Arheološki vestnik 67, 2016, str. 105-429
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A two-part Certosa fibula (variant VIId) from the cult place at Monte di Medea in Friuli
Dvodelna certoška fibula različice VIId s kultnega mesta na Medejskem hribu v Furlaniji
Ana MARIC
Izvleček
V tem članku je obravnavana edina v celoti ohranjena fibula s kultnega mesta na Medejskem hribu blizu Gorice v Furlaniji. Pripada različici VIId certoških fibul, vendar je sestavljena iz dveh delov, kar je bil razlog za podrobnejšo obravnavo. Dosedanje vedenje o tej različici certoških fibul je dopolnjeno z opisom tipoloških razlik med različicami d, e in f VII. vrste, ki so bile v objavah pogosto napačno opredeljene, prvotnemu seznamu fibul različice VIId pa so dodani primerki, predstavljeni po letu 1976. Zadnji poglavji se ukvarjata z datacijo te različice in z dvodelnimi certoškimi fibulami, ki doslej niso bile obravnavane kot poseben pojav.
Ključne besede: Italija, Furlanija, Monte di Medea/Medejski hrib, pozna stopnja halštatske dobe, certoške fibule različice VIId, dvodelna sestava, tipologija, kronologija, razprostranjenost
Abstract
In this paper one fibula from the cult place at Monte di Medea near Gorizia/Gorica in Friuli will be presented, which is the sole entirely preserved example from this site. It belongs to variant VIId of the Certosa fibulae, but it has an uncommon two-part construction, which was a motive for this detailed discussion. Previous knowledge about this particular variant of the Certosa fibulae is supplemented with description of the typological differences between the d, e and f variants of type VII - which are often improperly distinguished from one another in published treatises - and with examples of the VIId variant published after the year 1976, in order to update the area of its distribution. Its chronology is also discussed, as well as two-part construction of Certosa fibulae, as new phenomenon.
Keywords: Italy, Friuli, Monte di Medea, final Hallstatt period, Certosa fibulae of variant VIId, two-part construction, typology, chronology, area of distribution
STATE OF RESEARCH
In the year 1968 Ugo Furlani discovered an extraordinary archaeological site at the northern slope of the western part of Monte di Medea above Medea near Gorizia/Gorica in Friuli (Furlani 2000, 38-42, Pls. 6-10). Around 700 bronze fragments,
80 glass beads and large amount of small fragments of pottery vessels were found in mostly one layer and in an area of approximately 10 m2 (Furlani 1974-1975, Pls. 2; 3; 4; 5: 21-33,36-38; 6). Most of the bronze fragments and all of the glass beads were exposed to fire (ib., 35-36, 38), as well as the small fragments of burnt human
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Fig. 1: Selection of finds from the cult place at Monte di Medea. 16 and 17 glass, others bronze. Scale = 1:2. Sl. 1: Izbor najdb s kultnega mesta na Medejskem hribu. 16 in 17 steklo, ostalo bron. M. = 1:2. (Furlani 1974-1975, Pls. / t. 2-5; Božič 2011, 266, Fig. / sl. 6.24)
bones that were found inside and all around that layer (ib., 35). These findings led Furlani to believe that he was excavating a destroyed cremation cemetery (ib., 38).
A different opinion about the character of this site is found in works of Anne-Marie Adam (1991, 52-60) and Paul Gleirscher (2002, 187; 244, Cat. No. 117). They both independently realized that the site excavated by Furlani was actually a cult place from the end of the Early Iron Age (Adam 1991, 53-54, 58), a so called Brandopferplatz or a burnt-offering site (Gleirscher 2002, 244), which is now taken as the most probable interpretation.
The latest mention of this site is by Dragan Božič in the monograph about the Late Antique fortified settlement of Tonovcov grad near Kobarid in Slovenia (selection of finds: Fig. 1; 2; Božič 2011, 265-266, Fig. 6.24). The Iron Age finds from Tonovcov grad are also explained as cult objects based on similarities and comparison with the finds from the cult place at Monte di Medea and other Iron Age sanctuaries and cult places in Carnia, the Soča region and Notranjska region (ib., 261; Fig. 6.20). The cult place at Monte di Medea, however, differs from other sanctuaries and cult places in the nearest regions in two ways: it has a larger amount of finds and it was used for a shorter time than the other cult places.
