Acrocephalus 22 (109): 189, 2002 Acrocephalus na pohodu – drugi del Acrocephalus on the move – part two Kot urednik revije Acrocephalus se ob zadnji {tevilki letnika 22 poslavljam od Vas, spo{tovane bralke in bralci! Zadovoljen sem, da sem v kolegu Alu Vrezcu na{el izvrstnega naslednika. Vedno ve~je zahteve in kroni~no pomanjkanje ~asa za `ivljenje in delo mi ne dopu{~ajo, da bi {e naprej stal na prvem okopu revije. Pa vendar tri leta uredni{kega dela in vodenja vseh poslov niso le usluga ali obveznost do DOPPS-BirdLife Slovenia. Dala so mi veliko veselja, dragocenih izku{enj in prijateljskih stikov. Rastel je tudi Acrocephalus. In njegova rast je presegla vsa pri~akovanja. Obra~un treh let dokazuje, da revija postaja resni~no profesionalna. Recenzenti so piscem prisko~ili na pomo~ z ostrimi, kakovostnimi in konstruktivnimi recenzijami. Zelo dobro se spominjam, kako sem pod budnim o~esom Andreja O. @upan~i~a svoj prvi dalj{i rokopis nekaj mesecev kar petkrat pisal na novo. Od za~etka do konca, ker ra~unalnikov {e ni bilo. [e danes ni kon~an. A med preklinjanjem sem absolviral del {ole za natan~nost in bistvo. Zabaval sem se, ko mi je A.O. @upan~i~ dal v roke legendarni Ku{~erjev ~lanek o strokovnem pisanju. Ob so~nih primerih, kot je vpra{anje, ali je `e kdo sli{al kmeta pripovedovati, da je imelo mokro seno za posledico crknjenega konja, sem se do solz smejal slogovnim nespretnostim. Nevedo~, da se smejim lastni o{abnosti. Izbolj{ati svoj slog pomeni izbolj{ati svoje misli – in ni~ drugega. Tr i osebe so kasneje vplivale na moje izra`anje: Iztok Geister s {okantno prodornostjo besed, Davorin Tome s slogovno preprostostjo in neusmiljenim rezanjem balasta in Peter Trontelj z besedno ~istostjo in presunljivo natan~nostjo jezikovnih terminusov. Tu je bil {e Thomas Geisinger, ki mi je na dvodnevnem seminarju z naslovom “Kako bodo na{a besedila bolj{a” pokazal, ~esa ne smem po~eti. Kaj je nastalo, lahko preberete sami. Navsezadnje moram priznati, da sem tri leta kot urednik u`ival ob 150 recenzijah in nenehnih lektorskih popravkih. Kar nekaj jih je tako kakovostnih, da bi jih bilo dobro objaviti. Dejstvo je, da so recenzenti piscem dali izbrano darilo: funkcionalno pismenost o tem, kako strokovno pisati. In del darila smo lahko prebrali tudi bralci sami. Brez dvoma je ob fundirani reviji prijetno ob~utiti nadregionalno pozornost, odobravanje in prebujanje novih piscev. Menim, da se je uresni~ena zamisel o odprtosti revije bogato obrestovala. V uredni{tvu smo se s souredniki in ~lani uredni{kega odbora trudili oblikovati servis za pisce. Spodbujali smo znane in nove avtorje k pisanju in skrbeli za osnovno korespondenco. Na to ka`e vsaj 5500 prejetih elektronskih sporo~il! Razveseljiv je rasto~i dele` nenajavljenih rokopisov. Upati je, da bo med njimi kmalu tudi Va{! Od revije se ne poslavljam dokon~no. Le moje delo bo bolj skrito. Predvsem ga bo bistveno manj. Je ~as dela in naporov. In ~as za teren in pisanje. Obhaja me nepopisno veselje, da se bom naposled le lahko lotil slednjega. Popotnica novemu uredniku? Prav! Stari se umika. Prihaja novi. Ornitolo{ka poezija! Acrocephalus bo lahko spet samo napredoval. Borut [tumberger 189 Acrocephalus 22 (109): 191 – 206, 2002 Dispersal by accident – the Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia population in Croatia Razpr{itev populacije `li~ark Platalea leucorodia na Hrva{kem Martin Schneider-Jacoby1, Tibor Mikuska2, Darko Kova~i}3, Jozsef Mikuska4, Mirko [etina5 & dr 1 Zdravko Tadi}6 1Euronatur, Konstanzer Str. 22, D-78315 Radolfzell, Germany, e-mail: martin.schneider.jacoby@euronatur.org 2Kopa~ki rit Nature Park Management Office, Ul. Petefi Sandora 33, HR-31327 Bilje, Croatia, e-mail: tmikuska@pedos.hr 3Lonjsko Polje Nature Park Management Office, Tr g Petra Sva~i}a, HR – 44324 Jasenovac, Croatia, e-mail: pp.lonjsko.polje@sk.tel.hr 4Department of Biology, University of Osijek, L. Jagera 9, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia 5A. Barca 38, HR-35000 Slavonski Brod, Croatia, e-mail: mirko.setina@sb.tel.hr 6I.G. Kova~i}a 23, HR-31540 Donji Miholjac, Croatia The Croatian Spoonbill population is part of the Pannonian population, which may be understood as a meta-population shown by the recent breeding dispersal in Croatia. Kopa~ki rit functions as a post-breeding gathering site with up to 1,000 roosting birds. The network of suitable wetland habitats is important for the survival of the species. The population had been rising until 1988, when 180 pairs bred in only one colony Krapje \ol in the Sava Wetlands, which has eventually been destroyed by the international melioration programme. This was the start of the dispersal of the population. Three new colonies were established along the Sava and Drava rivers. In the period 1999-2001, the largest colony at Jelas polje decreased rapidly due to the (too) high water level in the fishpond. Urgent measures are needed to preserve this important site. The restoration of the Spoonbill colony at Krapje \ol clearly shows that protection measures are successful and necessary. The capacity of the Croatian wetlands is at least 300 pairs of Spoonbills (sum of maxima per site between 1980 - 2000), but the breeding population was only 88 pairs in 2001 as the preservation of the breeding sites, which are all IBAs, was not effective. The last maximum was reached in 1997 with 218 pairs. The feeding sites in the fishponds and alluvial wetlands are also insufficiently preserved and an action plan for the species is needed urgently. Economic difficulties of the fish farms especially due to high water fees, and large scale water management schemes, such as the Danube-Sava-Adria Canal, endanger not only the Spoonbills but the unique natural heritage of Croatia’s alluvial wetlands along the Sava, Drava and Danube rivers. As Croatia has signed the Rio, Bonn, Bern and Ramsar Conventions, the country has to change the old plans and to implement its new Biodiversity Strategy. Key words: Spoonbill, Platalea leucorodia, population size, distribution, alluvial wetlands, fish farms, flood control, river restoration Klju~ne besede: `li~arka, Platalea leucorodia, velikost populacije, loke, ribogojnice, nadzor nad poplavami, obnova rek 191 M. Schneider-Jacoby, T. Mikuska, D. Kova~i}, J. Mikuska, M. [etina & Z. Tadi}: Dispersal by accident – the Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia population in Croatia I. Introduction Croatia will surely maintain the country’s great importance for the purposes of European nature conservation, in particular the protection of floodplains – the alluvial wetlands of the Danube, Sava, Drava rivers and their tributaries (Radovi} 1999). The Croatian agriculture, forestry and water management are bearing particular responsibility in this context, since in no other European country alluvial forests and a mosaic of flooded grassland including traditional land-use in floodplains have been preserved to such extent (Ern 1990, Brundi} et al. 2000, DPRP 2000, Horvat et al. 1974, Prpi} & Raus 1991, Schneider-Jacoby 1994, 1999a, b). Birds perfectly illustrate the outstanding role Croatia is playing in the preservation of the European natural heritage, but data collection and countrywide census techniques have to be improved (Tucker & Heath 1994, Schneider-Jacoby 2000). As we have good actual information on the status of the Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia in Croatia, which is a highly endangered species in Europe (SPEC category 2 -Tucker and Heath 1994, European Threat Status E, EU Birds Directive/Appendix I (79/409/EEC), Bern Convention/Appendix II, Bonn Convention/Appendix II, compare Heath & Evans 2000, Hut 1992), we would like to use this species to point out various improvements and gaps in the country’s nature conservation system and to monitor the implementation of its environmental policy. With regard to the justification of the protection strategies and their implementation, birds as indicators are very valuable especially in nature conservation as used for example by the Ramsar Convention (1% criteria), the EU Natura 2000 Network or Emerald Network to cover the member states of the Council of Europe (compare Heath and Evans 2000). Nature conservation indicators thus are: animal or plant species, which require the protection of a site, whose existence or absence is proving impacts on landscapes and whose requirements of habitat are throwing light upon the necessary protection measures (Schneider-Jacoby 1993). For many reasons birds are most suitable for the procedure as described above. Such bird species, like the Spoonbill with very special adaptations as its spoonlike bill (Müller 1988), and distribution limited to very few sites in Europe (Hagemeijer & Blair 1997, Snow & Perrins 1998, Tucker and Heath 1994), can be used as nature conservation indicators. It seems very important to distinguish these notions since bio-indication is mostly restricted to the field of 192 environmental protection (Schneider-Jacoby 1993, Kushlan 1993, 1997). Mühlenberg (1989), for instance, is using target species (Zielarten) in order to justify and estimate nature conservation measures. The present paper will use the Spoonbill to identify large-scale riverine landscapes in Croatia that offer very special habitats for this highly specialised large water bird. 2. Methodology In order to define and delimit the important parts of the Central Sava Basin between Gradi{ka, Sisak, Ivani} Grad, Kutina and Novska that have to be protected, observations of all threatened bird species in Europe were carried out in 1986, 1987 and 1989 (compare Schneider-Jacoby 1993, 1999bc), including information on behaviour, vegetation, land-use and water level. The number of species per grid square (2x2 km, Gauß-Krüger-net) is offering a good overview for the large region. The area includes Lonjsko Polje Nature Park with its riverine forests, flooded pastures and meadow landscapes as well as the transition zone and the former floodplain with traditional agriculture. Outside this area, there are only some important concentrations of birds that have also been monitored: the fish-ponds of Lipovljani and Oku~ani, the Pakra water reservoir, which is the most important waterfowl roost, and the alluvial wetlands along the Sunja river. Since 1998, the new Nature Park is continuing the monitoring (D. Kova~i} in lit.). Since 1989, the situation changed considerably as Spoonbills have changed their distribution in Croatia. Thus a review of the Spoonbill population in Croatia has to summarise the old research and compare the information with the new situation and recently established breeding sites. In contrast to the situation in the sixties, when the colony in the Sava Wetlands was found by accident without steady monitoring before, Kopa~ki rit has been researched for more than a 100 years. Although huge numbers of roosting Spoonbills have been recorded and other heron species are known to breed in large colonies, this site was seldom used by Spoonbills for breeding (Maji} & Mikuska 1972, Mikuska & Mikuska 1994). Due to the regular observations and active preservation work of Mirko [etina (Jelas polje, Slavonski Brod) and Zdravko Tadi} (fish farm Donji Miholjac and relating Podravina), some reliable information on these two outstanding wetlands including their environment has been collected. Jozsef Mikuska has regularly counted the Po`ega-Ko{ka alluvial lowlands with the two large fish farms. ACROCEPHALUS 22 (1O9): 3 — l8, 2002 3. Results 3.1. Population development and dispersal Spoonbills were numerous in many wetlands but did decrease rapidly due to habitat loss all over Europe (Tucker and Heath 1994). Recently some countries were recolonised (Hagemeijer & Blair 1997, Snow & Perrins 1998). In five Central European countries the decrease has reached a bottom line (Bauer & Berthold 1996) and populations are slowly recovering: in the Netherlands (Voslamnber 1994), Hungary (Müller 1987 c), Austria (Festetics & Leisler 2000), Yugoslavia (Puzovi} et al. 1999) as well as in Croatia. After the second World War, Spoonbills bred for the first time in 1954 at Kopa~ki rit (Maji} & Mikuska 1972). During this time the alluvial wetland was still much larger and the transition zone had not been transferred into arable land. Pastoralism was also allowed in the wetlands. Although the habitat was ideal during that time, breeding could not be confirmed any more during the following thirty years. In 1961, a small colony was found in the Sava Wetlands by Ern (1985, 1990) near the village of Krapje. Rucner (1970) hypothesised that this colony had been established already as early as in 1949 (compare Kralj 1997), but no detailed information has been obtained. At that time, the locality of Krapje \ol was an intact oxbow connected with the Strug river during high waters. It became the first Ornithological Reserve in Croatia, proclaimed in 1963. The population grew continuously (Gelen~ir unpubl. for 1962-1984, Rucner 1970) and became one of the largest colonies in Europe in 1989 (Figure 1, Grimmet & Jones 1989, Schneider-Jacoby 1993). Although the site was strictly protected, the internationally planned and financed water works (Consortium 1972, compare Brundi} et al. 2000) did create a polder around the oxbow and started to drain the former pastures and meadows adjacent to the reed beds. The hedgerow landscape named “greda” on the higher rarely flooded elevations was removed and only one row of bushes on the eastern side of the oxbows was maintained in the several hundred hectares large lowland area between the two large Sava bends and the Strug river. Although a drainage canal through the reserve was blocked in 1987, the overall lack of water led to a fast decrease of the water level. In 1987, the Spoonbills left their breeding site on willow bushes and moved to the reed beds in the northern part of the oxbow. This movement was caused by local people looking for firewood near the village, and the colony moved to the deeper northern part of the oxbows in the reed beds. In 1989, the mixed colony abandoned the famous and protected site, destroyed by internationally financed programme for the Sava Basin, as there was not enough water to guarantee protection of nests from predators. While the herons species did breed along the Sava river (e.g. Jasenovac) or in oxbows inside villages (e.g. Puska), the Spoonbills did not settle down during the whole year of 1989. Thus a restoration project was immediately initiated (Dezeli} & Schneider-Jacoby 1999). In autumn 1990, it was possible to reflood the site for the first time through pipes, planned and constructed by the water management in Novska, the Croatian Institute for Nature Preservation and Euronatur. The Zoological Society of Frankfurt sponsored the works. But already in 1990 the majority of the Sava population had moved 100 km downwards the Sava to the large fish farm called Jelas polje (Jelas Field) covering 20,000 ha and began to breed there ([etina 1996). Other new small groups of Spoonbills attempted to form colonies also in Slavonia near the famous roosting site at Kopa~ki rit. (Figures 1, 2a-b & Table 4, see Appendix) (Mikuska & Mikuska 1994). During 1991, after the successful restoration of the colony at Krapje \ol, some pairs that had remained in the area for two years began to breed again and herons came back to the reserve. But in two years no young were raised in the most important Spoonbill site in Croatia because the large wetland complex of more the 100,000 ha did not offer a second suitable breeding site for the species. 1956 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 2001 Year / Leto ¦ Donji Miholjac fishponds D Jelas field fishponds ¦ Kopaèki rit D Krapje Ðol ¦ Našièka Breznica fishponds Figure 1: Population development of the Spoonbill in Croatia Slika 1: Razvoj populacije žlièark na Hrvaškem 193 M. Schneider-Jacoby, T. Mikuska, D. Kova~i}, J. Mikuska, M. [etina & Z. Tadi}: Dispersal by accident – the Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia population in Croatia 3.2. Breeding sites The Croatian Spoonbill colonies breed both in reed beds and on willow bushes. The Krapje \ol colony was for over 25 years situated inside a dense group of willow bushes, because within the floodplain nests could not be built just above the water level like on sites where the water level was relatively stable or even controlled (Müller 1987a). Only during 1987 and 1988, when the water level decreased and floods could no longer reach the oxbow, nest where built in reed beds. After re-flooding the oxbow, the birds moved back to the old place on the willows. The Krapje \ol oxbow is very special as it is the only large one without houses, since natural levees of the Sava and the old meanders are the only elevations suitable for house building. As water levels are unpredictable in the alluvial wetlands, Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo and Grey Herons Ardea cinerea are the only large water birds forming colonies inside the Sava Wetlands in trees. At Jelas Field, the Spoonbill colony was built in the middle of a fishpond on dense emerging vegetation consisting mainly of Typha latifolia and T. angustifolia. Until 1998, the colony used this site and remained protected. But for the purpose of fish production, the water level within the pond has been artificially increased from 1.20 – 1.30 m up to 1.60 m, which has caused deterioration of the emerging vegetation. During the 1999-2001 these stands died out and as a result the Spoonbills abandoned the colony and no longer bred there in 2001 ([etina unpubl.). While the heron species have moved to another fishpond, the spoonbills have been much more sensitive to the changing conditions, as in the Sava Wetlands ten years earlier. At Na{i~ka Breznica fishponds, Spoonbills breed in reeds (Phragmites austrialis, Typha latifolia) along with other heron species that breed in willow trees. The colony is situated along the border of a pond and it is prone to disturbance by fishermen and guards. Table 1: An overview of the Spoonbill colonies in Croatia Tabela 1: Pregled `li~arkinih kolonij na Hrva{kem Colony and site/ Maximum Vegetation / Vegetacija Willow bushes / Vrbovje Kolonija in lokaliteta (year / leto) Reedbeds / Trsti~evje Krapje \ol (IBA Sava 180 pairs/ Only in 1987 and 1988 (little During all other years a mixed Wetlands / savska mokri{~a) parov water) / Samo v letih 1987 in colony with 4 heron species Type / Tip: oxbow / (1989) 1988 / malo vode) on dense bushes growing in mandevska mrtvica water / V preostalih letih me{ana kolonija 4 vrst ~apelj na gostem grmi~evju, rasto~em v vodi Jelas polje / Jelas Field 125 pairs/ Typha spec., mixed colony with 4 Type / Tip: fish farm/ parov heron species and Plegadis falcinellus/ ribogojnica (1994) Typha spec., me{ana kolonija 4 vrst ~apelj in Plegadis falcinellus Donji Miholjac (IBA) u pairs/ Reed, mixed heron colony with 3 Type / Tip: parov heron species / Trsti~je, me{ana fish farm / ribogojnica (1998) kolonija 3 vrst ~apelj Kopa~ki rit (IBA) 11 pairs/ In 1990 mixed heron colony with 3 In 1954 mixed colony with 5 Type / Tip: parov heron species / V letu 1990 me{ana heron species / V letu 1954 natural wetland /naravno kolonija 3 vrst ~apelj me{ana kolonija 5 vrst ~apelj mokri{~e (1954) Abandoned fish pond/ 3 pairs/ opu{~en ribnik (1990) pari Našièka Breznica (IBA) 31 pairs/ Mixed colony with 4 heron species/ Type / Tip: parov Me{ana kolonija 4 vrst ~apelj fish farm / ribogojnica (1994) 194 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 3 - l8, 2002 1: KrapjeÐol 2: Jelas Field Fishponds 3: Kopaèki rit 4: Donji Miholjac Fishponds 5: Našièka Breznica Fishponds Spoonbill Pairs/ parov žlièark 1-10 ¦ 11-50 ¦ 51 -100 ¦ 101-150 ¦ 151-200 N W< CD » E ¡ S 1: KrapjeÐol 2: Jelas Field Fishponds 3: Kopaèki rit 4: Donji Miholjac Fishponds 5: Našièka Breznica Fishponds Spoonbill Pairs/ parov žlièark 1-10 ¦ 11-50 ¦ 51 -100 ¦ 101-150 ¦ 151-200 N W < (T) » E ¡ S Figure 2a-b: Distribution map of Spoonbills in Croatia in 1988 (a) and after 1990 (b) with maximum colony size Slika 2a-b: Karta `li~arkine raz{irjenosti na Hrva{kem v letu 1988 (a) in po letu 1990 (b) z najve~jo velikostjo kolonij 195 a b M. Schneider-Jacoby, T. Mikuska, D. Kova~i}, J. Mikuska, M. [etina & Z. Tadi}: Dispersal by accident – the Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia population in Croatia At Donji Miholjac fishponds, Spoonbills breed in the Purple Heron Ardea purpurea colony situated in a large reed bed in the middle of the fishpond. Small numbers of Great Egrets Egretta alba and Grey Herons are also using the same nest site. The reed stand is surrounded by water that prevents predator intrusion. During the low water levels, however, wild boars Sus scrofa enter the colony causing egg and young loss to the nesting birds (Tadi}, unpubl.). In the Kopa~ki rit wetland, Spoonbills bred during 1954 in willow trees in a mixed species colony at Lake Kopa~evo. This colony, however, was destroyed by fishermen. During 1990, three pairs of Spoonbills attempted to nest in the reeds inside the mixed heron species colony on one of the abandoned ponds at Podunavlje fishponds. For unknown reason, this breeding attempt failed and no young were raised despite the fact that other herons raised their young with no trouble at all. In 1999, the water level in the pond was too low for herons to breed and they relocated their colony back to the willow trees of Lake Kopa~ko. 3.3. Feeding habitats Spoonbills need shallow water (up to 30 cm) to search for prey (Table 2), a habitat which is limited even in alluvial wetlands. They prefer muddy, clay or fine-sand substrates for foraging, moving their bills from side to side (Hancock et al. 1992, Müller 1988). This is why flooded pastures – especially when they are rooted up by pigs – in the depressions along the Sava tributaries of Lonja, Strug and Sunja as well as temporarily drained fishponds are the most important feeding grounds (Table 3, Schneider-Jacoby 1993). It is very interesting that these optimal feeding conditions are found at each place only periodically and that a prolonged monitoring is required to find out all these foraging bottleneck sites for the population (Figure 3). During 1987, the Krapje \ol colony left, as firewood cutting caused a severe disturbance there. The number of Spoonbills increased to 400 on feeding sites as adults and non-breeders stayed together all day. 1988 was a typical year to illustrate the use of different sites during the Table 2: Preferred water level at Spoonbill’s feeding sites in the Sava Wetlands (25 controls in 31 test areas, SCHNEIDER-JACOBY 1993) Tabela 2: Preferen~na vi{ina vode v `li~arkinih prehranjevali{~ih na savskih mokri{~ih (25 pregledov v 31 testnih obmo~jih, SCHNEIDER-JACOBY 1993) Water depth/ % of observed area/ Observed birds/ Birds per 100 ha/ Globina vode % pregledanega obmo~ja [t. opa`enih `li~ark Ptic na 100 ha Dry soil / Suha tla 53.0 0 0 Wet soil / Mokra tla 16.0 0 0 Shallow water / Nizka voda (< 10 cm) 4.3 466 4.6 10 – 30 cm water / vode 5.6 1765 15.5 > 30 cm water / vode 5.6 123 0.7 100 cm water / vode 14.2 0 0 Table 3: Preferred land-use on Spoonbill’s feeding sites in the Sava Wetlands (25 controls in 31 test areas, SCHNEIDER-JACOBY 1993) Tabela 3: Prefere~na raba tal v `li~arkinih prehranjevali{~ih na savskih mokri{~ih (25 pregledov v 31 testnih obmo~jih, SCHNEIDER-JACOBY 1993) Land-use / Raba tal % of observed area/ Observed birds/ Birds per 100 ha/ % pregledanega obmo~ja [t. opa`enih `li~ark Ptic na 100 ha 29.8 1197 1.7 18.9 0 0 27.6 0 0 ) 19.4 575 1.3 4.2 582 5.9 Fish pond (or unused) / Ribnik (ali pa ni v rabi) Meadows / Travniki Arable land / Orna zemlja Pastures / Pa{niki (mixed cattle / razli~na `ivina) Pastures / Pa{niki (only pigs / samo pra{i~i) 196 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 3 - l8, 2002 breeding season. Nearly 50 % of the adults from the colony were found feeding together on one site during the two-week census (Schneider-Jacoby 1993). \ a 400-1 300 U A JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC +-+•+ TG Llpovljanl »* LP Osekovo »<*-<> Mokro Polje *-** TG Okucani **¦* Poganovo Polje *** LP b 160 j a> 120j . A A ^./ \/ /\ J \ AU / V-Vx JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC +-++ TG Ltpovl|anJ *-•-* TG Okucani »««LP Osekovo • «-o Mokro Polje ¦sr** Poganovo Polje *-*-* LP Figure 3: Preferred Spoonbill’s feedings sites in the Sava Wetlands in 1987 (a) and 1988 (b) during the systematic monitoring (Schneider-Jacoby 1993). (TG = fish farm, LP = Lonjsko Polje, MP = Mokro Polje) Slika 3: Preferen~na `li~arkina prehranjevali{~a na savskih mokri{~ih leta 1987 (a) in 1988 (b) med sistemati~nim monitoringom (Schneider-Jacoby 1993). (TG = ribogojnica, LP = Lonjsko polje, MP = Mokro polje) Figure 4: Preferred Spoonbill’s feeding sites (n = 5491, no. of observ. = 101) in the profile of the Sava Wetlands (Schneider-Jacoby 1993) Slika 4: Preferen~na `li~arkina prehranjevali{~a (n = 5491, {t. opaz. = 101) v profilu savskih mokri{~ (Schneider-Jacoby 1993) optimal sites. The advantage of the large-scale Sava wetlands lies in the fact that there are at least nine large pasture and two fish farms, each with more than ten ponds with different water regime. When the water surface shrinks (Figure 5) in the alluvial wetlands due to the decreasing water level, Spoonbills find, at each pasture, pools and depressions that offer, at a specific time, optimal hunting conditions and abundant prey. It is a short period (from few days to a month) but at this time up to 400 birds find plenty of food before they have to leave for the next site (Figure 4). During dry periods or high water levels, these key feeding sites did not host a single Spoonbill over long periods. During the intensive reseach period in the Sava Wetlands, fishponds were mainly used as foraging habitats during spring and after the breeding season before leaving the area. During the important chick-rearing period, the pastures - including the tributaries during low water levels – offer ideal feeding places, since the decreasing water concentrates the food items inside the remaining water pools (Figure 4). During this time of the year, fishponds are usually filled with water and therefore lose their importance as foraging sites. As shown in Figure 3, there are only very short periods during which each feeding site in the alluvial wetlands is preferred. Smaller and larger flocks of up to 40 birds leave the colony together to visit these 3.4. Home range of the colonies The typical habitats for the Spoonbill in Croatia are the alluvial wetlands along the Sava river. The breeding ground is either situated at an oxbow filled with sedimentation and overgrown by succession, such as at Krapje \ol in Lonjsko Polje Nature Park or at a fishpond (Jelas Field). However, the monitoring in the Central Sava Basin has indicated that the Spoonbills use every appropriate feeding site within a range of 25 to 30 km from their breeding place (Figure 6a-b). It is therefore not necessary for the species’ protected area to include the breeding site only (Special Ornithological Reserve Krapje \ol = 30 ha), but that a surface of some 60,000 ha alluvial 197 M. Schneider-Jacoby, T. Mikuska, D. Kova~i}, J. Mikuska, M. [etina & Z. Tadi}: Dispersal by accident – the Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia population in Croatia al Year / Leto 1987 a2 Year / Leto 1988 Mokro Polje ¦ i" ¦" i ¦ ¦ ¦" i"'" i ¦ JAN FEB MAR APR MAI JUN JUL AUG SEP OKT NOV DEZ bl Year / Leto 1987 ------Poganovo Polje ------Mokro Polje *-*•* P. leucorodla 00- ¦60 / \ * 80- / \ ?' : 50 60 40 30 40- 20 20 10 0 *—•—*—>--*-*-* *¦*-+-*- ¦-*- 0 JAN FEB MAR APR MAI JUN JUL AUG SEP OKT NOV DEZ b2 Year / Leto 1988 Poganovo Polje *•*-* P. leucorodla ! JAN FEB MAR APR MAI JUN JUL AUG SEP OKT NOV DEZ Figure 5: Changes in numbers of Spoonbills on the two most important feeding sites (Mokropolje in 1987 (a1) and 1988 (a2) and Poganovo polje in 1987 (b1) and 1988 (b2)) according to the flood and dry cycles of the Sava Wetlands, shown as percentage of flooded surface of the pastures (Schneider-Jacoby 1993) Slika 5: Spremembe v {tevilu `li~ark na dveh najpomembnej{ih prehranjevali{~ih glede na poplavna in su{na obdobja na savskih mokri{~ih (Mokro polje leta 1987 (a1) in 1988 (a2) ter Poganovo polje 1987 (b1) in 1988 (b2)), prikazane v odstotkih poplavljenih povr{in polj (Schneider-Jacoby 1993) wetlands and fish farms have to be protected as an alluvial ecosystem. Today, the Central Sava Basin’s Lonjsko Polje Nature Park (50,600 ha in size) covers large areas of pastures and meadows. However, some of the most important alluvial areas on the right side of the Sava river at the Sunja tributary, as well as both fish farms that are Spoonbill’s key foraging sites, are situated outside the protected area (compare Figure 3). Within the Jelas Field colony along the Sava river some large feeding sites have been preserved. The birds from this colony fly east up to 35 km to feed in the remaining floodplain area at Dvorina and Gajna wet pastures, as well as up to 27 km upstream the Sava on the Barda~a fishponds in Bosnia and Herzegovina and the appertaining wetlands. This is consistent with literature data that indicate that feeding areas are usually situated within 35-40 km of the nesting site (Hancock et al. 1992, Hut 1992, Müller 1987b, Wetten & Wintermans 1986). 