HACQUETIA 4/2 • 2005, 151–159


VEGETATION OF TRAMPLED HABITATS IN THE 
PREKMURJE REGION (NE SLOVENIA)


Andraž ČARNI* 

Abstract 

The work deals with the vegetation growing along and on roads, footpaths and wheel tracks in the Prekmurje region. The author concludes that the communities appearing in these habitats can be classified into 
several syntaxa. The most characteristic associations are classified into the class Polygono-Poëtea annuae. On 
less trampled sites one can find also the communities that are otherwise partly adapted to trampling, however, they are classified into other syntaxonomic units, for example into the alliance Sisymbrion or Malvion 
(both from the class Stellarietea mediae) or into the alliance Plantagini-Prunellion from the class Molinio-Arrhentheretea. The following plant communities were established Matricarietum discoideae-recutitae Jarolímek et 
al. 1997 (Malvion neglectae), Polygono arenastri-Lepidietum ruderalis Mucina 1993 (Sisymbrion) and Poëtum annuae 
Felföldy 1942 (Polygono-Poëtea annuae) and Prunello vulgaris-Ranunculetum repentis Winterhoff 1963 (Molinio-
Arrhenatheretea). 

Izvleček 

Delo obravnava vegetacijo na cestah in ob njih, ob poteh in kolovozih v Prekmurju. Avtor ugotavlja, da lahko 
združbe, ki se pojavljajo na teh habitatih, uvrstimo v več sintaksonov. Najbolj značilne asociacije uvrščamo 
v razred Polygono-Poëtea annuae. Na manj pohojenih rastiščih pa najdemo tudi združbe, ki so sicer delno prilagojene na teptanje, vendar pa jih uvrščamo v druge sintaksonomske enote, na primer zvezi Sisymbrion ali 
Malvion (obe iz razreda Stellarietea mediae) ali v zvezo Plantagini-Prunellion iz razreda Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. 
Ugotovljene so bile naslednje rastlinske združbe Matricarietum discoideae-recutitae Jarolímek et al. 1997 (Malvion neglectae), Polygono arenastri-Lepidietum ruderalis Mucina 1993 (Sisymbrion), Poëtum annuae Felföldy 1942 
(Polygono-Poëtea annuae) in Prunello vulgaris-Ranunculetum repentis Winterhoff 1963 (Molinio-Arrhenatheretea). 

Key words: trampled habitat, Polygono-Poëtea annuae, Stellarietea mediae, Molinio-Arrhenatheretea, wheel track, 
vegetation, Prekmurje, Slovenia
Ključne besede: pohojeni habitat, Polygono-Poëtea annuae, Stellarietea mediae, Molinio-Arrhentheretea, kolovoz, 
vegetacija, Prekmurje, Slovenija


1. INTRODUCTION There are several factors connected with this activ
ity. Among others, there are mechanical damages 
The vegetation developing along and on roads, of plant parts and soil compaction resulting in re-
footpaths and wheel tracks is subject to a greater duced soil aeration and limited soil water content. 
or smaller effect of soil trampling. The main selec-However, such activities have a specific effect on 
tive pressure that facilitates the development of the plants that are adjusted to this type of activicommunities on trampled soils is man’s or animal’s ties, and at the same time, they have a negative sewalking and vehicle driving that acts vertically on lective pressure on the competitive plant species. 
the soil and at the same time on the vegetation. Due to walking and driving, the plants have devel

* Institute of Biology, Scientific Research Center of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Novi trg 2, p.b. 306, 
SI-1001 Ljubljana, e-mail: carni@zrc-sazu.si 
151 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

oped typical growing forms, for instance rosettes 
(Plantago), creeping stems (Trifolium) or tussocks 
(Gramineae). (Čarni & al. 2002) 

In Europe, the pioneer plant communities appearing on trampled soils are mainly classified into the class Polygono-Poëtea annuae (Rivas-Martínez 
1972). The communities are built mostly by therophytes (for instance, Chamomilla suaveloens, Poa annua) reaching their optimal phase of development 
in late spring and in early summer. Later on, those 
species occur that are adjusted to high temperatures and are known for their C4 photosynthetic 
pathway. They reach their optimum of development in the second half of the summer (Čarni & 
Mucina 1998). These communities are not dealt 
with in this reseach. 