Fig. 2: The completely preserved Certosa fibula from the cult place at Monte di Medea (List 1: 5; Fig. 5: 5). Scale = 1:2. Sl. 2: Popolnoma ohranjena certoška fibula s kultnega mesta na Medejskem hribu (seznam 1: 5; sl. 5: 5). M. = 1:2. (After / po: Furlani 1974-1975, 47-48; Pl. / t. 2: 1)
Certosa fibulae of type VII
Out of approximately 700 bronze fragments, around 60% belong to the Certosa fibulae, mostly of type X and variant IXa according to Teržan (Furlani 1974-1975, 37, Pls. 2; 3; 4: 1-22; - Teržan 1976, 329-336, App. 1; - Božič 2007, 832-833). This paper deals with the single fibula which is completely preserved (Figs. 1: 1; 2) (Furlani 1973, 188, Fig. 4; - id. 1974-1975, 36, Pl. 2: 1; - id. 2000, photo on the cover and 43, Pl. 6: 1; - Božič 2011, 246, note 4 with its erroneous attribution to the IXa variant) and belongs to the variant VIId of Certosa
A two-part Certosa fibula (variant VIId) from the cult place at Monte di Medea in Friuli
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Fig. 3: Examples of the Certosa fibulae variants VIId, Vile and Vllf. Scale = 1:2. Sl. 3: Primerki različic VIId, Vile in Vllf certoške fibule. M. = 1:2. 1 - Pozzuolo del Friuli (List / seznam 1: 4); 2 - Magdalenska gora; 3 - Jagodnja Gornja; 4 - Pritoka - Jezerine; 5 - Golek pri Vinici (?)
(After / po: Seidel 2008, 86, No. 28 [1]; - Tecco Hvala, Dular, Kocuvan 2004, Pl. / t. 59: D1 [2]; - Batovic 1974, Pl. / t. 14: 1 [3]; - Maric 1968, 25, Fig. / sl. 5: 4 [4]; - Hencken 1978, 142, Fig. / sl. 105a [ascribed to Magdalenska gora]; Božič, Maric 2015, 153-154, Fig. / sl. 6: 1 [ascribed to Golek] [5])
fibulae (Terzan 1976, 325, 328, List d, Medea, Fig. 3d). The fibula was attributed to the variant VIId already by Terzan, but she did not paid attention to its unusual two-part construction or consider the possibility of constructing Certosa fibulae in that way in her study on the Certosa fibulae.
The basic characteristics of the Certosa fibulae type VII (Fig. 3) according to Terzan's typological classification are that all of the examples have a segmental or rounded rhombic cross-section of the bow (several other cross-sections actually appear), with three transversal ribs on it, where the middle one is wider than the lateral ones (Terzan 1976, 325). Based on differences in size, massiveness, scheme and decoration she divided the type into nine variants (ib., 325-329, Fig. 3). The common
feature of first three variants, VIIa, VIIb and VIIc is that the highest part of the bow is moved toward the head of the fibula, while they differ in size, cross-section and massiveness of the bow, the bow decoration and the shape of the foot button (ib., 325-327, Fig. 3a,b,c).
As described by Terzan, the characteristics of variant VIId are that they are relatively large and have the highest part of the bow moved toward the foot. In size and scheme they are similar to the examples of variant VIIe, but different in decoration and cross-section of the bow (ib., 325). The examples of variant VIIe have a bow with a segmental cross-section, which is rhomboidaly spread on its highest part and decorated with semicircular incisions, giving the impression of "eyes". The ridge of
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the bow is decorated with transverse incisions, as well as the lateral ribs on the three-rib thickening on the bow. The foot and its button are usually decorated with incised triangular motifs (ib., 325, 328; Fig. 3e). Similar in decoration are the fibulae of variant Vllf, but according to Terzan they usually have a band-shaped, frequently slightly convex bow and a distinctly triangular scheme of the bow, with its highest part moved toward the foot (ib., Fig. 3f).
The remaining variants are Vllg - which is only to be found in north subalpine area; Vllh - fibulae with extended leaf-shaped bow and short foot, and Vlli - a local product of the Western Balkan area (ib., 325, 326, 329; Fig. 3g).
Starting point of our discussion, the fibula from the cult place at Monte di Medea, belongs to variant Vlld (Fig. 3: 1). Thanks to the newly discovered examples, it is now possible to mention some important characteristics. Examples of variant Vlld (Fig. 5) are usually 8.5 to 10.5 cm long and have a massive bow with a segmental, semicircular, a rounded rhombic, triangular or oval cross-section. They have a triangular incised decoration on the upper flat part of the foot, but the bow and the foot button are undecorated, unlike the examples of the variants Vile and Vllf. The highest part of the bow is narrower than the upper flat part of the foot. Also, it is possible to distinguish two different types of foot buttons. Examples of the first type are larger and semiglobular (Fig. 3: 1), while the examples of the second type are flatter, sometimes smaller and often not placed horizontally, but obliquely (Fig. 5: 1).