198 It is also important to understand the development in the Na{i~ka Breznica fishponds that this area is still situated in the large complex of the remaining alluvial forest. Along the Vu~ica, a stream parallel to the Drava river, there are still some pastures and wet areas with changing water level. Thus these Spoonbills can also search for food outside the fishpond area. While in the lower Sava Basin near Jelas Field the Dvorina and Gajna pastures are protected, both breeding and foraging sites near Donji Miholjac and Na{i~ka Breznica fishponds are still lacking legal protection status. Moreover, due to the Cormorant depredation activities, fishermen are causing permanent disturbance near the colonies. 3.5. Post-breeding gathering sites One of the most important post-breeding sites for Spoonbills in Croatia is Kopa~ki rit with its wetlands. Up to 1,000 birds gather in late August and early ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 3 - l8, 2002 Number per square/ Število v kvadratu maximum = 432 Pastures and meadows/ Pašniki in travniki D 100% Streams/ Vodotoki Lonjsko Polje Nature Park Figure 6a-b: a) Distribution of Spoonbills in the Sava Wetlands shown as the maximum of birds observed per 2 x 2 km grid square (Schneider-Jacoby 1993), b) distribution of pastures in the alluvial wetlands of the Sava river Slika 6a-b: a) Raz{irjenost `li~ark na savskih mokri{~ih, prikazana kot maksimum ptic, zabele`enih v kvadratu, velikem 2 x 2 km (Schneider-Jacoby 1993), b) raz{irjenost pa{nikov v savskih lokah September to feed and roost before their autumn migration to the Mediterranean and Africa. During the day in late summer and autumn, birds forage in numerous natural shallow depressions with abundant prey or in draining fishponds, and roost on Kopa~ko Lake. In the last few years, flocks of up to 120 birds are trying to overwinter, as indicated by the mid-winter waterfowl counts data, in the area between the Drava and Sava rivers. 4. Discussion 4.1. Population development According to Tucker & Heath (1994) and Bauer & Berthold (1996), the Central European Spoonbill population is divided into the Dutch-Spanish and the Pannonian (Central European) populations. Its migration and wintering sites overlap only slightly (Hut 1992, Müller 1984a,b). The Pannonian population is today concentrated in Hungary, where it has reached 600 – 750 pairs (Bauer & Berthold 1996, Müller 1984a,b). The basis for its survival are the good conservation measures particularly in Hortobagy National Park with a number of fish farms and traditional wet pastures, just as in the Sava Wetlands. Here the fishponds are included in the National Park’s conservation scheme. In the areas where the alluvial dynamics has been destroyed, as in Kis Balaton, the Spoonbills left their breeding sites (Müller 1987c). In Yugoslavia, the population reached 130-140 pairs during the 1990s (Puzovi} et al. 1999). On Be~ej fishponds (Tisza river), Spoonbills began to nest in 1990 (1 pair), and during 1992 the population increased to 45 pairs (Luka~ & Luka~ 1995). In 1997, 60-80 pairs bred there, 50-60 in 1998. Since the «sudden» increase corresponds with the «dispersal by accident» described in this paper, this could indicate that the birds also originate from the large colony in the Sava Wetlands as from those at Jelas polje. Other countries (e.g. Austria, Slovakia and the Czech Republic) hosted only small colonies of 10 pairs on average in the early nineties (Bauer & Berthold 1996). At Lake Neusiedl, the famous Spoonbill population dropped from up to 250 pairs to zero in 1990, as land-use around the lake had changed (Dick et al. 1994, Müller 1984a,b, ÖGV 1993). In the last few years, the population rose again from 13 pairs in 1992 up to 77 pairs in 2000 and 40 pairs in 2001 (Klein, Nemeth, Ranner & Rössler/Archiv BirdLife Austria, Festetics & Leisler 2000). First actions have been undertaken to restore some of the former pastures (Dick et al. 1994). The Croatian Spoonbill population is part of the Pannonian population which may be understood as a meta-population, just as shown by the recent dispersal in Croatia and Yugoslavia and the research into the exchange of birds between different colonies (Müller 1984a,b). Kopa~ki rit as a post-breeding gathering site with up to 1,000 roosting birds also shows a connection between the colonies (Mikuska & Mikuska 1994). This is true of the entire Pannonian population, as birds from colonies in Hungary and Austria visit the site (Müller 1984a,b). The network of suitable habitats is most important for the Spoonbill’s survival. A good basis to demonstrate the needs of the species are the Dutch 199 a b M. Schneider-Jacoby, T. Mikuska, D. Kova~i}, J. Mikuska, M. [etina & Z. Tadi}: Dispersal by accident – the Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia population in Croatia materials for the preparation of the species’ conservation plan in the Netherlands (Hut 1992). The habitat requirements have been also shown at Lake Neusiedl (Müller 1987b). After the dramatic decrease of floodplains in the last 200 years (Schneider 1987, DPRP 1999), only few suitable sites have survived in the Pannonian plain. In addition, the dramatic land-use and water-level changes have led to a dramatic decrease in some huge colonies, such as at Lake Neusiedl (Dick at al. 1994, Österreichische Ges. Vogelkunde 1993) and Kis Balaton (Müller 1987c). The recent development in Croatia shows how very important it is to have a network of sites suitable for breeding and foraging, as all breeding sites are surrounded by alluvial wetlands. Until 1988, the entire Croatian population bred on one site only, i.e. at Krapje \ol, which is situated in the centre of the optimal habitats in Croatia. After the oxbow was drained, the birds failed to breed in the Central Sava Basin for two years, and it was only a well organised multi-partner project that helped to restore the breeding site in a very short time (Dezeli} & Schneider-Jacoby 2000). In the meanwhile, most of the birds found a retreat in the Jelas Polje fish farm ([etina 1996). This protected breeding site and – most important for the overall population – feeding sites inside the fish farm and along the river Sava were throughout the breeding season the centre of the Croatian population for no less than ten years. It is still interesting to see that this network of alluvial wetlands and fishponds around Slavonski Brod, including the Bosnian side of the Sava, has been capable to provide enough food for such a large colony with more than hundred pairs. At the same time, other new colonies were established or birds just attempted to breed during certain years (Kopa~ki rit). On the two sites in Eastern Slavonia, Spoonbills have bred continuously for several years now. Concerning the stability of the population, the new distribution triggered off by the unfavourable situation in the Central Sava Basin during 1989 is somewhat better, as at present the breeding success does not depend on one site only and the population can use all possible feeding habitats for its reproduction. Considering that Lonjsko Polje Nature Park had hosted a much greater number of breeding pairs prior to 1990, the Croatian future capacity for the species can be estimated at 300 pairs at the least, if the breeding sites (e.g. in Jelas Polje) as well as feedings sites are preserved. The preparations for the species’ action plan are part of the Croatian conservation policy (Radovi} 1999, compare Hut 1992). For each site, a complete 200 list of all potential feeding sites and proposals for further restoration measures are needed (e.g. Brundi} et al. 2000). Kopa~ki rit Nature Park has lost its transition zone since the flood control dike was built and large areas were drained and turned into intensive agriculture. The new management practice and the international GEF/Worldbank programme has to restore these lost habitats in order to improve breeding conditions, although not only for Spoonbills but for other species as well, such as Corn Crake Crex crex, White Stork Ciconia ciconia and Lesser-spotted Eagle Aquila pomarina. The protection of the Krapje \ol colony has been improved in the recent years. A 50 ha buffer zone on the western side was created with the aid of Euronatur and the EECONET Action Fund. The Zoological Society of Frankfurt financed the construction of a new observation hide. The Nature Park controls the water level inside the oxbow to guarantee optimal breeding conditions and protection from terrestrial predators. Other nesting sites have no such favourable status. The colonies at Donji Miholjac and Na{i~ka Breznica fishponds are not protected and no special management or protection measures have been applied. At Jelas Field, the disappearance of dense vegetation (Typha spp.) was triggered off by too high water level maintained for fish production purposes. Old reedbeds are a precondition for the establishment of Spoonbill colonies at Lake Neusiedl and have to be preserved (Festetics & Leisler 2000). The Bern Convention prohibits deliberate damage of breeding sites of the Appendix II species. Recent economic trends and extremely high water fees are threatening the existence of all fishponds in Croatia despite the fact that they are crucial for the survival of many waterbird species, such as Spoonbill and Ferruginous Duck, and IBAs (compare MoEPP 2002, Radovi} 1998, Radovi} 1999). In the recent Birdlife International report, all three sites (Jelas Field, Donji Miholjac and Na{i~ka Breznica fishponds) meet the criteria of the Ramsar convention and qualify for the inclusion on the Ramsar list (BirdLife International 2001). If the government and other stakeholders do not take immediate action, Croatia could lose all these important wetland sites. 4.2. Ecological significance All breeding sites in Croatia have been identified as IBAs and are part of larger wetland complexes along the Sava, Drava and Danube rivers (Schneider-Jacoby 1994). All these wetlands are excellent ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 3 — l8, 2002 examples for the former much larger Pannonian wetland complexes and host a variety of highly endangered plants and animals that have adapted, such as Spoonbills, to the flood and dry cycles of alluvial wetlands. In the Sava Wetlands, the distribution of the threatened water plants, such as Marsilea quadrifolia, Nymphoides pelata o r Trapa natans, overlaps with the Spoonbill’s feeding sites (Schneider-Jacoby 1990). Specialist fish species, such as Umbra krameri and Misgurnus fossilis, still live in these alluvial habitats. The Spoonbill colonies are excellent indicators of the rich large-scale alluvial landscapes and not only of the old reed stands (compare Festetics & Leisler 2000). The extensively used shallow carp fishponds of Croatia have similar character species as the long flooded depressions of the Sava, Drava and Danube rivers. The bird species composition has a high similarity (Schneider-Jacoby 1993) and several endangered plants grow in areas covering thousands of hectares (Nymphoides peltata and Trapa natans). The highly diverse alluvial landscape around the Spoonbill colonies provides the endangered bird species with their specific habitats. All colonies are mixed with other heron species or even Pygmy Cormorants and Glossy Ibises as in D. Miholjac or Jelas Field. Rare duck species, e.g. Ferruginous Duck, are still common where the traditional management has been maintained (Radovi} et al. 1998). Large colonies of Whiskered Terns (up to 1000 pairs) also breed there on the floating water plants, such as in D. Miholjac in the summer of 2001 (Tadi} in lit.). The Spoonbills just point at these great, highly divers habitats and indicate the special ecological conditions through the flood and dry cycles and their extensive use. 4.3. Long-term preservation endangered The flooded pastures, being the key feeding site for many endangered bird species of the alluvial wetlands (Schneider-Jacoby 1993, 1999b), are to be maintained by using the old animal domestic species (e.g. Kova~ 1994, Schneider-Jacoby 1994, 1999b). At Lake Neusiedl, pastures were very similar in the past to those in the Sava Wetlands (Dick et al. 1994), and their loss had a major impact on the Spoonbill population (Müller 1987b). Croatia has already offered rewards for keeping the Posavina horses and the Turopolje pigs. Agricultural policy has to aim at maintaining private small farms and thus enabling the country to preserve its unique landscapes and intact ecosystems as a basis for tourism (Gugi} 1999, IUCN 1995, Schneider-1996, 2000a). The maintenance of large-scale pastures in the lowlands is one of the key actions for the preservation of the Spoonbill colonies. All four active colonies still have such habitats within the home range of the colony. A marketing and management project for the products from these pastures is needed to guarantee the long-term use in the traditional way. The logo of Lonjsko Polje Nature Park already indicates a close connection between the pastures (symbolised by the leaf of Marsilea quadrifolia), the floods and the Spoonbill (Figure 7). Figure 7: Logo of Lonjsko Polje Nature Park Slika 7: Logotip Naravnega parka Lonjsko polje By designating large retention areas in the Sava wetlands, the Croatian Water management has prepared the ground for the protection of these landscapes in the Central Sava Basin. The new review gives hope that more then 100,000 ha will be protected in the near future (Brundi} et al. 2000). From the ecological point of view, the designation of extensive floodplains for flood prevention is the only and appropriate strategy to pursue. The Croatian example of the Sava wetlands should be followed by all rivers basin management bodies in future. All preserved flooded areas are to be integrated in this 201 M. Schneider-Jacoby, T. Mikuska, D. Kova~i}, J. Mikuska, M. [etina & Z. Tadi}: Dispersal by accident – the Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia population in Croatia excellent conservation and floodcontrol programme (Brundi} et al. 2000), while measures to prevent flooding should have the smallest possible impact on the natural processes inside the alluvial wetlands (Braun 1993). In other Croatian areas, the preservation of feeding sites in the alluvial wetlands has not been secured. The plans to built the Danube-Sava-Adria Canal (Mar-u{i} 1993) have endangered the alluvial wetlands connected with the Jelas Field colony (Schneider-Jacoby 2001, WWF 2002), which has only a couple of years ago been the largest in Croatia. The dam near Samac, which would transfer 200 km of the Sava river into a reservoir, would flood the feeding sites and pastures along the Sava. The next dam is planned even inside Lonjsko Polje Nature Park itself (near Jasenovac) and would destroy the natural water regime of Mokro Polje, one of the most important feeding habitats for the Krapje ?ol colony. All these plans are part of the actual Physical Planning Programme in Croatia (Republika Hrvatska 1999) and have been enforced by the Ministry for Traffic in 2001 (Bednjicki & Grubi{i} 2001). In addition, there are still plans to dam the Drava river, which would affect the colonies in D. Miholjac and Na{i~ka Breznica. A big threat is also the rapid loss of fish farms in Croatia. One of the two fish farms – Oku~ani with 500 ha - in the Central Sava wetlands (compare Figure 3) has not been operational for the past three years at least and it is used for hunting tourism only. On the second farm (near Lipovljani), fish production has been maintained only on 30 % of the available surface by the Croatian Forest Enterprise, although with a great annual loss of money (Gec in lit.). From the five fish farms in the Central Sava Basin, three have been closed during the last years, including the Ramsar Site Crna Mlaka in 2001, while the other two operate on the basis of some 30 % of their capacities. This is a tremendous loss of wetlands and habitats for a number of endangered birds species. The overall situation in Croatia is similar, as the fish farms have economic problems due to the loss of markets and greatly increased water fees (rising up to 150 per ha in 2005). Although still maintained, the other three colonies are endangered by these crises. International conventions, such as those signed in Ramsar, Bonn and Bern, and the Croatian Biodiversity strategy do not allow a loss of these wetlands, since they host highly endangered species. In the last few years, some large scale programmes, such as the Central Sava Basin project (Brundi} et al. 2000) and the Drava-Mura Biosphere Reserve 202 (Euronatur 1998, Schneider-Jacoby 1998) have emerged. These new approaches to the maintenance of alluvial wetlands support the biodiversity strategy of the country (Radovi} 1999). Urgent measures are needed to change the old projects and programmes, such as the Danube-Sava-Adria Canal (Maru{i} 1993) and the Physical Planning Programme of Croatia (Republika Hrvatska 1999). It is of utmost importance to adapt the old programmes to the country’s new environmental policy and its international political framework in order to maintain the unique natural heritage. Acknowledgement: This article is dedicated to the memory of Mr. Ivo Skledar, the first warden of the Krapje \ol Ornithological Reserve. The authors would like to express their thanks to all who have conducted a research on the specified sites in the past and provided us with the missing data. This voluntary work is a basis for the preservation of the natural heritage in Croatia. 5. Povzetek Populacija `li~ark na Hrva{kem je del panonske populacije, ki jo lahko razumemo kot “meta populacijo”, tako kot je to pokazala nedavna gnezditvena razpr{itev vrste na Hrva{kem. Kopa~ki rit deluje kot nekak{no pognezditveno zbirno mesto z do 1000 preno~ujo~ih `li~ark. Mre`a ustreznih mokri{~ je nadvse pomembna za pre`ivetje te vrste. Njena populacija je rasla do leta 1988, ko je v koloniji Krapji ?ol v savski loki, {e preden je bila ta uni~ena zaradi mednarodnega melioracijskega programa (slika 1), gnezdilo180 parov. To je bil hkrati tudi za~etek razpr{evanja te populacije. Tako so vzdol` Save in Drave nastale tri nove kolonije. V zadnjih treh letih pa se je najve~ja kolonija na Jelas polju naglo zmanj{ala, in sicer zaradi prenizke vodne gladine v tamjkaj{njem ribniku. Za ohranitev te pomembne lokacije so potrebni nujni ukrepi. Tako je ohranitev kolonije `li~ark v Krapje \olu dober primer, kako so za{~itni ukrepi potrebni in tudi uspe{ni. Kapaciteta hrva{kih mokri{~ je vsaj 300 parov `li~ark (vsota maksimumov na lokaliteto med letoma 1980 in 2000), vendar pa je gnezde~a populacija zaradi neu~inkovite ohranitve gnezdi{~ (vsa imajo status IBA) v letu 2001 {tela le 88 parov. Zadnji maksimum je bil dose`en leta 1997, ko je gnezdilo 218 parov. Ker so slabo zavarovana tudi prehranjevali{~a `li~ark v ribnikih in lokah, je potreben nujen akcijski program za to vrsto. Gospodarke te`ave ribogojnic (predvsem zastran pla~evanja vodnogospodarskih pristojbin) in veliki Acrocephalus 22 (109): 3 – 18, 2002 vodnogospodarski na~rti, kakr{en je na primer kanal Donava-Sava-Jadran, ogro`ajo ne le `li~arko, marve~ tudi enkratno naravno dedi{~ino hrva{kih lok vzdol` Save in Donave. Ker je Hrva{ka podpisala riodejaneirsko, bonsko, bernsko in ramsarsko konvencijo, je dol`na spremeniti stare na~rte in uveljaviti novo biodiverzitetno strategijo. 6. References Bednjicki, A & N. Grubi{ic (2001): The waterway Danube within the croatian transport policy. Ministry of maritime affairs, transport and communications republic of Croatia, Danube meets Business needs - 3rd Conference on the Danube Region Symposium “Danube - Economic Backbone of Europe” 26th - 27th April 2001, Vienna. BirdLife International (2001): Important Bird Areas and potential Ramsar Sites in Europe. BirdLife International, Wageningen, The Netherlands. Braun, M. 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(1999): Pregled stanja biolo{ke i krajobrazne raznolikosti Hrvatske. Dr`avna uprava za za{titu prirode i okoli{a, Zagreb (published in English, December 2000 by the Ministry of Environment and Physical Planning, Zagreb). Republika Hrvatska (1999): Program prostornog uredenja Republike Hrvatske. Ministarstvo prostornog ure|enja, graditeljstva i stanovanja –Zavod za prostorno planiranje, Zagreb. Rucner, D. (1970): Avifauna of Lonjsko Polje. Larus 21 – 22: 33 – 64. Schneider, M. (1988): Endangered and rare birds in the alluvial wetlands of the Sava River in the Posavina / Croatia. Larus 40: 167-178. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1990): Verbreitung gefährdeter und typischer Wasserpflanzen-Arten in der Save-Stromaue im Bereich des geplanten Naturparks “Lonjsko Polje”. Acta Bot. Croat. 49: 125 – 136. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1993): Vögel als Indikatoren für das ökologische Potential der Saveauen und Möglichkeiten für deren Erhaltung. Naturerbe Verlag Jürgen Resch, Überlingen (for Croatia: Hrvatsko ekolosko drustvo, Zagreb). Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1994): Sava and Drava - Ecological value and Future of the Tw o Main Rivers in Croatia. Periodicum Biologorum, Zagreb. Vol. 96 (4): 348- 356. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1995): Drau und Mur - Leben durch Flußdynamik. Naturerbe Verlag Jürgen Resch, Überlingen. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1996): A view from abroad: Nature Preservation in Croatia - an investment in the future of the country. Turizam 11-12: 276 - 292. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1998): Odr`ivi razvoj Pomurja i Podravine kao mogu}nost unapre|enja grani~nog prostora izme|u Austrije, Slovenije, Hrvatske i Ma|arske (Sustained use of the Drava-Mura lowland as a bordering region of Austria, Croatia, Slovenia and Hungary). Proceedings International Conference Sustainable Use of the Lowland Rivers and the Protection of Nature and Environment. Hrvatsko {umarsko dru{tvo & Euronatur, Zagreb. 70 - 82 (Engl. 154 - 155). Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1999a): Values of the Lonjsko Polje 204 Nature Park and the Sava Wetlands. Bilten parka prirode Lonjsko Polje 1 (1): 21 - 27. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1999b): Ptice kao indikatori za{tite prirode u analizi krajolika na primjeru poplavnog podru~ja Posavina. ^etvrti hrvatski seminar perivojne kulture. Sisak, Horting Siscia: 137 - 161. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (1999c): Breeding, distribution and ecology of the Black Stork Coconia nigra in the Sava alluvial wetlands, Croatia. Acrocephalus 20 (97): 167 – 176. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (2000): Tourism and nature preservation basic ideas for a co-operation in Croatia. Turizam/Tourism, Zagreb 48 (4): 329 – 340. Schneider-Jacoby, M. (2001): Der Donau-Save-Adria Kanal - Ein unrealistischer Plan verschlingt Mittel und Landschaft in Kroatien. Euronatur Info, Radolfzell. [etina, M. (1996): Jelas fish ponds – an ornithological reserve. pp. 55-57. In: Tuti{, V. & J. Radovi}: Importance of carp ponds for the protection of waterbirds in Croatia. Proceedings of a Workshop. Croatian Ornithological Society, Zagreb. Snow, D.W. & C. M. Perrins (1998): The Birds of the Western Paleartic. Vol 1. Non-Passerines. Oxford University Press. Tucker, G.M. & M.F. Heath (1994): Birds in Europe: their conservation status. Cambridge, U.K. BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series no. 3). Voslamber, B. (1994): De ontwikkeling van de brooedvogelaantallen van de Lepelaar Platalea leucorodia in de Nederland in de periode 1961 – 93. Limosa 67: 89 – 93. Wetten, van J.C.J. & G.J.M. Wintermans (1986): The food ecology of the Spoonbill. Instituut voor Taxonomische Zoologie, Iniversiteit van Amsterdam. WWF (2002): Waterway Transport on Europe’s Lifeline, the Danube. Vienna. Prispelo / Arrived: 25. 2. 2002 Sprejeto / Accepted: 1.3.2002 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 3 — l8, 2002 APPENDIX / PRILOGA Table 4: The Spoonbill population in Croatia according to literature data and information of the authors. As for some years no exact nest counts have been available – no systematic visits to the colonies – the numbers of pairs could only be estimated: a) Kopa~ki rit: continued monitoring, except in 1992 – 1998 due to war operations. No nesting attempts from 1954-1990. Nesting failed in 1990. After 1999, pairs throughout the year but no nesting recorded (Maji} & Mikuska 1972, Mikuska unpubl. 