Pe^e^^Ha CTaTyca yKpaHHCKoro 33bIKa B pOCCHHCKOM 33bIKO3HaHHH: mh^ H peantHOCTb Tatjana Anatoljevna Kosmeda YHueepcumem um. AdaMa Mu^eeuna e no3HaHU, Wieniawskiego 1, PL - 61-712 Poznan, tkosmeda@gmail.com - 1.01 Izvirni znanstveni članek - 1.01 Original Scientific Article - Raziskave nekaterih sodobnih ruskih jezikoslovcev (npr. A. Kachmantova, N. Nikolina) spodbujajo idejo o neobstoju ukrajinščine kot enega od jezikov, ki spada v skupino vzhodnoslovanskih jezikov. Ti raziskovalci menijo, da je skupina vzhodnoslovanskih jezikov sestavljena le iz ruskega jezika in njegovih štirih različic: velikoruske (glavna narečja: severnorusko, južnorusko in zahodnorusko), beloruske (glavna narečja: severovzhodno, jugozahodno, polesko), rdečeruske (glavna narečja: galicijsko, karpatsko, bukovinsko) in t. i. maloruske variante s svojimi tremi glavnimi narečji: srednjedneprsko, slobožansko in stepsko. Ta ideja predpostavlja, da ukrajinski jezik, podoben beloruskemu, nima statusa neodvisnega jezika, kar pa ne drži. The research of some of the modern Russian linguists (e.g. A. Kachmantova, N. Nikolina) promotes the idea of the non-existence of Ukrainian as one of the languages belonging to the group of East Slavic languages. These scholars believe that the group of East Slavic languages is composed of only the Russian language and its four variants: Greater Russian (main dialects: northern Russian, southern Russian and western Russian), Belarusian (main dialects: north-eastern, southwestern, Polessky), RedRussian (main dialects: Galician, Carpathian, Bukovyna), as well as the so-called Smaller Russian variant with its three main dialects - the Middle Dnieper, Slobozhany and Steppe. This suggestion implies that the Ukrainian language, similar to Belarusian, does not hold the status of an independent language, which is not true. Ključne besede: slovanski jeziki v vzhodnoslovanski skupini, narečje, varianta, status ukrajinskega jezika Key words: Slavic languages in the East Slavic group, dialect, variant, status of the Ukrainian language 0 BBegeHue XXI BeK geMOHCTpnpyeT He TO^bKO nporpecc b HayKe, ho h o6paTHbie npo^ccbi. B coBpeMeHHOH HayKe Ha6^K>gaeTca CTaHOB^eHHe TaK Ha3biBaeMOH nownou mm-eucmuKu h Keasuucmopuu (Cm. .Ho^Haa othrbhcthka...) (mupe - KBa3HHaykh). B nacTHOCTH pocchhckhh ^HHrBHCT AHgpen 3a^H3HaK yTBep^gaeT, hto — 126 — Pe^nyux cmamyca yKpauHCK0^0 x3UKa e poccuückom R3UK03HaHuu KBa3HHayKa OTBepraeT npoBepeHHbrn HHcTpyMeHTapHH h nonb3yeTca geMarorH^ecKHMH npHeMaMH, KOTOpbie opHeHTHpoBaHb Ha HeKpHTH^ecKoe BocnpuaTHe. TaK, mo^ho 3aaBHTb, hto HBaHa Tpo3Horo He 6bino, BMecTo Hero khih qeTbipe pa3Hbix qenoBeKa, ogHoro H3 kotopmx 3Banu BacunuM Ena^eHHbH (oh 6bin ^peM y^e xoTa 6b noTOMy, ^to HMa ero nepeBoguTca c rpe^ecKoro KaK '^apb")... (Cm. Ho^Haa nHHrBHcTHKa...). Ha3BaHHbH yneHbH nognepKHBaeT, hto KBa3uucTopua b Ka^ecTBe goKa3aTenbHoH 6a3b npHBneKaeT nuHrBHCTH^ecKHH MaTepuan. Ho ^To He npoi^eccuoHanbHaa, a nro6HTenbcKaa nuHrBHCTHKa. MeTog ee - cpaBHHBaTb cnoBa Ha npegMeT BHemHero cxogcTBa u genaTb Ha ^TOH ocHoBe BbBogb o6 ux npoucxo^ge-hhh. HanpuMep, c^acTbe cBa3aHo co "^ac", to ecTb ^To HeMegneHHoe, cen^ac nony^aeMoe ygoBonbCTBue (Cm. Ho^Haa nHHrBHcTHKa...). OpueHTupyacb Ha 3tot MeTog, KaK cnpaBegnHBo yTBep^gaeT A. 3anu3HaK, mo^ho gonru go a6cypga, cp.: ycnbimaB cxogcTBo b 3BynaHuu cnoB pa3Hbx a3bKoB, HanpuMep: "boy" = "6on", "wall" = "Bon", npegnono^HTb, hto aHrnuncKHH a3bK nporoomen H3 pyccKoro. H TaK - co BceMH a3bKaMH. EruneTcKue uepornu^bi -nponecTb KaK pyccKHH TeKcT. ycTaHoBHTb, hto 200 Tbican