Since many examples of variant Viid were wrongly attributed to or mixed with variants Viie and Viif in the literature, it is appropriate to describe principle differences between them in more detail (Fig. 3). Variants Vile (Fig. 3: 2) and Vllf (Fig. 3: 3-5) were quite well described by Terzan, who has emphasized that they had impression of "eyes" on the highest part of the bow and incised triangles on the foot button. But, there are some differences in decoration between the variants that were not recognized at that time. Examples of the variant Viif are less decorated than those of variant Viie since they do not have transversal incisions on the ridge of the bow or decorated lateral ribs on the three-rib thickening on the bow. Also, the upper flat part of their foot is often not decorated at all (Fig. 3: 3) or there are two short V-motifs (Fig. 3: 5), unlike the examples of variant Viie, which are almost always decorated,
for example, with tremolo lines on that part (Fig. 3: 2). Furthermore, the examples of variant Vllf, typical for the cemetery of Golek pri Vinici, do not have a band-shaped bow, but a massive bow with a triangular cross-section (Fig. 3: 5).
According to Terzan (1976, 328), in addition to the Friuli region, the examples of variant Viid were also found in the regions of Soca Valley, Bela krajina and Notranjska. Since many new examples were discovered after that, it is necessary to add these new finds and to update the distribution map of variant Viid of the Certosa fibulae.
Variant Vlld - new finds
(Figs. 4; 5; List 1)
Many examples of the Certosa fibulae variant Viid have been published after 1976, some already known from Terzan's list, as well as new examples. They were often either not typologically determined at all (Dular 1978, 25, Pl. 4; -Terzan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuz-Orel 1985, 293, No. 1816; - Gustin 1991, 12), or were attributed to variants Viie or Viif (e.g. Jablonka 2001, 114, Pl. 80: 23; - Crismani, Righi 2002, 69).
The first newly published examples come from two sites in the Friuli region. Nine examples of variant Viid from the territory of Cividale/Cedad, originate most likely from the cemetery in Dernaz-zacco (Figs. 5: 3; 6: 1; - Pettarin 2006, 108-110, Pls. 6: 82,86,89; 7: 91,93,98-101). Five of them were attributed to variant Viie and four to variant Viif (ib., 209, Pls. 6: 82,86,89; 7: 91,93 and 211, Pl. 7: 98-101), but none to variant Viid. The whole group to which these fibulae were assigned to, comprising 34 examples, was named after three-rib thickening on the bow as "Fibule Certosa con nodulo presso i'attacco della molla" (ib., 108). Actually, they belong to variant Viid and several other variants of type Vii. Among them only one can be attributed to variant Viie (ib., 110, Pl. 8: 105) and none to variant Viif. in the same region there is another example from Pozzuolo del Friuli (Fig. 5: 4; - Seidel 2008, 86, No. 28) which was only determined as type Vii, without determining the precise variant (ib., 16). Although it is correct to say that this example appears later than the earlier variants of type Vii, statement that some variants persisted still in the Late iron Age just does not stand, because we don't know any example from that period.
The second case are the examples of the Viid variant from Notranjska-Kras region. Four exam-
A two-part Certosa fibula (variant VIId) from the cult place at Monte di Medea in Friuli
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Fig. 4: Distribution map of the Certosa fibulae variant VIId, based on the situation in 2014 (cf. List 1). Sl. 4: Razprostranjenost certoških fibul različice VIId, stanje raziskav leta 2014 (prim. seznam 1).
ples were discovered in the necropolis of Socerb/ San Servolo (Fig. 5: 11; - Crismani, Righi 2002, 69, Figs. 14-17) and all of them were attributed to variant Vile (ib., Figs. 14-25).
Another example is from the Gail/Zilja Valley in Carinthia, from the site Gurina above Dellach (Fig. 5: 1; - Jablonka 2001, 114, Pl. 80: 23). It was attributed to variant Vllf (ib.), which resulted in the incorrect inclusion of the site of Gurina in the distribution map of this variant (ib., 232, Map 5).
