ACTA BIOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA 2004 Vol. 47, Št. 1: 31-43 Sprejeto (accepted): 2003-11-21 Algae of specific environments in Slovenia Alge posebnih okolij v Sloveniji Aleksandra KRIVOGRAD KLEMENČIČ1 , Danijel VRHOVŠEK2, Nataša SMOLAR-ŽVANUT2 and Gorazd KOSP 1 Čušperk 51, 1290 Grosuplje, Slovenia 2 Limnos d.o.o, Podlimbarskega 31, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia, Tel./Fax: 01 505 73 86 E-mail: info@Iimnos.si 3 National Institute of Biology, Večna pot 111, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia Abstract. Algae studies were carried out in some specific biotopes of Slovenia: eutrophic lakes (Koseški bajer, Sotelsko jezero), peat bogs (Lovrenška jezera, Šijec), waterfalls (Savica, Krka falls, small waterfall on Pohorje), springs (springs at Medvedje Brdo and Pohorje, hot spring at Terme Čatež, mineral spring at Rimski vrelec), brackish waters (Fiesa lake, Dragonja estuary), hypereutrophic biotopes (manure water, constructed wetlands), aerial biotopes (concrete wall, stony wall, lime tree trunk (Tilia platyphyllos), limestone rock, Krška jama cave) and the Dragonja River. Samples were taken seasonally at 26 sampling sites in 1998, 1999, 2000 and 200 l. Similarity in species structure and abundance of algae were determined with the Bray-Curtis coefficient of similarity. Altogether, 537 species and subspecies of algae (of nine classes) were deter- mined and most of them belonged to Bacillariophyceae. 146 species and sub- species were identified for the first tirne in Slovenia; of these 107 belonged to Bacillariophyceae, 28 to Cyanophyceae, six to Chlorophyceae, four to Zygnematophyceae and one to Xanthophyceae. The appearance of almost half of ali species and subspecies was limited to a single sampling site. Eight species (Achnanthes minutissima, Cymbella affinis, Cymbella silesiaca, Gomphonema angustum, Navicula veneta, Navicula sp., Phorrnidium sp. and Trentepohlia aurea) were present in more than half of ali spe- cific biotopes. Key words: algae, eutrophic lakes, waterfalls, springs, peat bogs, aerial biotopes, constructed wetlands, caves, brackish waters, manure waters Izvleček. V prispevku je predstavljena raziskava alg v nekaterih posebnih biotopih v Sloveniji: eutrofnihjezerih (Koseški bajer, Sotelsko jezero), visokih bar- 32 Acta Biologica Slovenica, 47 (1), 2004 jih (Lovrenška jezera, Šijec ), slapovih (Savica, slapovi na Krki, slapič na Pohorju), izvirih (izvir na Medvedjem Brdu in Pohorju, termalni izvir v Termah Čatež, mineralni izvir Rimski vrelec), brakičnih vodah Gezero v Fiesi, izliv Dragonje), hiperevtrofnih biotopih (gnojevka, rastlinskih čistil­ nih napravah), kopenskih biotopih (betonski zid, kamniti zid, deblo lipe (Tilia platyphyllos), apnenčasta skala, Krška jama) in reki Dragonji. Vzorci so bili odvzeti na 26 vzorčnih mestih v letih 1998, 1999, 2000 in 2001. Z Bray - Curtisovim koeficientom podobnosti je bila ugotovljena podobnost v vrstni strukturi in abundanci alg. Skupno je bilo določenih 537 vrst in podvrst alg iz devetih razredov, po številu določenih vrst so prevladovale Bacillariophyceae. 