimal restoration procedure for the Vertikale Jaka Levanič University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical kinetic object. Faculty Acknowledgements Polonca Ropret The authors would like to thank the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (ARIS) Institute for the Protection of Cultural for the financial support, following grants (projects): E-RIHS.SI (infrastructure program I0- Heritage of Slovenia; E012), research core funding No. P2 0273 and No. I0-0032. University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology © 2025 Authors(s) 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Poster https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.26 39 Lidija Korat Bensa Use of X-Ray Computed Tomography for Heritage Slovenian National Building and Civil Conservation Engineering Institute lidija.korat@zag.si X-ray computed microtomography (XCT) is one of the most powerful non-destructive Rožle Repič visualisation techniques for the full-field examination of an object, as it is able to Slovenian National Building and Civil provide morphological and physical information about the internal structure of Engineering Institute the examined sample. In addition, XCT data allows the extraction of a very precise © 2025 Authors(s) surface model of the specimen, more accurate than the surface model captured by handheld scanners, and the technique is already well established in the field of cultural heritage preservation. The wide variety of sizes and composition that characterise archaeological finds and artefacts requires specific expertise in to-mographic systems. Two main objectives have been achieved in recent years: to enable conservators to carry out examinations using this powerful method and to make CT equipment available to museums and conservation centres. In recent years, our research group has been able to carry out high-resolution XCT on both small objects (voxel size of a few micrometres) and large objects (up to 0.5 m in size). We will report on our experiences with XCT diagnostics of cultural artefacts and present a number of case studies. Acknowledgements The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency (research core funding No. P2 0273,No. I0-0032 and J7-50226). 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Poster https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.27 40 Anja Jerčič Jakob Project: Degraded Environments – University of Ljubljana, Revitalising Cultural Spaces through Art Faculty of Education anja.jercic@pef.uni-j.si The Project Degraded Environments and Their Revitalisation into Cultural Spaces Uršula Podobnik through Art emerged from the ever-present question of the relationship with the University of Ljubljana, environment. We focussed on the possibility of preserving the cultural traces of Faculty of Education time and developing ideas on how spaces whose original function has changed Vita Čepič or withered over time can be refilled with content so that they are left to decay. University of Ljubljana, The project was multidisciplinary in nature and combined content from fields that Faculty of Education are otherwise rarely encountered, e.g. cultural heritage from an educational per- Zala Simčič spective, industrial archaeology, digital technology, textile technology, etc. When University of Ljubljana, searching for sites, we started from the database of functionally degraded areas Faculty of Education (FDO; http://crp.gis.si/bf_map). However, we did not want to diminish the indi- © 2025 Authors(s) vidual views of the participants. They were able to focus their project on the en- vironment in their neighbourhood and the specific problems associated with it. This led to different aspects, effects and consequences of degraded areas (eco-logical, social, etc.). The project involved 12 lecturers from different faculties of the University of Ljubljana, the Slovenian National Institute of Civil Engineering, the National Museum of Slovenia and the Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art Metelkova, as well as 33 participants. In intensive interaction between partici-pants and mentors, draft concepts for projects were developed. Part of the project also served to develop research skills. Depending on the type of degraded site, different aspects and research methods had to be applied. As it turned out, the project included knowledge that is often insufficiently integrated into the peda-gogical process and therefore remains alien to the young population. At the same time, these problems have a significant impact on future generations, so it is ad-visable to develop their skills so that they themselves are able to make certain cre-ative changes and contribute directly to the revitalisation of their environment. The project Degraded Environments and Their Revitalisation into a Cultural Space with Art was carried out under the auspices of the UL umbrella project for a sus-tainable society – ULTRA, Lifelong Learning and Micro-Credentials Pilot Group. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Poster https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.28 41 Katja Kavkler Analyses Reveal a Rare Wall-Painting Technique Institute for the Protection of Cultural on an Ancient Building in Celje Heritage of Slovenia katja.kavkler@zvkds.si In 2018, an ancient building containing thousands of fragments of wall paintings Irena Kralj Cigić was discovered under the Muzejski trg in Celje. Since then, the paintings have University of Ljubljana, been conserved (some of the walls are in situ, while the ceiling is in the IPCH Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology Restoration Centre). As part of the regular process, samples of the paintings were taken to analyse the materials. Particular attention was paid to the painting tech- © 2025 Authors(s) nique and the possible use of organic binders, as the surface of the paintings ap-peared unusual to the trained eye: the background was smooth and shiny, while the figures and ornaments were painted in relief over the surface and had a matt appearance. Cross-sections of the paint layers showed that the background paint had pen-etrated the intonaco plaster layers, indicating that the surface plaster layer was still wet when the background paint was applied. Other paint layers were ap-plied to the previously dried background, indicating the use of the secco painting technique. Therefore, particular attention was paid to the possible presence of an organic binder. Initial analyses were carried out using FTIR spectroscopy, which identified the carbonyl band in the bulk samples. Further analyses of extracted samples and cotton swabs from surface cleaning tests revealed spectra similar to beeswax, as well as features typical of free fatty acids. As the FTIR results are not selective, GC-MS was used to identify the paint binder in more details. The results confirmed the presence of fatty acids and long-chain organic compounds typical of both linseed oil and beeswax, suggesting a mix-ture of both as binders. This confirmed that the antique wall paintings from the ancient building from Muzejski trg in Celje were painted using the encaustic tech-nique. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Poster https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.29 42 Lucie Görlichová Reading a Historical Dress: Analysis and Decomposition University of Maribor, as the Basis for a Virtual Reconstruction Faculty of Mechanical Engineering lucie.gorlichova@um.si Analysing historical garments offers valuable insights into past material culture, Andreja Rudolf social norms, and craft practices. This study focuses on a two-piece silk dress from University of Maribor, the second half of the nineteenth century held in the clothing heritage collection Faculty of Mechanical Engineering of the Maribor Regional Museum and applies the methodological framework of © 2025 Authors(s) the book The Dress Detective (Mida & Kim, 2015) to examine its material, construc- tion, and cultural significance. The dress, which consists of a bustle-supported skirt and a fitted jacket with a princess line, is an example of the fashionable sil-houette of the 1870s–1880s, with its extremely narrow waist, rich embellishments, and intricate details such as lace, pleats, and fabric-covered buttons. Made from natural fibres (probably silk, cotton, linen) and sewn both by hand and with early machine stitches, the dress reflects the transitional tailoring techniques of the period. The analysis revealed functional solutions, including a concealed pocket, as well as non-traditional design features, such as an unusual bust dart (beneath the dec-orative gathered band in the bust area). At the same time, signs of wear, alter-ations, and damage/deterioration were documented, testifying to the active use of the dress and later adaptations. Beyond its aesthetic qualities, the dress con-veys ideals of femininity, social status, and physical discipline that characterised late nineteenth-century fashion. By dissecting the dress into its structural and ma-terial components, the study demonstrates how object-based analysis provides essential data for virtual reconstruction and enables the preservation of its tech-nical and cultural information beyond the physical boundaries of the textile. This work thus emphasises the potential of systematic analysis of garments to serve not only as a research method in the history of dress, but also as a basis for the de-velopment of digital strategies for documenting and preserving textile heritage for future generations. Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank the Maribor Regional Museum for access to the studied garments. References Mida, I., & Kim, A. (2015). The dress detective. Bloomsbury Publishing. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Poster https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.30 43 Žiga Šmit Recent Archaeometric Research Using Ion-Beam Methods University of Ljubljana at the Jožef Stefan Institute Faculty of Mathematics and Physics; Jožef Stefan Institute At the Tandetron accelerator of the Jožef Stefan Institute, proton-induced X-ray ziga.smit@fmf.uni-lj.si emission (PIXE) and proton-induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) have recently Eva Menart been used for the analysis of archaeological glass and metals. For glass, we carried Jožef Stefan Institute; out three series of measurements on prehistoric material-glass beads from Novo National Museum of Slovenia Mesto, Ig near Ljubljana, and Ljubljana (SAZU courtyard), together with several © 2025 Authors(s) other sites – with the aim of identifying glass types and exploring relationships between sites. Beads from Ig near Ljubljana comprise glass manufactured using natron-based