1990-1991, Mikuska unpubl. 1999-2001), b) Krapje Dol: G = possible breeding since 1948 (Kralj 1997), ? no exact information, first confirmed breeding in 1961 (Ern 1985), then increase until 1988, D = dry, new start after rehabilitation measures, Gelencir J. unpubl. 1962-1984; Rucner 1970, Majcen 1990, Schneider-Jacoby 1993, PP Lonjsko polje unpubl. until 2001), c) Donji Miholjac: no record of breeding prior to 1995 (Tadi} unpubl. 1965-2001). Jelas field: monitoring since the 1960’s, birds began to breed in 1990; in 2001, they were searching for a new breeding site, as the old colony had been destroyed due to the high water level in the pond ([ETINA 1996, unpubl.), d) Na{i~ka breznica: no information on breeding prior to 1993 (Mikuska unpubl. 1993-1995). Tabela 4: Populacija `li~ark na Hrva{kem glede na literaturo in podatke avtorjev. Ker gnezda `li~ark v kolonijah nekaj let niso bila natan~no pre{teta, je ocena parov bolj ali manj pribli`na: a) Kopa~ki rit: stalen monitoring razen v obdobju med letoma 1992 in 1998 zaradi vojnih operacij v obmo~ju. Nobenega poskusa gnezdenja v obdobju 1954-1990. Neuspe{no gnezdenje leta 1990. Po letu 1999 pari opa`eni skozi vse leto, a brez ugotovljenega gnezdenja (Maji} & Mikuska 1972, Mikuska neobj. 1990-1991, Mikuska neobj. 1999-2001), b) Krapji dol: G = mo`no gnezdenje od leta 1948 dalje (Kralj 1997), ? nobenega natan~nega podatka, prvo potrjeno gnezdenje leta leta 1961 (Ern 1985), potem porast do leta 1988, D = suh, nov za~etek po obnovitvenih ukrepih, Gelencir J. neobj. 1962-1984; Rucner 1970, Majcen 1990, Schneider-Jacoby 1993, PP Lonjsko polje neobj. do leta 2001), c) Donji Miholjac: nobenega podatka o gnezdenju pred letom 1995 (Tadi} neobj. 1965-2001). Jelas field: monitoring od 60ih let 20. stoletja dalje, ptice za~ele gnezditi leta 1990; v letu 2001, potem ko je bila uni~ena stara kolonija zaradi previsoke vodne gladine v ribniku, so `li~arke za~ele iskati novo gnezdi{~e ([etina 1996, neobj.), d) Na{i~ka breznica: nobenih podatkov o gnezdenju pred letom 1993 (Mikuska neobj. 1993-1995). Year / Leto Donji Miholjac Jelas Field Kopa~ki rit Krapje \ol/ Na{i~ka Breznica Total/ Fishponds / ribniki Fishponds Sava Wet lands/ Fishponds Skupaj savska mokri{~a 1948 - - - - - 1949 - - - G - - 1950 - - - ? - - 1951 - - - ? - 0 1952 - - - ? - 0 1953 - - - ? - 0 1954 - - II ? - II 1955 - - 0 ? - 0 1956 - - 0 ? - 0 1957 - - 0 ? - 0 1958 - - 0 ? - 0 1959 - - 0 ? - 0 i960 - 0 0 ? - 0 1961 - 0 0 ? - 0 1962 - 0 0 10 - 10 1963 - 0 0 13 - 13 1964 - 0 0 25 - 25 1965 0 0 0 32 - 32 1966 0 0 0 48 - 48 1967 0 0 0 42 - 42 1968 0 0 0 3 - 3 1969 0 0 0 46 - 46 205 M. Schneider-Jacoby, T. Mikuska, D. Kova~i}, J. Mikuska, M. [etina & Z. Tadi}: Dispersal by accident – the Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia population in Croatia continuation of Table 1 / nadaljevanje tabele 1 Year / Leto Donji Miholjac Jelas Field Kopa~ki rit Krapje Dol/ Našièka Breznica Total/ Fishponds / ribniki Fishponds Sava Wet lands/ savska mokri{~a Fishponds Skupaj 197° 0 0 0 69 - 69 I97I 0 0 0 81 - 81 1972 0 0 0 90 - 90 1973 0 0 0 105 - 105 1974 0 0 0 98 - 98 1975 0 0 0 108 - 108 1976 0 0 0 96 - 96 1977 0 0 0 105 - 105 1978 0 0 0 102 - 102 1979 0 0 0 112 - 112 1980 0 0 0 104 - 104 1981 0 0 0 90 - 90 1982 0 0 0 84 - 84 1983 0 0 0 77 - 77 1984 0 0 0 72 - 72 1985 0 0 0 120 - 120 1986 0 0 0 150 - 150 1987 0 0 0 170 - 170 1988 0 0 0 180 - 180 1989 0 0 0 D - 0 1990 0 99 3 D - 102 1991 0 102 0 30 - 132 1992 0 100 ? 30 - 130 1993 0 112 ? 50 10 172 1994 0 125 ? 36 31 192 1995 3 107 ? 50 22 182 1996 6 112 ? 50 25 193 1997 5 123 ? 70 20 218 1998 u no ? 50 32 203 1999 9 58 0 50 30 147 2000 9 i 0 50 30 90 2001 8 0 0 50 30 88 206 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 207 — 211, 2002 [irjenje severozahodne meje gnezditvenega areala travni{kega vrabca Passer hispaniolensis vzdol` jadranske obale: kako se vede nova populacija v hrva{ki Istri Expansion of the northwestern frontier of the Spanish Sparrow’s Passer hispaniolensis breeding range along the Adriatic coast: behaviour of the new population in Croatian Istra Borut Rubini~ Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: rubinic@siol.net From 1970 onwards, the Spanish Sparrow Passer hispaniolensis has been spreading its range along the Croatian coast in NW direction. In 1990, its first breeding was confirmed on the Istran Peninsula (N Adriatic). In a colony situated just before the estuary of the Mirna river near Novigrad, from 13 to 30 pairs (19.5 pairs on average) bred between 1992 and 1999. In 2000, the bird did not breed there; in 2001, 2-3 breeding pairs were recorded. The earliest recorded date of their arrival was April 23rd 2000, while the latest recorded date of their departure was September 23rd 1999. The main breeding site of the Spanish Sparrows inhabiting the Mirna valley is in a white poplar Populus alba standing in the middle of a farm building’s yard. The colony is surrounded by intensively farmed drained land. The colony’s home range covers 78 ha. After the breeding period, the Spanish Sparrows disperse along the valley, up to 4.2 km away from the colony. In the same place, breeding House Sparrow Passer domesticus, Italian Sparrow P. x italiae, and Tree Sparrow P. montanus were also recorded. In 1993, a male crossbreed between a Spanish Sparrow and a House Sparrow was observed. The Spanish Sparrow colony in Istra shifted the border of its breeding distribution on the Balkan Peninsula by some two hundred kilometres northwestwardly. Key words: Spanish Sparrow, Passer hispaniolensis, range expansion, home range Klju~ne besede: travni{ki vrabec, Passer hispaniolensis, {irjenje areala, gnezditveni okoli{ 1. Uvod Podatki o travni{kem vrabcu Passer hispaniolensis na Hrva{kem so omejeni na jadransko obalo. Podatkov iz panonskega dela, kjer je {irjenje areala vrste pri~akovati, pa ni. Vrsta je `e dosegla panonski del Slovenije, kjer se ob~asno pojavljajo teritorialni osebki (Vrezec & [tumberger 2000). Podatki o gnezdenju travni{kega vrabca na hrva{ki obali do leta 1970 so skopi. Rucner (1998) vrsto obravnava kot redkega naklju~nega gosta. Razen nezanesljivega podatka o travni{kem vrabcu na Cresu leta 1949 (Karaman 1950, Kralj 1997) je prvo opazovanje te vrste na Hrva{kem z otoka Paga, leta1959 (Igalffy 1980). Leta 1960 je prvi~ gnezdil v Konavlih v ju`ni Dalmaciji: pred tem je bila leta 1916 gnezditev ugotovljena v Boki Kotorski (Tutman 1980). Prvi podatki o gnezdenju travni{kega vrabca v dolini Neretve so iz leta 1978, ko je na treh razli~nih lokalitetah na hercegovski strani gnezdilo do 60 parov (Obratil 1978). Gnezdi{~a na hrva{kem delu delte Neretve omenja le Luka~ (1988). Leta 1998 je bilo tu pre{tetih 500 gnezd travni{kih vrabcev (Rubini~ & Vrezec pred tiskom), kar govori o mo~nem populacijskem sredi{~u travni{kega vrabca v ju`nem delu Dalmacije. Do konca 80ih let niso bili poznani podatki iz srednje Dalmacije (Krpan 1980, Luka~ 1988, Kralj 1997). Kasneje so bila v severni Dalmaciji najdena tudi nekaj 207 B. Rubini~: [irjenje severozahodne meje gnezditvenega areala travni{kega vrabca Passer hispaniolensis vzdol` Jadranske obale: kako se vede nova populacija v hrva{ki Istri ali celo nekaj deset parov obsegajo~a gnezdi{~a v okolici Zadra in na otoku Pagu (Igalffy 1980, Luka~ 1988, [ere & Miheli~ ustno). Kon~no ga za Istro kot gnezdilca omenja na osnovi citata (Radovi} in lit.) Luka~ (1998). [tevilni avtorji opozarjajo na dve smeri {irjenja travni{kega vrabca po Balkanskem polotoku. Iz mo~nega populacijskega sredi{~a, ki naj bi bilo po mnenju Baumgarta & Stephana (1974) v ju`ni Bolgariji, se travni{ki vrabec od 50ih let 20. stoletja {iri v dveh smereh. Prva je panonska, v smeri severne Bolgarije, Romunije vse do delte Donave ter Srbije in Vojvodine. Druga, po kateri travni{ki vrabec prodira vse severneje v Evropo, pa je jadranska smer, prek ju`ne Bolgarije in Makedonije v Albanijo, ^rno Goro in naposled v Hrva{ko z Dalmacijo. Leta 1990 je bila odkrita gnezditvena kolonija travni{kih vrabcev v dolini reke Mirne v Istri. V prispevku predstavljam 10-letno spremljanje populacije travni{kih vrabcev v dolini Mirne, zlasti nekatere fenolo{ke, ekolo{ke in gnezditvene zna~ilnosti kolonije (npr. velikost gnezditvenega okoli{a, pognezditveno razpr{itev). Kratko obravnavam mo`ne razloge za {irjenje travni{kega vrabca vzdol` hrva{ke obale v zadnjih nekaj desetletjih. 2. Obmo~je in metode Dolina reke Mirne le`i na severozahodnem delu istrstega polotoka na Hrva{kem. Po izsu{itvi mokri{~a v 60ih letih 20. stoletja se tu raztezajo obse`ne kulturne povr{ine s p{enico Triticum sp., deteljo Trifolium sp. in oljno repico Brassica rapa. V neposredni bli`ini kolonije je uravnana struga reke Mirne in ve~ izsu{evalnih kanalov. V obdobju med letoma 1990 in 2001 sem opravil ve~ kot 450 terenskih obiskov v sklopu popisov ptic doline reke Mirne s {ir{o okolico. Polovico obiskov sem opravil v ~asu gnezditve travni{kih vrabcev. Vsako leto sem konec aprila ali v za~etku maja obiskal kolonijo in pre{tel gnezda. Kasneje sem {tevilo gnezd {e dodatno preverjal. Nekaj obiskov na leto sem opravil z namenom spremljanja gnezditve v koloniji. Bele`il sem tudi lokacije pojavljanja travni{kih vrabcev v dolini Mirne. Gnezditveni okoli{ kolonije sem za~rtal na osnovi koloniji najbolj oddaljenih opazovanj travni{kih vrabcev v mesecu maju in juniju v obdobju 1992-2001. Obseg pognezditvene razpr{itve v istem obdobju je bil ugotovljen iz opazovanj v mesecu avgustu in septembru. Vrabce sem vedno natan~no pregledoval tudi s pomo~jo teleskopa. 3. Rezultati Manj{e skupine travni{kih vrabcev so na pra{ni cesti pod vasjo Srbani v dolini reke Mirne prvi~ opazovali maja leta 1990. Tu so se prehranjevali, zna{ali gnezditveni material, opa`ena pa je bila tudi kopulacija. V grmovju ob cesti so na{li tudi nekaj gnezd (Trontelj ustno). Leta 1992 sem na{el gnezditveno kolonijo travni{kih vrabcev, pribli`no 2 km zahodno od mesta, kjer so bili vrabci opazovani leta 1990. Vsa gnezda so bila na belem topolu Populus alba na dvori{~u samotnega kmetijsko-bivalnega kompleksa. Travni{ki vrabci so 2.5.1992 `e valili. Na poslopju v neposredni bli`ini drevesa s kolonijo Slika 1: Geografska lega kolonije travni{kih vrabcev Passer hispaniolensis v dolini Mirne na Hrva{kem Figure 1: Geographical position of the Spanish Sparrow Passer hispaniolensis colony in the Mirna valley in Croatia Tabela 1: Prvi datumi opazovanj kolonijskih travni{kih vrabcev v dolini Mirne. Vklju~eni so le podatki pred 10.5. vsakega leta. Table 1: First observation dates of Spanish Sparrows in a colony in the Mirna valley. Only records made prior to May 10th each year are included. Leto / Year 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 l99$ 1999 2000 Prvo opazovanje / First observation 2.5. 29.4. 24.4. 27.4. 26.4. 23.4. 208 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (1O9): 2O7 — 211, 2002 travni{kih vrabcev so poleg travni{kih vrabcev vsako leto gnezdili {e trije drugi taksoni vrabcev: doma~i vrabec P. domesticus, italijanski vrabec P. italiae in poljski vrabec P. montanus. Med letoma1992 in 1999 je kolonija travni{kih vrabcev {tela od 13 do 30 parov. Gnezda so bila name{~ena po vsem drevesu, na vi{ini med 3 in 15 metri. V letu 2000 gnezd nisem na{el. Leta 2001 so ponovno gnezdili 2 do 3 pari travni{kih vrabcev. Natan~nega {tevila parov nisem mogel ugotoviti, saj so travni{ki vrabci gnezdili v linah poslopja in pod stre{niki, kjer so gnezda te`e opazna. Povpre~no {tevilo gnezde~ih parov, ugotovljeno na osnovi desetletnih opazovanj (leti 2000 in 2001 sta izvzeti), je 19,5 para (slika 2). V letu 1993 sta dva para travni{kih vrabcev razen na omenjenem topolu gnezdila na dveh od kolonije lo~enih lokalitetah: eno gnezdo je bilo najdeno na nizki tamariski Tamarix sp., tik ob zapu{~enem poslopju. Lokaliteta je od kolonije oddaljena pribli`no 2 km proti vzhodu. Drugo gnezdo je bilo v mladem topolu Populus sp. pribli`no tristo metrov vzhodneje, neposredno ob pra{ni cesti, ki poteka po sredini doline. Gnezdo na tamariski je bilo 2 m, na topolu pa pribli`no 10 m nad tlemi. Najzgodnej{i datum prihoda travni{kih vrabcev v kolonijo v dolini reke Mirne je 23.4.2000 (to leto ni gnezdil!). Vrabci so vsako leto za~eli gnezditi, br` ko so prileteli tja. V maju in juniju 1992-2001 so se zadr`evali prete`no v 500-metrskem pasu od kolonije. Gnezditveni okoli{ kolonije, za~rtan na osnovi najbolj eksponiranih opazovanj, je velik 78 ha. V za~etku avgusta, v~asih pa `e proti koncu julija, so se vrabci razkropili po {ir{i okolici. Od kolonije najbolj oddaljeni osebki so bili ugotovljeni do 4,2 km dale~ (slika 3): opazoval sem jih tako na izlivu reke Mirne kakor tudi vzdol` toka reke navzgor. V pognezditvenem obdobju so se dru`ili v manj{e ali ve~je jate, ki so {tele do 50, izjemoma celo do ve~ kot 100 travni{kih vrabcev (npr. 11.7.1993). Take, ve~inoma me{ane jate z doma~im, italijanskim in poljskim vrabcem so se zadr`evale na poljih ali v bli`ini kmetijskih poslopij v okolici. Obi~ajno travni{kih vrabcev `e od za~etka septembra ni bilo ve~ opaziti v bli`nji okolici kolonije. Najkasnej{i datum opazovanja travni{kih vrabcev je 23.9.1999, ko sem opazoval nekaj gole~ih se mladih samcev na ustju Mirne. V obdobju med 1990 in 2001 je bil le enkrat, dne 29.4.1993, opa`en samec kri`anca med travni{kim in doma~im vrabcem. Kljub delitvi gnezditvenega prostora s poljskim in italijanskim vrabcem, kri`anci med travni{kim vrabcem in obema drugima vrstama niso bili opazovani. V primeru italijanskega vrabca to zelo verjetno lahko vsaj delno pripi{emo tudi te`ji odkrivnosti kri`ancev med obema taksonoma. 4. Diskusija Kolonija travni{kih vrabcev v dolini Mirne sodi med manj{e kolonije. Summers-Smith (1988) navaja kot manj{e kolonije tiste s 100 ali manj pari. Od leta 1992 do leta 1999 je bila kolonija travni{kih vrabcev ob Mirni {tevil~no razmeroma stabilna. Upad {tevila gnezde~ih parov na 2 do 3 pare v letu 2001 in prekinjeno gnezditev leta 2000 je z razpolo`ljivimi podatki te`ko pojasniti, saj npr. ob populaciji travni{kega vrabca nisem spremljal velikosti populacije na istem mestu gnezde~ih doma~ih vrabcev P. domesticus. Robni zna~aj populacije je eden izmed mo`nih razlogov, da travni{ki vrabec v letu 2000 tu ni gnezdil. Po drugi strani je zaradi relativne stalnosti {tevila parov, ki je predpogoj za disperzjsko sposobnost populacije (Udvardy 1969), pri~akovati {irjenje travni{kega vrabca naprej proti severu. [ir{e obmo~je pojavljanja v ~asu zunaj gnezditve, predvsem pa dejstvo, da je travni{ki vrabec na Mirni selivka, govorita v prid ~asovnemu in prostorskemu izklju~evanju tekmovalnosti z doma~im vrabcem. Podatki o velikosti doma~ega okoli{a so primerljivi z opazovanji iz [panije, kjer so opazovali travni{ke vrabce v radiju do 1000 m od mesta gnezdenja (Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1997). 35 30 25 20 15 10 Q. M I ,sL 0 1992 1993 1994 199519961997 1998 1999 2000 2001 Leto/Year D èrni topol Popu/us nigra ¦ tamariska Tamarix sp. ¦ beli topol Populus alba Slika 2: [tevilo parov kolonijskih travni{kih vrabcev Passer hispaniolensis v dolini reke Mirne med letoma 1992 in 2001 Figure 2: Number of the Spanish Sparrow Passer hispaniolensis pairs in the colony in the Mirna valley between 1992 and 2001 209 B. Rubini~: [irjenje severozahodne meje gnezditvenega areala travni{kega vrabca Passer hispaniolensis vzdol` Jadranske obale: kako se vede nova populacija v hrva{ki Istri W « CD » E 1000 m = cesta/road ___ voda/water ¦ zgradba /building r^\ kolonija / colony O gnezditveno obdobje/ breeding period A zunaj gnezditveno obdobje/ non-breeding period ------meje domaèega okoliša/ home range Slika 3: Domaèi okoliš kolonije travniških vrabcev v dolini Mirne na osnovi najbolj od kolonije oddaljenih opazovanj v mesecu maju in juniju (Nopaz. = 13, prekinjena èrta) in pognezditvena razpršitev v avgustu in septembru (Nopaz. = 27, beli trikotniki) v obdobju 1992-2001 Figure 3: Home range of the Spanish Sparrow colony in the Mirna valley on the basis of the observations made in the months of May and June farthest from the colony (Nobserv = 13, broken line) and post-breeding dispersion in August and September (Nobserv = 27, white triangle) in the 1992-2000 period Po letu 1970 je bilo zabele`eno mo~no {irjenje areala travni{kega vrabca vzdol` balkanske strani jadranske obale. Travni{ki vrabec vzdol` hrva{ke obale zaseda predvsem ni`inska kultivirana obmo~ja z ve~jim ali manj{im dele`em sladkih voda. To potrjuje trditev, da je travni{ki vrabec mediteransko-turkestanska vrsta, ki primarno poseljuje listopadne gozdove na izlivnih delih rek (Summers-Smith 1988, Matvejev 1976). Zakaj se je ta vrsta za~ela {iriti {ele v zadnjem ~asu in ne `e prej, saj je bil npr. v zalivu Boke Kotorske, od koder bi se lahko brez te`av raz{iril `e prej, znan `e vsaj od leta 1916 (Luka~ 1988, Matvejev 1976), Baumgart & Stephan (1974) ponujata tri razlage: a) vpliv podnebnih sprememb, b) spremembe okolja zaradi ~lovekovih posegov in c) vpliv doma~ega vrabca na pojavljanje travni{kega vrabca zaradi strukturnih sprememb v poljedelstvu. Kakor koli, po trditvah doma~inov so se travni{ki vrabci v dolini reke Mirne pojavili v za~etku 70. let 20. stoletja, le nekaj let po tem, ko so bili v 60ih letih tam opravljeni posegi izu{evanja in uravnav ter pospe{evanja kmetijske pridelave (Rubini~ 1996). Travni{ki vrabec tudi na Hrva{kem poseljuje predvsem obmo~ja z velikim dele`em intenzivnih ali ekstenzivnih obdelovalnih povr{in. ^e si pogledamo dejansko raz{irjenost travni{kih vrabcev na hrva{ki obali, lahko opazimo, da je njegova poselitev disjunktna. Travni{kega vrabca ni na obmo~jih, kjer neposredno z obalo potekajo gorovja ali su{ni predeli z malo razpolo`ljive hrane (Biokovo, Mosor, Velebit, itd.). V skladu s teorijo o “pionirjih na dolge razdalje” Luka~ (1988) ugotavlja, da je travni{ke vrabce smiselno iskati na zanj primernih mestih, otokih znotraj neprimernih obmo~ij. Tako predvideva, da je, prej kot v Kvarnerju, nova ali neodkrita gnezdi{~a vrste iskati na zanj bolj primernih mestih v Istri. Dolina reke Mirne ustreza opisanim vrstnim kriterijem za naselitev travni{kega vrabca. Presenetljivo pa je travni{ki vrabec bil v razmeroma velikem {tevilu (30-50 osebkov) poleti leta 2001 najden na gnezdenju na otoku Unije pri Cresu (To u t pisno). S tem je potrjeno gnezdenje travni{kega vrabca tudi v Kvarnerju. Potreba po pregledih obmo~ij na Hrva{kem in v Sloveniji, kjer travni{ki vrabec doslej kot gnezdilec {e ni potrjen, a bi glede na obstoj potencialnega gnezditvenega habitata to v prihodnosti lahko postal, je velika. 210 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 207 — 211, 2002 5. Povzetek Travni{ki vrabec Passer hispaniolensis se od leta 1970 {iri ob hrva{ki obali navzgor. Tako je bilo leta 1990 prvi~ potrjeno, da gnezdi v Istri. V koloniji pred izlivom reke Mirne pri Novigradu je od leta 1992 do 1999 gnezdilo med 13 in 30 parov, povpre~no 19,5 para teh ptic. Leta 2000 travni{ki vrabec ni gnezdil, leta 2001 pa so gnezdili 2-3 pari. Najzgodnej{i zabele`eni datum prihoda je 23.4.2000, najpoznej{i datum odhoda pa 23.9.1999. Glavno gnezdi{~e travni{kih vrabcev v dolini reke Mirne je na belem topolu Populus alba sredi dvori{~a nekega gospodarskega poslopja. Kolonijo obdajajo intenzivne izsu{ene kmetijske povr{ine. Gnezditveni okoli{ kolonije je velik 78 ha. Po gnezditvi se travni{ki vrabci razpr{ijo vzdol` doline do 4,2 km dale~. Na istem mestu gnezdijo {e doma~i vrabec Passer domesticus, italijanski vrabec P. x italiae in poljski vrabec P . montanus. Leta 1993 je bil opazovan samec kri`anca med travni{kim in doma~im vrabcem. Kolonija travni{kih vrabcev v Istri je mejo gnezditvene raz{irjenosti na Balkanskem polotoku premaknila za dvesto kilometrov proti severozahodu. Rucner, D. (1998): Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej. Ministarstvo razvitka i obnove. Zagreb. Summers-Smith, J.D. (1988): The Sparrows. T & AD Poyser, Calton. Tutman, I. (1980): Sastav i dinamika mje{ovitih populacija ptica dubrova~kog podru~ja. Doktorska disertacija. PMF. Sarajevo. Udvardy, M.D.F. (1969): Dynamic zoogeography. New York. Vrezec, A. & B. [tumberger (2000): Prvi teritorialni travni{ki vrabci Passer hispaniolensis v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 21(100): 161-163. Prispelo / Arrived: 1.2.2002 Sprejeto / Accepted: 1.3.2002 6. Literatura Baumgart, W. & B. Stephan (1974): Die Ausbreitung des Weidensperlings (Passer hispaniolensis) auf der Balkanhalbinsel und ihre Ursachen (Aves, Passerinae). Zool. Abh. staat. Mus. Tierk. 33 (8): 103-138. Glutz von Blotzheim, U.N. & K. Bauer (1997): Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas, Band 14/I, Passeriformes. Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden. Igalffy, K. (1980): Prilog poznavanju ptica otoka Paga. Larus 31-32: 55-89. Karaman, S. (1950): Prilozi ornitofauni na{ih primorskih krajeva. Larus 3: 188-195. Kralj, J. (1997): Ornitofauna Hrvatske tjekom posljednjih dvjesto godina. Larus 46: 1-112. Krpan, M. (1980): Srednjodalmatinska ornitofauna. Larus 31-32: 97-156. Luka~, G. (1988): Neue Bruttstäten des Weidensperlings (Passer hispaniolensis) im nördlichen Dalmatien, Jugoslawien. Orn. Mitteilungen 40 (11): 287-291. Luka~, G. (1998): Fauna Croatica, List of Croatian Birds. Natura Croatica 7 (3): 1-160. Matvejev, S.D. (1976): Pregled faune ptica Balkanskog poluostrva. Conspectus Avifaunae Balcanicae. 1. deo. Detli}i i ptice peva~ice. Srpska Akademija Nauke i Umetnosti. Obratil, S. (1978): Novi podaci za ornitofaunu Bosne i Hercegovine (II). Glasnik zemaljskog muzeja – Prirodne nauke 17: 339-342. Rubini~, B. (1996): Ptice doline reke Mirne v Istri na Hrva{kem. 1. del Gaviiformes – Charadriiformes. Falco 10: 5-43. 211 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 213 — 2l8, 2002 Gnezditvena biologija {marnice Phoenicurus ochruros v osrednji Sloveniji Breeding biology of the Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros in central Slovenia Ivo A. Bo`i~ Na Jami 8, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija In the 1975-2001 period, the author found 102 nests of Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros in various parts of Central Slovenia. On average, the nests were built 4.3 m from the ground. The average outer diameter of the nests measured 14.5 cm, diameter of the cups 5.5 cm, depth of the cups 4.7 cm, height of the nests 7.8 cm. Pairs were formed already in March; the first nests were found at the end of the same month, and then until the end of July. The nests were built by females within two to six days. The first egg was usually laid some 5 days after the nest was completely built. In three cases, the first egg was already in the nest, although the latter had not been fully completed and lined inside. In Slovenia, the Black Redstart has two nests per season, exceptionally even the substitute third nest. From 42 to 47 days elapsed between the laying of the first egg of the first clutch and the first egg of the second clutch. The nests most often contained 5 eggs, rarely 4, exceptionally 6, in three cases even 7. On average, the first clutch consisted of 4.9 eggs, the second clutch of 4.7 eggs (Hi-square = 8.7, p > 0,01). The average length of the 355 eggs was 19.7 mm, the average width 14.6 mm. The average weight of the 255 eggs reached 2.1 g. The barely hatched young were bare and blind and weighed about 1.9 g. They were able to see in 4 to 5 days, and in 12 days they were fully fledged, weighing about 16 g. They left their nests in two weeks or a day or so later, but if in danger they left as early as on the 12th day. The peak of nest leaving by the young of the first clutch was May 15th, and June 25th by the young of the second clutch. From the 30 nests, 4.1 young were fledged on average. Key words: Black Redstart, Phoenicurus ochruros, breeding biology, central Slovenia Klju~ne besede: {marnica, Phoenicurus ochruros, gnezditvena biologija, osrednja Slovenija 1. Uvod [marnica Phoenicurus ochruros je splo{no raz{irjena v srednji in ju`ni Evropi, ni je pa v severnih predelih Evrope (Gooders 1990). V Alpah se pojavlja do vi{ine 2700 m (Arnhem 1980), vendar nikjer ni {tevilna. @ivi tako v gorah kot v naseljih in mestih, celo v gostih industrijskih predelih (Flegg & Hosking 1998, Seelig et al.1996, Sackl & Samwald 1997, Gibbons et al. 1993, Bruun et al. 1971, Vous 1962). Tudi v Sloveniji je splo{no raz{irjena in jo uvr{~amo med pogosto raz{irjene vrste (Geister 1995). V gnezdit-venem ~asu je malo{tevilna v JZ delu Slovenije (Gjerke{ 1995 & 1996), kjer pa v manj{em {tevilu prezimuje (Sovinc 1994). Gnezdi v mestih in vaseh in tudi v skalnih pe~inah (Jan`ekovi~ & Kry{tufek 1999). Prvotni `ivljenjski prostor {marnice v Sloveniji so vi{e le`e~i skalni predeli. Med obema svetovnima vojnama je bilo njenih opa`anj v dolini razmeroma malo (Geister 1995) in {ele kasneje se je za~ela pomikati v ni`ine in prilagajati novemu okolju. Skalne predele so ji nadomestili ve~ji objekti v naseljih (Sovinc 1994). Zanimivo je, da Kre~i~ & [u{ter{i~ (1963) {e v 60ih letih navajata, da {marnica pri nas gnezdi na najvi{jih planinah. [marnica je bila `e od nekdaj razmeroma dobro znana, o ~emer pri~ajo 213 I. A. Bo`i~: Gnezditvena biologija {marnice Phoenicurus ochruros v osrednji Sloveniji mnoga njena imena, kot so ilov{~ica, lipek, ~rnelka, {virglja, lipka (Gregori 1979). Kljub temu da se je pribli`ala ljudem, pa je pri nas o njej zelo malo napisanega. S pri~ujo~im ~lankom bom sku{al zapolniti to vrzel, saj o gnezditveni biologiji {marnice v Sloveniji ni pisal {e nih~e. 2. Obmo~je raziskave in metoda dela Zbrani podatki se nana{ajo na obdobje od leta 1975 do vklju~no 2001. Gnezda sem iskal v Ljubljanski kotlini in Zasavju vse tja do Sevnice. Pri iskanju gnezd {marnice sem si pomagal z opazovanjem odraslih ptic in s preiskovanjem gnezditveno primernih zgradb (hi{e, podi, kozolci ipd.). [marni~inemu gnezdenju sem za~el slediti ob koncu marca, kon~al pa julija ali v za~etku avgusta. Vi{ino do 2 m od tal le`e~ih gnezd sem zaokro`eval na 10 cm, vi{e pa na 50 cm. Gnezda sem meril na centimeter natan~no. Velikost jajc sem ugotavljal s kljunatim merilom z natan~nostjo 0,1 mm, te`o jajc in mladi~ev pa z digitalno tehtnico Modus 333 na 0,1 g natan~no. Obi~ajno sem vsako gnezdo obiskal ve~krat, v povpre~ju petkrat. Trudil sem se, da je bil vsak obisk ~im kraj{i in ~im manj mote~. Te`o sem meril samo pri tistih jajcih, ki sem si jih ogledal v prvih 3 dneh od za~etka inkubacije. Za za~etek gnezditve jemljem dan, ko je bilo v gnezdu prvo jajce. Histogram za~etka gnezditve sem predstavil iz podatkov o datumu obro~kanja mladi~ev (obi~ajno v starosti 8 dni), ki sem mu od{tel 21 dni: 8 dni za 70 60 g 50 % d 40 z ^ 30 N 01 & 20 ,55 10 0 31231231231231 april maj junij julij Slika 1: Histogram za~etka gnezdenja {marnice Phoenicurus ochruros (N = 247, podatki iz vse Slovenije za obdobje 1927-1999) po dekadah Figure 1: Bar chart for the commencement of Black Redstart’s Phoenicurus ochruros breeding (N = 247, data from the entire country for the 1927-1999 period) per decades starost mladi~ev in 13 za ~as valjenja jajc. Fenogram je predstavljen grobo, v dekadah, zato menim, da odklon zaradi izra~una ni velik. Predstavljeni podatki o za~etku gnezdenja so iz obdobja 1927-1999 in se nana{ajo na celo Slovenijo. Pri tem sem vklju~il podatke sodelavcev. Tabela 1: Vi{ina gnezda od tal in nekateri parametri velikosti gnezda {marnice Phoenicurus ochruros Table 1: Height of nest from the ground and some nest size parameters of Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros povp./ min. max. SD N avg. vi{ina od tal / height from the ground (m) zunanji premer gnezda/ outer diameter of nest (cm) premer globelice/ diameter of cup (cm) globina globelice/ depth of cup (cm) vi{ina gnezda/ height of nest (cm) 4,3 1,3 8,o i,8 62 14,5 20 2,1 30 5>5 4>5 7>° °>7 41 4,8 4,0 6,0 0,5 39 7,8 6,5 9,5 0,9 39 3. Rezultati in razprava 3.1. Gnezdo [marnica je prvotno gnezdila v skalnih {pranjah in razpokah, tudi zelo visoko v gorah, danes pa pogosto na stavbah, kot so nova poslopja, kozolci, podi, skednji, ka{~e, tudi skladovnice hlodov in desk (Gro{elj 1997). Od 102 gnezd, najdenih med raziskavo, jih je bilo 89 (87 %) na tramu ali na poli~ki zgradbe, pet (5) v umetni valilnici, tri (3) na poli~ki pod lesenim balkonom, po eno (1) pa v skalni {pranji, v oknu in tri (3) v gnezdu kme~ke lastovke Hirundo rustica. Ob tem je v enem primeru v istem gnezdu hotela ponovno gnezditi kme~ka lastovka, a jo je {marnica izrinila. Pri izbiri gnezdi{~a {marnica ve~krat preseneti, ko zasede manj obi~ajno mesto, kot recimo zra~nik (Vre{ 1994), okensko roleto (Bo`i~ 1997), poli~ko pod lesenim balkonom (Bo`i~ 1998, 1999 & 2000) pa tudi pre~ko v slemenu hi{e in umetno valilnico 214 11 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 213 — 2l8, 2002 (Geister 1977). Poznan je tudi primer, ko je spletla gnezdo na vili~arju ali v neposredni bli`ini delujo~e `age (Gro{elj 1997). Opazil sem, da {marnica leta in leta gnezdi na istem mestu, tudi ~e staro gnezdo odstranimo (Bo`i~ 1983). Redko ga naredi v neposredni bli`ini. Povpre~na vi{ina gnezd od tal v raziskavi je bila 4,3 m (tabela 1). Gnezdo {marnice je razmeroma veliko in je sestavljeno iz treh delov: grobe osnove (debele suhe bilke, listi), finej{e notranjosti (tanke suhe bilke, mah) in mehkega nastilja globelice (perje, `ivalska dlaka). Zunanji premer gnezda je bil v povpre~ju 14,5 cm, premer globelice 5,5 cm, globina globelice 4,8 cm in vi{ina gnezda 7,8 cm (tabela 1). Graditev gnezda sem opazoval od sredine aprila naprej, trajala pa je obi~ajno 5 dni, v~asih le 3, najve~krat pa 6 dni. Gnezdo je vedno gradila samo samica, medtem ko se je samec spreletaval, pel in branil teritorij. V dograjeno gnezdo je samica prvo jajce legla kakih 5 dni pozneje, v treh primerih pa je bilo prvo jajce `e v gnezdu, ~eprav to {e ni bilo v celoti urejeno in postlano. V 25-letni raziskavi nisem opazil, da bi se {tevilo gnezde~ih {marnic bistveno spremenilo, pa~ pa je bilo bolj ali manj enako. Najzgodnej{i prera~unani datum za~etka gnezdenja je bil 6. april, najkasnej{i pa 29. julij. Fenogram ima dva vrhova (slika 1). Prvi, med 1. in 10.5., se ~asovno ujema z za~etkom gnezdenja v prvih gnezdih, drugi, med 10. in 20.6., pa z za~etkom gnezdenja v drugih gnezdih. 