146 vrst in podvrst je bilo v Sloveniji prvič zabeleženih, od tega jih 107 pripada razredu Bacillariophyceae, 28 razredu Cyanophyceae, šest razredu Chlorophyceae, štiri razredu Zygnematophyceae in ena razredu Xanthophyceae. Pojavljanje skoraj polovice vseh določenih vrst in podvrst je bilo omejeno na posamezna vzorčna mesta. Osem vrst (Achnanthes minutissima, Cymbella affinis, Cymbella silesiaca, Gomphonema angustum, Navicula veneta, Navicula sp., Phormidium sp. in Trentepohlia aurea) je bilo prisotnih v več kot polovici vseh posebnih biotopov. Ključne besede: alge, eutrofna jezera, slapovi, izviri, visoka barja, kopenski biotopi, rastlinske čistilne naprave, jame, brakične vode, gnojevka Introduction Algae are present in sea water, brackish water, freshwater and in aerial biotopes. Same of them exist also in specific environments like snow, hot springs, caves, peat bogs, etc. In Slovenia, the num- ber of specific environments is very large because of its geographic diversity and a relatively low degree of pollution. Algae in such environments have been investigated only partly, despite the exceptional species diversity. Because most algal species are spread worldwide, they are not considered to be an endangered group of organisms. It is also difficult to consider a single algal species to be endangered. Changing or even disappearing of some ecosystems ( desiccation of swamps, regulation of rivers, building of artifi- cial lakes, polluted rivers, etc.) causes quality and quantity changes in algal associations. In most cases, the species diversity lowers and consequently, the numerousness of species, which are tolerant to changes in ecosystems, increases. In the case of a permanent change of ecosystems ( desiccated swamps and peat bogs, etc.), the algal species in such areas could be !ost forever (Kosi & VRHOVŠEK 1996). We investigated algae in some specific biotopes of Slovenia, i.e. the biotopes with low pH, high temperature, high or low conductivity, low light, high velocity of water flow, low humidity, the envi- ronments rich in food, etc. Our purpose was to establish the species structure and the abundance of species and subspecies in those biotopes. With regard to special ecological conditions, particular attention was given to the species and subspecies present only in specific biotopes and to those exist- ing in various biotopes. The study was carried out in biotopes of Slovenia that have been investigat- ed only partly or never before: eutrophic lakes (Koseški bajer, Sotelsko jezero), peat bogs (Šijec, Lovrenška jezera), springs (spring at Medvedje Brdo, spring on Pohorje, hot spring at Terme Čatež, mineral spring at Rimski vrelec), waterfalls (Savica, Krka falls, small waterfall on Pohorje), aerial biotopes (concrete wall, stony wall, !ime tree trunk (Tilia platyphyllos), limestone rock, Krška jama cave), the Dragonja River, brackish lake at Fiesa, manure water and two constructed wetlands (Barje, A. Krivograd Klemenčič. D. Vrhovšek. N. Smolar-Žvanut and G. Kosi: Algae of... 33 Dragonja). Altogether, 26 sampling sites were investigated. For description of sampling sites, see KRIVOGRAD KLEMENČIČ (2001). Materials and Methods Samples were taken seasonally in 1998, 1999, 2000 and 2001. For the dates of sampling, see KRIVOGRAD KLEMENČIČ (2001). In lakes, peat bogs, springs, waterfalls and in the Dragonja River, the samples of periphyton for qualitative analysis were brushed from the surface of stones, rocks, wood, macrophytes and other sunk objects like bottles, plastic and iron objects, etc. In peat bogs, the Krka falls, the spring at Medvedje Brdo and the small waterfall on Pohorje, the samples of periphyton for qualitative analysis were also squeezed out of water mosses. In the mineral spring at Rimski vrelec and the hot spring at Terme Čatež, the samples of periphyton were brushed from the bottom and the walls of the fountains. Terrestrial algae were brushed from a limestone rock, a concrete wall, a stony wall and a lime tree trunk. In the Krška jama cave, algae were brushed from the rock bellow the light, which