alkalis, in line with the dominant types circulating in the Late Iron Age and, later, the Roman period. Beads from Novo Mesto – mostly dated to the Early Iron Age – are also mainly natron-based, although a few are made using wood-ash alkalis with a prominent potassium fraction, characteristic of Late Bronze Age glass from northern Italy following the introduction of wood-ash fluxes. Among beads from the SAZU courtyard and other Late Bronze Age sites we identified alkalis derived from wood ash and halophytic plants, as well as natron. Several beads exhibited elevated boron and lithium concentrations, consistent with raw-material associ-ations to thermal springs in Asia Minor. A second assemblage – Late Antique and medieval glass – includes finds from the Capuchin Garden in Koper (Capodistria), whose results have been published (Šmit & Milavec, 2025). Part of this glass is natron-based and exhibits a high degree of recycling, a typical feature of Late Antique glass of Egyptian and Levantine origin. Other samples are unrecycled, indicating their increasing role in later glass mar-kets. The medieval glass, made using halophyte ash, corresponds compositionally to glasses circulating across the eastern Mediterranean from the eleventh century onwards. We also analysed Byzantine glass from Morava and Braničevo (Serbia), which comprises natron-based material, glass made with halophytic-plant ash, and glass using mineral-alkali sources in Asia Minor (Balvanović et al., 2025). Among metal objects, we analysed a series of the earliest Hungarian silver coins held at the National Museum of Slovenia (Šmit & Šemrov, 2025). We distinguished lower-quality silver issues in the twelfth century, whereas the Mongol invasion in 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Figure 2 Distribution of Glass from Koper into Groups Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) (after Šmit & Milavec, 2025) Figure 1 Analysis of Tinning on Armour from Hrušica Poster https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.31 44 the mid-thirteenth century did not affect metal quality. We also analysed Bronze Age bronze samples collected during field surveys in Hungary (detailed study on-going). A preliminary analysis of Late Roman armour from Hrušica showed that its silver-like appearance was achieved by tinning. Collaborators: Roman Balvanović, Matija Črešnar, Janka Istenič, Kaja Lipoglavšek, Tina Milavec, Tjaša Mržljak, Gábor Sánta, Andrej Šemrov, Brina Škvor Jernejčič, Petra Vojakovič. References Šmit, Ž., & Milavec, T. (2025). Analysis of Late Antique and medieval glass from Koper (Capodistria, Slovenia): Insights into glass consumption and production at the turn of the first millennium CE. Materials, 18(9), 2135. Balvanović, R., Šmit, Ž., Marić Stojanović, M., Spasić-Ðurić, D., & Branković, T. (2025). Coloured glass bracelets from Middle Byzantine (11th–12th century CE) Morava and Braničevo (Serbia). Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports, 61, 104950. Šmit, Ž., & Šemrov, A. (2025). Analysis of Hungarian silver coinage of the eleventh to thir- teenth centuries held in the National Museum of Slovenia. Archeometriai műhely, 22(3), 223–235. 45 Rok Hafner From Frescoes to the Cloud: A Digital Twin of the Church Institute for the Protection of Cultural of the Holy Trinity for Monitoring and Documenting Heritage of Slovenia rok.hafner@zvkds.si Conservation-Restoration Processe Matej Župančič Institute for the Protection of Cultural Hrastovlje is among the most important cultural and historical monuments in Heritage of Slovenia Slovenia. At the center of the village stands fortified the Romanesque-Gothic Church of the Holy Trinity, built in the 12th century, whose interior is adorned Anka Batic Institute for the Protection of Cultural with frescoes by Janez of Kastav dating to around 1490. Due to its artistic, his- Heritage of Slovenia torical, and symbolic significance, the church has been declared a monument of national importance and is included on UNESCO’s tentative list of World Heritage © 2025 Authors(s) Sites. The documentation of conservation-restoration interventions is essential for the preservation of cultural heritage, as it ensures traceability of the work carried out, enables comparisons of conditions over time, and guarantees transparency in the methods and materials used. It provides a foundation for future research and in-terventions while strengthening accountability toward heritage. With the inte-gration of modern digital tools such as 3D scanning and digital twins, documen-tation is becoming increasingly accessible, comprehensive, and valuable for both professionals and the wider public. The virtual 3D model was created using a combination of scanning and model-ing, enabling an accurate digital reproduction of the physical object or space. Tex-tures derived from orthophoto images were applied to the base model, ensuring high visual fidelity and a realistic representation of surfaces. The resulting digital twin was integrated into the company’s cloud system, allowing easy access and interaction. The model supports data entry, element mapping, and information storage, with all data georeferenced to maintain precise spatial correlation. Since the conservation-restoration process is currently in the preparatory phase, the entered data reflects the pre-intervention condition. As the restoration work pro-gresses, the data at the same locations will be updated or supplemented. In this way, the digital model provides a comprehensive overview of activities through-out the monument’s maintenance process. Its digital format also enables data mi-gration between different systems, facilitating use and analysis in a wide range of other applications. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Poster https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.32 46 Zala Žarkovič Lime-Gypsum Renders Reinforced with Mineralised Slovenian National Building and Civil Hemp Fibres for Sustainable Renovation Engineering Institute; Jožef Štefan International Postgraduate School Biofibres have been used in construction for centuries, but their renewed use to- zala.zarkovic@zag.si day is increasingly driven by sustainability principles and the demand for low- carbon building materials. Hemp fibres are particularly attractive because they Sabina Dolenec Slovenian National Building and Civil can improve thermal and acoustic insulation as well as the mechanical proper- Engineering Institute; ties of renders (Özodabaş, 2023). However, their natural ignitability and high wa- University of Ljubljana, ter absorption remain a challenge. Therefore, this research focuses on the devel- Faculty of Natural Sciences and opment of low-carbon lime-gypsum renders reinforced with mineralised hemp Engineering fibres using traditional technology, as the lime-gypsum binder is not only a low- Mateja Golež temperature material but is also considered the highest-quality binder for stucco Slovenian National Building and Civil decoration (Válek et al., 2020). Engineering Institute The study investigates two main aspects: (i) the effect of hemp-fibre length on Andreja Pondelak the mechanical performance of lime-gypsum renders and (ii) the role of mineral- Slovenian National Building and Civil isation in improving fire resistance. In addition, waste gypsum is combined with Engineering Institute quicklime to avoid the need for calcination to obtain an air binder (hemihydrate) © 2025 Authors(s) (Golež, Pogačnik, & Mladenović, 2018). This approach reduces the need for natural gypsum and contributes to waste reduction. It aligns with the circular economy and the principles of the New European Bauhaus, which emphasise sustainability, aesthetics, and integration (Rojas et al., 2019). Lime-gypsum binders were produced by mixing calcium quicklime (CL 90-Q) with various proportions (5–50 wt) of waste gypsum. The phase composition of the samples was characterised using X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermogravi-metric and differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA), and microstructural analysis by scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS). Renders were reinforced with hemp fibres of different lengths (0.5, 2, and 10 mm), and compressive strength was determined after 28 days. Mineralisa-tion treatments were carried out to improve fire resistance and reduce the water absorption of the fibres. Water-absorption tests were also performed. This research demonstrates the potential of combining biofibres, carbonate-based flame retardants, and industrial by-products to produce sustainable, low-carbon building materials with improved mechanical performance, increased fire safety, and reduced environmental impact. References Özodabaş, A. (2023). Reinforcement of cementitious mortars with hemp fibers and shives. Open Chemistry, 21(1), 20220335. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2022-0335 Válek, J., Skružná, O., Kozlovcev, P., Frankeová, D., Mácová, P., Viani, A., & Kumpová, I. (2020). 3rd Annual Conference Composition and technology of the seventeenth-century stucco decorations at Čer- of the Slovenian Node vená Lhota Castle in Southern Bohemia. International Journal of Architectural Heritage, of the European Research 14(7), 1042–1057. https://doi.org/10.1080/15583058.2020.1731627 Infrastructure Golež, M., Pogačnik, Ž., & Mladenović, A. (2018). Laboratory-prepared lime-gypsum mix- for Heritage Science tures based on the know-how of traditional technology. Journal of Cultural Heritage, E-RIHS Slovenia 32, 38–43. Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Rojas, C., Cea, M., Iriarte, A., Valdés, G., Navia, R., & Cárdenas-R., J. P. (2019). Thermal insu- lation materials based on agricultural residual wheat straw and corn husk biomass for application in sustainable buildings. Sustainable Materials and Technologies, 20, e00102. Poster https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.33 47 Sabina Dolenec Evaluation of Calcium-Based Consolidants for Wall Slovenian National Building and Civil Paintings on Dolomitic Lime Renders Engineering Institute; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Wall paintings on dolomitic lime renders face specific conservation challenges Engineering due to the fragile nature of the substrate. Unlike widely studied calcium lime, sabina.dolenec@zag.si dolomitic lime mortars contain several magnesium phases (e.g., brucite and Zala Žarkovič magnesium hydroxide carbonates), which can affect durability. Historically used Slovenian National Building and Civil in Italy, France, Germany, Austria, the UK, and Slovenia (especially in Baroque Engineering Institute; wall paintings), dolomitic mortars are prone to shrinkage, microcracking, ef- Jožef Štefan International Postgraduate