Moreover, certain other communities can also 
be considered as trampled communities. However, 
they are classified into other syntaxa, for instance, 
into the class of weed and ruderal communities 
Stellarietea mediae and the class of anthropogenic 
meadows on deeper, more or less fertile soils of 
lowland regions Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. 

The association Marticarietum discoideae-recutitae 
has been classified into Malvion, the alliance of annual, ruderal and therophytic communities that 
reach their phenological optimum in summer. 
The communities are found in lowlands with a 
warm climate. They grow on waste material and 
on loose soils rich in organic substances, very often rich in nitrates from organic material or from 
liquid manure. The communities from the alliance Malvion appear in planar and collin vegetation belts. The area of distribution of the alliance 
spreads in subcontinental central Europe and in 
the eastern part of the Balkan peninsula (Mucina 
1993). 

The association Polygono-Lepidietum has been 
classified into Sisymbrion, the alliance of annual 
ruderal communities that develop on open, nitrophilic sites in settlements and also elsewhere in 
the cultural landscape. Mostly these are species 
poor communities. The soils are loose and they 
dry out very quickly since they are rich in bedrock 
and therefore permeable (Pott 1995, Mucina 
1993). 

The community that is found on forest footpaths is classified into the order Plantagini-Prunelletalia of the class Molinio-Arrhenathereta. The order 
of Plantagini-Prunelletalia comprises hemicryptophytic trampled communities that grow on shady 
sites. In the communities, there are numerous 
broad-leaved and low herb species whereas the 

mezzophyllous grasses are of lower importance. 
The typical sites for this vegetation are forest footpaths where usually the association Prunello-Ranunculetum repentis appears. In these communities, 
relatively few plant species appear (Ellmauer & 
Mucina 1993). 

2. DESCRIPTION OF THE AREA AND 
METHODS 
The Prekmurje region lies in the northerneast of 
Slovenia (Fig. 1). Geographically, it is limited by 
the Austrian, Hungarian and Coatian border and 
the Mura river. It measures 948 km2. The geological bedrock consists mainly of miocenic and pliocenic, and partly also of holocenic sediments. On 
this bedrock the eutric and dystric leptosol develops and eutric and dystric cambisols that proceed 
one type of soil into another one under man’s influence (Stepančič 1984). The climate can be classified into the moderate continental climate of 
eastern Slovenia (Subpannonic climate). It is characterized by more a pronounced continental precipitation regime with an annual quantity of precipitation between 1000 and 800 mm, and by the 
fact that April temperatures equal or exceed the 
October ones. Figure 2 shows the climadiagram 
for Lendava, where the annual quantity of precipitation equals 811 mm with a maximum in July and 
November (Ogrin 1996). In this area, the most frequent community is Castaneo-Fagetum that could be 
found on hilly sites in the northern part of the region. The plains are mostly cultivated, here and 
there, there are individual hornbeam tree forests 
(Pruno padi-Carpinetum). On the plains, larger forest surfaces appear along water currents and in 
marshy regions, particularly the forests dominated 
by oak, alder and willow trees (Marinček & Čarni 
2002). 

The vegetation was sampled and studied according to the standard Central European method 
(Braun-Blanquet 1964, Westhoff & van der Maarel 
1973) whereas the nomenclature of plant species 
follows Ehrendorfer (1973) and Martinčič (2003). 

In Slovenia, the vegetation of trampled sites 
has been researched by a few researchers, like for 
example Čarni (1996) in the Submediterranean 
area, Marković (1984) in the Predinaric and Dinaric region, Šilc (2001, 2002) in Central Slovenia, 
and Marković (2000) in the Subpannonian region. 