neT Ha3ag pyccKue 3acenunu CeBepHyro AMepuKy. ^to KpoMaHboHnbi 6bnu pyccKHMH. ^to nenoBeK nporoomen ot pyccKoro. H hto, HaKoHen, 3eMnro 3acenunu HHonnaHeTaHe, nep-Bbie HocuTenu pyccKoro a3bKa (Cm. Ho^Haa nuHrBucTHKa...). Ecnu nocTynaTb "nro6uTenbcKoH nuHrBucTHKu" pa3Me^aroTca b HnrepHeTe, to Hag hhmh mo^ho nocMeaTbca, ho Korga nceBgoHaynHbie $aKTbi cTaHoBaTca MaTepuanoM yne6Hbix noco6un, nepeu3gaBaeMbx b XXI BeKe 6onee gecaTH pa3, 3to, KaK npegcTaBnaeTca, HegonycTHMo u Tpe6yeT ^ctkoh kphthkh. H oHa, k cnacTbM, noaBnaeTca, ogHaKo KBa3HHayHHaa HH^opManua, HMero^aa MecTo b yne6HHKax, He MeHaeTca. Penb ugeT o6 yne6HoM noco6uu Beedenue e x.3biK03HaHue, aBTopaMH KoToporo aBnaMTca AneKcaHgp KaMnaraoB u Haranba HuKonuHa. Muxaun npaBguH ony6nuKoBan penerouro Ha 3to yne6Hoe noco6ue, b KoTopon ceTyeT, hto «b ycnoBuax "cBo6ogb cnoBa" yne6Hbie noco6ua y^e He Tpe6yroT hh HayHHoro peneroupoBaHua, hh ga^e pegaKTypbi!» (npaBguH 2013: 58). BTopoe, hto yguBnaeT peneroeHTa, - 3to nonbTKa nocTpouTb yne6HbiH Kypc Beedenun e n3MK03Hanue Ha ocHoBe penuruo3Horo KoMnneKca ugen, coeguHHB KoHnennuu BunbrenbMa $oh ryM6onbgTa u AneKcaHgpa noTe6HH c KoHnennu-aMH pyccKux penuruo3Hbx $unoco$oB, oTnoB nepKBH - neTpa ®nopeHcKoro, Ceprea EynraKoBa u AneKcea HoceBa. M. npaBguH cnuTaeT, hto TpaKToBaTb a3bK c penuruo3HoH no3unuu b yne6HoM noco6uu He coBceM npaBunbHo u KoppeKTHo. CornacuMca b stom c yneHbiM. 1 n^wpa^M3M MHeHMM b MHTepnpeTa^MM eTaTyea yKpauHCKoro A3UKa: TpaflM^MflU COBpeMeHHOCTb OgHaKo b HameM HayHHoM pa3bcKaHuu paccMoTpuM gpyryro npo6neMy - cnenu-$HKy HHTepnpeTanuu cTaTyca yKpauHcKoro a3bKa, npegcTaBneHHyro b BbimeHa-3BaHHoM coBpeMeHHoM yne6HoM noco6uu u cpaBHHM 3Ty TpaKToBKy c MHeHueM KnaccuKoB pyccKon nuHrBucTHKH, b tom nucne u aBTopoB yne6Hbix noco6un no a3bKo3HaHuro, H3gaHHbx paHee. O6Hapy®HBaeM nonHoe HecoBnageHue — 127 — Tatjana Anatoljevna Kosmeda nogxogoB. TaK, A. KaMHaTHOB u H. HuKoguHa OTp^aroT cy^ecTBOBaHue yKpa-HHCKoro a3biKa KaK caM0CT0aTegbH0r0 a3biKa BOCTOHHOcgaBaHCKOH rpynnbi CgaBaHCKHX a3biK0B. no MHeHHM ^TUX yHeHblX, k BOCTOHHOcgaBaHCKOH rpynne a3biK0B OTHOcuTca pyccKuH a3biK c qeTbipbMa Hape^uaMu: 1) BegHKOpyCCKUM (0CH0BHbie gUageKTbi: CeBepHOBegHKOpyCCKUH, K^HOBegUKOpyCCKHH, 3anagH0BeguK0pyccKuH), 2) MagopyccKHM (0CH0BHbie guageKTbi - cpegHeHaggHenpoBCKHH, cgo6o:®aHCKuH u CTenHoH), 3) 6egopyccKHM (0CH0BHbie guageKTbi: ceBepo-BOCTO^Hbrn, roro-3anagHbrn, nogeccKuH), 4) qepBOHHopyccKHH (0CH0BHbie guageKTbi: ^agu^KuH, Kap-naTCKHH, 6yK0BUHCKUH) (KaM^aTOB, HuKoguHa 2018: 199). yKpaHHCKHH a3biK B COOTBeTCTBHH C npegCTaBgeHHOH K0H^e^^HeH, KaK BUgUM, He o6gagaeT CTaTycoM caM0CT0aTegbH0r0 a3biKa, KaK u a3biK 6egopyccKuH. EgUHCTBeHHblM BOCTOHHOCgaBflHCKHM a3biK0M CHHTaeTCa pyCCKHH. A. KaMHaT- hob u H. HuKoguHa ccbigaroTca Ha MHeHua Eopuca .anyHOBa (.anyHOB 1998) u TuMO^ea ®gopuHCKoro (OgopuHCKHH 1900). Ho ga^e b BuKuneguu npuBogaTca B0cn0MUHaHua o^a ^pkbh, $ugoco$a Bacugua 3eHbK0BCK0r0 (3eHbK0BCKUH 2014), ocy^gaBmero T. ®gopuHCKoro 3a ero aHTuyKpauHCKue HacrpoeHua u aHTuHayHHue B3rgagbi, cp.: üpunoMHHM, 0gHaK0, Ty ^ecTOKyro 6opb6y, K0T0pyro Beg noKüHHMH npo$. TuMOi^eH ^MHTpueBHH OgopuHCKHH (moh Koggera b KueBCKOM yHHBepcuTeTe) 3a to, ^to6m npu-3HaTb yKpaHHCKHH H3biK He oco6mm S3MK0M, a oco6biM "Hape^ueM", HTO ^HgOgOrH^eCKH, KOHe^HO, ctoht paHroM HH^e. [...] Ho H3 ^ugogoru^ecKoM ci^epbi 3tot cnop - eqe go peBogro^uu [b 1900-x rr.] - 6big nepeHeceH b o6gacTb noguTHKu: 3a^urauKu y^eHua o "Hape^uu" CToagu 3a He0TgegHM0CTb YKpauHbi ot Pocchh He T0gbK0 b noguTu^ecKoH, ho h KygbTypHOH c^epe, OTBepragu caMbiH TepMHH "YKpauHa", "yKpaHHCKHH" - 3aMeHaa ero "Magopoccua", "MagopyccKHH". 