florescence, and pigment alteration due to their high water retention and un- School even carbonation. Conservation of wall paintings executed on dolomitic sub- Ajda Mladenović strates presents further challenges, as many inorganic consolidation treatments Institute for the Protection of Cultural are chemically incompatible with high magnesium content, limiting effective Heritage of Slovenia intervention options. Recent developments in material science have focused Andreja Pondelak on carbonate-based consolidants, which penetrate well and improve substrate Slovenian National Building and Civil strength. This study evaluates the effectiveness of three such consolidants: Cal- Engineering Institute cium acetoacetate (CFW), Nanorestore (NR), and NanoLaq (NL) – used individu- © 2025 Authors(s) ally and in combinations. Their complementary chemistry was tested on model wall painting samples (using red ochre and azurite on dolomitic lime render, lime secco technique). Applications included single treatments and combina-tions (e.g., CFW + NR CFW+ NL, etc.). Samples were analysed over time (30, 90 days) using different analythical tech-niques. Non-invasive methods included surface hardness testing, ultrasonic ve-locity measurements and micro-invasive method as the drilling resistance mea-surement system (DRMS) to measure penetration depth and increase in mechan-ical properties after the consolidation. Spectrophotometry was used to monitor colour changes after the application of consolidant. On site study has been also performed. The results show that the colours are slightly darker after consolidation with CFW and the combination of CFW and NL. In contrast, consolidation with NR and the combination of CFW and NR results in slightly lighter areas (white spots), while there is no significant colour change after treatment with NL. The measurements of surface hardness show that in most cases the values are higher compared to the untreated substrate. Similarly, DRMS measurements show increased values for CFW and NL alone, as well as for the combination of CFW with NR. The results contribute to better understanding of dolomitic lime interaction with carbonate-based consolidants and sustainable practices in preservation of wall paintings. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Poster https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.34 48 Martina Blečić Kavur Inside Ancient Osor (Cres Island, Croatia) University of Primorska, Faculty of Humanities Ancient Osor, situated on the isthmus between Cres and Lošinj, was one of the martina.blecic.kavur@upr.si most significant centres in the Kvarner region and an important maritime hub Mateusz Cwaliński of the northern Adriatic. Its role in intercultural networks during the last millen- University of Gdańsk nium BCE is reflected in ancient written sources that associate the site with both Boris Kavur mythological traditions and the circulation of essential metals. University of Primorska, As part of the international research project Osor beyond the Myth (N6-0292), Faculty of Humanities new investigations were conducted using a multidisciplinary approach. In addi- Mario Novak tion to geoarchaeological, geophysical, and underwater investigations, detailed Institute for Anthropological Research analyses of material culture from settlements, graves, and underwater contexts Zagreb; were carried out. Archaeometallurgical, bioarchaeological, and anthropological University of Primorska, studies were complemented by chemical and isotopic analyses (amber, tin, stron- Faculty of Humanities tium, aDNA). Wayne G. Powell Most of the material culture originates from necropolises located both within and Brooklyn College of CUNY outside the urban area. The value of the items, particularly jewellery and clothing, © 2025 Authors(s) indicates both local production and imports from various regions. Earlier inter- pretations had demonstrated extensive Alpine, Pannonian, and Mediterranean connections; the new data provide more detailed insights into these networks. The results address key gaps, providing new insights into the provenance of raw materials, Osor’s role in economic networks, and aspects of the population’s health and diet. For the first time, they offer a clear understanding of the society and lifestyle of the period, while highlighting Osor’s strategic significance in the maritime and cultural networks of the northern Adriatic during the last millen-nium BCE. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Figure 1 Osor (photo: Hrvoje Serdar) Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS) project N6-0297 (From Sea to Sea). The radiocarbon dating was supported under Research Programme Partnership in Priority Areas PNII MEN-UEFISCDI, contract PN 23210102 and PN 23210201. Experiments were carried out at the 1 MV Tandetron™ accelerator from ‘Horia Hulubei’ National Institute for Physics and Nuclear Engineering (IFIN-HH) and were supported by the Romanian Government Pro-gramme through the National Programme for Infrastructure of National Interest (IOSIN). Poster https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.35 49 Špela Pok A Historical Apothecary Cabinet: Towards Understanding University of Ljubljana, the Composition of the Powdered Contents Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology spela.pok@fkkt.uni-lj.si The National Museum of Slovenia