was most distant from the cave entrance. The samples of manure water were taken on the grassland above the manure pit. The samples of the Barje constructed wetland were taken from the collecting pool. The samples of phytoplankton were taken also in lakes (Koseški Bajer, Sotelsko jezero, Fiesa lake), peat bogs (Lovrenška jezera, Šijec) and in the Dragonja estuary. The samples were immediately bottled and preserved in a four per cent solution of formalde- hyde, except the samples of manure water and the samples from both constructed wetlands, which were first examined and then preserved. All samples were treated by concentrated HN03 to deter- mine the species from the Bacillariophyceae class. We determined the species and subspecies of algae using a light microscope and according to the following determination keys: LAZAR (1960), BOURRELLY (1966, 1968, 1970), STARMACH (1966, 1968, 1972, 1974, 1977, 1980, 1983), GOLUBIC (1967), KRAMMER & LANGE-BERTALOT (1986, 1988, 1991a, 1991b), POPOVSKY & PFIESTER (1990), HiNDAK (1978, 1996), CVIJAN & BLAŽENČIC (1996), LENZENWEGER (1996, 1997). Abundance was estimated by numbers from 1 to 5 (1-single, 2-rare, 3- customary, 4-frequent, 5-dominant). Similarity in species structure and the abundance of algae were determined by the Bray-Curtis coefficient of similarity. Results and Discussion Altogether, 537 species and subspecies of algae ( of nine classes) were determined. Most of them (295) belonged to Bacillariophyceae, 116 belonged to Cyanophyceae, 58 to Chlorophyceae, 44 to Zygnematophyceae, eight to Xanthophyceae, six to Dinophyceae, five to Euglenophyceae, three to Chrysophyceae and two to Florideophyceae. For algal species lists with the estimation of abundance for individual sampling sites, see KRIVOGRAD KLEMENČIČ (2001). Figure 1 shows the algal structure by classes at all 26 sampling sites. In the eutrophic lakes of Koseški bajer and Sotelsko jezero, the Savica waterfall, the Krka falls, the small waterfall on Pohorje, the spring at Medvedje Brdo, the mineral spring at Rimski vrelec, the peat bog at Lovrenška jezera, the Krška jama cave, the Fiesa brackish lake and the Dragonja River, most species and sub- species belonged to Bacillariophyceae, while in the Šijec peat bog those belonging to 34 "' Q) ·u Q) Q. "' .o :, "' " C "' lil " ·u .. Q. "' o ~ .o E :, C Figure 1: Alga! structure by classis at ali sampling sites Slika 1: Sestava alg po razredih na vseh vzorčnih mestih Acta Biologica Slovenica, 47 (!), 2004 1 •:: • Cyanophyceae • Florideophyceae !'il Dinophyceae lil! Xanthophyceae m Chrysophyceae • Bacillariophyceae l1l Euglenophyceae m Chlorophyceae cea Zygnematophyceae were predominant. In the spring on Pohorje, most species and subspecies belonged to Chlorophyceae and in the hot spring to Cyanophyceae. Cyanophyceae was predominant also in manure water, the Dragonja constructed wetland and in aerial biotopes (concrete wall, trunk of the lime tree). In the other two aerial biotopes (stony wall, limestone rock), most species and sub- species belonged to Bacillariophyceae. 