A new example is also known from the Carnia region. It originates from grave 77 of the necropolis Misincinis in Paularo (Fig. 5: 2; - Vitri 2001, 28;
Fig. 7: T. 77/1). Although it is almost identical to the fibula from Monte di Medea (Fig. 5: 5), classified already in 1976 by Terzan to variant VIId, the author did not precisely determine it. She compares it with the fibula from grave 6 of the same necropolis (ib.), which actually belongs to variant VIIf (ib., 26, note 35; Fig. 5: T. 6/1). Indeed, they are similar, but the similarity between these two fibulae is that they both have two-part construction (ib., 26 and 28). The fibula from grave 77 was attributed to variant VIIf also in two other publications (Giumlia-Mair 2003, 11, Fig. 3; - Vitri 2013, 408, 409).
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A two-part Certosa fibula (variant VIId) from the cult place at Monte di Medea in Friuli
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LIST 1
The sites with the Certosa fibulae of the VIId variant.
The publications in bold are the sources from which the illustrations in Fig. 5 were taken. Note: illustrations of examples 6, 7 and 13 not present.
SEZNAM 1
Najdišča certoških fibul različice VIId.
Med objavami so krepko zapisani viri ilustracij na sliki 5. Opomba: primerki 6, 7 in 13 niso narisani.
1.	Dellach - Gurina
Settlement and cult place; 1 example; length 10.4 cm. Bibl.: Jablonka 2001, 114, Pl. 80: 23.
2.	Paularo - Misincinis
Grave 77 from the cremation cemetery; 1 example; length 8.4 cm; two-part construction. Bibl.: Vitri 1997, 430, Fig. 6; Vitri 2001, 28, 44, Fig. 7: T. 77/1; Giumlia-Mair 2003, 11, Fig. 3; Vitri 2013, 408, 409.
3.	Dernazzacco
Cremation cemetery;
9 examples; length from 8.5 cm to 10 cm; one example with two-part construction.
Bibl.: Pettarin 2006, 108-110, Pls. 6: 82,86,89; 7: 91(two-part construction),93,98-101.
4.	Pozzuolo del Friuli - "Cjastiei"
Settlement;
1 example; length 9.3 cm. Bibl.: Seidel 2008, 86, No. 28.
5.	Medea - Monte di Medea
Cult place;
1	example; length 8.5 cm; two-part construction. Bibl.: Furlani 1973, 188, Fig. 4; Furlani 1974-1975, 36,
47-48, Pl. 2: 1; Teržan 1976, 328, List d; Furlani 2000, 41, Pl. 6: 1; Božič 2011, 265-266, Fig. 6.24: 1.
6.	Kobarid - V logu
Cremation cemetery;
2	examples.
Bibl.: Teržan 1976, 328, List d.
7.	Čadrg
Grave pit?; 1 example.
Unpublished (mentioned in Mlinar 2015, 33).
8.	Most na Soči - Ograjnica
Grave 1816 from the cremation cemetery (excavation Szombathy);
1 example; length 10 cm;
Bibl.: Teržan 1976, 328, List d; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pl. 172: H1; Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1985, 293, No. 1816.
9.	Bodrež
1	example; length 10.6 cm.
Bibl.: Teržan 1976, 328, List d; Guštin 1991, 12, Pl. 40: 1.
10.	Šmihel pod Nanosom
Cremation cemetery;
2	examples.
Bibl.: Teržan 1976, List d, 328; Guštin 1979, 78, Pl. 62: 6,10.
11.	Socerb
Cremation cemetery;
4 examples; length 8.4 cm.
Bibl.: Crismani, Righi 2002, 69, Figs. 14,15-17.
12.	Podzemelj
Tumulus graves;
3	examples; length from 8.6 to 9 cm.
Bibl.: Teržan 1976, 328, List d; Dular 1978, 25, Pls. 4: 2,9,14.
13.	Golek pri Vinici
Grave 38 from the biritual cemetery; 1 example; length 9 cm.
Unpublished (mentioned in Teržan 1976, 328, List d); http://pmem.unix.fas.harvard.edu:8080/peabody/view/objects/ asitem/search$0040/123/title-desc?t:state:flow=2307c8cd-d604-4b67-8aee-3aa072fa52bc (photo).
14.	Grobnik near Rijeka
Chance find (perhaps from the cemetery Grobišče); 1 example; length 8.72 cm.
Bibl.: Glogovič 1989, 32, 112, Pl. 32: 8; Blečič 2004, 65-66, Pl. 3: 1.2.8.