152 


andraž Čarni: Vegetation of trampled Habitats in tHe prekmurje region (ne sloVenia) 


Figure 1: Research area (left); Figure 2: Climadiagram for Lendava (after Ogrin 1996) (right)
.
Slika 1: Področje raziskav (levo); Slika 2: Klimadiagram Lendave (po Ogrinu 1996) (desno)
.


3. RESULTS 
a) Syntaxonomical scheme 

Stellarietea mediae R.Tx. Lohmeyer et Preising in R. 
Tx. ex Rochow 1951 
Sisymbrietalia J. Tx. in Lohmeyer et al. 1962 
Malvion neglectae (Gutte 1966) Hejný 1978 
Matricarietum discoideae-recutitae 

Jarolímek et al. 1997 
Sisymbrion officinale R. Tx., Lohmeyer et 
Preising in R. Tx. 1950 

Polygono arenastri-Lepidietum ruderalis 

Mucina 1993 
Polygono arenastri-Poëtea annuae Rivas-Martínez 
1975 corr. Rivas-Martínez et al. 1991 

Polygono arenastri-Poëtalia annae R. Tx. in Géhu 
et al. 1972 

Marticario matricarioidis-Polygonion arenastri 

Rivas-Martínez 1975 corr. Rivas-Martínez et 
al. 1991 
Poëtum annuae Felföldy 1942 

Molinio-Arrhenatheretea R. Tx. 1937 em. R. Tx. 1970 
Plantagini-Prunelletalia Ellmauer et Mucina 
1993 

Plantagini-Prunellion Eliáš 1980 
Prunello-Ranunculetum repentis Winterhoff 
1963 

b) Description of plant communities 

3.1. Matricarietum discoideae-recutitae Jarolímek 
et al. 1997 (Tab. 1) 
The community, classified into the alliance Malvion 
was described by Jarolímek and coauthors (1997) 
in Slovakia. The community appears on holding 
yards where the poultry is pastured from time to 
time. The sites are sunny or partly shady, fresh to 
dry, rich in nitrogen and only moderately trampled 
(Jarolímek & al. 1997). 

In the Prekmurje region, the community frequently appears in courtyards that are still traditionally managed although such sites are in the 
process of gradual disappearance. The community 
was sampled on wheel tracks between fields where 
working machinery and equipment are utilized, so 
that the vegetation on these sites is only moderately 
trampled. The sites are rather eutrophic. The vegetation was classified into the alliance of Malvion, 
although there are several species from the alliance 
Matricario-Polygonion representing the transitional 
character of this association between two alliances 
and classes at the same time as was already quoted 
by Jarolímek & al. (1997). 

153 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

The community is poorly developed due to the 
small surface area between wheels on wheel tracks. 
The community is species poor; there appear less 
than ten species, whereas more than 20 (Jarolímek 
& al. 1997) can be found in the optimally developed community. The dominant species in stands 
is Chamomilla recutita and there appear with higher 
cover values also Polygonum arenastrum and Matricaria suaveolens. 

Table 1: Analytical table of the community Matricari-
etum discoideae-recutitae.
Tabela 1: Analitična tabela združbe Matricarietum 
discoideae-recutitae.


Relevé number 1 2 
Surface (m2) 5 4 
Coverage (%) 80 80 
Inclination (o) 0 0 

Chamomilla recutita 32 
Matricaria suaveloens 21 
Polygonum arenastrum 32 
Bromus hordeaceus +. 
Agropyron repens +2 
Digitaria sanguinalis +. 
Dactylis glomerata ++ 
Capsella bursa-pastoris .+ 
Plantago major .+ 
Conyza canadensis .+ 
Chenopodium album .+ 
Achillea collina .+ 

Localities: 1. Pince Marof, in wheel tracks between fields, 

5. 7. 2001, altitude 155 m, lat. 46°30’48’’, long. 163°0’46’’; 2. 
Pince Marof, in wheel tracks between fields, 5. 7. 2001, 150 
m, 46°31’30’’, 16°29’30’’. 
3.2. Polygono arenastri-Lepidietum ruderalis 
Mucina 1993 (Tab. 2) 
As described by Mucina (1993), the community appears relatively frequently in Austria where it is 
found on road verges, along railways and along 
house walls. Within this community, many species 
can be found that are resistant to trampling, which 
results in the transitional character of the community between the alliances of Sisymbrion and Matricario-Polygonion arenastri. Certain authors (for example, Jarolímek & al. 1997) classify it into the alliance of Matricario-Polygonion. 