146 new species and subspecies in Slovenia were determined, of these 107 belonged to Bacillariophyceae, 28 to Cyanophyceae, six to Chlorophyceae, four to Zygnematophyceae and one to Xanthophyceae (Table 1). Table 1: List of species and subspecies new to Slovenia Tabela 1: Seznam vrst in podvrst novih za Slovenijo A. Krivoerad Klemenčič . D. Vrhovšek. N. Smolar-Žvanut and G. Kosi: Algae of ... taxon CYANOPHYTA CYANOPHYCEAE Anabaena affinis Lemm. Borzia trilocularis Cohn Calothrix thermalis (Schwabe) Hansg. Gloeocapsa bituminosa (Bory) Kuetz. Lyngbya cryptovaginata Schkorbatoff Lyngbya hieronymusii Lemm. Lyngbya perelegans Lemm. Microcystis hansgirgiana (Hansgirg) Elenkin Microcystis viridis (Braun) Lemm. Nostoc spongiaeforme Agardh Oscillatoria laetevirens (Crouan) Gomont Phormidium angustissimum W. & G.S. West Phormidium dimorphum Lemm. Phormidium henningsii Lemm. Phormidium lignicola Fremy Phormidium rotheanum Itzig. Phormidium setchelianum Gomont Phormidium valderiae (Delp.) Geitler Plectonema terebrans Bomet & Flahault Pseudanabaena papillaterminata (Kisselev) Kukk Pseudospirulina amoena Pankow & Jahnke Schizothrixfriesii (Agardh) Gomont Spirulina jlavovirens Wislouch Spirulina gomontiana (Setchell) Geitler Spirulina meneghiniana Zanar. Spirulina tenuissima Kuetz. Synechocystis septentrionalis Skuja Tolypothrix cucullata Jaag HETEROKONTOPHYTA XANTHOPHYCEAE Characiopsis minima Pasch. BACILLARIOPHYCEAE Achnanthes amoena Hust. Achnanthes catenata Bily in Marvan Achnanthes lanceolata ssp. dubia (Grun.) Lan.-Bert. Achnanthes lanceolata ssp.frequentissima Lan.-Bert. Achnanthes oblongella Oestrup Achnanthes septata A. Cleve Amphora angusta (Greg.) Cleve Bacillaria paradoxa Gnalin Caloneis molaris (Grun.) Kramm. Cymatopleura solea var. apiculata (W.Smith) Ralfs Cymbella caespitosa (Kuetz.) Brun Cymbella cuspidata Kuetz. Cymbella descripta (Hust.) Kramm. & Lan.-B. Cymbella gaeumannii Meister Cymbella pusilla Grun. Cymbella tumidula var. lancettula Kramm. 35 36 Denticula kuetzingii Grun. Denticula subtilis Grun. Diatoma ehrenbergii Kuetz. Diatoma moniliformis Kuetz. Epithemia turgida var. granulata (Ehr.) Brun Eunotia circumborealis Noerpel in Lan.-Bert. Eunotia denticulata (Breb.) Raben. Eunotia microcephala Krass. Eunotia paludosa Grun. Fragilaria biceps (Kuetz.) Lan.-Bert. Fragilaria capucina var.mesolepta (Rab.) Rab Fragilaria montana (Krass.) Lan.-Bert. Fragilaria parasitica var. subconstricta Grun. Frustulia spicula Amosse Gomphonema amoenum Lan.-Bert. Gomphonema clevei Hust. Gyrosigma nodiferum (Grun.) Reimer Gyrosigma tenuissimum (W.Smith) Cleve Gyrosigma wansbeckii (Dankin) Cleve Melosira moniliformis (Muell.) Agardh Melosira nummuloides (Dillwyn) Agardh Navicula accomoda Hust. Navicula aerophila Krass. Navicula angusta Grun. Navicula bryophila Pet. Navicula capitata var. capitata Ehren. Navicula cincta (Ehren.) Ralfs & Prit. Navicula duerrenbergiana Hust. Navicula erifuga Lan.-Bert. Navicula goeppertiana (Bleisch) H.L. Smith Navicula gregaria Donkin Navicula harderii Hustedt Navicula heufleriana (Grun.) Cleve Navicula incertata Lan.-Bert. Navicula integra (W.Smith) Ralfs Navicula libonensis Schoeman Navicula margalithii Lan.-Bert. Navicula menisculus var. upsaliensis Grun. Navicula mutica var. ventricosa Cleve & Grun. Navicula nivalis Ehren. Navicula oppugnata Hust. Navicula pseudokotschyi Lan.-Bert. Navicula recens Lan.-Bert. Navicula salinarum Grun. Navicula schroeterii Meister Navicula subhamulata Grun. & Van Heurck Navicula suecorum var. dismutica (Hust.) Lan.-Bert Navicula viridula var. linearis Hust. Navicula viridula var. rostellata (Kuetz.) Cleve Navicula vitiosa Schiman. Neidium bisulcatum (Lager.) C!eve Neidium ladogensis (Cleve) Foged Nitzschia angustatula Lan.-Bert. Nitzschia calida Grun. Acta Biologica Slovenica, 47 (1), 2004 A. Krivograd Klemenčič, D. Vrhovšek, N. Smolar-Žvanut and G. Kosi: Algae of... Nitzschia capitellata Hust. Nitzschia commutatoides Lan.-Bert. Nitzschia compressa var. compressa (Bailey) Boyer Nitzschia constricta (Kuetz.) Ralfs Nitzschia dissipata var. media (Hant.) Grun. Nitzschiafiliformis var. conferta (Rich.) Lan.