15.	Osor on the island of Cres
1 example; length 8.6 cm; two-part construction. Bibl.: Cus-Rukonič 1980-1981, 8, No. 5, Pl. 1: 6.
<-
Fig. 5: Examples of the Certosa fibulae variant VIId (cf. List 1). Scale = 1:2. Sl. 5: Primerki certoških fibul različice VIId (prim. seznam 1). M. = 1:2.
1 - Gurina; 2 - Misincinis; 3 - Dernazzacco; 4 - Pozzuolo del Friuli; 5 - Monte di Medea; 8 - Most na Soči; 9 - Bodrež; 10 - Šmihel pod Nanosom; 11 - Socerb; 12 - Podzemelj; 14 - Grobnik; 15 - Osor
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The last two newly found examples are from the Kvarner gulf: one originates from Grobnik near Rijeka (Fig. 5: 14; - Glogovic 1989, 112, Pl. 32: 8; - Blečic 2004, 65-66, Pl. 3: 1.2.8) and the another one from Osor on the island of Cres (Fig. 5: 15; - Cus-Rukonic 1980-1981, 8, No. 5; Pl. 1: 6). The fibula from Grobnik was wrongly attributed to the Certosa fibula variant Xllb (Blečic 2004, 84), while the example from Osor was not typologically determined at all.
In October 2014 there was another example discovered, which was additionally added to the list and distribution map. That fibula originates from grave 2 at Čadrg near Tolmin in the Soča Valley and there were only burned bones and ashes along (Mlinar 2015, 33).1
Nearly 80% of the new examples originate from cremation cemeteries, but do not have preserved grave groups, as in cases of Dernazzacco and So-cerb/San Servolo. The rest of new examples were individual discoveries in settlement or cult place (Gurina), in settlement (Pozzuolo del Friuli) and probably from graves (Grobnik and Osor). The Friuli region is the only area where fibulae of the VIId variant were discovered in different types of sites, cemeteries, settlements and cult places.
If we compare the new finds (Fig. 4) to those from 1976 (Teržan 1976, 328), it is noticeable that the area of distribution is not very different, since most of the new examples are from sites in Friuli (Dernazzacco and Pozzuolo del Friuli) and the Notranjska-Kras (Socerb) region. Other new finds originate from the territories to the north of the core region (Friuli, Soča Valley, Notranjska-Kras and Bela krajina regions), i. e. Carinthia and Carnia, as well as to the south, i. e. in the Kvarner gulf. The difference is most obvious in the quantity, especially in the Friuli region, where instead of one known example, there are actually eleven examples. It is interesting that this specific variant does not appear in Dolenjska.
The dating of variant VIId
Biba Teržan did not discuss the dating of variant VIId, but she considered the related variants Vile and Vllf (Teržan 1976, 432, 433, 436) to be the latest variants of the Certosa fibulae. Although they are among the latest ones, the statement that
1 Information by Miha Mlinar, curator of the Museum
of Tolmin, Slovenia.
they still existed in phase LT B2 and LT C (ib., 433 and 436) should be treated with caution, because there are no graves at the Jezerine cemetery which contained late Certosa Vile or Vllf variant fibulae and LT B2 or LT C fibulae together (Radimsky 1895, 96 [grave 134]; 105 [gr. 184]; 113 [gr. 219]; 134 [gr. 292]; 140 [gr. 336]; 148 [gr. 372]; 150 [gr. 380 and 382]; 157 [gr. 406 and 407]; 166 [gr. 456]; 170 [gr. 482]; 178 [gr. 523]).
The basis for the chronological determination of the VIId variant can be found in the cult place at Monte di Medea. The majority of the Certosa fibulae types and variants found on that site belong to the late IXa variant (Fig. 1: 4,9,10) and type X (Fig. 1: 11,12) (Furlani 1974-1975, Pls. 2; 3; 4: 1-11), dated to the Sveta Lucija IIc phase, which corresponds to the Negova phase (Božič 2011, 246, note 4; 266). Therefore, it can be assumed that two-part fibula of VIId variant was also concurrent. Another indication for dating this variant in the final phase of the Early Iron Age with no continuation into the Late Iron Age is provided by three examples from the tumulus graves near Podzemelj (Fig. 5: 12; - Dular 1978, 25; Pl. 4: 2,9,14). Although their grave groups are not known, it is clear that they do not originate from the graves of the LT B2 and C phases, since burial in those tumuli stopped at the end of the Early Iron Age. The same conclusion is valid for the flat cremation cemetery of Misincinis in Paularo, where one example of the VIId variant was found in grave 77, belonging to the rather poor graves from the latest phase of the cemetery (Fig. 5: 2; -Vitri 2001, 28; Fig. 7: T. 77/1).