Besides the dominant species Lepidium ruderale 
there often appear also Poa annua and Dactylis glomerata. The community does not appear very often 

in the area concerned, however, it can be found 
along road verges and on sandy parking places. 
The community is poor in species, which is characteristic of the communities from the alliance Sisymbrion (Mucina 1993). 

Table 2: Analytical table of the community Polygono-
Lepidietum.
Tabela 2: Analitična tabela združbe Polygono-Lepidi-
etum.


Relevé number 1 2 3 
Surface (m2) 4 2 3 
Coverage (%) 40 60 50 
Inclination (o) 0 0 0 

Lepidium ruderale 343 
Poa annua 11+ 
Dactylis glomerata ++2 
Plantago major 11 . 
Matricaria discoidea +1 . 
Capsella bursa-pastoris ++ . 
Plantago major +.+ 
Agropyron repens +. . 
Rumex crispus +. . 
Poa compressa +. . 
Polygonum arenastrum .+. 

Localities: 1. Kobilje, on the parking places, 26.5.2000, 180 m, 

2. Pince, on the filled gravel near the cemetery, 26.5.2000, 
163 m, 3. Pince Marof, on the filled gravel, 26.5.2000, 155 m. 
3.3. Poëtum annuae Felföldy 1942 (Tab. 3) 
The community from the alliance Matricario-Polygonion, dominated by the therophytic species Poa annua appears across the entire area studied. It can 
be ranked among the most frequent ruderal communities. The stands appear on different sites, on 
footpaths, on parking places, along roads, in front 
of buildings and similar. The community reaches 
its optimum in late spring, whereas the therophytic 
species decay in peak summer months. In addition 
to the dominant species, there are other species 
like Plantago major, Lolium perenne, Marticaria discoidea and Polygonum arenastrum growing in this community more or less constantly. 

The community was considered as Lolio-Plantaginetum Berger 1930 poëtosum Krippelová 1972 by 
some authors or as the community with a species 
Poa annua [Polygono-Poëtea annuae] (Mucina 1993) 
in compliance with the deductive method of Kopecký (Kopecký & Hejný1974). 

154 


andraž Čarni: Vegetation of trampled Habitats in tHe prekmurje region (ne sloVenia) 

Table 3: Analytical table of the community Poëtum annuae. 
Tabela 3: Analitična tabela združbe Poëtum annuae. 
Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 
Surface (m2) 
Coverage (%) 
Aspect 
Inclination (°) 
Number of species 
4 
80 
S 
2 
13 
10 
80 
-
-
13 
10 
60 
S 
2 
11 
-
80 
-
-
9 
5 
80 
-
-
15 
5 
80 
-
-
12 
8 
70 
-
-
17 
8 
80 
-
-
10 
8 
80 
-
-
9 
8 
80 
-
-
10 
8 
80 
-
-
17 Presence 

Ass. char. species 

Poa annua 4 3 3 4 3 4 3 4 4 4 411 

PP POLYGONO-POËTEA ANNUAE 

Matricaria discoidea + . . ++1++1++9 
Polygonum arenastrum +++++++ . . . +8 
Spergularia rubra . . . . . . .1+++4 
Sagina procumbens . . . . . .++.+.3 