3.2. Jajca V eni gnezdilni sezoni ima {marnica dve legli (Ferguson-Lees & Willis 1987, Sauer 1982, Hanzak 1972, Makatsch 1969, Konig 1966, Arnhem 1980, Niethammer 1937), le v~asih tri (Ba~ar 1939, Bauer 6 Glutz von Blotzheim 1980, Harrison 1975, Gooders 1990 & 1998, Cramp 1988). Po na{i raziskavi Tabela 2: Velikost in te`a jajc {marnice Phoenicurus ochruros v prvih 3 dneh valjenja Table 2: Size and weight of Black Redstart’s eggs in the first 3 days of incubation povp./ min. maks. SD N avg. dol`ina / length (mm) 19,7 18,2 20,7 0,62 355 {irina / width (mm) 14,6 14,0 15,6 0,36 355 te`a / weight (g) 2,1 1,7 2,5 0,17 255 ima {marnica pri nas dve legli, praviloma v istem gnezdu, ~e kak{no gnezdo propade, pa naredi {e tretje - nadomestno. Tretje oziroma nadomestno leglo sem opazil predvsem v primerih, ko je bilo prvo uni~eno med le`enjem jajc oziroma na za~etku valjenja. Prvo jajce drugega legla lahko samica le`e v gnezdo `e dva (2) dni po tem, ko so mladi~i prvega legla gnezdo zapustili, kar navajata tudi Bauer & Glutz von Blotzheim (1988). Najdalj{i presledek med prvim in drugim leglom je bil 14 dni, medtem ko mine med le`enjem prvega jajca prvega legla in prvega jajca drugega legla 42 do 47 dni. V leglu je 4 do 6 jajc, najve~krat 5 (Makatsch 1968) oziroma najve~krat 5, najmanj 3 in najve~ 7 jajc (Makatsch 1969, Felix 1973, Arnhem 1980, Hartert 1910, Niethammer 1937, Hanzak 1972, Konig 1966, Ferguson-Lees & Willis 1987, Gooders 1990 & 1998, Harrison 1975, Sauer 1982, Bauer & Glutz von Blotzheim 1988). Witt (2001) navaja 6 ali 7 jajc, kolikor jih omenja tudi Cerny (1973), medtem ko Cramp (1988) omenja, da je v izjemnih primerih v gnezdu tudi 2 ali 8 jajc. Hayman & Hume (2001) pa v nasprotju z drugimi avtorji navajata za polno leglo le 6 jajc, medtem ko Nicolai (1988) navaja 5 ali 6 jajc. V preu~evanih gnezdih sem najve~krat na{el 5 jajc (85% gnezd), redkeje 4 (15%) (tabela 3). Glede na podatke drugih obro~kovalcev v Sloveniji (letna poro~ila obro~kovalcev, PMS neobjavljeno) pa imajo {marnice pri nas tu in tam lahko tudi 3, 6 ali celo 7 jajc. 20- •28 /Tl m 12- l/T I j/l - 8 r^ 0^—1111111 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Starost (dni) /Age (days) Slika 2: Narašèanje telesne teže mladièev šmarnice Phoenicurus ochruros od izvalitve do speljave iz gnezda (krivulja = povpreène vrednosti; debela navpièna èrta = SD; tanka navpièna èrta = min-max; N = 50) Figure 2: Increase in body weight of Black Redstart’s young from the time when hatched to the time when fledged (curve = avg. values; bold vertical line = SD; thin vertical line = min-max, N = 50) 215 I. A. Bo`i~: Gnezditvena biologija {marnice Phoenicurus ochruros v osrednji Sloveniji Tabela 3: Primerjava velikosti jajc {marnice Phoenicurus ochruros med razli~nimi evropskimi dr`avami (v mm) Table 3: Comparison of egg sizes of Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros between various European countries (in mm) Avtor / Author Dol`ina x {irina jajc / Length x width of eggs Niethammer 1937 Hanzak 1972 Hartert 1910 Cramp 1998 Bauer 1988 to delo / this work povpre~no / avg. povpre~no / avg. maksimum / max. minimum / min. povpre~no / avg. maksimum / max. minimum / min. povpre~no / avg. povpre~no / avg. maksimum / max. minimum / max. povpre~no / avg. maksimum / max. minimum / min. 18,90 x 14,50 19,30 x 14,20 21,80 x 15,00 17,00 x 14,50 19,44 x 14,37 21,40 x 16,10 17,00 x 14,50 19,40 x 14,40 19,86 x 14,62 22,58 x 15,10 17,40 x 12,96 19,74 x 14,66 20,70 x 14,70 18,60 x 14,70 (44 jajc / eggs, D) (^SSR) 20,60 x 16,40 17,20 x 13,30 (82 jajc / eggs) 17,20 x 13,30 (200 jajc / eggs) (17,00-21,50 x 13,30-15,90) (404 jajc / eggs, CH) 21,26 x 15,90 (355 jajc / eggs, SI) 19,40 x 15,60 20,00 x 14,00 V prvih gnezdih so imele {marnice v povpre~ju 4,9 jajca, v drugih 4,7. Razlika je bila statisti~no zna~ilna (Hi-kvadrat = 8,7, p > 0,01, df =1). Jajca so merila v povpre~ju 19,7 x 14,6 mm in so tehtala 2,1 g (tabela 2). Velikost posameznega jajca ni bila odvisna od vrstnega reda le`enja. Velikost jajc {marnice po Evropi proti jugu upada, povpre~ne vrednosti podatkov iz Slovenije pa se najbolj pokrivajo s podatki iz [vice (tabela 3). V teku valjenja je te`a jajc upadala in je bila pred izvalitvijo mladi~ev za okoli 0,2 g (10%) manj{a kot ob za~etku valjenja. Jajca vali samo samica. Valiti za~ne, ko je v gnezdu predzadnje jajce, redkeje z zadnjim ali predpredzadnjim. Valjenje traja 12 do 17 dni, obi~ajno 13 dni (Arnhem 1980, Niethammer Slika 3: Samica {marnice Phoenicurus ochruros hrani speljanega mladi~a (foto: I. A. Bo`i~) Figure 3: Female Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros feeding its fledged young (photo: I. A. Bo`i~) 216 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 213 — 2l8, 2002 1937, Harrison 1975, Gooders 1990 & 1998, Sauer 1982, Hanzak 1972, Felix 1973, Konig 1966, Bauer & Glutz von Blotzheim1988, Cramp 1988, Cerny 1973, Makatsch 1968), medtem ko Bezzel & Gidstam (1978) navajata 14 dni. Sam sem podrobne podatke o dol`ini valjenja zbral za {tiri gnezda, kjer je valjenje trajalo celih 13 dni. 3.3. Mladi~i Mladi~i se navadno izvalijo vsi v enem ali dveh dneh. Komaj izvaljeni mladi~ je gol, slep, pokriva ga redek, temen puh in tehta okrog 1,9 g. Prve tri, {tiri dni jih samica stalno greje. ^etrti ali peti dan spregledajo. Deseti dan so mladi~i telesno `e dobro razviti, razvija se v glavnem samo {e perje (slika 2). Mladi~i pre`ivijo v gnezdu 13 do 17 dni (Bezzel 1988) oziroma 12 - 19 dni (Niethammer 1939, Felix 1973, Harrison 1975, Gooders 1990 & 1998, Cramp 1988, Sauer 1982, Konig 1966, Bauer & Glutz von Blotzheim 1988, Hayman & Hume 2001). Pri raziskavi sem ugotovil, da mladi~i zapustijo gnezdo 15. ali 16. dan, ob nevarnosti pa tudi `e 12. Okoli teden dni po speljavi se mladi~i osamosvojijo, vendar se lahko {e nekaj ~asa zadr`ujejo v okolici gnezda. Nasprotno pa Arnhem (1980) ugotavlja, da lahko mladi~i drugega legla ostanejo v dru`inski zvezi vse do oktobra. V ~asu obro~kanja v starosti okoli 8 dni je bilo v 30 gnezdih 1 do 5 mladi~ev (tabela 4). Razlika med {tevilom mladi~ev v gnezdu, ugotovljenem v moji raziskavi, in {tevilom mladi~ev v gnezdu v obdobju 1927 – 1999 (podatki PMS, neobjavljeno) statisti~no ni bila zna~ilna. Tabela 4: Velikost legla in zalege (v starosti 8 dni) v gnezdih {marnice Phoenicurus ochruros (podatki za Slovenijo so iz obdobja 1927-1999) Table 4: Size of clutch and nest with young (8 days old) in Black Redstart’s nests (data for Slovenia from 1927-1999 period) Leglo/ Zalega / Nest Zalega Slovenija/ Clutch with young Nest with young for Slovenia N 78 30 247 povp. / avg. 4,8 4,1 4,02 min. 4 1 1 max. 5 5 7 SD 0,36 1,11 1,25 Zahvala: Iskreno se zahvaljujem dr. Davorinu Tometu za pomo~ pri dokon~nem oblikovanju ~lanka in ra~unalni{ko obdelavo zbranih podatkov. 4. Povzetek V obdobju 1975 - 2001 sem v razli~nih obmo~jih osrednje Slovenije na{el 102 gnezdi {marnice Phoenicurus ochruros. Gnezda so bila zgrajena v povpre~ju 4,3 m od tal. Povpre~ni zunanji premer gnezda je bil 14,5 cm, premer globeli 5,5 cm, vi{ina globeli 4,7 cm in vi{ina gnezda 7,8 cm. Par se je oblikoval `e marca, prva gnezda sem na{el ob koncu marca in nato vse do konca julija. Gnezdo je zgradila samica v dveh do {estih dneh. Prvo jajce je obi~ajno legla kakih 5 dni zatem, ko je bilo gnezdo v celoti zgrajeno. V treh primerih je bilo v gnezdu `e prvo jajce, ~eprav gnezdo v notranjosti {e ni bilo v celoti urejeno in postlano. V Sloveniji ima {marnica dve gnezdi v sezoni, le izjemoma tudi nadomestno - tretje gnezdo. Med le`enjem prvega jajca prvega legla in prvega jajca drugega legla mine 42 do 47 dni. V gnezdu je bilo najve~krat 5 jajc, redko le 4, izjemoma 6, v treh primerih pa celo 7. Povpre~no je bilo v prvem leglu 4,9 jajca in v drugem leglu 4,7 jajca (Hi-kvadrat = 8,7, p > 0,01). Povpre~na dol`ina 355 jajc je bila 19,7 mm, {irina 14,6 mm. Povpre~na te`a 255 jajc je bila 2,1 g. Komaj izvaljeni mladi~ je bil gol in slep in tehtal je okrog 1,9 g. V {tirih do petih dneh je spregledal, po dvanajstih dneh je bil popolnoma operjen in je tehtal kakih 16 g. Mladi~i so zapustili gnezdo po dveh tednih ali {e kak dan pozneje, v nevarnosti `e dvanajsti dan. Vi{ek speljavanja mladi~ev iz prvih gnezd je bil 15.5., vi{ek speljevanja iz drugih pa 25.6. Iz 30 gnezd so star{i speljali v povpre~ju 4,1 mladi~a. 5. Literatura Arnhem, R. (1980): Der grosse Kosmos-Naturfuhrer: Die Vogel Europas. Kosmos Gesellschaft der Naturfreunde, Franckh’sche Verlagshandlung, Stuttgart. Ba~ar, R. 1939: Brehm - @ivljenje `ivali - pti~i, tretja knjiga. Umetni{ka propaganda, Ljubljana. Bauer, K. & U. Glutz von Blotzheim (1988): Handbuch der Vogel Mitteleuropas, Band 11/I, Pesseriformes (2.Teil). Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden. Bevk, S. (1957): Vreten~arji Slovenije. Zalo`ba Kme~ka knjiga, Ljubljana. Bezzel, E. & B. Gidstam (1978): Vogel. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München. Bezzel, E. (1988): Vogel. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, München. Bo`i~, I. (1983): Pti~i Slovenije. LZS, Ljubljana. Bruun, B., A. Singer & C. Konig (1971): Europas Vogelwelt in farben. Kosmos, Stuttgart. 217 I. A. Bo`i~: Gnezditvena biologija {marnice Phoenicurus ochruros v osrednji Sloveniji Cerny, W. (1973): Welcher Vogel is das? Kosmos Natur Fuhrer, Stuttgart. Cramp, S. (1988): Handbook of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic, Volume V. Oxford, New York. Felix, J. (1973): Vogel in Garten und Feld. Bertelsmann Ratgeberverlag, Munchen. Flegg, J. & D. Hosking (1998): Vogel Europas. Konemann Verlagsgesellschaft, Koln. Ferguson-Lees, J. & I. Willis (1987): Vogel Mitteleuropas. BLV Verlagsgesellschaft, Munchen. Freyer, H. (1842): Fauna in der Krain bekannten Saugetiere: Vogel, Reptilien und Fische. Eger’schen Gubnernial Buchdruckerei, Laibach. Geister, I. (1977): Ptice okoli na{ega doma. Kme~ki glas, Ljubljana. Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana. Gibbons, D.W., J.B. Reid & R.A. Chapman (1993): The New Atlas of Breeding Bird in Britain and Ireland 1988 – 1991. T & AD Poyser, London. Gjerke{, M. (1995): Prispevek k poznavanju redkih in manj znanih ptic istrske Slovenije. Falco 9: 5-12 Gjerke{, M. (1996): [marnica Phoenicurus ochruros. Falco 10, Koper. Gooders, J. (1990): Field guide to the Birds of Britain & Europe. Kingfisher Books, London. Gregori, J. & I. Kre~i~ (1979): Na{i pti~i. DZS, Ljubljana. Hanzak, J. (1972): Vogeleier - Vogelnester. Kosmos, Stuttgart. Harrison, C. (1975): Jungvogel, Eier und Nester. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin. Hartert, E. (1910): Die Vogel der palaarktischen Fauna. Band I. Verlag R. Friedlander & Sohn. Autorisierter Nachdruck 1969, Verlag J. Cramer. Hayman, P. & R. Hume (2001): The complete guide to the Birdlife of Britain & Europe. London. Konig, C. (1966): Europaische Vogel, Band 1. Chr. Belser Verlag, Stuttgart. Kre~i~, I. & F. [u{ter{i~ (1963): Ptice Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana. Kry{tufek, B. & F. Jan`ekovi~ (1999): Klju~ za dolo~anje vreten~arjev Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana. Makatsch, W. (1968): Die Vogel in Haus, Hof und Garten. 5. Auflage. Verlag Neumann-Neudamm, Melsungen, Basel, Wien. Makatsch, W. (1969): Wir bestimmen die Vogel Europas. 2. Auflage. Verlag Neumann-Neudamm, Melsungen, Basel, Wien. Niethammer, G. (1937): Handbuch der deutschen Vogelkunde. Band I. Leipzig. Sackl, P. & O. Samwald (1997): Atlas der Brutvogel der Steiermark. Graz. Sauer, F. (1982): Landvogel. Mosaik Verlag, Munchen. Seelig, J.K., H.G. Benecke, F. Braumann & B. Nicolai (1996): Die Vogel im Naturpark Dromling. Halberstadt. Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. TZS, Ljubljana. Vous, K.H. (1962): Die Vogelwelt Europas und ihre Verbreitung. Verlag Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin. Witt, R. (2001): Steinbachs grosser Naturfuhrer Vogel. Bassermann Verlag, printed in Slovakia. Prispelo / Arrived: 11.9.2001 Sprejeto / Accepted: 1.3.2002 218 Acrocephalus 22 (109): 219 – 223, 2002 Prispevek k poznavanju smrtnosti ptic na cestah v Sloveniji A contribution to the knowledge of bird mortality on Slovene roads Borut Rubini~1 & Al Vrezec2 1 Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail: rubinic@siol.net 2 Nacionalni in{titut za biologijo, Ve~na pot 111, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija, e-mail:al.vrezec@uni-lj.si 1. Uvod organizmov. Z ve~jimi hitrostmi (nad 80 km/h) se na cestah znatno pove~a zlasti smrtnost ptic. Celo za Ceste so hudo breme za okolje. To se ka`e v faktor 20 ali ve~ (Illner 1992). Na {tevilo povo`enih uni~evanju habitatov med graditivijo cest in v `ivali na dolo~eni cesti ne vpliva gostota prometa. Ta drugotnih vplivih na okolje in organizme: in {tevilo povo`enih `ivali sta lahko celo v negativni onesna`evanje okolja z izpu{nimi plini in hrupom ter korelaciji (Bergmann 1974). Pri tem je bolj vplivi na pove~ano smrtnost ptic in drugih pomembno, kje je cesta speljana oziroma kak{na je 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 j 8 \ 7 6 L*w ^»fe W; .-- . «1j 1 /v \ 5 M ^ % ^ .. "4 #1 ¦f 4% ^ 'Hm "/ ¦„.'„"t,' 3 1 l^r* 'a * /*¦/ 1 fir/^' & 2 /& -' $i II 4 - m 'fotiff 1 % "¦: « ¦•/ >-*<*.¦ 3.'', "K 0 z,)' *7^ 0 U -"":''• '? 'i'{ 9 ¦•«A ,. t f^; j 8 ¦ & ^j . y jü-'x /v' 7 ^ 7- 6 / V 5 L T~~i ' -~if ':' s 4 ¦H 3 2 U w Slika 1: Raziskanost cest po Sloveniji v letu 1993. Prikazano je {tevilo mesecev za posamezne kvadrate v ~asu, ko so bili najdeni kadavri: najmanj{a pika 1 mesec, najve~ja pika 10 mesecev. Figure 1: The extent of research carried out on Slovene roads in 1993. Depicted herewith is the number of months for separate squares at the time when cadavers were found, with the smallest dot delineating 1 month and the largest 10 months. 219 Kratki ~lanki / Short articles gostota `ivali v okolici (Holi{ova & Obrtel 1986). Prvi je na problem poginjanja ptic na cestah v Sloveniji opozoril Gregori (1987). Predlagal je, da bi bele`ili povo`ene ptice ob cestah, da bi vzpostavili pregled nad vrstno sestavo in gostoto povo`enih ptic. Vogrin (1991) je v popisih najdenih pti~jih kadavrov v severovzhodni Sloveniji ugotovil, da je vzrok smrti pri ve~ini najdenih kadavrov (32,0%) povezan s prometom. Illner (1992) je v raziskavah smrtnosti sov na cestah v Nem~iji pri{el do podobnih zaklju~kov, in sicer, da je bilo pri 30% najdenih kadavrov sov Strigiformes vzrok smrti tr~enje z avtomobilom, pri nadaljnjih 33% pa je bila smrt povezana z drugimi ~love{kimi dejavnostmi. Namen ~lanka je prikazati vrstno sestavo in spreminjanje starostne strukture povo`enih ptic med letom ter opozoriti na nekatere zna~ilnosti tega pojava. 2. Metode in obmo~je raziskave Leta 1993 sva od januarja do oktobra ob cestah na~rtno popisovala povo`ene ptice. Popisala sva vse kadavre, ki sva jih na{la na cesti{~u ali ob njem, in za katere sva menila, da je vzrok smrti povezan s prometom. Zapisala sva si datum in kraj najdbe, vrsto ptice in, ~e je bilo le mogo~e, njeno starost in spol. Pri izra~unu dele`a mladih osebkov sva upo{tevala le osebke, pri katerih je bila dolo~ena starost. Cesti{~e in o`ji pas ob cesti sva pregledovala pe{, med vo`njo s kolesom ali med vo`njo z avtomobilom (predvsem avtoceste). Kadavre sva popisovala zlasti na izbranih cestah Primorske, [tajerske in ljubljanske okolice (slika 1). Od bolje preiskanih cest velja omeniti I`ansko cesto na Ljubljanskem barju (od ^rne vasi do Iga) in avtocesto Ljubljana-Razdrto. 3. Rezultati in diskusija V letu 1993 sva od januarja do oktobra na slovenskih cestah v 125 terenskih dneh (tabela 1) na{la 513 kadavrov oziroma 57 vrst ptic (tabela 2), od tega je bilo nepevcev Nonpasseriformes 13 vrst (34 osebkov ali 6,6%) in pevcev Passeriformes 44 vrst (479 osebkov ali 93,4%). Tabela 1: Število terenskih dni, opravljenih v letu 1993 (n = 125) Table 1: Number of field days covered in 1993 (n = 125) jan feb mar apr maj jun jul avg sep okt 2 4 i6 18 20 24 15 14 10 2 Tabela 2: Seznam 57 vrst najdenih kadavrov ptic na slovenskih cestah v obdobju od januarja do oktobra 1993 s {tevilom najdenih osebkov in dele`em zastopanosti Table 2: List of 57 bird on Slovene roads during January and October 1993 with no. of individuals recovered and their share Vrsta / Species Število / Number % Accipiter nisus Buteo buteo Falco tinnunculus Perdix perdix Phasianus colchicus Rallus aquaticus Gallinula chloropus Fulica atra Larus ridibundus Columba palumbus Streptopelia decaocto Asio otus Dendrocopos major Alauda arvensis Galerida cristata Hirundo rustica Delichon urbica Motacilla alba Troglodytes troglodytes Sylvia atricapilla Sylvia borin Sylvia communis Sylvia curruca Acrocephalus palustris Hippolais polyglotta Phylloscopus collybita Phylloscopus trochilus Regulus regulus Regulus ignicapillus Erithacus rubecula Luscinia megarhynchos Phoenicurus ochruros Phoenicurus phoenicurus Saxicola rubetra Saxicola torquata Turdus merula Turdus philomelos Turdus viscivorus Parus caeruleus Parus ater Parus major Oriolus oriolus Lanius collurio Garrulus glandarius 2 0.4 % 1 0.2 % 1 0.2 % 1 0.2 % 8 1.6 % 1 0.2 % 2 0.4 % 1 0.2 % 1 0.2 % 1 0.2 % 13 2.5 % 1 0.2 % 1 0.2 % 1 0.2 % 1 0.2 % 10 1.9 % 2 0.4 % 30 5.8 % 3 0.6 % 7 1.4 % 1 0.2 % 2 0.4 % 1 0.2 % 3 0.6 % 1 0.2 % 2 0.4 % 1 0.2 % 1 0.2 % 1 0.2 % 27 5.2 % 1 0.2 % 1 0.2 % 1 0.2 % 2 0.4 % 2 0.4 % 95 18.5 % 9 1.7 % 5 1.0 % 3 0.6 % 1 0.2 % 17 3.3 % 1 0.2 % n 2.1 % 6 1.2 % 2 4 16 18 20 24 15 14 10 2 22c Acrocephalus 22 (109): 219 – 223, 2002 nadaljevanje tabele 2 / continuation of Table 2 nadaljevanje tabele 2 / continuation of Table 2 Corvus comix i 0.2 % Corvus frugilegus i 0.2 % Passer montanus 10 1.9 % Passer domesticus 180 35.0 % Fringilla coelebs 10 1.9 % Serinus serinus 4 0.8 % Carduelis carduelis 8 1.6 % Carduelis Moris 5 1.0 % Carduelis cannabina 4 0.8 % Coccothraustes coccothraustes i 0.2 % Emberiza citrinella 2 0.4 % Emberiza schoeniclus I 0.2 % Miliaria calandra 3 0.6 % Skupaj / Total 513 100.0 % Po relativnem dele`u pojavljanja najdenih kadavrov ptic sva le-te razdelila po stopnjah dominance (Tarman 1992): a) evdominantne vrste (2 vrsti: doma~i vrabec Passer domesticus, kos Turdus merula) b) dominantne vrste (2 vrsti: bela pastirica Motacilla alba, ta{~ica Erithacus rubecula) c) subdominantne vrste (3 vrste: velika sinica Pa rus major, tur{ka grlica Streptopelia decaocto, Lanius collurio) d) recendentne vrste (10 vrst: kme~ka lastovka Hirundo rustica, poljski vrabec Passer montanus, {~inkavec Fringilla coelebs, cikovt Turdus philomelos, fazan Phasianus colchicus, li{~ek Carduelis carduelis, ~rnoglavka Sylvia atricapilla, {oja Garrulus glandarius, carar Turdus viscivorus, zelenec Carduelis chloris) c) subrecendentne vrste (40 vrst) Najve~ji dele` povo`enih ptic v Sloveniji (71,3%) sestavljajo vrste urbanih okolij. To so antropofilne vrste in vrste, ki so pogoste gnezdilke mnogih ve~jih evropskih mest: tur{ka grlica, bela pastirica, kos, plav~ek Parus caeruleus, velika sinica, siva vrana Corvus cornix, poljski vrabec, doma~i vrabec, gril~ek Serinus serinus, li{~ek in zelenec (Wi t t et al. 1985, Rabosée et al. 1995, Cignini & Zapparoli 1996, Kuzniak 1996, Luniak et al. 2001). Z ve~jim dele`em (>1%) so bile med povo`enimi pticami najdene tudi vrste, ki jih po Geistru (1995) v Sloveniji uvr{~amo med zelo pogoste in pogoste gnezdilke: kme~ka lastovka, ~rnoglavka, ta{~ica, cikovt, carar, rjavi srakoper, {oja in {~inkavec. Vrste, ki so bile najdene le enkrat ali dvakrat (0,2-0,4%), lahko ozna~imo kot slu~ajnostne, saj spri~o njihove redkosti ali druga~nega na~ina `ivljenja (ali specifi~nega habitata) te`e postanejo `rtev prometa. Vpliv prometa na te vrste je verjetno majhen. Kljub temu pa so slu~ajnostne vrste sestavljale velik dele` 57,9% (33 vrst) med najdenimi kadavri ptic. Ve~ina nepevcev Nonpasseriformes (z izjemo tur{ke grlice) in velik del pevcev Passeriformes je spadal v to skupino. Meniva, da se vrstna sestava med leti pri evdominantnih, dominantnih in subdominantnih ter deloma tudi recendentih vrstah verjetno ne spreminja veliko. Ve~je razlike je pri~akovati v vrstni sestavi pri subrecendentnih vrstah zlasti pri tistih, ki sva jih ozna~ila kot slu~ajnostne. Vrstna sestava povo`enih ptic je med razli~nimi dr`avami lahko zelo razli~na (tabela 3) in je po vsej verjetnosti odvisna od vrstne sestave zdru`be ptic na obmo~ju. Vrstna sestava, ki sva jo ugotovila z najino raziskavo, je {e najbolj podobna nem{kim razmeram (Bergmann 1974), kjer podobno kot v Sloveniji pevci sestavljajo nad 90% vseh najdenih kadavrov ptic, evdominantni vrsti pa sta doma~i vrabec (15,5%) in kos (11,0%). Druga~e je na Nizozemskem (Tempel 1993), kjer se je kot evdominantna izkazala le ena vrsta, postovka Falco tinnunculus (16,3%), kot skupina pa prevladujejo pobre`niki Charadriiformes (29,2%), in na ^e{kem (Holi{ova & Obrtel 1986), kjer sta bila z visokim dele`em zastopana fazan (31,9%) in jerebica Perdix perdix (10,1%). u»lDIDDRRPP lllllil jan feb mar apr maj jun jul avg sep okt n juv. D ? ¦ ad. Slika 2: Spreminjanje starostne strukture povo`enih ptic od januarja do oktobra 1993 na cestah v Sloveniji (n = 513) Table 2: Changes in the age structure of birds run over on Slovene roads between January and October 1993 (n = 513) 221 Kratki ~lanki / Short articles Tabela 3: Primerjava dele`ev (%) redov povo`enih ptic med raziskavami v razli~nih dr`avah Table 3: Proportions (%) Hordines of different of run over birds according to the surveys carried out in separate countries Red / Ordo Slovenija / Slovenia Èeška / Czech Nem~ija / Germany Nizozemska/ (to delo / this work) Republic (Holi{ova & Obrtel) 1986) (Bergmann 1974) Holland (Tempel 1993) Pelecaniformes 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,01 Ciconiiformes 0,0 0,0 0,0 5,1 Anseriformes 0,0 0,0 0,0 2,1 Falconiformes 0,8 0,8 0,0 19,4 Galliformes 1,7 42,0 1,3 0,3 Gruiformes 0,8 0,0 0,0 3,1 Charadriiformes 0,2 0,0 0,0 29,2 Columbiformes 2,7 10,1 0,2 0,6 Strigiformes 0,2 0,8 0,3 19,4 Apodiformes 0,0 0,0 0,3 0,0 Piciformes 0,2 0,0 0,0 0,0 Passeriformes 93,4 46,2 97,9 20,7 [tevilo / Number 513 119 625 9665 V maju sva poleg odraslih osebkov med povo`enimi smrtnosti ptic lahko zdru`imo pod isto kategorijo. Po kadavri na{la `e prve mladi~e (bela pastirica, cikovt, najini zelo grobi oceni iz zgoraj omenjene avtoceste to velika sinica). S 5,8% v maju se je dele` mladih pomeni, da v enem letu na avtocestah in hitrih cestah osebkov pove~al na 24,8% v juniju in 43,0% v juliju. v Sloveniji pogine vsaj okrog 1010 ptic. V to seveda Dele` mladi~ev je bil najve~ji v avgustu (47,4%), ko se niso vklju~ene {e vse druge glavne in regionalne ceste. v populaciji pojavijo {e mladi~i iz drugih in tretjih V prispevku sva sku{ala predstaviti vrstno sestavo in legel, v septembru pa se je vnovi~ zmanj{al na 25,0%. gostoto povo`enih ptic na cestah v Sloveniji, kar je V drugi polovici raziskave, od junija do oktobra, sva pred leti predlagal `e Gregori (1987). Potrebne bi bile ugotovila za spoznanje ve~jo smrtnost ptic (4,45 temeljitej{e raziskave, da bi ta problem zares kadavra/dan) kot v prvi polovici raziskave, od januarja ovrednotili in ocenili njegov vpliv na slovensko do maja (3,73 kadavra/dan). Pove~anje pripisujeva avifavno. Posebno pomembno bi bilo ovrednotiti predvsem pojavu mladih osebkov, katerih {tevilo se je kriti~na obdobja leta in to~ke v Sloveniji, kjer pogine zelo pove~alo z 0,05 kadavra/dan v prvi polovici najve~ ptic z mo`nostjo vnaprej{njega sklepanja na raziskave na 1,21 kadavra/dan v drugi polovici pti~jo smrtnost glede na gostoto in strukturo pti~jih raziskave. Pri tem se {tevilo odraslih osebkov ni zdru`b na obmo~jih, kjer so na~rtovane nove ceste. izrazito spremenilo: 2,85 kadavra/dan v prvi polovici in 2,40 kadavra/dan v drugi polovici. Ravno tako ni Povzetek bilo zaznati sprememb v gostoti pri starostno nedolo~enem delu ptic, ki je bila v teku celotne V ~lanku predstavljava rezultate popisa kadavrov ptic, raziskave enaka (0,83 kadavra/dan). ki sva jih registrirala v ~asu od januarja do oktobra Med bolje pregledanimi cestami sva `e v uvodu 1993 na razli~nih cestah v Sloveniji. 