houses a walnut apothecary travelling cabinet with wrought-iron fittings, dated to the 17th or 18th century. The cabinet contains Gašper Oitzl fourteen compartments of varying shapes, a concealed drawer, several original National Museum of Slovenia metal and one ceramic container, and fourteen paper bags containing visually Hend Mahgoub different powdered materials. To better understand the nature and composition University of Ljubljana, of these powders, nine representative samples were analyzed in collaboration be- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology tween the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, and the National Museum of Slovenia. Irena Kralj Cigić A multi-analytical approach was applied to provide a comprehensive characteri- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical zation of the samples. Handheld X-ray fluorescence (XRF) was used to determine Technology elemental composition, while Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy with at- tenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) provided information on the presence of Matija Strlič University of Ljubljana, functional groups. And additionally, headspace solid-phase microextraction cou- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical pled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) was used Technology to investigate the potential presence of volatile organic compounds. © 2025 Authors(s) The analyses consistently indicated that the powders are inorganic in nature. Tin was identified as the dominant element, with additional occurrences of calcium, iron, and traces of lead. No organic functional groups were detected with FTIR-ATR, and SPME-GC-MS did not reveal volatile organic compounds. These results suggest that powders cannot be associated with organic pharmaceutical ingre-dients. Although the absence of organic compounds limits direct insight into historical formulations, the results provide a clearer picture of the material content of the box, support informed conservation decisions, and illustrate the benefits of inter-disciplinary collaboration in advancing the study of pharmaceutical heritage. Acknowledgements This work was supported by the Slovenian Research Agency (ARIS) project J7-50233 (Smell and Intangible Cultural Heritage) and by the Programme Group P1-0447 (N-DAD: Non-destructive Analysis and Diagnostics). 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Poster https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.36 50 Tita Janc Investigating the Composition of Early Medieval Leiden University Silver Coins: The Case of Sceattas tita.janc@outlook.com Dennis Braekmans The elemental composition of a previously unanalysed group of of series D, E and Leiden University X sceattas from the numismatic collection of the De Nederlandsche Bank was in- Frans Theuws vestigated using portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF). These small silver coins ap- Leiden University pear in the archaeological record from roughly c. 680–750 CE and are believed © 2025 Authors(s) to have been used to facilitate long-distance trade among the emporia of north- western Europe (op den Velde & Klaassen 2004). This study focused on sceattas from the Low Countries. A total of 183 sceattas were analysed. These included those from the Remmerden hoard, of which 135 were Series D sceattas and 5 belonged to the primary Series E. Additionally, 43 Series X sceattas were also included. The elemental compositions of the obverse and reverse face of each sceatta were measured. The coins were not cleaned or polished prior to analysis. Analyses were performed with a Bruker Tracer 5g portable XRF spectrometer. To obtain quantitative data (in wt) of the relevant elements the ‘Precious Metals 2’ factory calibration was used. This study was the first time such a large sample of Series D sceattas was available for analysis. The results indicated the potential of two separate groupings, the ‘higher-Au-lower-Cu’ and ‘lower-Au-higher-Cu’ groups within the series. While the differences were not sufficient to declare the groups as entirely distinct, likely due to them having been intermixed, this is still an interesting finding. For the primary Series E varieties their respective Au/Ag ratios revealed significant differ-ences between them. Series X displayed the most variability in its composition. The finest coins contained over 90 silver, followed by groups containing 70– 90 and 50–60 silver. Finally, five of the coins were found to have been made of pure copper. The discovery of two potentially distinct compositional groups of Series D sceat-tas was only possible due to the large sample size of available, which highlights the potential of large-scale compositional studies. The data suggests Series X sceattas were partly recycled from other series, with added base metals to extend silver supplies. Further non-pXRF analyses are needed to confirm these complex minting practices. References Op Den Velde, W., & Klaassen, C. J. (2004). Sceattas and Merovingian deniers from Domburg and Westenschouwen. Koninklijk Zeeuwsch Genootschap der Wetenschappen. 3rd Annual Conference of the Slovenian Node of the European Research Infrastructure for Heritage Science E-RIHS Slovenia Koper, 18–19 November 2025 Poster https://doi.org/10.26493/978-961-293-546-7.37 51 University of Primorska Press hippocampus.si