Other species 

Lolium perenne + + 1 2 2 ++ 2 2 1 211 
Plantago major 3 3 2 3 3 1 2 1 + 2 111 
Trifolium repens 12+.1++1. .+8 
Taraxacum officinale ++++1+. . . .+7 
Medicago lupulina ++. . .+++. . .5 
Dactylis glomerata . .+.+. .++.+5 
Plantago lanceolata ++. .1. . . . .+4 
Capsella bursa- pastoris .++.+1. . . . .4 
Carex hirta .+++. .+. . . .4 
Veronica arvensis . . . . . .+.1++4 
Cerastium glomeratum 1+. . . . . . . .+3 
Achillea collina .+. .+. . .+. .3 
Juncus tenuis .+. . .++. . . .3 
Ranunculus repens . . .+. .+.+. .3 
Poa trivialis . . . .+.+. . . .2 
Aphanes arvensis . . . . . . .+.+.2 
Festuca arundinacea . . . . . . . . .++2 

Localities: 1. Veščica, 8.6.1999, 195 m, on the filled gravel, 2. Veščica, 8.6.1999, 195 m, at the entrance into the cemetery, on 
the gravel, 3. Bukovniško jezero, 8.6. 1999, 190 m, on the filled gravel at the parking place along the lake, 4. Gornji Slaveči, 
9.6.1999, 250 m, on the filled gravel in front of the fire station, 5. Ižakovci, 8.6.1999, 180 m, in the middle of wheel tracks, 6. 
Dokležovje, 8.6.1999, 180 m, on the gravel near the football field NK Dokležovje, 7. Moravci, 8.6.1999, 190 m, on the parking 
place near a store, on the filled gravel, 8. Moravci, 8.6.1999, 190 m, on the filled gravel near a store, 9. Moravci, 8.6.1999, 
190 m, on the gravel on the parking place in front of a store, 10. Moravci, 8.6.1999, 190 m, on the filled gravel on the parking 
place in front of a store, 11. Moravci, 8.6.1999, 190 m, on the filled gravel on the parking place in front of a store. 

Less common species: 1. Festuca sp. +, Rorippa sylvestris + , Trifolium campestre +, 3. Epilobium montanum +, Hypericum 
perforatum +, 5. Apera spica-venti +, Artemisia vulgaris +, Erigeron annuus +, 6. Lepidium virginicum 1, Arenaria serpyllifolia 
+,7. Bellis perennis +, Filaginella uliginosa +, Trifolium dubium +,10. Scleranthus annuus +,11. Diplotaxis tenuifolia +, Papaver 
rhoeas +, Sagina apetala +, Vulpia myuros +. 

155 


Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

3.4. Prunello-Ranunculetum repentis Winterhoff 
1963 (Tab. 4) 
The community thrives on less trampled soils, in forest wheel tracks, located on partly shady sites. This 
community is dominated by the hemicryptophytic 
species that are resistant to a definite extent of trampling like Prunella major, Plantago major, Juncus tenuis 
joined by therophytic species like Poa annua, Oxalis 
stricta, Stellaria media. The forests species also appear 
frequently like Carex sylvatica, Poa nemoralis, Stachys 
sylvatica andnumerousotherones.Thespeciesfrom 
the class Galio-Urticetea (e.g. Urtica dioica, Impatiens 
parviflora) and class Bidentetea (e.g. Polygonum hidropiper, P. mite) appear frequently as well. 

The communities were not classified into lower 
syntaxons, since Faliński (1963) distinguishes the 
variant with Juncus tenuis and Jarolímek (1980) the 
subassociation veronicetosum serpyllifoliae. However, 
the community growing in the area studied could 
hardly be classified into one of the already described lower units. Consequently, the classification into lower units was not carried out. 

The association was designated as Prunello-Ranuculetum repentis Winterhoff 1963 and Prunello vulgaris-Plantaginetum Faliński 1963 or Prunella vulgaris-Agrostietea Gesellschaft (Schall 1988) was taken as synonym in accordance with Ellmauer & 
Mucina (1993) as well as Jarolímek & Zaliberová 
(1995). 