0(^u^uagbHaa TO^Ka 3peHua Ha "MagopyccKHH" Bonpoc onupagacb Ha Bcro 3Ty ap^yMeHTa^uro ©gopuHCKoro u ero cnogBH^HHKOB, npoBoga, no cy^ecTBy, Halaga pycu^uKa^uu. TogbKO, ecgu OgopuHCKHH u ero rpynna onpaBgbmagu Bcro cucTeMy ^H3ypHbix HacuguH, K0T0pbiMu n0gb30Bagacb Torga BgacTb b Wro-3anag-hom Kpae, to 6bigu u TaKue "aHTuyKpauH^i" (Hanp. n. C. CTpyBe, npo$. .eoH. H. Mcho-nogbCKHH), KOTopbe He Mupugucb c 3toh cucTeMOH ^H3ypHbix HacuguH KaK no o6^hm 0CH0BaHuaM gu6epagu3Ma, TaK 0C06eHH0 no TOMy, ^to 3th Hacugua gumb ycuguBagu, KaK Bcerga, yKpauHCKoe gBu^eHue, o6geKaa ero BeH^M My^eHu^ecTBa. 06^aa ^03u^ua 3aKgro^agacb 3gecb b TaHHOM ugu npuKpbiTOM OTBep^eHuu caMoro noHaTua "yKpauHCKOH KygbTypb", g03B0guTegbHbiMu ^opMaMu c^HTagacb gumb necHa, xygo^ecTBeHHMH y30p ga e^e KyguHapua (OgopuHCKHH 1900). OgHaKO noneMy A. KaMHaTHOB u H. HuKoguHa He cnuragu bo3mo®hmm onu-paTbca Ha Tpygbi u3BecTHbix pyccKux yneHbix, cnuTaBmux y KpauHCKuH a3biK caM0CT0aTegbHbiM a3biK0M, cpegu kotopmx, HanpuMep, AgeKceH fflaxMaTOB u BgaguMup ,3,agb? y^uTegb reHuagbHoro AgeKcaHgpa noTe6Hu neTp .aBpoB-ckuh b XIX BeKe BbigegaeT a3biK0Bbie 0C06eHH0CTu, xapaKTepHbie ucKgronu-TegbHO gga yKpauHCKoro a3MKa u aBgaro^ueca HyrngHMu gpeBHeMy pyccKOMy a3MKy. Cpegu hhx: 1) noTepa pa3gunua Me^gy u u u, 2) nacToe yn0Tpe6geHue y BMecTO m>, 3) Bceo6^ee npou3HomeHue n> KaK u, u3MeHeHue o b u, 4) noTepa OKOHnaHua mb b TpeTbeM gu^e eguHCTBeHHoro nucga HacToa^ero BpeMeHu, 5) CMemeHue y u e (ewe = ywe, ynu3b = enm3b). ^Tu nepTH onpegegaroT ayTeHTHHHOCTb npoucxo^geHua yKpauHCKoro a3MKa. Hau6ogee neTKO ohh - 128 --Slavia Centralis 1/2020 Pe^nyux cmamyca yKpauHCK0^0 xsbwa b poccuücKOM xsbiKOSHaHuu cTanu npoaBnaTbca c KO^a XIV cToneTua. yKa3aB Ha OTcyTCTBue TO^gecTBa b (oHeTUKe h rpaMMaTUKe yKpauHCKoro u pyccKoro a3biKOB, n. HaBpoBCKUH yöeguTe^bHO goKa3an caMocToarenbHocTb yKpauHCKoro a3biKa (cm.: .HaBpoB-ckhh 1852: 12). B coBeTCKux yneÖHUKax no a3biKO3HaHuro OTpa^anacb ycToaBmaaca b a3bi-KO3HaHuu TOHKa 3peHua Ha caMOCToaTe^bHbiH CTaTyc yKpauHCKoro a3biKa, o HeM nucan h BuKTop BuHorpagoB, u ero nocnegoBaTenu. K nuHrBucTunecKOH KnaccuKe cerogHa othochm yneÖHUK AneKcaHgpa Pe-(opMaTCKoro Beedenue e n3UKoeedenue, b KOTopoM npegcTaBneHa TpagH^H0HHaa (rocnogcTByro^aa b nuHrBucTUKe) TOHKa 3peHua Ha cTaTyc yKpauHcKoro a3biKa b cucTeMe 33HKOB BocTOHHocnaBaHcKoM rpynnbi, He nogBepraBmaaca HUKaKUM coMHeHuaM b MupoBOM 33HKO3HaHHu XX BeKa, cp.: A. Bocmonnax no^^pynna. 1) PyccKuH; HapeHua: ceBepo(BenuKo)pyccKoe - "oKaro^ee" u KœHo(BenuKo)pyccKoe -"aKaro^ee"; pyccKUH nuTepaTypHbiM s3mk cno^unca Ha noHBe nepexogHbix roBopoB Mockbm u ee oKpecTHocTeM, Kyga c rora u roro-BocTOKa TynbcKue, KypcKue, opnoBcKue u pa3aHcKue guaneKTbi pacnpocTpaHunu HepTbi, ny^gbie ceBepHbiM roBopaM, ôbrnmuM guaneKTHOH ochoboh MocKOBcKoro roBopa, u BMTecHUBmue HeKOTopbie ocoôeHHocTU nocnegHux, a TaK^e nyTeM ycBoeHua ^neMeHT0B ^pKOBHocnaBaHcKoro nuTepaTypHoro a3MKa; KpoMe Toro, b pyccKUH nuTepaTypHbiM a3MK b XVI-XVIII bb. Bomnu pa3nuHHbie UHoa3MHHbe ^neMeHTM; nucbMeHHocTb Ha ocHOBe pyccKoro an(aBUTa, nepepaôoTaHHoro U3 cnaBaHcKoro - "Kupunnu^i" npu üeTpe üepBOM; gpeBHeMmue naMaTHUKU XI b. (ohu ^e oTHocaTca u k a3biKaM yKpauHcKOMy u ôenopyccKOMy); rocygapcTBeHHbiM a3MK PoccuH-ckoh ((egepa^uu, Me^Ha^uoHanbHMH a3MK gna oô^eHua HapogoB Poccuhckoh Oegepa^uu u conpegenbHMx TeppuTopuH ÔMBmero CCCP, oguH U3 MupoBbix a3MKOB. 2) YKpa^HcKUH (unu yKpáuHcKuM); go peBonro^uu 1917 r. - ManopyccKUH unu ManopoccUH-ckuh; Tpu ocHOBHMe Hapequa: ceBepHoe, roro-BocTOHHoe, roro-3anagHoe; nuTepaTypHbiM a3MK HaquHaeT cKnagbiBaTbca c XIV b., coBpeMeHHMH nuTepaTypHMH a3biK cy^ecTByeT c koh^ XVIII b. Ha ôa3e üogHenpoBcKux roBopoB roro-BocTOHHoro Hapequa; nucbMeHHocTb Ha OcHOBe Kupunnu^i b ee nocneneTpoBcKoH pa3H0BugH0cTU. 3) EenopyccKUH; nucbMeHHocTb c XIV b. Ha OcHOBe Kupunnu^i. guaneKTbi: ceBepo-Boc-tohhmh u roro-3anagHbH; nuTepaTypHbiM a3biK - Ha OcHOBe cpegHeôenopyccKux roBopoB (Pe(opMaTopcKUH 1996: 414-415). K BocTOHHocnaBaHcKOH rpynne TpagH^H0HH0 OTHocaT pyccKUH, yKpaHHcKHH h öenopyccKUH 33hkh TaKue aBTopbi yqeÖHUKOB Beedenue e x3UKo3HaHue, KaK, Ha-npuMep, Eopuc ronoBUH (ronoBUH 1977: 252), BuTanuH KogyxoB (KogyxoB 1987: 268), aBTop yqeÖHHKa CnaemcKue x3uku HuKonaM KoHgpamoB (KoHgpamoB 1986) h gp. Oner fflupoKOB öonee geTanbHO paccMaTpuBaeT reHeanoruqecKyro KnaccH(HKa^Hro cnaBaHcKux 33hkob, He OTcTynaa ot 0(H^HanbH0 npuHaTOH TOHKH 3peHUa, OH OTMeHaeT, HTO B0cT0HH0pyccKUH (BenuKopyccKuH) guaneKTHbiM KOHTUHyyM, ucKOHHbie oônacTU KOToporo pacnono^eHb b ochobhom b cpegHeM qacTU BocTOHHo-EBponeMcKoM paBHUHbi, He npeg-cTaBnaeT u HUKorga He npegcTaBnan coôoH 3aMKHyTOH cucTeMb, HapeHua, guaneKTb u roBopbi BO3HUKanu u U3MeHanucb b ycnoBuax opraHunecKoro B3auMogeHcTBua He TonbKo gpyr c gpyroM, ho u c guaneKTaMU cocegHux ônu3KopogcTBeHHbx a3bKOB: yKpauHcKoro ("ManopyccKue" guaneKTb) u ôenopyccKoro (3anagHopyccKue guaneKTb) (fflupoKOB 1985: 111-117). — 129 — Tatjana Anatoljevna Kosmeda CornacuMca c EBreHueM nonuBaHOBbiM, np030pnuB0 peKOMeHgoBaBmuM He 3noynoTpe6naTb a3MKOBOH nonuTuKoH1 u He cMemuBaTb ee c ucTopmecKuM a3HKO3HaHueM ( cymecTBOBaHua mukpo33hkob, k hum b nacraocTu othocat u KapnaTCKopycuHcKun, TeppuTO-puen pacnpocTpaHeHua KoToporo cnuTaMT 3anagHyro yKpauHy, BocTOHHyro CnoBaKuM, nonbmy, PyMbrauro, CfflA u KaHagy (Cm. o6 ^T0M: CnaBaHcKaa MuKpo^unonorua 2018). B cooTBeTcTBuu c KOH^e^^HeH AneKcaHgpa flynuneHKO, cerogHa cnegyeT BbigenaTb 20 cnaBaHcKux MuKpoa3biKOB. A yKpauHcKun a3MK cnegyeT KBanH$H^HpoBaTb KaK "6oflbmon" cnaBaHcKun nurepaTypHbiH a3MK c gnuTenbHOH ucTopuen cymecTBOBaHua (cm. ^ynuneHKO 2018: 7). A. ^ynuneHKO nognepKuBaeT, hto HaönrogaeTca i^yH^uoHupoBaHue He TonbKo nuTepaTypHbix MuKpoa3biKOB c gnuTenbHOH nucbMeHHOH TpagH^HeH, ho u BO3HuKmux HegaBHo. Mm aBnaeMca cBugeTenaMu Ha^anb-hmx poctkob nuTepaTypH0-a3biK0Bbix 06pa30BaHuH, K0T0pbiM b öygy^eM cy^geHo cTaTb nuTepaTypHMMu MuKpoa3biKaMu. ^T0 TaK^e 3Ha^uT, ^to ycunuBaeTca cBa3b c ManoH poguHOH u KaK-To ygoBneTBopaeTca HocTanbrua HMHemHero noKoneHua no a3MKy cboux npegKOB, u t. g. (^ynu^eHKo 2018: 8). 1 npuMenanue. BonpocaM, cBa3aHHMM c a3MKOBOH nonuTuKOH HeKOTopbix cnaBaHcKux rocygapcTB, a3MKOBOH nonuTuKOH EBpocoro3a b ^enoM, nocBa^eHM HeK0T0pMe cTaTbu ^ypHana Slavia Centralis (cm.: Banczerowski 2009; Kapovic 2011; Komac 2018; Hojnik 2018; Steci^g 2019). - 130 --Slavia Centralis 1/2020 Pe^nyux cmamyca yKpauHCK0^0 xsbwa b poccuücKOM xsbiKOSHaHuu OneBugHO, npaB ,3,®oh ^aHH (Dunn 2018), yTBep^garo^un, hto ^aKTH^eCKoe noaBneHHe HOBbix s3mkob npoHCxogHT, Korga b cuny pa3Hbix co^HagbHbIX, nonHTHHecKHX HiH KynbTypHbix cgBuroB ^opMM, KOTopbie paHbme npH3HaBanucb cocTaB-aaro^HMH ^geMeHTbI ogHoro a3biKa (HanpuMep, perHOHanbHbie Hnu co^HagbHbIe BapuaHTbi, guaneKTbi), npuoôpeTaroT CTaTyc OTgenbHbix s3mkob. H3 TonbKO hto CKa3aHHoro cnegyeT, hto ^T0T HOBbiH CTaTyc npucBauBaeTca He0Ôa3aTegbH0 (hjh, MO^eT ôbiTb, Booô^e He) no nHHrBHCTHHeCKHM KpUTepUaM, a CKOpee C yHeTOM ^KCTpagHHrBHCTH^eCKHX ^aKTOpOB. npaBO npucBoeHua CTaTyca OTgenbHoro a3biKa ^aKTH^ecKu npHHagge:®HT pa3nHHHbiM noguTH^ecKHM, co^HagbHMM