513 kadavrov je omenila avtocesto Ljubljana-Razdrto (50 km), ki sva pripadalo 57 vrstam, in sicer 13 vrstam nepevk (34 jo od marca do septembra pregledala v 34 terenskih kadavrov ali 6,6%) in 44 vrstam pevk (479 osebkov ali dneh. V tem obdobju sva tu zabele`ila 126 kadavrov 93,4%). Najve~ji dele` povo`enih ptic je {el na ra~un ptic. [tevilka je glede na ~as, ki sva ga namenila popisu vrst urbanih okolij in vrst, ki v Sloveniji veljajo za kadavrov te ceste, gotovo podcenjena, zato jo bova pogoste gnezdilke. Evdominantni vrsti sta bili doma~i uporabila le kot zelo grobo oceno. Dne 30.3.2001 je vrabec Passer domesticus (35,0%) in kos Turdus merula bilo v Sloveniji zgrajenih in funkcionalnih okoli 402 (18,5%). Vrste, katerih relativna gostota je bila le 0,2km avtocest in hitrih cest (DARS), ki jih glede 0,4%, sva ozna~ila kot slu~ajnostne in so dosegle kar 222 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 219 — 223, 2002 57,9% vseh registriranih vrst. Meniva, da se vrstna sestava povo`enih ptic med leti spreminja predvsem na ra~un slu~ajnostnih vrst. V drugem delu raziskave, od junija do oktobra, sva ugotovila nekoliko vi{jo smrtnost (4,45 kadavra/dan) kot v prvem petmese~nem obdobju leta (3,73 kadavra/dan), kar pripisujeva ve~jemu dele`u mladi~ev v tem ~asu. Najve~ji dele` povo`enih mladih ptic je bil avgusta (47,4%), vendar je bil v primerjavi s prvim obdobjem leta (0,05 kadavra/dan) veliko ve~ji v drugem obdobju leta (1,21 kadavra/dan). Summary The article presents the results of the survey of run over birds registered between January and October 1993 on different Slovene roads. The 513 found cadavers belonged to 57 species: 13 to non-passerines (34 cadavers or 6.6%) and 44 passerines (479 cadavers or 93.4%). The largest share of the run over birds went to the species of urban environments and the species considered very common and common breeders in Slovenia. The eudominant species were House Sparrow Passer domesticus (35.0%) and Blackbird Turdus merula (18.5%). The species whose abundance was merely 0.2-0.4% were marked as accidentals, and they reached no less than 57.9% of all registered species. The authors believe that the species structure of run over birds changes during the years mainly at the expense of accidentals. During the second part of the survey, i.e. from June to October, a somewhat higher mortality rate (4.45 cadavers per day) was recorded than during the first five months of the year (3.73 cadavers per day), which can be ascribed to the higher share of the young in this particular period. The largest share of the run over young birds was recorded in August (47.4%), although compared with the first half of the year (0.05 cadaver per day) it was much greater in the second part of the year (1.21 cadaver per day). a Moravian road. Acta Sc. Nat. Brno 20 (9): 1-44. Illner, H. (1992): Road deaths of Westphalian owls: methodological problems, influence of road type and possible effects on population levels. In: Galbraith, A., I.R. Taylor & S. Percival (eds.): The ecology and conservation of European owls. Peterborough, Joint Nature Conservation Committee, UK Nature Conservation No. 5: 94-100. Kuzniak, S. (1996): Atlas ptaków legowych Leszna w latach 1990-1993. Prace Zakl. Biol. i Ekol. Ptaków UAM 6, Poznan. Luniak, M., P. Kozlowski, W. Nowicki & J. Plit (2001): Ptaki Warszawy, 1962-2000. Polish Academy of Sciences, Warszawa. Rabosée, D., H. de Wavrin, J. Tricot & D. van der Elst (1995): Atlas des oiseaux nicheurs de Bruxelles. Société d’études ornithologiques Aves, Liége. Tarman, K. (1992): Osnove ekologije in ekologija `ivali. DZS, Ljubljana. Tempel, R. van den (1993): Vogelslachtoffers in het wegverkeer. Technisch rapport Vogelbescherming 11, Ministerie van Verkeer en Waterstaat, Directoraat – Generaal Rijkswaterstaat Nederland, Zeist. Vogrin, M. (1991): Kadavri, najdeni v severovzhodni Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 12 (49): 141-147. Witt, K., H. Elvers, J. Herrmann, P. Miech, J. Schwarz, K. Steiof & D. Westphal (1985): Brutvogelatlas Berlin (West). Ornithologischer Bericht für Berlin (West), Bd. 9 (1984) Sonderheft, Berlin. Prispelo / Arrived: 6.1.2001 Sprejeto / Accepted: 1.3.2002 Literatura Bergmann, H.H. (1974): Zur Phänologie und Ökologie des Straßentods der Vögel. Die Vogelwelt 95 (1): 1-21. Cignini, B. & M. Zapparoli (1996): Atlante degli Uccelli Nidificanti a Roma. Fratelli Palombi Editori, Roma. DARS (2002): internetna stran, naslov: http//:www. omegaconsult.si/drsc/ceste.htm Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana. Gregori, J. (1987): Pti~i poginjajo tudi na cestah. Acrocephalus 8 (31-32): 19. Holi{ova, V. & R. Obrtel (1986): Vertebrate casualties on 223 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 22J — 226, 2002 Prvi teritorialni ~rnoglavi galeb Larus melanocephalus v Sloveniji First record of a territorial Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus in Slovenia Jakob Smole Cafova 4, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija, e-mail: jakob.smole@kiss.uni-lj.si ^rnoglavi galeb gnezdi predvsem v vzhodnem in jugovzhodnem delu Evrope. Ve~ji del populacije, ki je odvisna od nihanja vodnih gladin, gnezdi ob ^rnem in Azovskem morju. Sredi 80ih let se je {tevilo parov na tem obmo~ju gibalo med 340.000 in 370.000, ~emur je verjetno sledil upad (Bekhuis et al. v Hagemeijer & Blair 2000). Omembe vredna gnezdi{~a so {e v Tur~iji (500 – 5.000 parov) in Gr~iji (ve~ kot 7.000 parov) ter v zadnjem ~asu v Italiji, kjer je leta 1995 gnezdilo 2.328 parov (Cramp 1998). V dr`avah, ki mejijo na Slovenijo, gnezdi ~rnoglavi galeb na Ne`iderskem jezeru v Avstriji (36 parov leta 2000) in na akumulacijah reke Inn ter delti Rena. Na slednjih lokalitetah gnezdi do najve~ 6 parov ~rnoglavih galebov (Laber 2000). Na Mad`arskem je leta 1996 gnezdilo 150 parov (Varga 1996). V Sloveniji se ~rnoglavi galeb redno pojavlja na selitvi predvsem na Obali, kjer posamezni osebki tudi prezimujejo (Rubini~ 1995). V notranjosti dr`ave je redek gost. V poletnem ~asu sta znani le dve opazovanji iz leta 1997 in 1998 na Ptujskem jezeru (L. Bo`i~ ustno). Dne 28.5.2001 sem na akumulacijskem jezeru Ptuj na otoku v koloniji re~nih galebov Larus ridibundus opazil odraslega ~rnoglavega galeba. Ptica se je vedla izrazito obmo~no, saj je nenehno odganjala re~ne galebe. ^eprav sem dogajanje opazoval dobro uro, kakega drugega ~rnoglavega galeba nisem opazil. Galeb se je zadr`eval na otoku vsaj do 24.6., pri ~emer je vseskozi branil svoj teritorij, slepo valil in odganjal re~ne galebe. Sodeloval je tudi pri socialnih obrambnih interkacijah kolonije: dne 24.6., ko je kolonijo napadla govna~ka Stercorarius sp., se je razburjeno vzdignil v zrak skupaj z re~nimi galebi ter se takoj nato spet spustil na tla ([tumbeger ustno). V koloniji galebov na ptujskem otoku smo v gnezditvenem obdobju 2001 opazovali samo en osebek ~rnoglavega galeba. Glede na dol`ino zadr`evanja in vedenje ~rno-glavega galeba sklepam, da je oto~ek na Ptujskem jezeru za vrsto primerno gnezdi{~e. Va n Impe (1997) za ~rnoglave galebe brez partnerjev navaja, da ti pomagajo parom re~nih galebov pri vzreji zaroda. Populacija ~rnoglavega galeba v zadnjih 30 letih mo~no nara{~a (Laber 2000). Tako teritorialno vedenje opazovanega osebka na Ptujskem jezeru ni presenetljivo. Najbli`ji koloniji na Mad`arskem (Kis Balaton) in v Avstriji (Ne`idersko jezero) sta od ptujskega akumulacijskega jezera oddaljeni slabih 200 km. K nam ~rnoglavi galeb verjetno doslej ni prodrl zaradi pomanjkanja primernih gnezdi{~, saj potrebuje oto~ke z nizko vegetacijo, izogiba pa se slanim tlem (Glutz von Blotzheim 1982). Domnevno so braki~na mokri{~a na Obali kot gnezditveni habitat zanj manj primerna. Vendar je znano, da gnezdi na slanih tleh na izlivu Pada (Volponi 1993). Ve~ina vodnih zadr`evalnikov v Sloveniji je za ~rnoglavega galeba neprimerna zaradi pomanjkanja oto~kov z nizko vegetacijo. Kjer tak{en habitat obstaja - v Sloveniji so to zlasti gramoznice – pa gnezdenje onemogo~a ~lovek s svojimi dejavnostmi (ribi~i in rekrativci). Primerno gnezdi{~e v Sloveniji je za zdaj tako le otok na Ptujskem jezeru, kjer nas glede na populacijske trende zadnjih desetih let – naglo nara{~ajo~e {tevilo gnezde~ih ~rnoglavih galebov v zahodni in srednji Evropi (Laber 2000) – morebitna uspe{na gnezditev v prihodnosti ne bi smela presenetiti. Povzetek Med 28. 5. in 24.6.2001 se je v koloniji re~nih galebov Laus ridibundus na oto~ku Ptujskega jezera (reka Drava, SV Slovenija) zadr`eval odrasel ~rnoglavi galeb Larus melanocephalus. Ptica se je vedla teritorialno (preganjanje re~nih galebov, slepo valjenje, sodelovanje pri obrambnih interakcijah kolonije pred plenilci). V Sloveniji je otok na Ptujskem jezeru trenutno edino primerno gnezdi{~e za to vrsto. Doslej ~rnoglavi galeb v Sloveniji ni gnezdil. Summary Between May 28th and June 24th 2001, an adult Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus inhabited the islet in Ptuj Reservoir (the Drava river, NE Slovenia) in the midst of a colony of Black-headed Gulls Larus ridibundus. The bird behaved territorially 225 Kratki ~lanki / Short articles (pursuing Black-headed Gulls, blind incubation, taking part in the colony’s defence interactions against predators, etc.). For the time being, the islet in Ptuj Reservoir is the only suitable breeding site for this species in Slovenia, where the Mediterranean Gull has not bred so far. Literatura Cramp, S. & K.E.L. Simmons (1998): The complete birds of the western Palearctic on CD. Oxford University Press. Glutz von Blotzheim, U.N. & K.M. Bauer (1982): Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas. Band 8/1. Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft Wiesbaden. Bekhuis J., P. Meininger, A.G. Rudenko (1997): Mediterranean Gull. V: Hagemeijer, E.J.M. & M.J. Blair, (eds.): The EBBC Atlas of European Breeding Birds: Their distribution and Abundance. T & AD Poyser, London. Laber, J. (2000): Die Brutbestandsentwicklung der Schwarzkopfmoöwe (Larus melanocephalus) im Seewinkel. Egretta 43 (2): 112-118. Rubini~, B. (1995): ^rnoglavi galeb (Larus melanocephalus) in njegov status na slovenski obali. Annales 7: 81-86. Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. TZS, Ljubljana. Va n Impe, J. (1997): Mediterranean Gull (Larus melanocephalus) helping Black- headed Gulls (Larus ridibundus) during breeding. Alauda 65 (1): 7 – 12. Varga, L. (1996): A magyar szerecsensiraly (Larus melanocephalus) gyuruzesi program elso eredmenyei. Tuzok 1 (3): 116-123. Volponi, S. (1993): Colonial Waterbirds in the Po River Delta. Poster presentation at the Annual Meeting of the Colonial Waterbirds Society, Oxford, Mississippi, October 1993: http://members.tripod.it/deltapo/ cws92.htm Prispelo / Arrived: 21.10.2001 Sprejeto / Accepted: 1.3.2002 226 Acrocephalus 22 (109): 227 – 228, 2002 First breeding of the Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinnans michahellis in the Karst Prvo gnezdenje rumenonogega galeba Larus cachinnans michahellis na Krasu Luca Bembich Via Pinguente 6, I-34146 Trieste, Italy, e-mail: lucabembich@hotmail.com Nidifications by Yellow-legged Gulls Larus cachinnans on buildings are not new in Europe. Nesting on buildings was first documented on the Bulgarian Black Sea shores in 1894 (Nankinov 1992) and is now diffused in the Mediterranean basin (Barcelona, Rome, Genoa, Istanbul); in northern Europe the same behaviour is observed in Herring Gulls Larus argentatus with urban colonies in France, Germany and above all England (Cramp 1971, Monaghan et al. 1979, Vincent 1988). In Trieste, the nesting population has rapidly increased since the first pair was found in 1987 (Benussi et al. 1993): 68 pairs were counted in 1992, 155 in 1996, and 299 in 2000; breeding pairs use now every kind of rooftop (and even cranes, flower-pots and meadows) and are getting increasingly used to the presence of man. Two nests of the Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinnans michahellis were located in the Karst, not far from Trieste, during summer 1999. One was found on June 27th on a tiled roof in Sesana (Se`ana -Slovenia) where a 40 days old pullus was observed together with adults. A second nest, with three 45 days old pulli ready to fly, were located on July 14th in Villa Opicina (Trieste), on a horizontal roof covered with pebbles and grass. Both in Se`ana and Villa Opicina other adults as well as 1st and 2nd summer individuals were seen in flight. During 2000, the two nesting pairs were watched on a regular basis during the entire breeding season, and data on their breeding success, presence of other gulls and food availability were collected. Both pairs nested on the same site using the very same cup; in Se`ana there was one chick that did not fledge (possibly due to predation), in Villa Opicina two chicks were hatched and successfully flew away in the first week of July. Small flocks of adults and immatures were always present in both places (5.5 on average in Opicina, 2.6 in Se`ana). Main food source appeared to be a dump in Slovene territory, located 2.5 km from Se`ana, and 6 km from Villa Opicina, where flocks of 20-30 Yellow-legged Gulls (and up to 120), probably from Trieste, were repeatedly observed; yet again, food was most likely found in garbage cans, the same as in Trieste (Benussi & Bembich 1998, Bembich 1998), or was brought to the chicks from the city. The two nidifications confirm, in the Yellow-legged Gull breeding site choice, the importance of close food sources (Perco et al. 1986), whereas land typology (in this case woods, small meadows and cultivated patches) seems not to be important if a safe place for the nest can be found; they also correspond to the spreading of the urban colony in Trieste, where many isolated pairs have been located during the last few years, for example in southern suburban areas. Summary The first two nests of the Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinnans michahellis were located in the Karst during the summer of 1999. Data about their presence, breeding success and food availability were collected during 2000. The two breeding pairs probably came from Trieste, where a large colony is present. In the urban area, L. c. michahellis is increasing in numbers (68 pairs in 1992, 155 in 1996, 299 in 2000) and shows high breeding success, i.e. between 50% and 74%. The main food sources are refuse found by garbage cans, fish offal and left-overs. Povzetek Poleti 1999 sta bila na Krasu odkriti prvi dve gnezdi rumenonogega galeba Larus cachinnans michahellis, leta 2000 pa je avtor ~lanka zbiral podatke o galebovi gnezditveni uspe{nosti in razpolo`ljivosti hrane. Gnezde~a para po vsej verjetnosti izvirata iz Trsta, kjer gnezdi ve~ja kolonija teh galebov. V urbanih obmo~jih se gostota rumenonogega galeba vztrajno pove~uje (68 parov leta 1992, 155 parov leta 1996 in 299 parov leta 200), hkrati pa se pove~uje tudi njegova gnezditvena uspe{nost, t.j. med 50% in 74%. Galebov glavni vir hrane so razli~ni organski odpadki ob smetnjakih in ribja mrhovina. 227 Kratki ~lanki / Short articles References Benussi, E., F. Flapp & U. Mangani (1993): La nidificazione, in forma coloniale, di Larus cachinnans michahellis nell’area urbana della citta di Trieste. Fauna. Bollettino degli Osservatori Faunistici del Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Trieste. 3/’93: 91-96. Benussi, E. & L. Bembich (1998): Caratteristiche, status ed evoluzione della colonia urbana di Larus cachinnans michahellis nella citta di Trieste. Annales 13/’98: 67-74. Bembich, L. (1998): Riproduzione in ambito urbano del Gabbiano reale mediterraneo (Larus cachinnans michahellis) nella citta di Trieste. - Tesi di laurea. Universita di Trieste. A.A. 1996-1997. Cramp, S. (1971): Gulls nesting on buildings in Britain and Ireland. British Birds 64: 476-487. Monaghan, P. , B. Metcalfe & M.H. Hansell (1986): The influence of food availability and competition on the use of a feeding site by Herring Gulls Larus argentatus. Bird Study 33: 87-90. Nankinov, D.M. (1992): The nesting by the Herring Gull (Larus argentatus) in the towns and villages of Bulgaria. Avocetta 16: 93-94. Perco, F. , M. Lambertini, M. Lo Valvo & M. Milone (1986): Gabbiano reale Larus cachinnans Pallas, 1811. In Fasola M. (Ed.) - Distribuzione e popolazione dei Laridi e Sternidi nidificanti in Italia. Suppl. Ricerche Biol. Selvaggina 11: 53-72. Vincent, T. (1988): Exploitation des ressources alimentaires urbaines par les Go~lands argent~s (Larus argentatus argenteus). Alauda 56: 35-40. Prispelo / Arrived: 6.6.2002 Sprejeto / Accepted: 1.3.2002 228 Acrocephalus 22 (109): 229 – 232, 2002 Konec skrivnosti o ne-gnezdenju hudournikov Apus apus v Ljubljani? The end of the non-breeding mistery of Swifts Apus apus in Ljubljana (Slovenia)? Peter Trontelj Oddelek za biologijo Biotehni{ke fakultete – Univerza v Ljubljani, p.p. 2995, SI-1001 Ljubljana, e-mail: peter.trontelj@uni-lj.si 1. Uvod V Evropi velja hudournik Apus apus za povsod pri~ujo~ega gnezdilca ~love{kih naselij, od vasi do velemest (Hagemeijer & Blair 1997). V 11 avifavnah in atlasih iz alpskega in srednjeevropskega prostora nisem zasledil, da hudournik v kak{nem ve~jem mestu ne bi gnezdil. Avtorji so nesklenjeno distribucijo posebej komentirali in jo navadno razlagali s preveliko nadmorsko vi{ino ali s pomanjkanjem gnezdi{~ (zgradb). Zato smo lahko upravi~eno presene~eni, ~e hudournikov v velikem mestu ni, ~eprav so v njem vsi tipi zgradb, ki si jih ~lovek lahko predstavlja kot hudournikovo gnezdi{~e: cerkveni zvoniki, srednjeve{-ko mestno jedro, grad z obzidjem, tovarne in druge stavbe, od najmodernej{ih do razpadajo~ih. Tako smo se ljubljanski ornitologi pogosto spra{evali, zakaj hudournik ne gnezdi v slovenski prestolnici. Da hudournikov v ljubljanski mestni podobi ni, sem posebej opazil leta 1981, ko sem se vrnil z enoletnega bivanja v Berlinu. Hudournik je veljal za najpogostej{o gnezdilko takrat {e Zahodnega Berlina. Na nenavadno distribucijsko vrzel, ki od ve~jih slovenskih mest zajema {e Celje in Novo mesto, je opozoril Geister (1995): “Njegova raz{irjenost je izredno zanimiva, saj je jasno osredoto~ena na zahodno in severovzhodno Slovenijo. V osrednji Sloveniji je raz{irjenost precej zrahljana, v jugovzhodnem koncu de`ele pa sta le dve najmanj{i piki ... Tak{na distribucija je res nenavadna in te`ko razlo`ljiva”. Hudourniki se na selitvi ne izogibajo Ljubljani. Manj{e preletne jate sem redno opazoval spomladi in pozno poleti. Tako obi~ajne so, da si njihovega pojavljanja nisem bele`il. Ljubljani najbli`je domnevno gnezdi{~e je bilo leta 1976 v Toma~evem, tako reko~ na severnem mestnem obrobju ([ere 1982). Drugo, sedaj `e opu{~eno bli`nje gnezdi{~e le`i na robu Ljubljanskega barja, v zvoniku cerkve na Igu. Z novim tiso~letjem so o~itno pri{li drugi ~asi tudi za hudournike v slovenski prestolnici. 2. Gnezditvena opazovanja Na hudournike sem prvi~ postal bolj pozoren maja in junija leta 2000 pri popisih gnezde~ih kavk Corvus monedula. Dne 14.5.2000 sem {tiri ptice opazoval na Hafnerjevi ulici v [entvidu (severozahodni del Ljubljane). Vedle so se kot hudourniki v gnezdi{~ih. V skupini so v hitrem nizkem letu obkro`ale stanovanjski blok in se pri tem ogla{ale. Morebitnih naletov na gnezdo ali pribli`evanj zgradbi nisem opazil. V zraku so bile ves ~as skupaj z mestnimi lastovkami Delichon urbica, ki v ve~jem {tevilu gnezdijo na omenjenem stanovanjskem bloku. Ob naslednjih popisih v juniju hudournikov tu nisem ve~ opazil. Drugi~ sem opazil hudournike 4.6.2000 pri visoki stanovanjski stolpnici ob Celov{ki cesti blizu kri`i{~a s severno obvoznico, prav tako v severozahodnem delu Ljubljane. Bili so {tirje, v dru`bi z mestnimi lastovkami. In tudi tu ob naslednjih obiskih hudournikov nisem ve~ opazil. 2.1. Prvo gnezdi{~e Leta 2001 sem dva gnezditveno sumljiva hudournika prvi~ opazoval 20.5. ob stanovanjskem bloku na Celov{ki cesti, nedale~ od mesta drugega opazovanja v prej{njem letu. Ptici sta izmeni~no priletavali pod skromen nadstre{ek. Ker sta ves ~as obiskovali in zapu{~ali isto mesto, sem sklepal, da gre za par z gnezdom. Z daljnogledom sem natan~no pregledal tisti del stavbe, a primerne {pranje ali luknje nisem opazil. Pa~ pa je bilo pod nadstre{kom nekaj gnezd mestnih lastovk. Ptici sta priletavali natanko na eno izmed teh gnezd. ^e izklju~imo mo`nost, da je bila neposredno nad gnezdom kak{na skrita odprtina, sta morali gnezditi v gnezdu mestne lastovke. Ob naslednjih obiskih v juniju sem ob bloku z gnezdom vsaki~ opazil do tri hudournike. 2.2. Drugo gnezdi{~e Dne 25.6.2001 sem opazil skupino pribli`no petih hudournikov v letu skupaj z mestnimi lastovkami v [entvidu, blizu kraja prvega opazovanja v letu 2000. Ptice sem z daljnogledom in kolesom spremljal do poslopja {kofijskega zavoda sv. Stanislava. Pod stre{nim robom severozahodnega notranjega kota 229 Kratki ~lanki / Short articles poslopja, nad prostori televizijske postaje TV3, me je presenetilo zelo pestro gnezditveno dogajanje. Sicer obnovljena stavba je tu {e v ~udovito slabem stanju, z luknjami, ki so jih obiskovali najmanj {tirje pari kavk Coleus monedula. Ob stre{nem robu je bilo razporejenih kakih 20 gnezd mestnih lastovk. Hudourniki, do 8 sem jih videl hkrati v zraku, so se spreletavali nad poslopjem in ob stre{nem robu. V ~asu ~etrturnega opazovanja nisem opazil, da bi kateri od hudournikov priletel v gnezdo ali ga zapustil. Lukenj in {pranj je bilo dovolj, zato sem bil pozoren tako nanje kot na gnezda lastovk. Posamezni hudourniki so se nekajkrat pribli`ali luknji na vsega nekaj centimetrov. Bolj neposrednega namiga o gnezdenju nisem mogel dobiti. Kljub temu je malo verjetno, da vsaj nekatere od opazovanih ptic na tem mestu ne bi gnezdile. Tako sklepam po stalnem obletavanju dolo~enih predelov zgradbe in po datumu opazovanja, ki je `e krepko v drugi polovici gnezdilnega ciklusa hudournikov na jugu srednje Evrope (Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1994). Gnezditvenega uspeha in nadaljnje usode kolonije nisem mogel preverjati zaradi dalj{ega potovanja v tujino. 2.3. Tretje gnezdi{~e O podobnih gnezditveno sumljivih opa`anjih hudournikov na Glin{kovi in Bratov{evi plo{~adi (sever Ljubljane) mi je pripovedoval Peter ^erne. Pribli`no od leta 1999 dalje je vsako leto opazoval po nekaj ptic (ne ve~ kot dva para), ki so v dru`bi mestnih lastovk obletavale vrhnje dele stanovanjskih stolpnic. Po njihovem stalnem spomladanskem in poletnem pojavljanju je sklepal, da so tam gnezdile. 3. Diskusija Najkasneje od leta 1999 dalje je hudournik mo`na gnezdilka v najve~jem slovenskem mestu. Opazovanja hudournikov v Ljubljani v gnezditvenem obdobju leta 2001 lahko interpretiramo kot potrjeno gnezditev (koda C 13) po metodologiji evropskega ornitolo{ke-ga atlasa. Dolgih ugibanj, ali Ljubljana hudournikom res ne zagotavlja ustreznih ekolo{kih razmer in gnezdi{~, je torej konec. Geister (1995) ugotavlja, da ima osrednjeslovenska distribucijska vrzel zgodovinsko osnovo, saj obstaja `e najmanj od srede 19. stoletja. Odprto ostaja vpra{anje, zakaj je hudourniki tako dolgo niso zapolnili. Literatura omenja zlasti {tiri dejavnike, ki omejujejo raz{irjenost ali {tevil~nost na zgradbah gnezde~ih hudournikov: (1) obilne padavine in pomanjkanje hrane, npr. na zahodnih obalah Irske, 230 [kotske in severne Evrope; (2) moderno arhitekturo nekaterih urbanih sredi{~ (Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1994); (3) visoko nadmorsko vi{ino v Alpah; (4) obse`ne, intenzivne agrikulturne povr{ine brez mestnih naselij (Dvorak et al. 1993). Na raz{irjenost in gostoto gnezde~ih hudournikov ugodno vpliva bli`ina voda, nad katerimi letajo {tevilne `u`elke (Schuster et al. 1983, Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1994). V sredi{~u Dunaja npr. gnezdijo hudourniki le na stavbah vzdol` Donave (Dvorak et al. 1993). Gledano skozi ~love{ke o~i, Ljubljana s svojim starim mestnim jedrom in Ljubljanico zagotavlja hudournikom tako reko~ idealne razmere za gnezdenje. Podobno velja za Celje in Novo mesto, kjer, kot omenjeno v uvodu, hudournik prav tako ne gnezdi. Klasi~ni ekolo{ki dejavniki torej skoraj zagotovo niso omejevali naselitve. Druga razlaga bi lahko bila biogeografske narave. Ptice na robu svojega areala ne zasedejo vedno vseh primernih gnezdi{~, in tudi navidez idealne habitate naseljujejo le v nizki gostoti. Vendar Slovenija ne le`i na robu hudournikovega areala. Naseljuje jo z visoko rastrsko frekvenco 52,5 % (Geister 1995). Torej ne gre za splo{no, geografsko povzro~eno redkost. Sode~ po istem viru je v obse`nem jugozahodnem in severovzhodnem delu Slovenije njegova raz{irjenost povsem sklenjena. Vmes le`i nekaj deset kilometrov {iroka vrzel. Glede na visoko mobilnost teh ptic je malo verjetno, da bi mesta v vrzeli le`ala zunaj njihovega dosega. Odgovor na vpra{anje, zakaj je hudourniki ne zapolnijo, bo po mojem mnenju prinesel ~as. Domnevam namre~, da kolonizacija sinantropnih gnezdi{~ v Sloveniji {e ni zaklju~ena. Hudourniki so bili v srednji Evropi {e v 19. stoletju v veliki meri gnezdilci drevesnih dupel, medtem ko so danes taka gnezdi{~a izjemno redka (Klafs & Stübs 1987). Po drugi strani izhajajo na stavbah gnezde~i hudourniki iz populacij skalnih gnezdilcev (Koskimes 1956), ki so znane v glavnem iz sredozemskega prostora. Torej je v preteklosti v srednji Evropi potekala kolonizacija ~love{kih naselij hkrati z umikom iz gozdnih habitatov. Kako je bilo v Sloveniji z gozdnimi gnezdilci, ne vemo. Sedanja raz{irjenost ka`e, da kolonizacija sinantropnih gnezdi{~ poteka iz dveh smeri: iz severovzhoda in jugozahoda. Z izrazom ’kolonizacija’ ne mislim nujno zveznega, sledljivega procesa, pa~ pa tudi naseljevanje v valovih, ki jih lahko lo~ijo dalj{a obdobja mirovanja. Po~asno napredovanje je skladno z visoko filopatrijo hudournikov (Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer 1994). Pri ljubljanskih gnezditvah gre o~itno za novo naselitev. Za~ela se je zadr`ano na severnem mestnem obrobju. Pionirskega zna~aja ji ne moremo pripisati, Acrocephalus 22 (109): 229 – 232, 2002 saj so se hudourniki v vseh primerih priselili v aktivne kolonije mestnih lastovk. O tem govori tudi dokaj nenavadna izbira gnezdi{~a v gnezdu mestne lastovke, ki jo Glutz von Blotzheim & Bauer (1994) za srednjo Evropo ozna~ujeta kot prilo`nostno. Hipoteza potekajo~e kolonizacije oz. sinantropi-zacije ima vzporednice pri nekaterih drugih sinantropnih vrstah, predvsem pri mestni lastovki. Ta ptica se je v Ljubljani uveljavila kot pogosta gnezdilka {ele v preteklem poldrugem desetletju. Prve gnezditve je Dare [ere zabele`il ob koncu 70. let prej{njega stoletja na Glin{kovi plo{~adi – na istem mestu so dvajset let kasneje za~eli gnezditi prvi ljubljanski hudourniki. Nekaj let po naselitvi Glin{kove plo{~adi so mestne lastovke osnovale skromno kolonijo na pivovarni Union. V tistem ~asu sem manj{e {tevilo gnezd na{el {e na stanovanjskih blokih pri tr`nici Moste. Danes je v Ljubljani ve~ velikih kolonij, ve~inoma v blokovskih naseljih in na industrijskih objektih. Postopna sinantropna kolonizacija mestne lastovke iz severovzhodne smeri je potekala prek mariborskega okoli{a ob koncu 19. stoletja (Reiser 1925) in Savinjske doline v prvi polovici 20. stoletja (Dolinar 1951). Druga, v srednji in zahodni Evropi `e dolgo sinantropna vrsta, ki to pri nas {ele postaja, je mlinar~ek Sylvia curruca. Njegovo prvo gnezdenje v Ljubljani so potrdili leta 1989 (^erne 1991). Sedaj je mlinar~ek obi~ajna gnezdilka vrtov v Ljubljani in nekaterih drugih naseljih v Ljubljanski kotlini (avtorjeva opa`anja). Slede~ vzorcu bi se mu lahko kmalu pridru`ila siva pevka Prunella modularis. Morebitno nadaljnje {irjenje hudournika po slovenskih mestih bi bilo smiselno natan~no spremljati {e naprej. Ljubljanski primer nas u~i, da so nam kolonije mestnih lastovk lahko v pomo~ pri odkrivanju dokaj neopaznih posameznih novo priseljenih parov. Zahvala: Daretu [eretu se zahvaljujem za uporabne nasvete in zanimivo diskusijo. Petru ^ernetu se zahvaljujem za podatke o hudournikih na Glin{kovi in Bratov{evi plo{~adi. Povzetek V Ljubljani in drugih ve~jih mestih osrednje Slovenije hudournik Apus apus ni bil znan kot gnezdilec. To je presenetljivo, saj po podatkih iz literature gnezdi skoraj v vseh srednjeevropskih mestih in naseljih s primerno nadmorsko vi{ino, hkrati pa je pogost gnezdilec SV in JZ Slovenije. V letih 1999-2001 je bilo odkrito in potrjeno gnezdenje hudournikov na treh mestih v Ljubljani. Vsa gnezdi{~a so v aktivnih kolonijah mestnih lastovk Delichon urbica. Eno hudournikovo gnezdo je bilo v gnezdu mestne lastovke. Dejstva, da hudournika tako dolgo ni bilo med gnezdilci Ljubljane, torej ne moremo razlo`iti z neustreznimi ekolo{kimi razmerami. Bolj verjetna je hipoteza, da sinantropna kolonizacija osrednje Slovenije {e vedno poteka. Ta hipoteza ima vzporednice pri nekaterih drugih sinantropnih vrstah, predvsem pri mestni lastovki, ki je Ljubljano kolonizirala dve desetletji pred hudournikom. Summary Until recently, Swifts Apus apus had not been known to breed in Ljubljana and other larger towns in central Slovenia. This is surprising in the light of the often cited omnipresence of breeding Swifts in human settlements in Europe. Furthermore, Swifts are common breeding birds in SW in NE Slovenia. In the years 1999-2001, three breeding sites were discovered in Ljubljana, all in active House Martin Delichon urbica colonies. One nest was found in a House Martin’s nest. The long period of non-breeding of Swifts in Ljubljana thus cannot be explained by unfavourable ecological conditions. It is more likely that the synanthropic colonization of central Slovenia is a process that has not ended as yet. This hypothesis is supported by similar patterns observed in some other synanthropic species, primarily House Martin, which colonized Ljubljana only two decades prior to the Swift. Literatura ^erne, P. (1991): Mlinar~ek Sylvia curruca. Acrocephalus 12 (48): 92. Dolinar, I. (1951): Pti~i v obmo~ju Savinjske doline pred 45 leti in danes. Lovec 35: 215. Dvorak, M., A. Ranner & H.