-Bert. Nitzschia flexa Schum. Nitzschia granulata Grun. Nitzschia levidensis var. salinarum Grun. Nitzschia linearis var. subtilis (Grun.) Hust. Nitzschia linearis var. tenuis (W.Smith) Grun. Nitzschia littoralis Grun. Nitzschia longissima var. genuina A.Cleve Nitzschia lorenziana Grun. Nitzschia navicularis (Breb.) Grun. Nitzschia perspicua Choln. Nitzschia recta var. robusta Hust. Nitzschia scalpelliformis Grun. Nitzschia sigma (Kuetz.) W.Smith Nitzschia sinuata var. delognei (Grun.) Lan.-Bert. Nitzschia sinuata var. tabellaria (Grun.) Grun. Nitzschia sociabilis Hust. Nitzschia vermicularis (Kuetz.) Hant. Nitzschia wuellerstorffii Lan.-Bert. Pinnularia divergens W. Smith Pinnularia microstauron var. brebissonii (Kuetz.) May. Pinnularia rupestris Ham. Pinnularia subcapitata var. hilseana ( Jan.) Muell. Pinnularia sudetica (Hilse) Peragallo Pleurosigma salinarum Grun. Pleurosigma strigosum W.Smith Rhizosolenia eriensis H.L.Smith Rhopalodia brebissonii Krammer Rhopalodia constricta (W.Smith) Kramm. Surirella brebissonii Kramm. & Lan.-Bert. Surirella constricta W.Smith Surirella striatula Turpin CHLOROPHYTA CHLOROPHYCEAE Elakatothrix biplex (Nyg.) Hindak Elakatothrix spirochroma (Rev.) Hindak Gloeobotrys monochloron Ettl. Koliella crassa Hindak Koliella variabilis (Nyg.) Hindak Scenedesmus velitaris Kom. ZYGNEMATOPHYCEAE Cosmarium pseudamoenum Wille Spondylosium pulchellum Arch. Spondylosium tetragonum W. West Staurastrum chaetoceras (Schr.) Smith 37 38 Acta Biologica Slovenica, 47 (1 ), 2004 The appearance of almost half of ali determined species and subspecies (248) was limited to a single sampling point. Eight species were determined in more than a half of ali specific biotopes (Table 2). The Phormidium sp. species was most frequent, present in eutrophic lakes, waterfalls, springs, brackish waters, the Dragonja River, aerial biotopes and hypereutrophic biotopes. The Achnanthes minutissima species was present in eutrophic lakes, peat bogs, waterfalls, springs, hot spring, brackish waters, the Dragonja River and in aerial biotopes. The Navicula veneta species was present in eutrophic lakes, waterfalls, springs, brackish waters, the Dragonja River, aerial biotopes and hypereutrophic biotopes. The Trentepohlia aurea species was present in peat bogs, waterfalls, springs, a hot spring, the Dragonja River, aerial biotopes, Krška jama cave and hypereutrophic biotopes. The Cymbella silesiaca species was present in eutrophic lakes, peat bogs, waterfalls, springs, brackish waters, the Dragonja River and hypereutrophic biotopes. The Gomphonema angus- tum species was present in eutrophic lakes, peat bogs, waterfalls, springs, brackish waters, the Dragonja River and aerial biotopes. The Navicula sp. species was present in eutrophic lakes, water- falls, springs, brackish waters, the Dragonja River, aerial biotopes and hipereutrophic biotopes. The Cymbella a.ffinis species was present in eutrophic lakes, peat bogs, falls, springs, brackish waters, the Dragonja River and aerial biotopes. Table 2: List of alga! species determined in more than half of ali specific biotopes Tabela 2: Seznam vrst prisotnih v več kot polovici vseh posebnih biotopov taxon sampling sites 'Phormidium sp. Koseški bajer, Sotelsko jezero, waterfall Savica, Krka falls, small waterfall on Pohorje, spring on Medvedje Brdo, spring on Pohorje, mineral spring Rimski vrelec, brackish lake Fiesa, river Dragonja, limestone rock, manure water, constructed wetland Dragonja Achnanthes minutissima Koseški bajer, Sotelsko jezero, peat bog Lovrenška jezera, waterfall Savica, Krka falls, small waterfall on Pohorje, spring on Medvedje