HiH KynbTypHbiM CTpyKTypaM, c^HTaro^HMca unu CHHTa-k^hm ce6a KOMneTeHTHbMu b ^T0M Bonpoce (Dunn 2018: 19). nonbCKun nuHrBHCT ^Hym BaHbHepoBCKUH Bbipa^aeT 6ecn0K0HCTB0, CMoryT nu MHKpoa3HKH He TonbKO ycToaTb b ycnoBuax uHTerpauuu u rno6anu3auuH, ho h COXpaHHTb CBOK CaM06bITH0CTb npu OrpOMHOH KOHKypeHUHH, «yCnOBHa KOTOpOH guKTywT MupoBHe 33HKH» (Banczerowski 2009: 13), unu ®e 3th a3biKu 6ygyT nogBep^eHH gerpagauuu u noTepaKT cboh ^yHKuuu, u6o «KOHKypeHuua npeg-nonaraeT HanuHue no6eguTenen u no6e®geHHbix» (Banczerowski 2009: 14), ho nporH03 yneHoro onTUMHCTUHeH, u6o oh CHUTaeT, hto Heo6xoguM0 coxpaHHTb MHoroa3HHue cnaBaHCKoro Mupa u ero nonuKynbTypHOCTb. 3 "npMHyg^MBoe CMemeHMe" nuHrBucTUKu c no^uTUKOM, u^u pacmupeHue npoö^eMaTUKu nuHrBOKOH$nuKTonoruu KaK npegcTaBnaeTca, A. KaMHaTHOB u H. HuKonuHa, 3aaBnaa, hto yKpaHHCKHH 33HK numb guaneKT pyccKoro a3biKa, nonb30Banucb He nHHrBHCTHHecKHMH Kpu-TepuaMu, a KpuTepuaMu ucKnMHUTenbHO nonHTHHecKHMH. OTMeTHM TaK^e, hto CTaTyc yKpauHCKoro a3biKa o6cy®gaeTca cerogHa Ha pa3nuHHHx poccuHCKux HayHHbix ^opyMax. TaK, HanpuMep, b MapTe 2008 roga Ha ^unonoruHecKOM ^aKynbreTe Mry hm. M. B. .HoMOHOCOBa npomen Kpyrnbin CTon b paMKax pa6oHero coBe^aHua "PyccKHH a3biK b ycnoBuax a3biK0B0H u KynbTypHon nonu^OHuu". Ony6nuK0BaHbi CKpunTbi gucKyccuH (cTeHorpaMMa), rge HaxoguM BbiCKa3biBaHua o CTaTyce yKpauHCKoro a3biKa u3BecTHbix coBpe-MeHHMx poccuHCKux yHeHbix. Cp. MHeHue BuKTopuu KpaCHHX: Bo3bMHTe yKpaHHCKHH a3biK. Begb COBpeMeHHblH yKpaHHCKHH a3biK - ^T0 HCKyCCTBeHHMH a3biK... no 6onbmoMy CHeTy... (KpyrnbiH CTon... 2011: 208); npoôneMa b tom, hto yKpaHHCKHH a3bK He Mor oöcny^HTb. bot TaK ^e, KaK qeneHCKHH a3biK... He Mor "oôcny^HTb" b KaBbHKax Te ci^epbi, b K0T0pbix oh paHbme He ynoTpeôganca... h caMHMu yKpaHH^aMH ^T0T a3MK BOcnpHHHManca KaK aôconroTHO HCKyccTBeHHbiH (KpyrnbiH CTon... 2011: 209); unu HpuHH 3hkoboh: Oco3HaHHe ce6a HgeT Hepe3 HaBa3biBaHHa... roBopeHHa KaK 6b Ha yKpaHHCKOM a3biKe, KOTopbH aKOôbi gna hhx pogHOH, ho Ha caMOM gene. KaK 6b no^HHH pogHOH asMK (KpyrnbH CTon. 2011: 313). B 3T0M BMCKa3MBaHHH KpaCHOpeHHBO HCn0nb30BaHH gUCKypCHBHMe CnOBa (KaK 6m, xKoôbî). nogHepKHeM ogHaKO, hto coBpeMeHHbin HauuoHanbHHH yKpaHHCKHH — 131 — Tatjana Anatoljevna Kosmeda a3MK, ^yH^uoHupyro^un B yKpauHe, eerogHa nojHocTbro ygoBjeTBopaeT Bee cneKTpM «HoMuHaTuBHMx u KoMMyHuKaTuBHMx n0Tpe6H0CTen o6^ecTBa» (Kap-nujoBCKaa 2014: 18), oh o6eeneHuBaeT cboux HoeuTejen BceM pa3Hoo6pa3ueM «BugoB u $opM CBoen a3MKoBon geaTejbHocTu» (KapnujoBCKaa 2014: 18); k ToMy ®e yKpauHCKun a3MK otkpmt k BHemHeMy Mupy, npo^eeaM rao6aïïH3a^HH, ho npu ^TOM oh eoxpaHaeT CBoe «ju^» (KapnujoBCKaa 2014: 19). KpynHbiH u aBTopuTeTHMH poccuncKun juHrBucT MaKcuM KpoHray3 aKTuBHo roynaet npo6jeMaTuKy juHrBoKoH^juKTojoruu. OgHaKo cboumu TeKCTaMu oh ^p0B0^HpyeT co3gaHue koh^juktob, hto TaK^e CBa3aHo e ero HHTep^peTa^HeH oeo6eHHoeTeñ yKpauHeKoro a3MKa. B KHure PyccKuü h3uk na ^panu nepeno^o cpuea ueejegoBaTejb HeogHoKpaTHo KaeaeTea BonpoeoB, CBa3aHHbix e $yH^u-oHupoBaHueM yKpauHeKoro a3MKa. CoraaeuMca e M. KpoHray3oM: «Korga peHb ugeT o ny^ux ropogax ga eTpaHax, juHrBucTuKa npunygjuBo eMemuBaeTea e nojuTuKoH, u ^T0 npugaeT oeo6bin rpagye o6ey®geHuM» (KpoHray3 2011: 206), hto npoeje^uBaeM u b HayHHbix TeKeTax Ha3BaHHoro aBTopa. HanpuMep, npo^eeeop KpoHray3 yguBjaeTea, noneMy Ha3BaHue yKpauHCKon CT0JH^M (yKp. Kuïe) b TpaHCJHTepa^HH goj^Ho nueaTbea KaK Kyiv, a He Kiev (pyeeK. KueB). Cp. TaK^e BMeKa3MBaHua yneHoro no noBogy "nojuTunecKoro" npegjora e: CaMMH aKTyajbHMH eerogHa jjuHEBo-nojuTu^eoKun Bonpoe