-M. Berg (Eds.) (1993): Atlas der Brutvögel Österreichs. Umweltbundesamt, Wien. Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana. Glutz von Blotzheim, U.N. & K.M. Bauer (1994): Handbuch der Vögel Mitteleuropas, Band 9, 2. Aufl. Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden. Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & M.J. Blair (Eds.) (1997): The EBCC atlas of European breeding birds: their distribution and abundance. T & AD Poyser, London. Klafs, G. & J. Stübs (1987): Die Vogelwelt Mecklenburgs. Aula-Verlag, Wiesbaden. Koskimes, J. (1956): Zur Charakteristik und Geschichte der Nistökologischen Divergenz beim Mauersegler in Nordeuropa. Ornis Fennica 33: 77-96. Reiser, O. (1925): Die Vögel von Marburg an der Drau. Naturwissenschaftlicher Verein Steiermark, Graz. 231 Kratki ~lanki / Short articles Schuster et 34 al. (1983): Die Vögel des Bodenseegebietes. Ornithologische Arbeitsgemeinschaft Bodensee. DBV Landesverband Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart. [ere, D. (1982): Pti~i Sto`ic pri Ljubljani, 1972-1982 – favnisti~ni pregled, obro~kanje in najdbe. Acrocephalus 3 (13-14): 1-61. Prispelo / Arrived: 20.10.2001 Sprejeto / Accepted: 1.3.2002 232 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (1O9): 233 — 241, 2002 Iz ORNITOLOŠKE BELEŽNICE From the ornithological notebook Slovenija / Slovenia ^rnovrati ponirek Podiceps nigricollis Black-necked Grebe – the first documented breeding in NE Slovenia in 2001 - at waste water basins of the Ormo` Sugar Factory: the pair’s arrival on May 10th, egg-laying from May 15th to June 14th, the pair frequenting the basins until July 26th. Clutch went to ruin during the last phase of incubation. The pair bred some 40 metres from a colony of Black-headed Gulls Larus ridibundus on artificial nest rafts. ^rnovrati ponirek je veljal v atlasu slovenskih gnezdilk za pri~akovano gnezdilko [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana], dokler ni bilo leta 1996 ugotovljeno prvo gnezdenje te ptice v Sloveniji, in sicer v Hra{ah na Gorenjskem [Cigli~, H. & A. Sovinc (1996): Potrjeno gnezdenje ~rnogrlega ponirka Podiceps nigricollis v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 17 (75-76): 43-46]. Od leta 1986, ko je bil v gnezditvenem obdobju opazovan par v bazenih za odpadne vode Tovarne sladkorja Ormo` [[tumberger in lit.], pa vse do leta 2001 so gnezditvena opazovanja para ali ve~ parov ~rnogrlih ponirkov postajala ~edalje pogostej{a. Najmanj v dveh gnezditvenih sezonah so v bazenih domnevno gnezdili, vendar pa neposrednega dokaza ni bilo. Kronologija gnezditve v II. vodnem bazenu v letu 2001 je potekala takole: (a) prihod para dne 10.5., (b) en osebek ob~asno sedi na gnezdu na odmrlih vejah vrb Salix sp. kakih 40 metrov od kolonije re~nih galebov Larus ridibundus na splavih, drugi osebek se prehranjuje na sredi bazena in prina{a gnezditven material dne 15.5., (c) samica trdno vali dne 23.5., (d) 28.5 in 10.6. se prika`e tretji odrasli osebek, (e) dne 14.6. par {e vedno trdno vali, dne 9.7. je bil opazovan en sam odrasel osebek, 26.7. trije odrasli osebki, potem pa ponirkov ni bilo ve~. Sklep: ker ~rnogrli ponirek vali 19-23 dni [npr. Bo`i~, I.A. (1983): Pti~i Slovenije. LZS, Ljubljana], mladi~ev pa ni bilo videti, sklepam, da je leglo propadlo v zadnji fazi inkubacije. Med prvim in zadnjim opazovanjem, ko sta ponirka trdno sedela na gnezdu, je preteklo celih 23 dni, verjetno pa sta valila {e nekaj dni ve~. Borut [tumberger, 2282 Cirkulane 41 Pritlikavi kormoran Phalacrocorax pygmeus Pygmy Cormorant – 1st-year individual at Ormo{ko jezero on December 17th (Drava river, NE Slovenia) Ko sva z o~etom dne 17.12.1999 okrog 14.30 pri{la v ornitolo{ko opazovalnico na Ormo{kem jezeru, sva pre{tela 42 kormoranov Phalacrocorax carbo. Takoj pa sva uzrla tudi dosti manj{ega kormorana, ki je v dru`bi treh velikih miroval na enem od suhih debel pribli`no na sredi jezera. Ugotovila sva, da gre za prvoletnega pritlikavca. ^eprav sva bila v januarju in februarju {e najmanj dvajsetkrat na jezeru (monitoring kormoranov in gosi), pritlikavega kormorana nisva ve~ videla. Jure Ko~evar, [olska 2a, 2277 Sredi{~e ob Dravi Èrna štorklja Ciconia nigra Black Stork – one (1) adult on June 7th 2001 above the Austrian Embassy in the very centre of Ljubljana (C Slovenia) V letu 2001 smo se s ~rno {torkljo sre~ali kar nekajkrat, vendar vsaki~ na drugem koncu Slovenije. Prvi~ smo opazovali dva (2) odrasla osebka v zraku dne 25.5., ko smo se vozili po avtocesti proti Mariboru, in sicer pribli`no 2 km pred dvorcem v Spodnji Polskavi. Drugi podatek je zabele`il Damijan 7.6., ko je nad avstrijskim veleposlani{tvom v Ljubljani opazil eno (1) odraslo ~rno {torkljo. Dne 15.6. smo na poti med Rovtami in @irmi, kjer je cesta speljana po ozki dolini, pol minute lahko opazovali odrasel osebek, ki je letel proti jugozahodu. Zadnje opazovanje je z dne 28.7. na Gorenjskem, ko smo smo med vo`njo domov iz Bohinja opazovali odrasel osebek v zraku pri viaduktu Ljubno. Katarina Denac, Gorki~eva 14, 1000 Ljubljana Èrna štorklja Cicona nigra Black Stork – six (6) individuals on August 28th 2001 circling and rising for about five minutes above the riverine woodland along the Mura river at Bun~ani, then flying off in SE direction; probable migration of a group of birds along the Mura towards their wintering grounds (NE Slovenia) Dne 28.8.2001 sem se v Bun~anih prebijal med gostim rastlinstvom proti Besnici, mrtvemu rokavu Mure. @e od dale~ so iz mrtvice odletele sive ~aplje Ardea cinerea, kjer so se prehranjevale. Nekaj korakov pred Besnico mi je pogled u{el proti kro{njam dreves. Tik nad njimi so letele tri (3) ~rne {torklje. Za nekaj minut so mi izginile spred o~i, nato pa sem jih spet zagledal. Tokrat `e precej visoko nad Muro. Vanje sta se zaganjali dve (2) navadni kanji Buteo buteo, vendar se {torklje niso dale preve~ motiti. Tem trem so se pridru`ile {e tri. Dobrih 5 minut se je vseh {est (6) {torkelj v krogih po~asi dvigovalo, potem pa so odjadrale z Murinim tokom. @eljko [alamun, Stara Nova vas 3b, 9242 Kri`evci pri Ljutomeru 233 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus Mali orel – osebek svetle oblike dne 25.5.1998 v ^ernoti~ah na Kra{kem robu (SW Slovenia) On May 25th 1998, during my short stay on the Slovene coast, I visited the village of ^ernoti~e along the Karst Edge. At the foot at the Edge I examined a large rock face and managed to count some 30 Alpine Swifts Apus melba there. At 13.35 a bird of prey of medium size appeared at the rock face – it was a Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus in pale form. It was circling some 100 m high and during the excellent observation conditions I was able to watch it for about 10 minutes with binoculars and telescope (10x56 and 30x75). Before it flew off in SE direction, I could make record of its following characteristics: size of a Buzzard with somewhat longer wings and well fingered wing-tips; tail length equals the width of the bird’s wings, dirty-white underside and underwing coverts, dark secondaries and primaries, with somewhat lighter inner primaries; head and neck brownish; grey tail with a thin terminal line. Markus Russ, Söchau 63, A-8362 Söchau, Austria Zlata prosenka Pluvialis apricaria European Golden Plover – 16 in the fields south of Gaj{evsko jezero on March 11th 2001 (Ljutomer, NE Slovenia) Dne 11.3.2001 je nad polja ob ju`ni strani Gaj{evskega jezera priletelo 16 krepkih pobre`nikov. V zna~ilnem dinami~nem letu so pristali na njivi, toda od dale~ jih je bilo med grudami te`ko prepoznati. Previdno sem se jim pribli`ala, jih opazovala z razdalje kakih 10 metrov, potem pa so se zlate prosenke ob `vi`gu vzdignile in odletele prek jezera. Ana Klemen~i~, Ormo{ka cesta 45, 9240 Ljutomer Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata Eurasian Curlew – 3 in flight above the inundated fields near Obre` along the Drava river on December 2nd 2000 (NE Slovenia) Po jesenski poplavi sem dne 2.12.2000 hodil ob Dravi in opazoval sledove vodnih sil, globoko zarezane v nova polja, ki so jih melioracije osemdesetih let nasilno iztrgale iz gozdov re~nega sveta. Iz sve`e preoranih in posejanih njiv je Drava odnesla na tiso~e m3 humusa, tako da ponekod sploh ni bilo ve~ opaziti, da gre za obdelano krajino. Na poljih so nastale sipine in prodi{~a, tekli so re~ni rokavi z globokimi tolmuni, odlo`ena so bila deset in ve~ metrov dolga izruvana drevesa s koreninami, ki so nemo molele v zrak. Videti je bilo po sto in ve~ metrov dolga jezerca, v katerih so se pasli labodi grbci Cygnus olor po zelenih ostankih p{eni~ne setve. Ko sem med potokoma Trnavo in ^rncem opazil, da proti 234 meni letijo tri ptice, sem hitro ugotovil, da gre za velike {kurhe, ki so me preleteli 15 metrov visoko. Dotlej jih na na{em obmo~ju {e nisem videl. O~itno je bila poplava tista, ki je ptice spodbudila k linearni migraciji vzdol` poplavljenih obmo~ij reke Drave. Boris Ko~evar, [olska 2a, 2277 Sredi{~e ob Dravi Rde~enogi martinec Tringa totanus Common Redshank – at least 4 pairs at waste water basins of the Ormo` Sugar Factory during the breeding season of 2001. They bred along a colony of Black-winged Stilts Himantopus himantopus and a colony of Common Terns Sterna hirundo. On June 5th, two pairs led their about a week old young: the very first confirmed breeding of this species in NE Slovenia. Doslej je bila gnezditev rde~enogega martinca v Sloveniji potrjena le na Cerkni{kem jezeru [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana]. V letu 2001 so rde~enogi martinci gnezdili tudi v bazenih za odpadne vode Tovarne sladkorja Ormo`. Gnezditev sem spremljal iz avtomobila, pomembnej{i mejniki pa so si sledili takole: (a) dne 8.5. med 13.45 in 16.30 uro sta dva osebka v kratkih intervalih obmo~no letala in se ogla{ala nad II. zemeljskim in I. vodnim bazenom, popoldne 9. in 10.5. se je opisano dogajanje ponovilo, (b) en osebek je 28.5. ob 18.30 uri med opazovanjem previdno smuknil v neofite sredi poloja II. zemeljskega bazena, kjer so gnezdili polojniki Himantopus himantopus in navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo, drugi je pel v zraku podobno kot dva osebka nad III. vodnim bazenom, (c) dne 31.5. med 8.00 in 9.50 uro sta bila opazovana dva para rede~enogih martincev (obmo~ni let in ogla{anje) v II. in pet osebkov v IV. vodnem bazenu, vsaj eden izmed njih se je ve~krat teritorialno spreletel in pel, (d) dne 5.6. sem opazoval par z dvema (2) pribli`no teden dni starima mladi~ema ob koloniji polojnikov in navadnih ~iger v III. vodnem bazenu, osebek z enim (1) mladi~em podobne starosti v II. vodnem bazenu in razburjen osebek ob nasipu med III. in I V. vodnim bazenom (skupaj 10 osebkov!) in (e) dva razburjena osebka okoli 350 metrov vsaksebi v III. vodnem bazenu dne 14.6. (skupaj 11 osebkov). V gnezditveni sezoni 2001 so v bazenih za odpadne vode tako gnezdili najmanj {tirje pari rde~enogih martincev: eden na poloju in trije ob nasipih bazenov. Borut [tumberger, 2282 Cirkulane 41 Ozkokljuni liskono`ec Phalaropus lobatus Red-necked Phalarope – two (2) in juvenile plumage at waste water basins of the Ormo` Sugar Factory on September 4th 2001 (NE Slovenia) Po prehodu nevihte smo se 4.9.2001 odpravili iz de`evnega ACROCEPHALUS 22 (1O9): 233 — 241, 2002 Ljutomera proti Ormo`u k bazenom za odpadne vode Tovarne sladkorja Ormo`. Med pisano pobre`ni{ko mno`ico sta `areli dve novi zvezdici: dva (2) mladostna ozkokljuna liskono`ca. Ves ~as sta `ivahno plavala sem ter tja in pobirala hrano z vodne gladine. Umirila se nista niti ob pripravah na po~itek; stopila sta na kopno in se toliko ~asa ~edila in urejala, da je zmanjkalo svetlobe za opazovanje. Glede na podatke (Acrocephalus 21 (101): 171-216, Bo`i~, L. (2001): Poro~ilo Nacionalne komisije za redkosti o opazovanjih redkih vrst ptic 1997-2000. [Acrocephalus 22 (106-107): 109-113] so bazeni za odpadne vode klju~na vrstna lokaliteta v Sloveniji, kjer se ozkokljuni liskono`ec pojavlja bolj ali manj redno. Ana Klemen~i~, Ormo{ka c. 45, 9240 Ljutomer Duplar Columba oenas Stock Dove – one (1) at Sredi{~e ob Dravi on January 31st 2001; first winter record of this species along the Lower Drava in Slovenia (NE Slovenia) V sredi{~u ob Dravi stanujem ob robu naselja, kjer na{ sadovnjak sega do potoka. Na drugi strani potoka so polja, ki so le nekaj sto metrov oddaljena od dravske loke. Dne 31.1.2001, okoli 10. ure dopoldne, sem skozi okno videl, kako je v sadovnjak priletel duplar. Ptico sem prepoznal z lahkoto, saj sem tri (3) osebke {tudijsko opazoval `e 14.11.2000 le nekaj sto metrov od doma, ko so sedeli na elektri~ni `ici med tur{kimi grlicami Streptopelia decaocto. ^ez kak{no uro je `e sedel na starem borovcu v na{em sadovnjaku, od okna oddaljen dobrih 30 metrov. Medtem ko sem sko~il v pritli~je po daljnogled, je zletel na bli`njo njivo in tam v dru`bi drugih ptic pobiral ostanke koruzne sila`e. V naslednjih dneh ga nisem ve~ opazil. Z duplarji sem se potem {e ve~krat sre~al spomladi in poleti ter ugotovil, da so pri nas uspe{no gnezdili. Zanimivo je, da zimski atlas [Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. TZS, Ljubljana] duplarja sploh ne omenja. Raziskava duplarja na masovnih preno~i{~ih pa ka`e, da ta prezimuje npr. na Dunaju [Hochebner, T. & O. Samwald (1996): Untersuchungen zu Schlafplatzverhalten und Aktionsraum der Holtaube (Columba oenas) in Wien. Egretta 39 (1-2): 1-54]. Ker so pozimi duplarje na SV Slovenije opazovali tudi drugi, menim, da je zimsko pojavljanje oz. prezimovanje te vrste novo ali pa vsaj doslej spregledano. Nujno bi bilo treba zbrati kar najve~ podatkov. Jure Ko~evar, [olska 2a, 2277 Sredi{~e ob Dravi Northern Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus Triprsti detel – med 7.8. in 11.8.2000 je bil v pragozdnem ostanku Rajhenavski Rog opravljen monitoring za to vrsto: samec se je prehranjeval izklju~no na suhih jelkah Abies alba 7.8. dve uri, 8.8. uro in pol, 9.8. sedem ur, 10.8. dve uri in 11.8. tri ure. Dne 9.8. se mu je ob~asno pridru`il {e en samec (Ko~evski Rog, J Slovenia). From August 7th to 11th 2000, the vegetation in one of the gaps in the virgin forests remains Rajhenavski Rog (S Slovenia) was studied by three students and an assistant from the Faculty of Forestry in Ljubljana. Through the entire week we could listen to a monotonous and constant drumming by a male Northern Three-toed Woodpecker on two dried up fir trees Abies alba near the gap. On Monday August 7th, the woodpecker was feeding in the fir trees for 2 hours, on Tuesday for 1 hour and a half, on Wednesday for no less than for 7 hours (from 9.00 to 16.00 h), when it was occasionally joined by another male, on Thursday for 2 hours, and on Friday for 3 hours. It is interesting that it fed only on the two died away firs and at no time on the neighbouring alive fir trees (presumably due to the resin sacs kept by live firs in their bark, which probably drives away the insects). And as the woodpecker did not pay much heed to our presence, we could have a really good look at it. Even more interesting, however, was its manner of feeding. In the older firs the bark cracks into more or less rectangular scales. The woodpecker initially hit each scale with its bill once or twice from below (as if trying to undercut it), then leaned and removed it from the side to collect the eventual insects. The scales were flaked off in 10 to 20 cm wide horizontal strips. Then the woodpecker climbed a little higher and began with the flaking off procedure in the next row of scales. On Friday, when we were due to leave, the ground around the firs was virtually covered with scales. @eljko [alamun, Stara Nova vas 3b, 9242 Kri`evci pri Ljutomeru Èopasti škrjanec Galerida cristata Crested Lark – roadside winter counting of Crested Larks in expansive snowed up countryside of Dravsko and Ptujsko polje (NE Slovenia). Crested Larks were counted from car at two road sectors: 6 ex. on Dravsko polje (7th km of the road) and 22 ex. on Ptujsko polje (10th km of the road). Crested Larks were in groups of 2 to 8 ex., and on Dravsko polje one dead specimen was also found near the road. Crested Larks were observed only at the sectors surrounded by large snowed up fields. Na bo`i~ni dan, 25.12.2001, sem se odpravil po svoji `e tolikanj prevo`eni poti od Polj~an do Mo{kanjcev. Tega dne je bilo ni`avje na Dravskem in Ptujskem polju povsem pod snegom. @e kar nekaj ~asa je minilo, odkar mi je Borut [tumberger pripovedoval o zamisli {tetja ~opastih {krjancev ob cestah v zimskem ~asu, ko se jih tu, na skoraj edini kopni zaplati po obilnem sne`enju, zbere ve~je {tevilo, neredko tudi v skupinah [Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. Tehni{ka zalo`ba Slovenije, Ljubljana]. Zamisel se mi je zdelo smiselno preizkusiti kar med vo`njo. [tel sem v 235 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook poznem popoldanskem ~asu, ko se je sonce `e nagibalo proti zatonu, okoli 15. ure. Na cesti med Zgornjo Hajdino in Lovrencem na Dravskem polju (okoli 7 km) sem na{tel {est (6) osebkov, na cesti med Mo{kanjci in Ptujem (okoli 10 km) pa 22 osebkov. Podatek, da sem na cesti Mo{kanjci-Ptuj okoli 12. ure na{tel le 8 osebkov, da misliti, da morda le ni vseeno, kdaj se {tetja lotimo. Skupine ~opastih {krjancev so v mojem primeru {tele od 2 do 8 osebkov. Opazoval sem jih le na odsekih ceste, ki so jih obdajala obse`na zasne`ena polja, v naseljih jih ni bilo. Obcestno posedanje, {e posebej ob glavni, zelo prometni cesti pa ni vedno povsem varno, saj se ~opastim {krjancem kljub njihovi veliki spretnosti ne posre~i vselej izmakniti drve~im avtomobilom. Pri Apa~ah sem tako na{el povo`en odrasel osebek. Kljub temu pa ~opasti {krjanci kljub svoji relativni pogostosti ob cestah niso velikokrat `rtev trkov z avtomobili (lastni podatki). Morda bi se kazalo zimskega {tetja ~opastih {krjancev ob cestah v prihodnje lotiti temeljiteje, saj je njihovi veliki ogro`enosti navkljub znanje o tej vrsti v Sloveniji {e vedno bolj pi~lo. Al Vrezec, Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija Kme~ka lastovka x mestna lastovka Hirundo rustica x Delichon urbica Barn Swallow x House Martin – a cross-breed between Barn Swallow and House Martin caught and ringed at Pristavica near Roga{ka Slatina (E Slovenia) on September 13th 2001; only 5 cross-breeds caught and determined in Slovenia until 1998 V letu 2001 sem odkril preno~i{~e kme~kih lastovk Hirundo rustica v trti{~u v bli`ini Roga{ke Slatine v Pristavici ob Sotli. Preno~evale so v trsti{~u Phragmites australis. Dne 13.9.2001 sem pri obro~kanju naletel na nekoliko nenavadno lastovko. Na pogled je bila podobna mladi kme~ki, le da je bil temni pas na prsih zgolj nakazan, rep vrezan, trtica pa bela. Takoj sem vedel, da v roki dr`im kri`anca med kme~ko in mestno lastovko. Kri`anci imajo grlo in ~elo oker barve, tako kot mlade kme~ke lastovke, in tudi v tem primeru je bilo tako. V Sloveniji je bilo do leta 1998 ujetih oziroma pravilno determiniranih le 5 kri`ancev [[ere, D. (2000): Ornitolo{ke novice za obro~kovalce {t. 3. PMS]. Zdravko Podhra{ki, Na livadi 16a, 3250 Roga{ka Slatina Modra ta{~ica Luscinia svecica Bluethroat – 1st-year female caught on September 16th 2000 in thermophilous shrub stand at Tezno in Maribor; first data after 1910 for the wider surroundings of Maribor (NE Slovenia) Zadnji podatek o modri ta{~ici za Maribor navaja sloviti Otmar Reiser, in sicer osebek samca iz leta 1910, ki je bil podarjen takratnemu mestnemu Muzeju [Reiser, O. (1925): Die Vogel von Marburg an der Drau. Naturwissenschaft-236 lichen Verein in Steiermark, Graz]. Reiser tudi pi{e, da je bila pred tem pogosto opa`ena v dravski loki med Mariborom in Ptujem. Tod bi naj celo gnezdila, kar pa ni bilo dokon~no dokazano. S trsti~jem pora{~ena mrtvica ^rna mlaka v Dupleku je bila njeno priljubljeno po~ivali{~e ob selitvi. To pa so tudi edini podatki o modri ta{~ici za Maribor in bli`njo okolico doslej. Dne 16. 9. 2000 sem na Teznem v Mariboru {e v jutranjem mraku v mre`o ujel prvoletno samico modre ta{~ice. Po biometri~nih meritvah je bila obro~kana in izpu{~ena. Habitat je suh grmovni sestoj iz vrbe, breze, krhlike in robide pod visoko napetostnim daljnovodom na robu gozda Dobrava. Iz dosedanjih izku{enj moram povedati, da je omenjeni predel za sele~e se ptice pevke dokaj pomemben kot po~ivali{~e in bogat z viri hrane. Je tudi eden izmed redkih ve~jih grmovnih predelov, pre`ivelih na robu mesta. Tako smo pred nedavnim izgubili biolo{ko bogato termofilno grmovno pobo~je nad Ra~jim dvorom, leta 1999 pa so bila uni~ena tudi grmovna pobo~ja v Ko{akih. V obeh primerih je {lo za obnove vinogradov. Po dolgih devetdesetih letih “praznine” je ujeta modra ta{~ica v Mariboru, kljub skrb vzbujajo~emu uni~evanju naravnih predelov s strani kmetijcev in urbanistov, razveseljiv in favnisti~no zanimiv dogodek. Franc Bra~ko, Gregor~i~eva 27, 2000 Maribor Pogorel~ek Phoenicurus phoenicurus Common Redstart – male at Rib~ev Laz near Lake Bohinj looking out for food from a heap of branches within a group of densely packed weekend houses on July 28th 2001 (Julian Alps, NW Slovenia) V Rib~evem Lazu pri Bohinjskem jezeru smo Damijan, Mitja in avtorica prispevka dne 28.7.2001 med gosto posejanimi vikendi opazovali samca pogorel~ka. Skupaj s tremi {marnicami Phoenicurus ochruros si je pre`o izbral na kupu od`aganega vejevja. Prav mogo~e je, da se je med preostalimi “{marnicami”, ki so posedale po strehah in ograjah, skrivala {e kak{na samica ali leto{nji mladi~ pogorel~ka. Te m smo namre~ namenili premalo pozornosti, poleg tega pa smo bili brez daljnogleda. Katarina Denac, Gorki~eva 14, 1000 Ljubljana Prosnik Saxicola torquata Common Stonechat – male and females in Pristav{ka dolina (Sotla river basin) on December 9th 2001; a rare winter record for the E part of Slovenia Dne 9.12.2001 sem v dolini reke Sotle, v Pristav{ki dolini in {e nekaterih manj{ih dolinah, ki gravitirajo na to obmo~je, popisoval velike srakoperje. Snega {e ni bilo, mraz pa je `e mo~no pritiskal z –11°C. Okrog 10. ure sem pregledoval Pristav{ko dolino. Nekako v sredini se ji priklju~i manj{a dolinica z Zibi{kim potokom. In prav ob ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 233 — 241, 2002 tem potoku, ki je na nekaterih mestih obra{~en z grmovjem, trstom Phragmites australis in posameznimi {irokolistnimi rogozi Typha latifolia, sem opazoval samca in samico prosnika. Pas trsta in rogoza je {irok 0,5 metra in se pojavlja le tu in tam. Na samcu je {e bilo mogo~e videti beli ovratnik (sicer zamegljen), temnej{o glavo in neintenzivno oran`no obarvane prsi. Lokaliteta opazovanja je v spomladansko-poletnem ~asu primeren habitat za gnezdenje. Prosnik velja v Sloveniji za selivca, posamezni osebki prezimujejo predvsem na Primorskem [Sovinc, A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas. TZS, Ljubljana]. Zanimivo je, da je ve~ina dokumentiranih opazovanj prosnika v zimskem ~asu zabele`ena v januarju, februarju in marcu, in to skoraj izklju~no v zahodnem delu Slovenije! Tako [ere poro~a o prosniku, ki ga je opazoval 2.1.1979 v [entvidu pri Ljubljani [[ere, D. (1981): Prosnik Saxicola torquata. Acrocephalus 2 (10): 60], [tumberger je prosnika opazoval 20.1.1981 ob Ormo{kem jezeru [[tumberger, B. (1981): Prosnik saxicola torquata. Acrocephalus 2 (10): 59], Gjerke{ je imel prilo`nost ve~ prosnikov opazovati dne 6.1.1985 ob morski obalni cesti [Gjerke{, B. (1985): Poro~ila od koderkoli; Ankaran, Acrocephalus 6 (24): 32], Kurillo je ve~ prosnikov videl 16.3.1986 pred kranjsko mlekarno v ^ir~ah (v tem primeru gre br`kone za povratno selitev) [Kurillo, J. (1986): Prosnik Saxicola torquata. Acrocephalus 7 (27-28): 19]. Edini podatek iz decembra je objavil Jan~ar, ki je par prosnikov opazoval 22.12.1990 pri Stari vasi na Bizeljskem [Jan~ar, T. (1991): Prosnik Saxicola torquata. Acrocephalus 12 (47): 33]. Za konec bi {e veljalo omeniti, da se prosniki pri nas vra~ajo v gnezdi{~a `e od 15.3. naprej [Trilar T. (1990): Prikaz dinamike preleta ptic selivk na Sor{kem polju. Acrocephalus 11 (45): 53-64]. Zdravko Podhra{ki, Na livadi 16 a, 3250 Roga{ka Slatina Prosnik Saxicola torquata Common Stonechat – male and female near the village of Loka (Drava river, Dravsko polje) on December 11th 2001; a rare winter record for E Slovenia Zima 2000/2001 je bila nadpovpre~no topla, snega v ni`ini skoraj ni bilo. Dne 11. 