Brdo, hot spring, mineral spring Rimski vrelec, brackish lake Fiesa, river Dragonja, limestone rock Navicula veneta Koseški bajer, Sotelsko jezero, waterfall Savica, Krka falls, small waterfall on Pohorje, spring on Medvedje Brdo, mineral spring Rimski vrelec, brackish lake Fiesa, river Dragonja, limestone rock, constructed wetland Dragonja Trentepohlia aurea peat bog Lovrenška jezera, waterfall Savica, small waterfall on Pohorje, spring on Medvedje Brdo, spring on Pohorje, hot spring, mineral spring Rimski vrelec, river Dragonja, stony wall, limestone rock, cave Krška jama, manure water, constructed wetland Dragonja Cymbella silesiaca Koseški bajer, Sotelsko jezero, peat bog Lovrenška jezera, waterfall Savica, Krka falls, small waterfall on Pohorje, spring on Medvedje Brdo, brackish lake Fiesa, river Dragonja, constructed wetland Barje Gomphonema angustum Koseški bajer, Sotelsko jezero, peat bog Lovrenška jezera, waterfall Savica, Krka falls, small waterfall on Pohorje, spring on Medvedje Brdo, brackish lake Fiesa, river Dragonja, limestone rock Navicula sp. Koseški bajer, Sotelsko jezero, waterfall Savica, Krka falls , small waterfall on Pohorje, spring on Medvedje Brdo, brackish lake Fiesa, river Dragonja, concrete wall, stony wall, manure water, constructed wetland Barje Cymbella affinis Koseški bajer, Lovrenška jezera, waterfall Savica, small waterfall on Pohorje, mineral spring Rimski vrelec, brackish lake Fiesa, river Dragonja, ston wall A. Krivograd Klemenčič, D. Vrhovšek, N. Smolar-Žvanut and G. Kosi: Algae of... 39 Bray-Curtis Coefficient of Similarity The Bray-Curtis coefficient showed no significant similarity in sampling sites with high water velocity (Fig. 2). The Krka falls were more similar to the Sotelsko jezero and to the Koseški bajer than to the Savica waterfall. In the Dragonja River the differences depended more on the season than on the water velocity. Therefore, the velocity does not significantly influence the species structure and the numerousness of algal association. Regarding the eutrophic waters, there is a similarity between the Sotelsko jezero, the Koseški bajer and the Krka River, while there is a very low similar- ity between them and the extreme eutrophic sampling sites (manure water and constructed wetlands), as only two common species were found there, i.e. Cymbella silesiaca and Navicula veneta. Similarity was determined between the brackish sampling points: the Fiesa lake and the Dragonja estuary. High influence of geological structure was also determined. All Dragonja River sampling sites (except the Dragonja estuary) were similar. Because of the limestone ground there was also a similarity between the Medvedje Brdo spring and the Savica waterfall. A higher similarity was expected between the spring and the small waterfall on Pohorje, but in the spring samples some ter- restrial species (Navicula contenta, Klebsormidium flaccidum, Trentepholia aurea) were found. Thus, the results showed that the spring on Pohorje was more similar to the terrestrial sampling sites, like the limestone rock and the Krška jama cave. There was a high similarity between the terrestrial sampling sites: the lime tree trunk, concrete wall and stony wall where limitation factors were the absence of food and humidity. High water temperature was the major limiting factor for species structure and the numerousness of algal association in the Terme Čatež hot spring. 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5 0,4 .n -~ 1 1 r 1 1 ____,,., y 1 1 . 1 - - ~ - 1 - F - 1 1 1 1 - _,,---,_ r l • 1 1 .