CBa3aH ga^e He c nepeuMeHo-BaHueM, a e He^0Jb30BaHHeM npegjora. KaK npaBujbHo: na YKpaune uju e YKpaune? OTBeT npocToH. KoHeHHo, na YKpaune, eeju roBopurb no-pyccKu. H rjaBHoe 3T0 He 3aBueuT ot nojuTu^ecKoH KoHtKiHKTypbi. noqeMy oômhho gja CTpaH mm ucnojb3yeM npegjor e, a TyT - na? ^T0 T0JbK0 CBugeTejbCTByeT 06 oeo6oH BbigegeHHoe™ (u TeM eaMMM - Ba^-hoctu) YKpauHM gja pyeeKoro a3MKa (He 6ygy BgaBaTbea b ueTopu^ecKue nogpoÖHocTu), a He 06 oco6om 0TH0meHuu K cerogHamHen yKpauHCKoH roeygapeTBeHHoe™. noBepbTe, Hulero ju^Horo (KpoHray3 2011: 207-208). OgHaKo Bonpoe 06 ynoTpe6jeHuu npegjora e uju na e Ha3BaHueM agMuHu-CTpaTuBH0-re0rpa$uHecK0H egHHH^M Yxpauna pemaeTca poccuncKuMu yne-hmmu He0gH03HaHH0. HanpuMep, aBTopuTeTHMH ctujuct ^uTMap Po3eHTajb b CnpaeoHHUKe no npaeonucanum u mmepamypnoñ npaeue paHee nogaHHyro um HH$opMa^HM u3MeHuj e yneT0M hoboh yKpauHCK0H HopMM, cp.: «C agMuHu-CTpaTOBHo-reorpa^uHecKuMu HauMeH0BaHuaMu ynoTpe6jaeTca npegjor e, HanpuMep: e ^opo^e, e paüone, e oónaemu, e pecnyönuxe, e Cuóupu, e Eenapyccuu, e 3aKaexa3be, e YKpaune» (Po3eHTajb 2012: 291). H Po3eHTajb, u KjaeeuKu yKpauHeKoro a3MK03HaHua (HanpuMep, HBaH OrueHKo, ropun ffleBejeB, .HeoHug ByjaxoBCKun), u coBpeMeHHbie yKpauHCKue yneHbie (HanpuMep, AHaTojun 3arHuTK0, HBaH CjuHbKo, HuKojan CTenaHeHKo) npuBogaT MHoronucfleHHbie ynoTpe6jeHua KoHCTpy^un e YKpaune, BCTpe-naro^ueea b pyecKux TeKCTax AjeKcaHgpa nymKuHa, HuKojaa roroja, HbBa TojCToro, AHT0Ha ^exoBa u gp. BejuKux nueaTejen. BuKTop nejeBuH Ha CBoen eTpaHH^e b ®ene6yK nognepKHyj, hto K0HCTpyK^Ha na Yxpaune, K0T0pyro b poeeunCKoM a3MK03HaHuu nHTaMTCa KBaJH$H^Hp0BaTb KaK HopMaTuBHyM u eguHCTBeHHo npaBujbHyK», CBugeTejbCTByeT o «HeyBa®uTejbH0M 0TH0meHuu poeeuncKux BjacTen k He3aBHeHMoeTH yKpauHM, go eux nop CHuraro^ux, hto yKpauHa He roeygapcTBo, a TeppuTopua» (nejeBuH 2014). - 132 --Slavia Centralis 1/2020 Pe^nyux cmamyca yKpauHCK0^0 xsbwa e poccuuckom x3biK03HaHuu HuKOian CrenaHeHKO, T^aTeibHO roynuBmun c tohku 3peHua guaxpoHuu u CHHxpoHHH c^e^u$UKy yn0Tpe6ieHua KOHCTpyK^UH na Ykpauue u e YKparne, na ykpauny u e YKpauny b yKpauHCKOM u pyccKOM a3biKax, cgeiai TaKOH BbiBog: B yxpaHHOKOM a3biKe KOHCTpyK^HH e YKpaine, e YKpainy BepHyjiHOb b pa3pag uokoh-hmx rpaMMaTH^ecKHX ^opM, k TOMy ®e, OKpameHHbix naTpHOTH^ecKHM cogep^aHHeM. B pyccKOM A3biKe ohh OKa3aiHCb cpegu HeraTHBHO MapKHpoBaHHMX cpegcTB a3biKa, u TpaKTyroTca KaK npuxoTb naTpHOTH^ecKH HacTpoeHHbx yKpaHHCKHX jhhfbhctob (CTe-naHeHKO 2018: 44). 4 BbiBOflbi TaKUM 06pa30M, mo®ho npuHaTb npegiaraeMbin M. Kp0Hray30M TepMUH "Tep-popu3M b o6iacTu a3MK03HaHua" (Kp0Hray3 2011: 211), aBiaM^unca Henocpeg-CTBeHHMM npegMeTOM juHrBOKOH^juKTOioruH, coraacHTbca c A. 3aiu3HaK0M, hto b C0BpeMeHH0H HayKe "npo^eTaeT" "nceBgoiuHrBucTuKa", Ha6iMgaeTca njMpaiH3M MHeHun: ot npu3HaHua OTaTyca caMOCToaTeibHoro a3biKa gia mu-Kp0a3biK0B go OTpu^Hua OTaTyca caMOCToaTeibHoro gia a3biKa c ycToaBmenca TpagH^HeH. Korga yKpauHCKHH a3biK Ha3biBawT "guaieKTOM pyccKoro a3biKa", "ucKyc-CTBeHHMM a3MK0M", "He ^yH^uoHupyM^uM b C0BpeMeHH0H yKpauHe", "iO®-hmm pogHMM a3MK0M" u t. g., npocie®uBaeM BonuM^ue $aKTbi HenoiuTKop-peKTHOCTu. TaKyM HenoiuTKoppeKTHOCTb gonycKaMT u yneHbie, OTMenaM^ue, hto «0®uBieHue uHTepeca k a3HKy co CTopoHH BiacTu ciyHaHHOOTbM 6biTb He M0®eT» (Kp0Hray3 2011: 214), 0gHaK0 ^T0 oco3HaeTca iumb Torga, Korga penb ugeT o pogHOM a3biKe. yKpauHCKun a3biK u $aKTM, CBa3aHM c ero pa3BuTueM, mo®ho TpaKTOBaTb KaK iuHrBucTunecKyM ugeoioreMy. TeKCTbi, b kotopmx o6cy®gaMTca Ha3BaHHbie iuHrBO-noiuTuHecKue Bonpocbi, - ^T0 "noiuTunecKue TeKCTbi", nogroTOBieHHbie "no 3aKa3y". y^e6HuK A. KaMnaTHOBa u H. Hukoiuhoh, no K0T0p0My u3ynawT a3bi a3bi-K03HaHua c Hanaia XXI BeKa u go HacToa^ero BpeMeHu (yne6H0e noco6ue ne-peu3gaeTca npaKTunecKu Ka^gbiH rog Tupa®0M 3000 ^K3eM^gapoB) He TOibKO CTygeHTM-^uioioru By30B Poccuu, ho u OTygeHTbi-pycucTbi Bcero Mupa, - o6pa-3e^ nceBgoHayHHoro yne6HuKa, He 0Tpa®aw^er0 ochobhmx ^puH^u^0B, npegi-aBiaeMMx cerogHa k yne6HbiM noco6uaM. nogo6Hbie yne6HuKu cnoco6cTByMT BOcnuTaHuM JUHrB0Ha^u0HaJU3Ma u m0BuHu3Ma. ^encTBuTeibHO, npocie®u-BaeM, MarKO roBopa, «npunygiuBoe CMemuBaHue iuHrBucTuKu u noiuTuKu», npoHuKmee ga®e b yHe6H0-gugaKTunecKyM iuTepaTypy. ^HTEPATYPA Eopuc HMKOiaeBM^ rOHOBHH, 1977: Beedenne e R3UK03nanue. MocKBa: Bbicmaa mKOia. AieKcaHgp ^YHH^EHKO, 2018: CiaBaHCKaa MuKpo^ugogorua. CxaexncKax MUKpofiu-nono^UR. nog peg. A. ^yiM^eHKO, M. HoMaTu. Sapporo: Slavic-Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University. 3-16. — 133 — Tatjana Anatoljevna Kosmeda BacuguH BacugbeBuq 3EHBKOBCKHH, 2014: H3Moeu mushu. BocnoMUHaHUx. MocKBa: ^OM pyccKoro 3apy6e:®ba HM. A. Cog^eHu^rna. AgeKcaHgp MuxafigoBuq KAM^ATHOB, HaTagba AHaTogbeBHa HHKOHHHA, 2018: BeedeHue e x3bKo3HaHue. MocKBa: ©guHTa; HayKa. EBreHua A. KAPnH.HOBCKA.3, 2014: HHoa3bmHbie pecypcbi coBpeMeHHoro yKpauHcKoro c0B006pa30BaHHa. Slavia Centralis 2/7, 18-29. BuTaguH HBaHoBH^ KO^yXOB, 1987: BeedeHue e x3bKo3HaHue. MocKBa: npocBe^eHue. HuKogaH AHgpeeBuq KOH^PAfflOB, 1986: CnaexHcKue X3bmu. MocKBa: npocBe^eHue. MaKcuM KPOHrAy3, 2008: PyccKuU X3UK Ha ^paHU HepeHo^o cpuea. MocKBa: M3mkh cgaBaHcKux KygbTyp. KpyrgbiH cTog «PyccKuH a3biK b ycgoBuax a3biKoBofi u KygbTypHoH nogui^oHuu», 2011. PyccKuU x3biK e ycnoeuxx x3biKoeou u KynbmypHou nonufioHUu. nog peg. B. B. KpacHbix. MocKBa: H3g. ^HTp «A36yKoBHuK». 203-300. neTp AgeKceeBuq .HABPOBCKHH, 1852: O x3UKe ceeepHbix PyccKUx nemonuceu. CaHKT-neTep6ypr: Tun. HMn. AKag. HayK. Ho^Haa guHrBucTuKa u KBa3uucTopua, 2011: http://www.lookatme.ru/flow/posts/science-techno/147887-lozhnaya-lingvistika-i-k (gaTa gocTyna: 02.08.2019). Eopuc MuxafigoBuq .HMnyHOB, 1998: EguHcTBo pyccKoro a3biKa b ero Hape^uax. VKpa-uhckuu cenapamu.3M e Poccuu. H^eono^ux Ha^uoHanbHo^o pacKona. MocKBa: MocKBa. 328-346. BuKTop nEHEBHH, 2014. Facebook. https://www.facebook.com/plvnv/posts/6377572 79629888 (gaTa gocTyna: 25.03.2014). EBreHuH ^MuTpueBuq nOHHBAHOB, 1965: HcTopu^ecKoe a3biKo3HaHue u a3biKoBaa noguTuKa. BnaduMup AHdpeeeun 3BE^HH^EB. Hcmopux x3UKo3HaHUx XIX-XX eeKoe e onepKax u U3eneneHUxx. MocKBa: npocBe^eHue. II. 320-336. Muxaug HuKogaeBuq nPAB^HH, 2013: no^eMy Kpen^aeT Mapa3M? (Pe^H3ua Ha y^e6Hoe noco6ue «BBegeHue b a3biKo3HaHue» A. M. KaM^aTHoBa u H. A. HuKoguHoH. u3g. ©guHTa, u3g. HayKa, 1999). fiu^eucmuKa u fiunocofiux. KueB: yKp. Bug-Bo. 58-62. AgeKcaHgp AgeKcaHgpoBuq PEOOPMATCKHH, 1996: BeedeHue e x3UKoeedeHue. nog peg. B. A. BuHorpagoBa. MocKBa: AcneKT npecc. ^uTMap ^gbameBu^ PO3EHTAHB, 2012: CnpaeonHUK no npaeonucaHum unumepamypHou npaeKe. nog peg. H. E. Togy6. MocKBa: AHpuc-npecc. CnaexHcKax MUKpofiunono^ux, 2018: nog peg. A. ^ygu^eHKo, M. HoMaTu. Sapporo: Slavic-Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University. MuKoga CTEnAHEHKO, 2018: KoHcTpy^ii «b yKpaiHi», «Ha yKpaiHi», «b yKpai'Hy», «Ha yKpai'Hy» Ha Tgi nuxoMux o3HaK yKpaiHcbKoi mobu: BgacHe gmrBicTu^Hufi i co-^ogmrBicTu^Hufi BuMipu. MuKona CTEnAHEHKO. I3 saciey - 6na^ocnoeunocb: ecKisu do eu6paHo^o. nogTaBa: nn «AcTpaa». 