12. 2001 sem popisoval velike srakoperje na delu Dravskega polja med Mariborom in Ptujem. Dan je bil prete`no son~en, temperatura 10 stopinj nad ni~lo. V kraju Loka sem na polju med kanalom HE Zlatoli~je in vasjo nenadoma ugledal samca prosnika, ki se je v rahlem vetru elegantno pozibaval na suhem steblu neke bilke. Skozi daljnogled sem si ga podrobneje ogledal, kajti pomislil sem na morebitnega gosta z evropskega vzhoda, podvrsto S. t. maura. Po dalj{em opazovanju sem ugotovil, da imam opraviti z “navadnim” prosnikom, kajti pri~akovanih zna~ilnosti vzhodne podvrste, in sicer izrazite bele trtice, {ir{ega in dalj{ega belega vratnega komata, ve~jega belega ogledalca in svetlej{ih prsi, ni bilo videti. Ko sem se nekoliko pribli`al, je odletel nekaj metrov pro~. Na moje presene~enje je za njim zletel {e eden, ki ga prej na tleh nisem videl. Bila je samica. Omeniti je treba, da prosnika v zimskem ~asu v notranjosti Slovenije vidimo dokaj redko. Franc Bra~ko, Gregor~i~eva 27, 2000 Maribor Vinski drozg Turdus iliacus Redwing - one (1) at Vonarsko Jezero on April 22nd 2001; first local observation of this species in the wider surroundings of Roga{ka Slatina (E Slovenia) Dne 22. 4. 2001 se je na Vonarskem jezeru voda `e umaknila v re~no strugo in vse vodne ptice so v glavnem `e odletele. Vreme je bilo delno obla~no in kar prijetno. Ostale se le {e mlakarice Anas platyrhynchos (17 parov) in drozg, ki je zletel iz grma na cesto. Ko sem pogledala o~eta in videla njegovo pogled, sem vedela, da je spet opazil ptico, ki na tem obmo~ju nikoli ni bila ravno pogosto opa`ena. Danes morda celo prvi~. Pogled skozi daljnogled nama je razkril drozga z izrazito svetlo nado~esno marogo in rjasto rde~kastimi boki. Prav zares, opazovala sva vinskega drozga. Iz podatkov, zbranih v ZOAS, je razvidno, da je vinski drozg pri nas dokaj redek zimski gost. [Sovinc A. (1994): Zimski ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. TZS, Ljubljana]. Po vsej verjetnosti se je ta ustavil na obmo~ju Vonarskega jezera v ~asu vra~anja v svoje gnezditveno okolje. Karmen Podhra{ki, Na livadi 16/a, 3250 Roga{ka Slatina Rumeni vrtnik Hippolais icterina Icterine Warbler – a series of observations of singing males along the floodplain area of the Mura river and its tributaries (at Razkri`je on May 30th, Bun~ani on June 9th and Razkri`je on June 25th 1999, and at Velika Polana on June 4th, Razkri`je and Velika Polana on June 11th and at Velika Polana on July 20th 2000 when an adult individual was caught) without any direct evidence of their breeding (NE Slovenia) V Sloveniji rumeni vrtnik `e vrsto let buri duhove in njegovo gnezdenje {e ni bilo potrjeno. Tudi atlas gnezdilk [Geister, I. (1995): Ornitolo{ki atlas Slovenije. DZS, Ljubljana] pravi, da je gnezditvena raz{irjenost te vrste v Sloveniji {e vedno nejasna. Vsi dosedanji podatki temeljijo na opazovanjih pojo~ih samcev v osrednji in zlasti severni oz. SV Sloveniji - razen podatka o gnezdenju v Podkornu v letih 1973 in 1975 [Gregori, J. (1977): Ekolo{ki in favnisti~ni pregled pti~ev severozahodne Slovenije. Larus 29-30:3381, Zagreb]. Rumeni vrtnik se seli kasno (v maju in juniju) in pri tem vneto prepeva, kar ote`uje dolo~itev gnezditvenega statusa. Obi~ajno po nekaj dneh na obmo~jih teritorialnega petja nenadoma izgine ali se premakne na povsem novo lokaliteto, kar ugotavljam predvsem iz lastnih opazovanj v SV Sloveniji. V podkrepitev naj navedem nekaj gnezditveno najbolj zanimivih opazovanj iz predelov ob Muri: (a) Bun~ani, 9. 6. 1990 - pojo~i samec opazovan v 237 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook murski loki topola in vrbe ter bujne grmovne podrasti ~rnega bezga, rde~ega drena, vrbe in visokih zeli, (b) Razkri`je, 25. 6. 1990 - dva pojo~a samca opazovana v murski loki topola in vrbe ter grmovne podrasti in visokih zeli, (c) Razkri`je, 30. 5. 1999 - en pojo~i samec na istem mestu kot leta 1990, (d) Razkri`je, 11. 6. 2000 - en pojo~i samec na istem mestu, (e) Velika Polana, 4. 6. 2000 - trije pojo~i samci v manj{em jel{evem gaju z bujno grmovno podrastjo ~rnega bezga, vrbe in robide ter visokih zeli (predel obdajajo bujne `ive meje in vla`ni travniki, ki se ponekod zara{~ajo z jel{o in vrbo), (f ) Velika Polana, 11. 6. 2000 - en pojo~i samec na istem mestu, (g) Velika Polana, 20. 7. 2000 - na istem mestu ujet odrasel osebek brez valilne ple{e. Kljub primernemu datumu in habitatu pa o nedvomnem gnezdenju rumenega vrtnika ne moremo govoriti, saj ni bilo najdeno gnezdo pa tudi prina{anja hrane ali speljanih mladi~ev ni bilo opaziti. Rumeni vrtnik gnezdi v S in SV Avstriji (potrjeno gnezdenje blizu Gori~kega!), njegova gnezditvena gostota dosega vrh prav v re~nih lokah [Dvorak, M., A. Ranner, H.M. Berg (1993): Atlas der Brutvögel Österreichs. Umweltbundesamt, Wien]. Torej tudi v Sloveniji potrditev gnezdenja br`kone ostaja le {e vpra{anje ~asa. Franc Bra~ko, Gregor~i~eva 27, 2000 Maribor Skalni plezal~ek Tichodroma muraria Wallcreeper - observation of one ex. on October 2nd 2001 on the slope of Reber on Mt. Pohorje (840 m a.s.l.); to the west the rocky slope is well exposed and very warm; according to the literature data, the Wallcreeper can for the time being be treated as a very rare nonbreeding species on Mt. Pohorje V SV Sloveniji velja skalni plezal~ek za prav posebno redkega gosta, ki se tu in tam prilo`nostno pojavi na selitvi oziroma ob klatenju. Kot posebno velika podatkovna praznina bode v o~i Pohorje, kjer zapisov o tej ptici v novej{i slovenski ornitolo{ki literaturi ni zaslediti. O skalnem plezal~ku na Pohorju je dosedaj pisal edinole Reiser [Reiser, O. (1925): Die Vögel von Marburg an der Drau. Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Steiermark, Graz]. Navaja nekaj opazovanj na pohorskih cerkvah, vendar o morebitni gnezditvi ne pi{e. Sam sem se s skalnim plezal~kom sre~al povsem po naklju~ju 2.10.2001 na pobo~ju Reber nad Smolnikom (UTM WM35) na nadmorski vi{ini 840 m. Gre za zahodno orientirano in prisojno pobo~je, ve~inoma skalovito, obdaja pa ga me{ani gozd, kjer je opaziti tudi posamezna bolj toploljubna drevesa, kot sta rde~i bor Pinus sylvestris in graden Quercus sessiliflora. Skalnega plezal~ka sem opazoval med stikanjem za morebitnim plenom med skalnimi razpokami in ga opazoval kakih 15 minut z razdalje 10 do 20 metrov. Ptica je nato poletela in kot metulj odfrfotala ~ez {iroko dolino proti sosednjemu hribu. Al Vrezec, Pra`akova 11, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija Skalni plezal~ek Tichodroma muraria Wallcreeper - two (2) near Arta mountain pasture at an altitude of 1700 m a.s.l. (Sol~ava, N Slovenia) Dne 3.11.2001 se nas je pet {tudentov odlo~ilo odpraviti na Raduho. ^eprav je bilo zaradi jeseni pti~je ogla{anje omejeno na krivokljune Loxia curvirostra, pa smo lahko prisluhnili ogla{anjem meni{~ka Parus ater in gorske Parus montanus ter ~opaste sinice P. cristatus. Na vrhu nas je pri~akal ~udovit razgled vse tja do Velikega Kleka (Grossglockner). Pri polurnem son~enju in malicanju so se nam pridru`ile {e planinske kavke Pyrrhocorax graculus. Z vrha nas je pot vodila proti planini Arta. Na tem delu se proti Sol~avi spu{~ajo obse`ne stene. Med opazovanjem je na{o pozornost pritegnil pti~, ki se je v hitrem metuljastem letu spreletel z ene skale na drugo. @e prvi pogled skozi daljnogled ni dopu{~al nobenega dvoma: pepelnato sivi hrbet z rde~imi perutmi je izdajal skalnega plezal~ka. Tej ptici se je kmalu pridru`ila {e druga, vendar sta se tako hitro spustili za previs, da nismo mogli ugotoviti njunega spola. Jakob Smole, Cafova 4, 2000 Maribor [oja Garrulus glandarius Eurasian Jay – 47 birds rising high in the air in five minutes on April 10th 2000 at Radvanje near Maribor (NE Slovenia) and flying away in N direction. On April 14th 2000 at 9.00 hrs the same locality was overflown by 8 individuals in NE direction. The number of observed birds indicate their probable migration. Ko sem prebiral prispevke iz rubrike Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice, sem presene~eno ugotovil, da v dosedanjih {tevilkah Acrocephalusa o {oji ni bilo ni~esar zapisanega. Dne 10. 4. 2000 ob 8. uri sem v Radvanju v Mariboru opazoval {oje, ki so se iz me{anega gozda ob vno`ju Pohorja druga za drugo dvigale visoko v zrak in nadaljevale let prek Studencev v smeri Kamince in Kozjaka (smer S). V pi~lih petih minutah sem jih v zraku na{tel natanko 47. @al nisem imel toliko ~asa, da bi ugotovil, ali so {oje preletavale omenjeni kraj tudi kasneje. Podoben prelet {oj sem opazil znova 14. 4. 2000 ob 9. uri na istem kraju. Tokrat je Maribor preletelo osem (8) osebkov in sicer v bolj SV smeri. Prav gotovo tudi tega dne nisem videl vseh osebkov, saj je bilo opazovanje zgolj naklju~no. Ob tolikem {tevilu si upam trditi, da je {lo za selitev in nikakor ne za lokalne premike na{ih gnezdilk. Iz ornitolo{ke literature je znano, da se severne {oje pozimi odselijo v srednjo in celo v ju`no Evropo. Prav zanimivo bi bilo ugotoviti, ali so na{e prezimujo~e {oje res “na{e.” Franc Bra~ko, Gregor~i~eva 27, 2000 Maribor 238 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (1O9): 233 — 241, 2002 Dlesk Coccothraustes coccothraustes Hawfinch – 20 birds feeding on the nuts of European hornbeam Carpinus betulm in a woodland near Stara Nova vas (Ljutomer, NE Slovenia) Obla~nega in hladnega januarskega popoldneva 24.1.1998 sem se sprehajal po gozdu pri Stari Novi vasi (Ljutomer). Nenadoma sem zasli{al, kako je nedale~ pro~ za~elo “de`evati”. Napotil sem se v smeri de`ja in pri pri~i mi je pogled zastal na navadnem gabru Carpinus betulus. Na njem je bilo 20 dleskov, ki so se prehranjevali z gabrovimi semeni. Ker sem se jim preve~ pribli`al, so zleteli 50 m stran na drug gaber. Pogledat sem {el pod drevo, pod katerim so se dru`no hranili, in takoj mi je bilo jasno, od kod tisti “de`”. Plodovi (ore{ki) belega gabra so zelo trdi in zaradi njihovega lomljenja z mo~nimi kljuni ter odmetavanja lu{~in na listje je bilo sli{ati, kot bi res de`evalo. @eljko [alamun, Stara Nova vas 3b, 9242 Kri`evci pri Ljutomeru Croatia / Hrvaška Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis Crnovrati ponirek - dne 30.6.2001 je bilo na ribnikih Podunavlje v "Parku prirode Kopa~ki rit" potrjeno gnezdenje 11 parov ~rnogrlih ponirkov v koloniji beloli~nih ~iger Chlidonias hybridus (362 parov) in re~nih galebov Larus ridibundus (8 parov). To je po letu 1954 prvo gnezdenje ~rnogrlih ponirkov na obmo~ju "Parka prirode Kopa~ki rit" (vzhodna Slavonija, Hrva{ka). On June 30th 2001, a census of the Whiskered Tern Chlidonias hybridus colonies was carried out at Podunavlje fishponds in Kopa~ki rit Nature Park (E Slavonia, E Croatia). On the first fishpond near Lake Sakadas, nests of 11 pairs of Black-necked Grebes were found amid the colony of 362 pairs of Whiskered Terns and 8 pairs of Black-headed Gulls Larus ridibundus. Two pairs had already hatched their chicks (two per pair) that now followed their parents. On July 3rd we saw four pairs with chicks, three of them with one offspring and one pair with two. According to the literature data, Black-necked Grebes bred in Kopa~ki rit in the 19th century [Mojsisovics, A. (1883): Zur Fauna von Bellye und Darda. Mitteilungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereines für Steiermark. Graz, 19:103-194]. However, the first scientific evidence of this bird breeding there was presented by Dragutin Rucner when he collected three eggs from two separate nests found on June 17th 1954 near Lake Kopa~ko [Rucner, D. (1962): Prilog poznavanju ornitofaune Kopa~kog rita i okolice u Baranji. Larus 14:84-121]. It is interesting that during the 1955-2000 period this species was not found nesting again in the Kopa~ki rit area. We do not know the reasons for this, especially bearing in mind the fact that it has regularly bred in large numbers at Jelas fishponds near Slavonski Brod. Considering that during this period the Black-necked Grebes were recorded only during migration, from single birds up to flocks of over hundred individuals, the recent nesting of this species in Kopa~ki rit is certainly an important event. Tibor Mikuska, Javna ustanova "Park prirode Kopa~ki rit", Ul. Petefi Sandora 33, HR-31327 Bilje, Croatia & Jozsef Mikuska, Zavod za biologiju, Sveu~ili{te u Osijeku, Ul. L. Jagera 9, HR-31000 Osijek, Croatia Kormoran Phalacrocorax carbo Great Cormorant - the census carried out during the July 23rd - 29th 2001 expedition showed that 1500 birds frequented the Drava river between its confluences with the Mura and the Danube rivers at a length of 234 km, with the largest flock of 800 birds recorded on July 23rd 2000 at the village of Libanovac on the 233th kilometre of the Drava river just below the place where joined by the Mura (N Croatia) Prvi dan ekspedicije vzdol` Drave med izlivom Mure do Donave (23.-29.7.2000) smo pri kraju Libanovac na 233. re~nem kilometru naleteli na najve~jo jato kormoranov na Dravi. [tela je okroglo 800 ptic. ^e ne upo{tevam posameznih ptic ali skupin z nekaj osebki, so se jate kormoranov pojavljale takole: na 164. kilometru reke 200 osebkov, na 138. kilometru 150 osebkov in na 5. re~nem kilometru 120 kormoranov. [tetje med ekspedicijo je pokazalo, da se je na Dravi od izliva Mure do njenega izliva v Donavo na dol`ini 234 kilometrov zadr`evalo 1500 kormoranov. Goran ^i`me{ija, Brodarska 27, HR-40328 Donja Dubrava, Hrva{ka Velika bela èaplja Egretta alba Great White Egret - one (1) on September 23rd 2001 seen flying in early morning hours at a height of some 35 metres in ESE direction along the Starigrad-Paklenica coast (N Dalmatia, Croatia); first record of this species for the wider area of Paklenica National Park, a possible autumn migration Dne 23.9.2001 je bil ob obali Starigrad-Paklenica opa`en osebek velike bele ~aplje (S Dalmacija, Hrva{ka). Ptica je zjutraj letela na vi{ini okoli 35 metrov v smeri VVJ. To je prvo opazovanje te vrste na {ir{em obmo~ju Narodnega parka Paklenica. Gordan Luka~, Nacionalni Park Paklenica, HR-23244 Paklenica, Croatia Crna štorklja Ciconia nigra Black Stork - group of 12 birds (3 adults and 11 1st-year individuals) circling along the Drava river at Donja Dubrava (where the Drava is joined by the 239 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook Mura) during 17.00 and 17.35 and then flying away in N direction (N Croatia) Dne 20.8.2001 je velike skupina ~rnih {torkelj kro`ila nad Dravo pri Donji Dubravi (nedale~ od izliva Mure v Dravo, S Hrva{ka). V `ivljenju tu {e nisem videl toliko teh ptic. [torklje, bilo jih je 12, a samo tri odrasle med njimi, so kratko kro`ile na delu Drave med Donjo Dubravo in Legradom, kake pol ure pozneje pa so odletele proti severu. Dve izmed njih pa sta pri Dubravi pristale na obre`ju, kjer sem ju potem lahko opazoval kar dve uri. Jata 12 ~rnih {torkelj je kro`ila med peto in pol{esto uro. Medtem ko sem oprezal za ~rnimi {torkljami, pa sem dva kilometra pod Donjo Dubravo naletel na ~udovitega odraslega belorepca Haliaeetus albicilla. Goran ^i`me{ija, Brodarska 27, HR-40328 Donja Dubrava, Hrva{ka Labod pevec Cygnus cygnus Whooper Swan - group of seven (7) birds either on the Drava river or on the fishponds at Donji Miholjac between January 8th and 10th 2002. Other observations from Donji Miholjac for the period of the last 50 years: 3 ex. on the Drava river in the winter of 1953 (2 shot), 2 ex.. on the fishponds on January 11th 1972, 5 ex. on the Drava on December 19th 1984, and 4 ex. on the fishponds on February 3rd 1989. Zadnje pojavljanje labodov pevcev pri Donjem Miholjcu (V Slavonija, V Hrva{ka) je iz podalj{anega januarskega {tetja vodnih ptic (IWC) na Hrva{kem: dne 8.1.2002 se je pet (5) osebkov zadr`evalo med 209 osebki labodov grbcev Cygnus olor na Dravi in dva (2) na ribniku ("osma tabla") z 286 labodi grbci. Dne 10.1.2001 pa je bilo v dru`bi 304 labodov grbcev vseh sedem (7) pevcev na ribniku. Kronologija pojavljanja tega redkega zimskega gosta pri Donjem Miholjcu, povzeta po mojih ve~ desetletij dolgih zapiskih, je tak{na: leta 1953 (brez datuma) so bili pozimi na Dravi zabele`eni trije (3) osebki -dva sta bila ustreljena, 11.1.1972 na ribnikih dva (2) osebka, 19.12.1984 na Dravi pet (5) osebkov in 3.2.1989 na ribnikih {tirje (4) osebki. Zdravko Tadi}, I. G. Kova~i}a 25, HR-31540 Donji Miholjac, Hrva{ka Tatarska `vi`gavka Netta rufina Red-crested Pochard - breeding on Donji Miholjac fishponds in 2001: female with 5 chicks on June 2nd and two females with 11 chicks (two families) on June 11th; a new breeding locality in Croatia (E Slavonia, E Croatia) Ribniki v Donjem Miholjcu (V Slavonija, V Hrva{ka) s povr{ino 1060 hektarjev so pomembno obmo~je za vodne ptice. Le`ijo ob reki Dravi na nadmorski vi{ini 92 m pribli`no 60 km zahodno od Osijeka. V letu 2001 so na sedemnajsti "tabli" kompleksa ribnikov tu prvi~ gnezdili trije (3) pari tatarskih `vi`gavk. Ptice so gnezdile v sestoju trstike in {a{ev Phragmiti - Magnocaricetea ob robu me{ane kolonije ~apelj. Potek gnezditve so spremljali tudi slovenski in avstrijski ornitologi ter ~uvaj ribnikov Ivo Balokovi}: npr. 2.6. samica s petimi (5) mladi~i in dva samca, 9.6. zve~er so se samec in dve samici prehranjevali ob robu trti{~a in potem odplavali nazaj vanj, 11.6. dve samici z skupaj enajstimi (11) mladi~i). Razen gnezde~ih ptic so se na drugih "tablah" zadr`evali {e posamezni negnezde~i osebki. Dotlej so se tatarske `vi`gavke na ribnikih v Donjem Miholjcu pojavljale skoraj izklju~no v ~asu spomladanske selitve, izjemoma tudi do 60 osebkov. Med plojkokljuni je v sedemnajsti "tabli" razen tatarskih `vi`gavk gnezdilo tudi pet (5) parov sivih gosi Anser anser, par (1) rac `li~aric Anas clypeata s sedmimi mladi~i, par (1) kreheljcev Anas crecca s petimi (5) mladi~i in 36 parov kostanjevk Aythya nyroca. Tatarska `vi`gavka je raca, ki je v 20. stoletju iz sredi{~ v jugozahodni ([panija) in jugovzhodni Evropi (Romunija, Rusija, Tur~ija) kolonizirala osrednji del te celine [Berndt, R.K. (1997): Red-crested Pochard. In: Hagemeijer, W.J.M. & Blair, M.J. (eds.): The EBBC Atlas of European Breeding Birds. T& AD Poyser, London]. Na Hrva{kem je tatarska `vi`gavka pri~ela gnezditi leta 1987. Gnezditveni habitat v ribnikih Slobostina v nekdanjem poplavnem prostoru Save pri Oku~anih je podoben tistemu iz Donjega Miholjca [Schneider-Jacoby, M. & V.E Vasic (1989): The red-crested Pochard (Netta rufina) breeding and wintering in Yugoslavia. Wildfowl 40: 39-44]. Jakob Smole, Cafova ul. 8, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenija & Zdravko Tadi}, I.G. Kova~i}a 25, HR-31540 Donji Miholjac, Hrva{ka Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon nilotica Crnonoga èigra - niz opazovanj do deset (10) osebkov med 1.5. in 21.5.2000 na polojih ustja Neretve. Ptice so bile v parih in so se zadr`evale v primernem gnezditvenem habitatu. Zanimivo je zlasti veliko {tevilo ptic, saj jih za obalo ne omenjajo niti pregledna dela, ali pa navajajo v zadnjih desetletjih prostorsko in ~asovno zelo skope literaturne podatke (J Dalmacija, Hrva{ka). During April 26th and May 3rd 2001, aquatic birds were counted daily in the Neretva estuary (S Dalmatia, S Croatia), while later on in May they were counted merely occasionally. On May 1st, a group of four (4) adult Gull-billed Terns frequented sandy intertidal flats together with a pair of Caspian Terns Sterna caspia. The 4 Gull-billed Terns were seen again on the flats on May 3rd. On May 13th, however, their number increased to ten (10), sharing their company with four (4) Caspian Terns. On May 17th, only three (3) adult Gull-billed Terns were present there, while on May 21st merely one (1) could still be seen. After this date they were nowhere to be seen any more in the Neretva estuary. Otherwise they frequented, when not seen on the 240 Acrocephalus 22 (109): 233 – 241, 2002 sandy flats in the estuary, the halophilous shoals in the direction of Plo~e or Mala Neretva. They were sitting in groups, occasionally flying over the sea in the vicinity of the flats and looking for food. The presence of such number of birds, their behaviour (adult birds in pairs) and suitable breeding habitat may indicate a possible breeding by this species in this part of Dalmatia (?!) Anyhow, let us underline especially the great number of these birds, for the fact is that they are not referred to even by the most comprehensive works, or there are only some spatially and temporally very modest data at hand for them [e.g.. Rucner, D. (1998): Ptice hrvatske obale Jadrana. Hrvatski prirodoslovni muzej, Ministarstvo razvitka i obnove, Zagreb; Kralj, J. (1997): Ornitofauna Hrvatske tijekom poslednjih dvjesto godina. Larus 46: 1-112; Luka~, G. (1998): List of Croatian Birds. Natura Croatica, Vol. 7, Suppl. 3, Croatian Natural History Museum, Zagreb]. Vlatka Dumbovi} Ru`i}, Turopoljska 39, HR-44272 Lekenik, Croatia & Borut [tumberger, SI-2282 Cirkulane 41, Slovenia Nove knjige New books Schäffer, N. (1999): Habitatwahl und Partnerschaftssystem von Tupferralle Porzana porzana und Wachtelkönig Crex crex. Ökologie der Vögel 21 (1): 1-267. Okoli 100 ~rno-belih slik, 12 tabel in 13 tabelari~nih prilog. Nakup: Dr. Jochen Hölzinger, Auf der Schanz 23/2. D-71640 Ludwigsburg, Nem~ija. ISSN 0173-0711. Cena: 19.- EUR, brez po{tnine. Ko mi je kolega dr. Peter Sackl pred dobrim letom dni stisnil v roke objavljeno disertacijo znanca Norberta Schäferrja z naslovom “Izbira habitata grahaste tukalice Porzana porzana in kosca Crex crex”, sem se mu formalno zahvalil. Po ob~utku (preve~) preprosti za~etek ni obetal pretirano zanimivega branja. A zgolj na videz. Dejstvo je, da se branje tega absolutno spektakularnega dela kmalu spremeni v strast! V vseh mo`nih pogledih. Norbert Schäffer je obe vrsti “napadel” z vsemi metodami, ki si jih lahko zamislimo. Sem sodijo lov in obro~kanje z razli~nimi tehnikami, telemetrijo, molekularnimi metodami (analiza DNA), merjenjem vegetacijskih struktur, lovom nevreten~arjev ipd. Vse v izrednih tehni~nih in ~love{kih dimenzijah. V raziskavi je sodelovalo skoraj 100 pomo~nikov v Nem~iji in na Poljskem (Bierbiza-Narew, SV Poljska)! Sredi{~e raziskave le`i na koscu. Grahasta tukalica je zaradi metodolo{kih prednosti predstavljena vzporedno kot referen~na vrsta. Sistem parjenja, izbira habitata in hrane sta glede morfolo{kih podobnosti precej druga~na, kot bi sicer pri~akovali. Grahasta tukalica je striktno monogamna, kosec promiskuiteten, prva skrbi za leglo v paru, pri drugem izklju~no samica. Presentljivo je, da kosec le`e jajca v izredno kratkih intervalih 17,5 ure v primerjavi z grahasto tukalico, ki to po~ne na 27 ur (ob pribli`no enakih velikostih legel!). Za kosca sta zna~ilna tudi bistveno kraj{a inkubacijska doba in vzreja mladi~ev. Ti poletijo kar 10 dni pred grahastimi tukalicami. V srednjeevropskih razmerah je dvoje legel kosca prej pravilo kot izjema. To ka`e, kako reprodukcijsko produktivni so kosci, da lahko pre`ivijo v hitro menjajo~ih se `ivljenjskih razmerah re~nih lok in gospodarskih travi{~. [ele izredno gospodarsko pospe{evanje rabe travi{~ pred tridesetimi leti je prizadelo to prilagodljivo travni{ko tukalico. Primerjava prehrane ka`e, da se kosec prehranjuje v povpre~ju z ve~jim plenom kot grahasta tukalica. Klju~ni dejavnik izbora habitata pri grahasti tukalici je 241 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook plitvo preplavljanje, v manj{i meri pa vi{ina vegetacije (kritje). Naselitev kosca je odvisna od gostote vegetacije (najmanj 20 cm), zlasti na pevskih mestih. Medtem ko kosec ostane na istih mestih, tudi ko gladine preplavljenih obmo~ij upadejo, grahaste tukalice sledijo upadajo~i vodi. Kosci tako lahko naseljujejo tudi povsem suhe povr{ine (Kobari{ki stol!), ki pa morajo biti prehransko zelo bogate. Dejstvo je, da je Norbert Schäffer po~istil {aro preteklosti. In dejstvo je, da njegove ugotovitve pomenijo prelom v naravovartvenem na~rtovanju pri ohranitvi kosca na stari celini. Borut [tumberger Heath, M.F. & M.I. Evans. eds. (2000): Important Bird Areas in Europe: Priority sites for conservation. 2 vols, Cambrige, UK: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation series No. 8). 