-------, 1 1 -- 1 - 1 1 i7 ----r 1 1 0,3 0,2 0,1 - -1 - Sotelsko jezero.10.8.1999 Sotelsko iezero.20. 1 O. 1999 Sotelsko Jezero 26.9.98 Sotelsko jezero 9.5.99 Sotelsko jezero 22.2.2000 slapovi na Krki 13.2.2000 slapovi na Krki 20.9.98 slapovi na Krki 27.8.1999 slapovi na Krki 23.10.1999 slapovi na Krki 24.4.99 Koseški bajer 1.8.1999 Koseški bajer 4.5.99 Koseški bajer 17.10.1999 Koseški bajer 7.8.98 Koseški baJer 19.2.2000 Fiesa 29.7.1999 Fiesa 7.4.99 Fiesa 17.1.2000 Fiesa 18. 1 o. 1999 Fiesa 23.8.98 Dragonja izliv 29.7.1999 Dragon1a izliv 23.8.98 Drago~a izliv 18.10.1999 Dragonja izliv 17.1.2000 Dragonja izliv 20.3.99 Dragonja tolmun 29.7.1999 DragonJa počasi t. 29.7.1999 Dragonja Qrzica 29.7.1999 Dragonja Skrline 18.7.98 Dragonja tolmun 10.7.98 Dragonja počasi t. 10.7.98 Dragonja brzica 10.7.98 Dragonja tolmun 20.3.99 8~:~~~J: g~~!iJo~~gi99 Drago11a Škrline 20.3.99 Dragonja iočasi t. 17.1.2000 Dragonia rzica 17.1.2000 Dragonja krline 17.1.2000 DragonJa tolmun 17.1.2000 Dragonja tolmun 18.1 O. 1999 Dragonja brzica 18.1 O. 1999 g~;g~~J: ~:;~ 1d. ~: ~ g;g999 Dragonja Skrline 18. 1 O. 1999 Dragonja izvir 17.1.2000 DragonJa izvir 18. 7.98 Dragonja izvir 29.7.1999 Dragonja izvir 20.3.99 Dragonja izvir 18. 1 O. 1999 sa,,,.;ca 22.8.1999 Savica 25.3.2000 Savica 8.8.98 Savica 23.5.99 sa,,,.;ca 2.11.1999 izvir Medvedje B. 6.8.1999 izvir Medvedje B. 2.4.99 izvir Medvedje B. 17.10.1999 izvir Medvedje B. 19.2.2000 slap na Pohorju 7.8.1999 slap na Pohorju 25.7.98 slap na Pohorju 16. 1 O. 1999 slap na Pohorju 3.6.00 izvir Rimski v. 12.8.1999 izvir Rimski v. 20. 1 O. 1999 izvir Rimski v. 25.2.2000 izvir Rimski v. 14.5.00 !.Lovrenška j. 16.10.1999 tl.Lovrenškaj.16.10.1999 III.Lovrenškaj. 7.8.1999 I.Lovrenškaj. 7.8.1999 II.Lovrenškaj. 7.8.1999 III.Lovrenškaj. 16.10.1999 !.Lovrenška j. 3.6.2000 III.Lovrenška j. 3.6.2000 It.Lovrenška j. 3.6.2000 !.Lovrenška j. 25.7.1998 HI.Lovrenška j. 25.7.1998 ·. 25.7.1998 22.8.1999 2.11.1999 15.5.99 21.5.00 11.10.98 apnenčasta skala 23.10.99 apnenčasta skala 22.2.00 apnenčasta skata 9.5.00 apnenčasta skala 24.4.99 apnenčasta skala 15.8.99 Krška jama 12.9.99 Krška jama 13.2.00 Krška jama 1.7.00 Krška jama 20.9.98 izvir na Pohorju 7.8.1999 izvir na Pohorju 3.6.00 izvir na Pohorju 16. 1 O. 1999 deblo lipe 5.9.99 deblo lipe 28.2.00 deblo lipe 29.5.00 deblo lipe 3.5.99 betonski zid 20.5.00 betonski zid 4.5.99 betonski zid 5.9.99 betonski zid 21.2.00 kamniti zid 24.4.99 kamniti zid 12.9.99 kamniti zid 13.2.00 kamniti zid 1.7.00 termalni izvir 28.3.2000 termalni izvir 16.9.00 termalni izvir 15.1.2001 termalni izvir 20.11.00 gnojevka 3.11.00 gnoJevka 22.1.01 gnojevka 14.5.00 gnojevka 10.8.00 RCN Dragonja 25.11.00 ACN Dragonja 28.1.01 RCN Dragonja 25.7.00 RCN Barje 12.4.00 RCN BarJe 16.8.00 RCN Barje 20.11.00 RCN Barje 15.1.01 A. Krivograd Klemenčič, D. Vrhovšek. N. Smolar-Žvanut and G. Kosi: Aleae of... Povzetek 41 V nalogi smo raziskovali alge nekaterih posebnih biotopov Slovenije v različnih letnih časih od leta 1998 do 2001 z namenom ugotoviti kvalitativno vrstno sestavo algnih združb in pogostost pojavljanja posameznih vrst in podvrst alg v določenih biotopih s posebnimi okoljskimi dejavniki (nizek pH, visoka temperatura, visoka ali nizka elektroprevodnost, pomanjkanje svetlobe, visoka hitrost vodnega toka, pomanjkanje vlage, visoka vsebnost hranil itd.). Zanimale so nas predvsem vrste, ki so prisotne samo v posameznih posebnih biotopih in vrste, ki glede na posebne ekološke pogoje lahko nastopajo v večih posebnih biotopih hkrati. Omejili smo se na sladkovodne, brakične in kopenske biotope, ki dosedaj še niso bili ali pa so bili le delno raziskani. Alge smo določevali v