32-45. TuMo^efi OHOPHHCKHH, 1900: ManopyccKuU X3UK u «yKpauHcbKo-pycbKuU» numepa-mypHbiu cenapamusM^. CaHKT-neTep6yprt: Tunorpa^ua A. C. CyBopuHa. AgeKceH AgeKcaHgpoBuq fflAXMATOB, 1916: KpaTKuH o^epK ucTopuu MagopyccKoro (yKpauHcKoro) a3biKa. VKpauHcKuU Hapod e e^o npownoM u Hacmox^eM: b 2-x ToMax. neTep6ypr: Tun. ToB-Ba «O6^ecTBeHHaa nogb3a». T. 2. 680-707. Oger CepreeBuq fflHPOKOB, 1985: BeedeHue e x3bKo3HaHue. MocKBa: H3g-Bo Mock. yH-Ta. - 134 --Slavia Centralis 1/2020 Pe^nyux cmamyca yKpauHCK0^0 xsbwa b poccuücKOM xsbiKOSHaHuu Janusz BANCZEROWSKI, 2009: Sytuacja j^zykowa w Unii Europejskiej. Slavia Centralis 2/2, 12-19. John DUNN, 2018: CnaBSHCKHe s3mkh h npo^ccbi s3mkoboh (^pa^MeHTa^HH b coBpeMeH-hoh EBpone. CxaexncKax MUKpo$unono^uR. nog peg. A. ^ygu^eHKo, M. HoMa™. Sapporo: Slavic-Eurasian Research Center, Hokkaido University. 19-31. Mate KAPOVIC, 2011: Language, Ideology and Politics in Croatia. Slavia Centralis 4/2, 45-56. Nataša Gliha KOMAC, 2018: Jezikovna politika Republike Slovenije in potrebe uporabnikov. Slavia Centralis 11/2, 7-15. Janja HOJNIK, 2018: Nacionalni jeziki v EU: med pravno zavarovano vrednoto in oviro za delovanje enotnega trga. Slavia Centralis 11/2, 16-32. Magdalena STECIAG, 2019: «What is the best language for Eastern Europe?» Lingua receptiva as a new approach in Slavic intercommunication research. Slavia Centralis 12/2, 85-95. SPREJEM STATUSA UKRAJINSKEGA JEZIKA V RUSKI LINGVISTIKI: MIT IN REALNOST 21. stoletje kaže napredek v znanosti, obenem pa tudi obratne procese, npr. nastanek tako imenovane kvaziznanosti oz. lažnega jezikoslovja. Postulati »ljubiteljske lingvistike« so objavljeni na spletu, po drugi strani pa psevdoznanstvena dognanja postajajo gradivo učbenikov 21. stoletja, kar je nesprejemljivo in zaskrbljujoče. V študijah nekaterih sodobnih ruskih jezikoslovcev je izraženo stališče, ki zanika obstoj ukrajinskega jezika kot neodvisnega jezika vzhodnoslovanske skupine. Po njihovem mnenju se vzhodnoslovanska skupina jezikov nanaša izključno na ruski jezik s štirimi narečji (velikoruskim, beloruskim, rdečeruskim in maloruskim), pri čemer ukrajinski jezik v skladu s predstavljenim konceptom nima statusa neodvisnega jezika. Pri izjavi, da je ukrajinski jezik le narečje ruskega jezika, zlasti A. Kamchatnov in N. Nikolina nista izhajala iz jezikovnih kriterijev, ampak sta za modeliranje teorije psevdojezikov uporabila izključno politične kriterije. Avtorica prispevka izpostavlja problematičnost razlage statusa ukrajinskega jezika, ki sta ga v sodobnem učbeniku o ruskem jeziku predstavila A. Kamchatnov in N. Nikolina. Njuno razlago primerja z ugotovitvami klasikov ruskega jezikoslovja, vključno z avtorji učbenikov o lingvistiki, ki so bili objavljeni prej, in tudi s spoznanji sodobnih raziskovalcev tega vprašanja. Ugotovljeno je popolno neskladje pristopov. Strinja se z jezikoslovci, ki so priporočali, naj se jezikovna politika ne zlorablja in meša z zgodovinskim jezikoslovjem, ki temelji izključno na kategoričnih dejstvih primerjalne zgodovinske lingvistike. Pred več kot sto leti so znanstveniki razumno in prepričljivo utemeljili stališče o statusu ukrajinskega jezika kot neodvisnega jezika. Danes, ko nekateri raziskovalci ukrajinski jezik imenujejo »narečje ruskega jezika«, »umetni jezik«, jezik, ki v sodobni Ukrajini ne deluje, in »lažni domači jezik«, zasledimo grozljiva dejstva politične nekorektnosti, ki ponazarjajo »terorizem na področju jezikoslovja«. Ukrajinski jezik in dejstva, povezana z njegovim razvojem, je mogoče razlagati kot jezikovno ideologijo. Izpričana je nekakšna »bizarna mešanica jezikoslovja in politike«, ki je prodrla celo v poučno in didaktično literaturo. — 135 —