Table 4: Analytical table of the community Prunello-Ranunculetum repentis. 
Tabela 4: Analitična tabela združbe Prunello-Ranunculetum repentis. 
Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 
Surface (m2) 
Coverage (%) 
Layer C 
Layer D 
Aspect 
Inclination (°) 
Number of species 
10 
90 
80 
20 
-
0 
36 
20 
70 
65 
5 
W 
2 
33 
20 
60 
60 
10 
SE 
2 
29 
20 
70 
70 
30 
E 
1 
30 
15 
70 
60 
20 
-
0 
37 
15 
90 
90 
5 
-
0 
28 
20 
70 
70 
0 
-
0 
12 
20 
70 
70 
0 
-
0 
22 
15 
70 
70 
1 
-
0 
31 
20 
70 
65 
5 
W 
2 
26 
20 
70 
70 
1 
-
0 
25 Presence 
Ass. char. and diff. species 
Prunella vulgaris 
Plantago major 
Juncus tenuis 
3 
+ 
1 
2 
+ 
+ 
3 
1 
2 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
+ 
1 
1 
1 
2 
2 
+ 
2 
2 
1 
3 
2 
. 
2 
+ 
+ 
1 
+ 
+ 
11 
11 
10 
MA MOLINIO-ARRHNETHERETEA 
Ranunculus repens 
Veronica serpyllifolia 
Taraxacum officinale 
1 
+ 
+ 
1 
+ 
. 
1 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
2 
+ 
. 
1 
+ 
+ 
. 
+ 
. 
. 
+ 
+ 
2 
+ 
+ 
2 
+ 
. 
2 
. 
. 
9 
10 
6 
Cerastium holosteoides . + + + + . . + + . . 6 
Lysimachia nummularia 
Poa trivialis 
+ 
. 
. 
+ 
+ 
+ 
. 
+ 
. 
. 
. 
+ 
. 
. 
. 
. 
+ 
+ 
2 
. 
1 
. 
5 
5 
Trifolium repens 
Campanula patula 
Achillea millefolium 
. 
. 
. 
. 
+ 
. 
. 
+ 
. 
+ 
. 
+ 
+ 
+ 
+ 
1 
. 
+ 
+ 
. 
. 
+ 
. 
. 
. 
. 
. 
. 
+ 
. 
. 
. 
. 
5 
4 
3 
Dactylis glomerata 
Ranunculus acris 
+ 
+ 
. 
. 
. 
. 
. 
+ 
+ 
. 
. 
. 
. 
. 
+ 
. 
. 
. 
. 
. 
. 
+ 
3 
3 
Holcus lanatus . + + . . . . . . . + 3 
Agrostis stolonifera . . . . + 1 . . 1 . . 3 
QF QUERCO-FAGETEA 
Carex sylvatica 
Poa nemoralis 
+ 
2 
+ 
. 
+ 
+ 
. 
+ 
. 
1 
+ 
. 
+ 
+ 
+ 
. 
. 
+ 
+ 
. 
+ 
+ 
8 
7 

156 


andraž Čarni: Vegetation of trampled Habitats in tHe prekmurje region (ne sloVenia) 

Relevé number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91011 

Stachys sylvatica ++. . . . . . .++4 
Viola reichenbachiana +++.+. . . . . .4 
Rumex sanguineus +. . .++. . . . .3 
Carex remota .+.+. . . . . .13 
Lycopus europaeus . . .+. . . .1.23 
Carpinus betulus juv. +. . . .+. . . . .2 
Lamium montanum +. . . . . . . .+.2 
Agrostis capillaris .+. .+. . . . . .2 
Anemone nemorosa .+. . . . .+. . .2 
Mycelis muralis .+. . . . .+. . .2 
Asperula odorata .+. . . . . . .+.2 
Stachys palustris . .+. . . . . .+.2 