evtrofnih jezerih (Koseški bajer, Sotelsko jezero), visokih barjih (barje Šijec, Lovrenška jezera), izvirih (kraški izvir na Medvedjem Brdu, izvir na Pohorju, termalni izvir v Termah Čatež, mineral- ni izvir Rimski vrelec), slapovih (lehnjakovi slapovi na reki Krki, slapič na Pohorju, slap Savica), raziskovali smo kopenske alge na apnenčasti skali, betonskem zidu, deblu lipe (Tilia platyphyllos) in v Krški jami ter alge v flišni reki Dragonji, brakičnem jezeru v Fiesi in hiperevtrofnih biotopih (gno- jevki in rastlinskih čistilnih napravah na deponijah Barje in Dragonja). Z Bray - Curtisovim koefi- cientom podobnosti smo ugotavljali podobnost v vrstni sestavi in pogostosti pojavljanja alg med posameznimi vzorčnimi mesti. Skupno smo na šestindvajsetih vzorčnih mestih določili 537 različnih vrst in podvrst alg iz devetih razredov. 295 vrst in podvrst pripada razredu Bacillariophyceae, 116 razredu Cyanophyceae, 58 razredu Chlorophyceae, 44 razredu Zygnematophyceae, 8 razredu Xanthophyceae, 6 razredu Dinophyceae, 5 razredu Euglenophyceae, 3 razredu Chrysophyceae in 2 razredu Florideophyceae. 146 določenih vrst in podvrst je novih za Slovenijo, od tega pripada 107 vrst in podvrst razredu kremenastih alg, 28 razredu Cyanophyceae, 6 razredu Chlorophyceae, 4 razredu Zygnematophyceae in 1 razredu Xanthophyceae. Pojavljanje skoraj polovice vseh določenih vrst in podvrst (248) je bilo omejeno na posamezna vzorčna mesta. Vrste Achnanthes minutissima, Cymbella affinis, Cymbella silesiaca, Gomphonema angustum, Navicula veneta, Navicula sp., Phormidium sp. in Trentepohlia aurea so splošno razširjene vrste, prisotne so bile v večini posebnih biotopov. Primerjava vrstnih sestavov algnih združb in pogostosti pojavljanja posameznih vrst in podvrst med vzorčnimi mesti z Bray - Curtisovim koeficientom podobnosti je pokazala, da si vzorčna mesta, kjer je bila hitrost vodnega toka velika, med seboj niso bila preveč podobna. Lehnjakovi slapovi na reki Krki so bili bolj podobni Sotelskemu jezeru in Kqseškemu bajerju kot slapu Savici in slapiču na Pohorju. Bray - Curtisov koeficient je pokazal med vzorčnimi mesti na reki Dragonji, ki se v glavnem razlikujejo le v hitrosti vodnega toka, večjo sezonsko kot krajevno odvisnost. Iz zgoraj naštetega lahko sklepamo, da hitrost vodnega toka ni bistveno vplivala na vrstno sestavo in številčnost algnih združb. Evtrofne vode: Sotelsko jezero, Koseški bajer in reka Krka so si bile med seboj podobne, medtem ko je bila njihova podobnost z ekstremno evtrofnimi vodami (gnojevko in RČN) izredno majhna, saj med njimi razen dveh (Cymbella silesiaca in Navicula veneta) ni bilo skupnih vrst. Med seboj sta si bili podobni tudi obe brakični vodi: priobalno jezero v Fiesi in izliv reke Dragonje. Na vrstno sestavo in številčnost algnih združb ima velik vpliv geološka podlaga. Vsa vzorčna mesta na flišni reki Dragonji (razen izliva) so si bila med seboj podobna. Podobna sta si bila tudi izvir na Medvedjem Brdu in slap Savica, oba ležita na apnenčasti podlagi. Pričakovali bi večjo podobnost med izvirom in slapičem na Pohorju, vendar smo v izviru na Pohorju določili nekaj kopenskih vrst alg (Navicula contenta, Klebsormidiumflaccidum, Trentepohlia aurea), zaradi česar 42 Acta Bioiooica Slovenica, 47 (1), 2004 je bil izvir na Pohorju bolj podoben kopenskima vzorčnima mestoma: apnenčasti skali in Krški jami. Precejšnja podobnost je bila med kopenskimi vzorčnimi mesti - deblo lipe, kamniti in betonski zid, kjer sta verjetno glavna omejujoča dejavnika za uspevanje alg pomanjkanje vlage in hranilnih snovi . 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