866 (prvi del) in 791 strani (drugi del). Ve~ tiso~ tabel in nekaj sto slik. ISBN 0 946888 34 5 ali 35 3 (mehki ovitek, prvi ali drugi del). Nakup: DOPPS-BirdLife Slovenia, p.p. 2722, 1001 Ljubljana. Cena 29.000,- SIT (za ne~lane) 25.00,- SIT (za ~lane) Kar prenetljivo je, da inventar pomembnih obmo~ij za ptice v Evropi v slovenskem prostoru ni naletel na odmev. Toliko bolj, ker gre za delo nepredstavljive razse`nosti in doslej nepoznanih superlativov. Oba dela evropskega inventarja sta plod dolgoletnega na~rtovanega dela omre`ja evropskega partnerstva BirdLife. Sta osnova za naravovarstveno odlo~anje EU! ^e presko~imo superiorno podatkovno bazo, obdelavo in predstavitev, nam ob 3.619 predstavljenih evropskih IBA-jih, ki pokrivajo 7% Evrope, lahko samo zastane dih. V obeh delih se sre~amo z domi{ljenim programom BirdLife, zbiranjem in analizo podatkov za na~rtovanje in odlo~anje, prispevkom tiso~erih sodelujo~ih v najve~jem omre`ju stare celine, ve~ kot 1000 na novo odkritimi IBA-ji (!), pri ~emer so IBA-ji dolo~eni kar za 378 vrst ptic (73% vseh evropskih vst), pokritostjo vseh osnovnih habitatnih tipov, vzroki ogro`anja (sodobna kmetijska praksa ogro`a 65% IBA-jev, kar 93% vseh IBA-jev pa je ogro`enih), nacionalno in mednarodno zakonodajo (40% IBA-jev je nezavarovanih v nacionalnem in 60% na mednarodnem nivoju) in s tem, kaj je treba storiti, da se nezavidljivi varstveni polo`aj naposled spremni. BirdLife International je nesebi~no in pravi~no predstavil vsako dr`avo in vsakega pri inventarju aktivnega posameznika. Najbolj zanimiv del pa je informativna predstavitev posameznih IBA-242 jev. V nacionalnih blokih in za posamezno obmo~je so zbrani nadvse zgo{~eni podatki, ki resni~no navdu{ujejo. Primer Azerbajd`an, Divichi liman (ali jezero Aksibir), IBA {t. 024, kriptodepresija na vi{ini 27 m, velikost IBA 7.000 ha, velikost plitvega jezera 1.600-1.700 ha, odvisno od padavin in namakanja, mokri{~e s stoje~o vodo in ribi{ko/akvakulturno in lovsko rabo: pritlikavi kormoran, kodrasti pelikan, `li~arka, labod pevec, beloglavka, polojnik, sabljarka, rjava komatna tekica, jezerski in sabljasti martinec izpolnjujejo kriterije (naveden status, populacijski minimum in maksimum z opombami o mese~nih populacijskih konicah in uporabljen kriterij A1, A2, A4iii, B1I in B2). Med gnezdilkami so tudi velike kolonije ~apelj (vklju~no z bobnarico, ~apljico in rjavo ~apljo), mala tukalica ter sultanka. Obmo~je je posebej pomembno v ~asu jesenske selitve vodnih ptic (vsako leto med 70.000 in 80.000), okoli 5.000 pa jih prezimuje (mlakarica, `li~arica, kreheljc, reglja, konopnica, ~opasta ~rnica, tatarska `vi`gavka) skupaj z okoli 5.000 liskami. Vrste globalnega naravovarstvenega pomena so marmorna raca (redka na selitvi) in kostanjevka (dve oceni: 5+ gnezde~ih parov, ve~ sto gnezde~ih parov). Varstvo: brez nacionalnega ali internacionalnega statusa. Ogro`enost: pospe{evanje in {irjenje kmetijstva, pretirana raba. Najhuj{a gro`nja je intenzivni lov, obmo~je je eno najbolj obiskanih lovskih lokalitet v Azerbajd`anu (okoli 225.000 strelov na leto). Pogosto je umetno nihanje gladin, jezero je bilo onesna`eno s pesticidi. Je treba sploh {e kaj dodati? BirdLife je zdru`il podatke tudi tam, kjer to prakti~no ni bilo mogo~e. Ostaja dejstvo, da so ornitologi tisti evropski naravovarstveni zob, ki resni~no melje. Vse drugo je hudo pi{kavo. Sicer pa brez zob in znanja ni mo`no pravilno artikulirati svojih zahtev. Ob koncu lahko izre~emo ~estitke in se globoko poklonimo prvi dami inventarja, Melanie Heath in njenemu kolegu Michaelu Evansu! Bravo, BirdLife! Borut [tumberger ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 243 — 2JO, 2002 Kazalo letnika 22 (2001), {t.: 104-109: str.: 1-250 Index of Volume 22 (2001), No.: 104-109: Kazalo avtorjev / Index of Authors Bembich, L.: First breeding of the Yellow-legged Gull Larus cachinans michahellis in the Karst [Prvo gnezdenje rumenono-gega galeba Larus cachinans michahellis na Krasu], 227-228. Bombek, D.: Popis velikega srakoperja Lanius excubitor na Dravskem in Ptujskem polju v decembru 2000 [Survey of the Great Grey Shrike Lanius excubitor at Dravsko and Ptujsko polje in December 2000], 41-43. Bo`i~, I. A.: Gnezditvena biologija {marnice Phoenicurus ochruros v osrednji Sloveniji [Breeding biology of the Black Redstart Phoenicurus ochruros in central Slovenia], 213-218. Bo`i~, L.: Poro~ilo nacionalne komisije za redkosti o opazovanju redkih vrst ptic za obdobje 1997-2000 [Slovenian Rarities Committee report on observation of rare bird species for the 1997-2000 period], 109-113. Bo`i~, L.: Seznam ugotovljenih ptic Slovenije s pregledom redkih vrst [A list of birds confirmed in Slovenia with an overview of rare species], 115-120. Denac, D.: Gnezditvena biologija, fenologija in raz{irjenost bele {torklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji [Breeding biology, phenology and distribution of White Stork Ciconia ciconia in Slovenia], 89-103. Föger, M. glej / see Pegoraro, K. Gustin, M. & A. Sorace: A case of early breeding of Grey Heron Ardea cinerea in North Italy [Primer zgodnje gnezdi-tve sive ~aplje Ardea cinerea v severni Italiji], 45-46. Kladnik, T. glej / see Svetli~i~, J. Kohek, J. glej / see Pre{ern, J. Kova~i}, D. glej / see Schneider-Jacoby, M. et al. Kus-Veenvliet, J.: Rumena pastirica Motacilla flava na pp. 1-250 Cerkni{kem polju [Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava at Cerknica polje], 23-28. Luka~, G. glej / see Stip~evi}, M. Mikuska, J. glej / see Schneider-Jacoby, M. et al. Mikuska, T. glej / see Schneider-Jacoby, M. et al. Mohl, A.: The nesting of the Little Tern Sterna albifrons on the Drava river in Croatia and Hungary [Gnezdenje male ~i-gre Sterna albifrons na reki Dravi na Hrva{kem in Mad`ara-skem], 35-39. Pegoraro, K. & M. Föger: Individuality in the Northern Bald Ibis or Waldrapp Ibis Geronticus eremita – key features for a complex social system [Individualnost klav`arja Geron-ticus eremita – poglavitne zna~ilnosti zapletene socialne strukture teh ptic], 73-79. Perco, F. & P. Tout: Notes on recent discoveries regarding the presence of the Norhern Bald Ibis Geronticus eremita in the Upper Adriatic Region [Zapiski o nedavnih odkritjih znamenj o pojavljanju klav`arja Geronticus eremita v obmo~-ju gornjega Jadrana], 81-87. Polak, S.: Description of nests, nestling and breeding behaviour of a Yemen Serin Serinus menachensis population in Tawi Attair sinkhole, Sultanate of Oman [Opis gnezd, mla-di~ev in gnezditvenega vedenja populacije jemenskega gril~-ka Serinus menachensis v udornici Tawi Attair, Sultanat Oman], 3-8. Pre{ern, J. & K. Kohek: Popis koza~e Strix uralensis ma-croura na Javornikih [Census of the Ural Owl Strix uralensis macroura at Javorniki in Central Slovenia], 167-169. Rubini~, B.: [irjenje severozahodne meje gnezditvenega areala travni{kega vrabca Passer hispaniolensis vzdol` Jadranske obale: kako se vede nova populacija v Hrva{ki Istri [Expansion of northwestern frontier of the Spanish Sparrow’s Passer hispaniolensis breeding range along the Adriatic coast: behaviour of the new population in Croatian Istra], 207-211. 243 Kazalo letnika / Index of Volume Rubini~, B. & A. Vrezec: Prispevek k poznavanju smrtnosti ptic na cestah v Sloveniji [A contribution to the knowledge of bird mortality on Slovene roads], 219-223. Sakoulis, A.: The status of the Imperial Eagle Aquila helia-ca in Greece [Status kraljevega orla Aquila heliaca v Gr~iji], 105-108. Schneider-Jacoby, M.: Lastovo – a new bottleneck site for the migratory Honey Buzzards Pernis apivorus? [Lastovo – novo ozko grlo za sele~e se sr{enarje Pernis apivorus?], 163-165. Schneider-Jacoby, M., T. Mikuska, D. Kova~i}, J. Mikuska, M. [etina & Z. Tadi}: Dispersal by accident – the Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia population in Croatia [R-azpr{itev populacije `li~ark Platalea leucorodia na Hrva{-kem], 191-206. Shurulinkov, P. S. & R. T. Tsonev: First observation of the Desert Wheatear Oenanthe deserti in Bulgaria [Prvo opazovanje pu{~avskega kup~arja Oenanthe deserti v Bolgariji], 53. Smole, J.: Prvi teritorialni ~rnoglavi galeb Larus melanocep-halus v Sloveniji [First record of a territorial Mediterranean Gull Larus melanocephalus in Slovenia], 225-226. Sorace, A. glej / see Gustin, M. Stip~evi}, M. & G. Luka~: Status of tubenose seabirds Pro-cellariiformes breeding in the eastern Adriatic [Status cevo-noscev Procellariiformes, gnezde~ih v Jadranskem morju], 9-21. Surina, B.: [e eno gnezdenje navadnega kup~arja Oenanthe oenanthe na nizki nadmorski vi{ini [Another lowland breeding site ot the Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe in Slovenia], 47-50. Svetli~i~, J. & T. Kladnik: Raz{irjenost in gostota koza~e Strix uralensis na Kra{ici v Savinjskih Alpah [Distribution and density of the Ural Owl Strix uralensis on Mt. Kra{ica, Savinja Alps (N Slovenia)], 155-158. [alamun, @.: Nova gnezditvena kolonija navadne ~igre Sterna hirundo v Pomurju [New breeding colony of the Common Tern Sterna hirundo in Pomurje region], 51-52. [etina, M. glej / see Schneider-Jacoby, M. et al. [tumberger, B. (Uvodnik / Editorial): @elezni vrabec [The Iron Sparrow], 1-2 [tumberger, B. (Uvodnik / Editorial): Varstvo narave brez ptic [Nature conservation without birds], 137 [tumberger, B.: Rezultati {tetja vodnih ptic v januarju 2001 v Sloveniji [Results of the Mid-Winter Waterfowl Counts in January 2001 in Slovenia], 171-174. [tumberger, B. (Uvodnik / Editorial): Acrocephalus na pohodu – drugi del [Acrocephalus on the move – part two], 189 Tadi}, Z. glej / see Schneider-Jacoby, M. et al. Tome, D.: Pomen odvodnikov za ptice na Ljubljanskem barju [The significance of drainage channels at Ljubljansko barje for birds], 29-34. Tout, P. glej / see Perco, F. Trontelj, P.: Popis kosca Crex crex v Sloveniji leta 1999 ka-`e na kratkoro~no stabilno populacijo [The 1999 Slovenian Corncrake Crex crex census indicates short-term stable population], 139-147. Trontelj, P. : Konec skrivnosti o ne-gnezdenju hudournikov Apus apus v Ljubljani? [The end of the non-breeding mistery of Swifts Apus apus in Ljubljana (Slovenia)], 229-232. Tsonev, R. T. glej / see Shurulinkov, P. S. Velevski, M.: New data on distribution of the Masked Shrike Lanius nubicus in Macedonia: further evidence for the expansion of its range on the Balkan Peninsula [Novi podatki o raz{irjenosti zakrinkanega srakoperja Lanius nubi-cus v Makedoniji: nadaljnji dokazi o {irjenju areala te vrste na Balkanskem polotoku], 159-161. Vrezec, A. (Uvodnik / Editorial): Polo`aj alohtonih vrst v slovenski avifavni [Position of introduced species in the Slovene avifauna], 69-71 Vrezec, A.: The breeding density of Eurasian Scops Owl Otus scops in urban areas of Pelje{ac Peninsula in southern Dalmatia [Gnezditvena gostota velikega skovika Otus scops v urbanih okoljih polotoka Pelje{ac v ju`ni Dalmaciji], 149-154. 244 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 243 — 2JO, 2002 Iz ornitolo{ke bele`nice / From the ornithological notebook Ale{, K.: Veliki skovik Otus scops. 178 Ambro`i~, [.: Kobilar Oriolus oriolus. 127 Bakan, B.: Dular Charadrius morinellus. 123 Berce, T.: Rjavi lunj Circus aeroginosus. 121, Skalna lastovka Hirundo rupestris. 126 Bibi~, A.: Koza~a Strix uralensis. 178 Bombek, D.: Njivska gos Anser fabalis & Belo~ela gos A. al-bifrons. 55-56, Pritlikavi kormoran Phalacrocorax pygmeus. 54, Smrdokavra Upopa epops. 179 Bo`i~, I. A.: Dolgorepa raca Anas acuta. 56 Bo`i~, L.: ^rna prosenka Pluvialis squatarola. 57, ^rnono-ga ~igra Geochelidon nilotica. 58, Ozkokljuni liskono`ec Phalaropus lobatus. 58, Triprsti detel Picoides tridactylus. 60-61, ^rnoglavi galeb Larus melanocephalus. 124, Veliki klin-ka~ Aquila clanga. 122, Lesser Spotted Eagle Aquila pomari-na. 176, Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus. 183, Ju`na po-stovka Falco naumanni. 183-184 Bra~ko, F.: Pegam Bombycilla garrulus. 126, Vrbji kova~ek Phylloscopus collybita. 127, Modra ta{~ica Luscinia svecica. 236, Prosnik Saxicola torquata. 237, Rumeni vrtnik Hippo-lais icterina. 237-238, [oja Garrulus glandarius. 238 Cigli~ H.: ^rna prosenka Pluvialis squatarola. 63-64, So-koli~ Falco columbarius. 57, Stone-Curlew Burhinus oedicne-mus. 182-183 ^i`me{ija, G.: Little Tern Sterna albifrons & Common Tern S. hirundo. 130, ^ebelar Merops apiaster, 131, Kormoran Pha-lacrocorax carbo. 239, ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra. 239-240 Denac, D., K. Denac & M. Denac: Togotnik Philomachus pugnax. 123-124 Denac, D.: Brinovka Turdus pilaris. 61, Veliki galeb Larus marinus. 58 Denac, K.: Mlinar~ek Sylvia curruca. 127, Kobili~ar Locu-stella naevia in Rakar Acrocephalus arundinaceus. 128, Skalna lastovka Hirundo rupestris. 179, ^rna {torklja Ciconia ni-gra. 233, Pogorel~ek Phoenicurus phoenicurus. 236 Dumbovi} Ru`i}, V.: Gull-billed Tern Gelochelidon niloti-ca. 240-241 Dumpelnik, M.: Egiptovski jastreb Neophron percnopterus. 63 Ficko, B.: ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra. 54 Gro{elj; P.: ^rno~eli srakoper Lanius minor. 64 Hudoklin, A.: Kvaka~ Nycticorax nycticorax. 175 Jan~ar, T.: Sredozemski kup~ar Oenanthe hispanica. 126-127 Jur~evi}, I.: White-tailed Eagle Haliaeetus albicilla. 129, ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra. 181 Kebe, L.: Triprsti detel Picoides tridactylus. 60 Ker~ek, M.: Podhujka Caprimulgus europaeus. 125, Rjavi {karnik Milvus milvus. 56, Veliki strnad Miliaria calandra. 62-63, @li~arka Platalea leucorodia. 54, Travni{ki vrabec Passer hispaniolensis. 183 Klemen~i~, A. & G. Klemen~i~: ^rni {karnik Milvus mi-grans. 56 Klemen~i~, A.: ^ebelar Merops apiaster. 125, Grahasta tu-kalica Porzana porzana. 122-123, Rde~enoga postovka Fal-co vespertinus. 122, Reglja Anas querquedula. 121, @li~arka Platalea leucorodia. 176, Mali orel Hieraaetus pennatus. 177, Sabljarka Recurvirostra avosetta. 178, Bodi~asta govna~ka Ster-corarius parasiticus. 178, Zlata prosenka Pluvialis apricaria. 234, Ozkokljuni liskono`ec Phalaropus lobatus. 234-235 Klenov{ek, D.: ^opasti ponirek Podiceps cristatus. 175 Kmecl, P.: Kme~ka lastovka Hirundo rustica. 61, Kragulj Accipiter gentilis. 56, Mali detel Dendrocopos minor. 59-60, Mali orel Hieraeetus pennatus. 122, ^rno~eli srakoper La-nius minor. 128, Velika bela ~aplja Egretta alba. 176, Postov-ka Falco tinnunculus. 177-178 Ko~evar, B.: Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata. 234 Ko~evar, J.: Pritlikavi kormoran Phalacrocorax pygmeus. 233, Duplar Columba oenas. 235 Kolenko, I.: Labod grbec Cygnus olor. 55, Povodni kos Cinclus cinclus. 61, Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata. 57, Ko-conoga kanja Buteo lagopus. 56-57 Luka~, G.: Rosy Starling Sturnus roseus. 183, Velika bela ~aplja Egretta alba. 239 Miheli~, T.: [marnica Phoenicurus ochruros. 61 Mikuska, T.: Black-necked Grebe Podiceps nigricollis. 239 Mohar, D.: ^opasta ~aplja Ardeola rallodies. 121, Kocono-gi ~uk Aegolius funereus. 124-125, Veliki `agar Mergus merganser. 121 Peru{ek, M.: Mali skovik Glaucidium passerinum. 125, Ta{-~i~na penica Sylvia cantillans. 127, Skalni plezal~ek Ticho-droma muraria. 129, ^ebelar Merops apiaster. 179, Smrdo-kavra Upopa epops. 179 Podhra{ki, K.: Rjava ~aplja Ardea purpurea. 176, [krlatec Carpodacus erythrinus. 180-181, Vinski drozg Turdus iliacus. 237 Podhra{ki, Z.: Kme~ka lastovka x mestna lastovka Hirun-do rustica x Delichon urbica. 236, Prosnik Saxicola torquata. 236-237 Rubini~, B.: Pu{~avec Monticola solitarius. 64, Kragulj Acci-piter gentilis. 130 Russ, M.: Booted Eagle Hieraaetus pennatus. 234 Sedminek, P.: ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra. 121 Smole, J.: Beloglavi jastreb Gyps fulvus. 129-130, Skalni 245 Kazalo letnika / Index of Volume plezal~ek Tichodroma muraria. 238, Tatarska `vi`gavka Net-ta rufina. 240 Sova, D.: Polojnik Himantopus himantopus. 123 Stoynov, E.: Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni. 184 Surina, B.: Komatar Turdus torquatus. 61-62 [alamun, @.: ^rna `olna Dryocopus martius.125-126, Bre-guljka Riparia riparia. 126, Pritlikavi kormoran Phalacroco-rax pygmaeus. 175, Veliki srakoper Lanius excubitor. 180, ^rna {torklja Ciconia nigra. 233, Northern Three-toed Woodpecker Picoides tridactylus. 235, Dlesk Coccothraustes coccothraustes. 239 [egula, B.: Postovka Falco tinnunculus. 177 [ere, D.: ^ebelar Merops apiaster. 59 [tumberger, B.: Kratkokljuna gos Anser brachyrhynchus. 55, Veliki klinka~ Aquila clanga. 57, Veliki {kurh Numenius arquata. 58, @li~arka Platarea leucorodia. 54-55, Sredozemski galeb Larus audouinii. 130, Olj~ni vrtnik Hippolais oli-vetorum. 132, Griffon Volture Gyps fulvus. 181-182, ^rno-vrati ponirek Podiceps nigricolis. 233, Rde~enogi martinec Tringa totanus. 234 Tadi}, Z.: Labod pevec Cygnus cygnus. 240 Trontelj, P.: Povodna trstnica Acrocephalus paludicola. 128, Kratkoprsti {krjan~ek Calandrella brachydactyla. 179-180, Short-toed Lark Calandrella brachydactyla. 180 Trstenjak, T.: Mali de`evnik Charadrius dubius. 123, Vinski drozg Turdus iliacus. 62, ^ebelar Merops apiaster. 178-179 Velevski, M.: Corncrake Crex crex. 184, Blue Rock Trush Monticola solitarius. 185, Orphean Warbler Sylvia horten-sis. 185 Vrezec, A.: Grmov{~ica Phylloscopus sibilatrix. 62, Koza~a Strix uralensis. 59, Rumenokljuni viharnik Calonectris dio-medea & Sredozemski viharnik Puffinus yelkouan. 63, Skalni strnad Emberiza cia. 62, Triprsti detel Picoides tridactylus. 60, Lesna sova Strix aluco. 124, Veliki skovik Otus scops. 131, Hudournik Apus apus, 131, Olj~ni vrtnik Hippolais oli-vetorum & ^rnoglavi strnad Emberiza melanocephala. 131-132, Travni{ki vrabec Passer hispaniolensis. 132, Kvaka~ Nycti-corax nycticorax. 181, Shelduck Tadorna tadorna. 181, Eleo-nora’s Falcon Falco eleonorae. 182, ^opasti {krjanec Galerida cristata. 235-236, Skalni plezal~ek Tichodroma muraria. 238 Vukeli~, E.: ^rno~eli srakoper Lanius minor. 128 246 Kazalo znanstvenih imen / Index of scientific names A Accipiter gentilis 56, 116, 130 Accipiter nisus 116, 220 Acrocephalus agricola 118 Acrocephalus arundinaceus 118, 128 Acrocephalus dumetorum 118 Acrocephalus melanopogon 118 Acrocephalus paludicola 109, 118, 128 Acrocephalus palustris 31, 118, 220 Acrocephalus schoenobaenus 31, 118 Acrocephalus scirpaceus 33, 118, 128 Actitis hypoleucos 38, 117, 172 Aegithalos caudatus 31, 119 Aegolius funereus 118, 124, 150, 156 Aegypius monachus 116 Aix galericulata 109, 116, 171, 172 Aix sponsa 109, 116, 171, 172 Alauda arvensis 118, 122, 220 Alca torda 117 Alcedo atthis 118, 173 Alectoris chukar 117 Alectoris graeca 84, 117 Alectoris rufa 117 Anas acuta 56, 116, 123, 171, 172 Anas clypeata 116, 172, 240 Anas crecca 116, 171, 172, 240 Anas penelope 116, 172 Anas platyrhynchos 31, 54, 55, 116, 121, 171, 172, 176, 237 Anas querquedula 116, 121, 176 Anas rubripes 112 Anas strepera 116, 172 Anser albifrons 55, 116 Anser anser 116, 240 Anser brachyrhynchus 55, 109, 116 Anser fabalis 55, 116, 172 Anthus campestris 49, 84, 118 Anthus cervinus 118 Anthus pratensis 118 Anthus spinoletta 118 Anthus trivialis 31, 118 Apus apus 118, 131, 229 Apus pallidus 5, 118, 131 Aquila chrysaetos 116, 122 Aquila clanga 57, 110, 116, 122 Aquila heliaca 105, 110, 116 Aquila pomarina 109, 110, 116, 176, 220 Ardea cinerea 33, 45, 54, 82, 116, 171, 194, 233 Ardea purpurea 116, 176, 181, 196 Ardeolla ralloides 116, 121 Arenaria interpres 117 Asio flammeus 111, 118 Asio otus 62, 118, 220 Athene noctua 118 Aythya ferina 116, 171, 172 Aythya fuligula 116, 171, 172 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 243 — 2JO, 2002 Aythya marila 116 Aythya nyroca 116, 240 B Bombycilla garrulus 118, 126 Bonasa bonasia 116 Botaurus stellaris 116 Branta bernicla 116 Branta canadensis 116 Branta leucopsis 116 Bubo bubo 117 Bucephala clangula 116, 172 Burhinus oedicnemus 117, 182 Buteo buteo 56, 57, 116, 181, 220, 233 Buteo lagopus 56, 116 Buteo rufinus 183 C Calandrella brachydactyla 111, 118, 179, 180 Calcarius lapponicus 119 Calidris alba 117 Calidris alpina 117, 172 Calidris canutus 110, 117 Calidris ferruginea 117 Calidris melanotos 110, 117 Calidris minuta 117 Calidris temminckii 117 Callonetta lucophrys 116 Calonectris diomedea 9, 63 Caprimulgus europaeus 49, 118, 125 Carduelis cannabina 31, 119, 122, 132, 221 Carduelis carduelis 119, 221 Carduelis chloris 31, 119, 221 Carduelis flammea 119 Carduelis flavirostris 109, 119 Carduelis spinus 119 Carpodacus erythrinus 33, 119, 180 Catharacta skua 117 Cepphus grylle 117 Certhia brachydactyla 119 Certhia familiaris 119 Cettia cetti 118 Charadrius alexandrinus 117, 172 Charadrius dubius 38, 117, 123 Charadrius hiaticula 117 Charadrius morinellus 110, 117, 123 Chlamydotis undulata 117 Chlidonias hybridus 117, 239 Chlidonias leucopterus 117 Chlidonias niger 117, 123 Ciconia ciconia 89, 116, 220 Ciconia nigra 54, 116, 121, 181, 233, 239 Cinclus cinclus 57, 118, 173 Circaetus gallicus 116 Circus aeruginosus 116, 121 Circus cyaneus 116 Circus macrourus 112, 116 Circus pygargus 116 Cisticola juncidis 118 Clamator glandarius 117 Clangula hyemalis 116 Coccothraustes coccothraustes 119, 221, 239 Colinus virginianus 117 Columba livia 5, 117 Columba oenas 117, 235 Columba palumbus 45, 117, 220 Coracias garrulus 118, 184 Corvus corax 119, 182 Corvus cornix 221 Corvus corone 31, 119 Corvus frugilegus 119, 221 Corvus monedula 119, 229 Coturnix coturnix 117 Crex crex 117, 139, 184, 220 Cuculus canorus 54, 117 Cursorius cursor 117 Cygnus atratus 116 Cygnus columbianus 116 Cygnus cygnus 116, 240 Cygnus olor 55, 116, 172, 234, 240 D Delichon urbica 118, 126, 183, 221, 229, 236 Dendrocopos leucotos 111, 118 Dendrocopos major 56, 118, 220 Dendrocopos medius 118 Dendrocopos minor 59, 118 Dendrocopos syriacus 111, 118 Dryocopus martius 118, 125 E Egretta alba 116, 172, 176, 196, 239 Egretta garzetta 116, 172 Emberiza cia 49, 62, 119 Emberiza cirlus 49, 119 Emberiza citrinella 31, 49, 119, 221 Emberiza hortulana 49, 84, 119, 122 Emberiza leucocephalos 109, 119 Emberiza melanocephala 119, 131 Emberiza pusilla 112, 119 Emberiza rustica 119 Emberiza rutila 119 Emberiza schoeniclus 31, 119, 221 Eremophila alpestris 118 Erithacus rubecula 118 Estrilda astrild 119 F Falco biarmicus 110, 116, 182 Falco cherrug 110, 116 Falco columbarius 57, 116 Falco eleonorae 116, 182 Falco naumanni 116, 183, 184 Falco peregrinus 61, 116 Falco subbuteo 116 Falco tinnunculus 31, 116, 122, 177, 220 247 Kazalo letnika / Index of Volume Falco vespertinus 116, 122 Ficedula albicollis 48, 119 Ficedula hypoleuca 119 Ficedula parva 119 Fratercula arctica 117 Fringilla coelebs 119, 221 Fringilla montifringilla 119 Fulica atra 33, 57, 117, 123, 171, 172, 176, 220 Fulmarus glacialis 116 G Galerida cristata 118, 180, 220, 235 Gallinago gallinago 117, 172 Gallinago media 112, 117 Gallinula chloropus 31, 117, 123, 172, 178, 220 Garrulus glandarius 119, 220, 238 Gavia adamsii 116 Gavia arctica 116, 172 Gavia immer 109, 116 Gavia stellata 116, 171, 172 Gelochelidon nilotica 111, 112, 117, 240 Geronticus eremita 73, 81 Glareola pratincola 117 Glaucidium passerinum 118, 125, 157 Grus grus 82, 117 Gypaetus barbatus 116 Gyps fulvus 85, 116, 129, 181 H Haematopus ostralegus 117 Haliaeetus albicilla 116, 129, 171, 172, 240 Hieraaetus fasciatus 110, 116 Hieraaetus pennatus 110, 112, 116, 177, 234 Himantopus himantopus 117, 123, 234 Hippolais caligata 111, 118 Hippolais icterina 118, 237 Hippolais olivetorum 131, 132 Hippolais pallida 109, 111, 118 Hippolais polyglotta 118, 220 Hirundo daurica 111, 118 Hirundo rupestris 118, 126 Hirundo rustica 61, 118, 126, 179, 220, 236 Hydrobates pelagicus 10, 116 I, J Ixobrychus minutus 116 Jynx torquilla 31, 118 L Lagopus mutus 116 Lanius collurio 31, 49, 119, 132, 220 Lanius excubitor 41, 55, 119 Lanius minor 33, 64, 119, 128, 184 Lanius nubicus 159 Lanius senator 33, 119, 132, 184 Larus argentatus 117, 227 Larus audouinii 117, 130 Larus cachinnans 58, 63, 117, 123, 130, 171, 173, 181, 182, 227 Larus canus 117, 173 Larus fuscus 117 Larus genei 117 Larus hyperboreus 117 Larus ichthyaetus 111, 117 Larus marinus 58, 111, 117 Larus melanocephalus 58, 63, 117, 124, 171, 172, 225 Larus minutus 117, 171, 172 Larus ridibundus 58, 117, 123, 124, 171, 173, 220, 233, 239 Leiothrix lutea 119 Limicola falcinellus 110, 117 Limosa lapponica 117 Limosa limosa 117, 124 Locustella fluviatilis 31, 118 Locustella luscinioides 118 Locustella naevia 118, 128 Lonchura punctulata 119 Loxia curvirostra 119, 238 Loxia leucoptera 119 Loxia pytyopsittacus 119 Lullula arborea 118 Luscinia luscinia 118 Luscinia megarhynchos 31, 62, 118, 180, 220 Luscinia svecica 118, 236 Lymnocryptes minimus 117 M Melanitta fusca 116 Melanitta nigra 116 Melanocorypha calandra 118 Mergellus albellus 116, 172 Mergus merganser 116, 121, 172 Mergus serrator 116, 172 Merops apiaster 59, 118, 125, 131, 178 Miliaria calandra 49, 62, 119, 221 Milvus migrans 56, 116 Milvus milvus 56, 116 Monticola saxatilis 49, 118 Monticola solitarius 64, 118, 182, 185 Montifringilla nivalis 119 Motacilla alba 31, 118, 220 Motacilla cinerea 118 Motacilla citreola 118 Motacilla flava 23, 118 Muscicapa striata 118 N Neophron percnopterus 63, 116 Netta rufina 116, 240 Nucifraga caryocatactes 119 Numenius arquata 57, 58, 117, 124, 172, 234 Numenius phaeopus 117 Numenius tenuirostris 117 Nyctea scandiaca 117 Nycticorax nycticorax 116, 131, 175, 181 248 ACROCEPHALUS 22 (109): 243 — 2JO, 2002 O Oenanthe deserti 53 Oenanthe hispanica 111, 118, 126 Oenanthe oenanthe 47, 118 Oriolus oriolus 31, 119, 127, 132, 220 Otis tarda 117 Otus scops 117, 131, 149, 178 Oxyura jamaicensis 57, 110, 116 P Pandion haliaetus 116 Panurus biarmicus 119 Parus ater 119, 220, 238 Parus caeruleus 119, 220 Parus cristatus 119, 238 Parus lugubris 59, 119 Parus major 31, 119, 220 Parus montanus 119, 238 Parus palustris 119 Passer domesticus 119, 132, 183, 221 Passer hispaniolensis 64, 112, 119, 132, 183, 207 Passer italiae 207 Passer luteus 119 Passer montanus 119, 183, 207, 221 Pelecanus onocrotalus 116 Perdix perdix 117, 220 Pernis apivorus 116, 163 Petronia petronia 119 Phalacrocorax aristotelis 63, 82, 116, 171, 181, 182 Phalacrocorax carbo 54, 116, 171, 172, 175, 194, 233, 239 Phalacrocorax pygmaeus 54, 109, 116, 172, 233 Phalaropus fulicarius 117 Phalaropus lobatus 58, 110, 117, 234 Phasianus colchicus 117, 220 Pheucticus ludovicianus 119 Philomachus pugnax 117, 123 Phoenicopterus ruber 109, 116 Phoenicurus ochruros 61, 118, 213, 220, 236 Phoenicurus phoenicurus 118, 220 Phylloscopus bonelli 118 Phylloscopus collybita 31, 118, 127, 220 Phylloscopus inornatus 118 Phylloscopus proregulus 111, 118 Phylloscopus sibilatrix 62, 118 Phylloscopus trochilus 118, 220 Pica pica 31, 119 Picoides tridactylus 60, 118, 235 Picus canus 118 Picus viridis 118, 180 Pinicola enucleator 119 Platalea leucorodia 54, 116, 176, 191 Plectrophenax nivalis 119 Plegadis falcinellus 109, 116 Pluvialis apricaria 57, 117, 234 Pluvialis fulva 110, 117 Pluvialis squatarola 63, 117, 171, 172 Podiceps auritus 116 Podiceps cristatus 116, 172, 175 Podiceps grisegena 116, 171, 172 Podiceps nigricollis 116, 172, 233, 239 Porzana parva 117 Porzana porzana 117, 122 Porzana pusilla 117 Prunella collaris 118 Prunella modularis 61, 118 Psittacula krameri 117 Ptynoprogne fuligula 4 Puffinus yelkouan 9, 63, 116 Pyrrhocorax graculus 119, 238 Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax 119 Pyrrhula pyrrhula 119 R Rallus aquaticus 117, 171, 172, 220 Recurvirostra avosetta 117, 178 Regulus ignicapillus 118, 220 Regulus regulus 118, 220 Remiz pendulinus 33, 119, 183 Riparia riparia 118, 126 Rissa tridactyla 117 S Saxicola rubetra 31, 118, 220 Saxicola torquata 31, 49, 118, 220, 236, 237 Scolopax rusticola 117, 171, 172 Serinus citrinella 109, 119 Serinus menachensis 3 Serinus serinus 119, 221 Sitta europaea 119 Sitta neumayer 119 Somateria mollissima 116, 171, 172 Stercorarius longicaudus 117 Stercorarius parasiticus 117, 178 Stercorarius pomarinus 117 Sterna albifrons 35, 117, 130 Sterna bengalensis 117 Sterna caspia 117, 240 Sterna hirundo 35, 51, 56, 117, 130, 176, 234 Sterna sandvicensis 117, 173 Stercorarius parasiticus 112 Streptopelia decaocto 117, 220, 235 Streptopelia turtur 31, 117 Strix aluco 118, 124, 150, 157 Strix nebulosa 118 Strix uralensis 59, 118, 155, 167, 178 Sturnus roseus 111, 112, 119, 183 Sturnus vulgaris 61, 119 Surnia ulula 118 Sylvia atricapilla 31, 118, 220 Sylvia borin 118, 220 Sylvia cantillans 118, 127 Sylvia communis 31, 118, 122, 220 Sylvia curruca 118, 127, 220 Sylvia hortensis 118, 132, 185 249 Kazalo letnika / Index of Volume Sylvia melanocephala 118 Sylvia nisoria 118 Syrrhaptes paradoxus 117 T Tachybaptus ruficollis 31, 116, 171, 172, 176, 178 Tachymarptis melba 118, 131, 234 Tadorna ferruginea 116 Tadorna tadorna 116, 124, 172, 181 Tarsiger cyanurus 111, 118 Tetrao tetrix 117 Tetrao urogallus 117 Tetrax tetrax 117 Threskiornis aethiopicus 84 Tichodroma muraria 119, 129, 238 Tringa erythropus 57, 117 Tringa flavipes 117 Tringa glareola 117 Tringa nebularia 117, 171, 172 Tringa ochropus 117, 172 Tringa stagnatilis 117 Tringa totanus 117, 172, 234 Troglodytes troglodytes 118, 220 Turdus iliacus 62, 118, 237 Turdus merula 31, 118, 220 Turdus philomelos 62, 118, 220 Turdus pilaris 61, 118 Turdus torquatus 61, 118 Turdus viscivorus 59, 118, 220 Tyto alba 117 U, V, Z Upupa epops 49, 84, 118, 132, 179 Vanellus gregarius 117 Vanellus vanellus 117, 172 Zoothera dauma 118 250 OGLAS