Other species 

Poa annua 122112321+ .10 
Oxalis stricta + . ++11+++++10 
Stellaria media 2+++++ . +1+ .9 
Eurynchium hians var. hians* ++212+ . . . ++8 
Ajuga reptans +. .+1+. .+.36 
Cardamine impatiens +. . .1+++. .+6 
Polygonum hidopiper +1+. . . .+++.6 
Erigeron annuus +. .++.+. . .+5 
Sagina procumbens +.1++. . . . . .4 
Brachythecium mildeanum* +.+++. . . . . .4 
Atrichum undulatum* .1++. . . . .+.4 
Urtica dioica . .+.+. .++. .4 
Agropyron repens . .+. . . .++1.4 
Cerastium glomeratum +.1.+. . . . . .3 
Geum urbanum +. . . .+. .+. .3 
Impatiens parviflora +. . .+. .+. . .3 
Veronica chamaedrys .1+. . . . . .+.3 
Plagiomnium affine* .+. . .+. . .+.3 
Lapsana communis . .+.+. . . . .+3 
Galeopsis speciosa . . . .++. . .+.3 
Glechoma hederacea . . . . .+.+. .23 
Polygonum mite . . . . .+. .+.+3 
Alliaria petiolata +. . . . .+. . . .2 
Chenopodium album +. . . . . . .+. .2 
Moehringia trinervia .+.+. . . . . . .2 
Clinopodium vulgare .+. . . . . . .1.2 
Prunella laciniata .+. . . . . . .+.2 
Fragaria vesca .+. . . . . . .+.2 
Solidago virgaurea .+. . . . . . .+.2 
Caliergonella lindbegii* . . .2+. . . . . .2 
Polygonum hidropiper . . . .++. . . . .2 

Localities: 1. Hraščica, 14.6.2000, 180 m, wheel tracks, 2. Bukovnica, 15.6.2000, 200 m, forest footpath, 3. Kobilje, 14.6.2000, 
205 m, forest footpath, 4. Kobilje, 14.6.2000, 205 m, forest footpath, 5. Hraščica, 14.6.2000, 180 m, forest footpath, 6. Trnjavski 
log, 15.6.2000, 170 m, forest footpath, 7. Renkovci (Hraščica), 15.6.2000,180 m, forest footpath, 8. Renkovci, 15.6.2000, 180 m, 
forest footpath, 9. Trnjavski log, 15.6.2000, 170 m, forest footpath, 10. Bukovnica, 15.6.2000, 200 m, forest footpath, 11. 
Bogojina, close to Bogojina hunting lodge, 15.6.2000, 240 m, forest footpath. 

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Hacquetia 4/2 • 2005 

Less common species: 1. Aegopodium podagraria +, Anthiscus sylvestris +, Circaea lutetiana +, Geranium phaeum +, Myosotis 
sparsiflora +; 2. Luzula pilosa +, Milium effusum +, Solidago serotina +, Veronica montana +; 3. Geranium robertianum +; 4. 
Amblystegium serpens* +, Hypericum perforatum +, Polygonum aviculare agg.+, Schrophularia nodosa +, Trifolium dubium +;5. 
Filagenella uliginosa 1, Stellaria neglecta 1, Juncus bufonius +, Petrorhagia saxifraga +, Pimpinela major +; 6. Agrostis canina +, 
Lolium perenne +, Potentilla reptans +;8. Rubus fruticosus +, Torilis japonica +;9. Amaranthus blitum +, Arctium lappa +, Bidens 
tripartitus +, Calystegia sepium +, Cruciata levipes +, Galeopsis pubescens +, Knautia drymeia +, Populus alba juv. +, Quercus 
robur juv. +, Solanum dulca-mara +; 11. Alopecurus sp. +, Epilobium montanum +, Mentha longifolia +, Senecio jacobea +. 

* species in moss layer, all others in herb layer. 
CONCLUSION 

This work describes four communities that can be 
found on trampled habitats in the Prekmurje region. Since this type of vegetation has been poorly 
studied so far, further intensive studies will be necessary in the Prekmurje region and all over Slovenia. 

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 

I would like to express my thanks to Dr. Petra Košir 
for the determination of mosses and to Ms. Barbara Šuštar for her technical assistance in the preparation of the contribution. The research was financed by the Slovenian Ministry of High Education, Science and Technology. 

POVZETEK 

Vegetacija pohojenih habitatov v Prekmurju 
(SV Slovenija) 

V Prekmurju smo raziskovali vegetacijo, ki se 
razvije ob cestah, na poteh in kolovozih, kjer je podvržena večjemu ali manjšemu vplivu teptanja tal. 
Glavni selektivni pritisk, ki omogoči razvoj združb 
na pohojenih tleh, je hoja človeka ali živali ter vožnja vozil, ki delujejo s svojim pritiskom vertikalno 
na tla in hkrati na vegetacijo. S tem delovanjem je 
povezanih več dejavnikov, med katerimi so najpomembnejše mehanične poškodbe rastlinskih delov 
in stiskanje zemlje, kar povzroči zamanjšanje areacije ter omejevanje vode v tleh. Takšno delovanje ima 
na rastline, ki so na takšno delovanje prilagojene, 
sicer določen učinek, hkrati pa negativen selektiven pritisk na konkurenčne rastlinske vrste. Zaradi 
hoje oz. vožnje imajo rastline tipične oblike razrasti 
npr. rozete (Plantago), plazeča stebla (Trifolium) ali 
šopasto razrast (Gramineae). (Čarni & al. 2002) 

V Evropi uvrščamo pionirske rastlinske združbe, 
ki se pojavljajo na pohojenih tleh, v glavnem v razred Polygono-Poëtea annuae (Rivas-Martínez 1972). 
Združbe grade večinoma terofiti (npr. Chamomilla 
suaveloens, Poa annua), ki dosežejo optimalno fazo 
svojega razvoja v pozni pomladi in zgodnjem poletju. Kasneje se pojavijo vrste, ki so prilagojene na 
visoke temperature in imajo C4 fotosintetsko pot 
in dosežejo optimum svojega razvoja v drugi polovici poletja (Čarni & Mucina 1998). Teh združb v 
tem delu ne obravnavamo. 

Poleg tega pa lahko med pohojene združbe prištejemo tudi nekatere druge združbe, ki jih sicer 
uvrščamo v druge sintaksone, na primer med plevelne in ruderalne združbe razreda Stellarietea mediae ali v razred antropogenih travišč na globljih in 
bogatih rastiščih Molinio-Arrhenatheretea. 

Združbo Marticarietum discoideae-recutitae smo 
uvrstili v zvezo Malvion, ki združuje enoletne, ruderalne, terofistke združbe, ki imajo fenološki optimum poleti. Združbe najdemo v nižinskih predelih 
s toplo klimo. Uspevajo na različnih odpadkih in 
na rahlih tleh, ki so bogata z organskimi snovmi, 
pogosto z nitrati iz organskih odpadkov ali snovmi 
iz gnojevke. Združbe iz zveze Malvion najdemo v 
planarnem in kolinskem pasu. Areal zveze je v subkontinentalni srednji Evropi in v vzhodnem delu 
Balkanskega polotoka (Mucina 1993). 

V zvezo Sisymbrion, kamor uvrščamo združbo 
Polygono-Lepidietum, uvrščamo enoletne ruderalne 
združbe, ki se razvijejo na sončnih, nitrofilnih rastiščih v naseljih in tudi drugje v kulturni krajini. Večinoma so to vrstno revne združbe. Tla so rahla in 
se hitro posušijo, saj so skeletna in zato prepustna. 
(Pott 1995, Mucina 1993) 

Združbo, ki jo najdemo na gozdnih poteh uvrščamo v red Plantagini-Prunelletalia razreda Molinio-
Arrhenatheretea. Red Plantagini-Prunelletalia obsega 
hemikriptofitske pohojene združbe, ki jih najdemo 
na senčnih rastiščih. V združbah se pojavljajo številne širokolistne in nizke zeliščne vrste, medtem ko 
so mezofilne travne vrste manj pogoste. Tipična ra

158 


andraž Čarni: Vegetation of trampled Habitats in tHe prekmurje region (ne sloVenia) 

stišča za to vegetacijo so gozdne poti, kjer ponavadi 
najdemo združbo Prunello-Ranunculetum repentis. V 
teh združbah se pojavlja razmeroma malo rastlinskih vrst. (Ellmauer & Mucina 1993) 

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727. 
Recieved 15. 2. 2005 
Revision recieved 1. 6. 2005 
Accepted 7. 10. 2005 

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