It is therefore most probably that the VIId variant of the Certosa fibulae should be dated to the Sveta Lucija IIc phase in the Soča region, corresponding to the Negova phase in Dolenjska and Bela krajina.
Late Certosa fibulae with two-part construction
Fibula from Monte di Medea (Fig. 5: 5) has two-part construction. There are three other examples of VIId variant fibulae with same construction: one from Dernazzacco in Friuli region, another from Misincinis in Paularo in Carnia region and last one from Osor on the island of Cres in Kvarner gulf (Fig. 5: 3,2,15). It is not possible to connect two-part construction on this variant with any particular region, but their small number indicates that they are rare and unusual.
A two-part Certosa fibula (variant VIId) from the cult place at Monte di Medea in Friuli
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The unusual two-part construction of the fibula from Monte di Medea is also found with some other types and variants of late Certosa fibulae. Authors usually described such construction as a repair of the fibulae (Raunig 1968, 94, Kv. XXV, Pl. 5: 4; - Stare V. 1973, 29, No. 318, Pl. 23: 2; - Teržan 1973, 666, No. 24, Pl. 3: 8; - Giumlia-Mair 2003, 35, Fig. 27; - Pettarin 2006, 117, 213), but it seems that this is actually something other than repair.2
This specific kind of construction is only to be found on late Certosa fibulae from the final phase of the Early Iron Age with variants VIId, Vile (Glogovic 1982, 40, Fig. 4: 2), Vllf (e.g. Maric 1968, Fig. 4: 2; Pls. 2: 16; 3: 35; - Teržan 1973, Pl. 3: 8; - Vitri
2001,	Fig. 5: T. 6/1; - Laharnar 2009, Pl. 1: 2) and types X (Stare F. 1955, Pl. 34: 5; - Dular 1978, Pl. 4: 1; - Guštin 1979, Pl. 64: 50; - Pettarin 2006, Pl. 10: 141-151), XI (Petru, Šribar 1956, Pl. 1: 5; - Teržan 1976, Pl. 72: 1; - Seidel 2008, 84, No. 23) and XII (Težak-Gregl 1981, Pl. 5: 10; - Crismani, Righi
2002,	68, No. 13) to be precise (Fig.6), and never on fibulae from the earlier Certosa phase like variant Ib, type V and variant Vila (Teržan 1976, App. 1).
Occasionally other types or variants of the Certosa fibulae occur with two-part construction, but those are rare and isolated finds. One such lonely example comes from the cemetery at Socerb in the Notranjska-Kras region, where two-part construction is confirmed on the fibula of the IXa variant (Crismani, Righi 2002, 68, Fig. 9). Another example comes from the cemeteries near Vače in the Dolenjska region, where was found an example of the IXc variant with such construction (Stare F. 1955, Pl. 35: 1; - Teržan 1976, 330, List c, Vače). Both of these examples, the large fibula from Socerb, a late example of the IXa variant, and small fibula from Vače of the IXc variant, should be dated to the Negova phase, the same as variant VIId and other two-part late Certosa fibulae (Teržan 1976, 429, note 77, 432, note 114).
2 This was noticed by Dragan Božič, my professor and mentor at Fakulteta za podiplomski študij Univerze v Novi Gorici. While he was examining graves from Magdalenska gora, which are part of the Mecklenburg collection, he noticed that certain types of late Certosa fibulae, ascribed to these graves while probably originating from the Golek pri Vinici cemetery, are actually made in two parts, some of them in bronze-bronze combination, others in bronze-iron combination. He suggested that to me as an interesting subject, so we started to work together on solving this issue and this paper is just one part of that research. For further information see Božič, Maric 2015.
Two-part construction can be made in two ways, depending on the chosen material. The bow and the spring with pin can be made of bronze (Fig. 6: 5; - Stare F. 1955, Pl. 34: 5), or, the bow can be made of bronze and the spring with pin can be made of iron (Fig. 6: 4; - Teržan 1973, Pl. 3: 8; -Dular 1978, 25, Pl. 4: 15). In that case, the spring with pin is usually not preserved, because iron decays faster than the bronze (Fig. 6: 3; - Težak-Gregl 1981, Pl. 2: 3,8,9 etc.).
Two parts of the fibula can be connected in several ways - the spring with pin can be attached to the bow with a rivet (Fig. 6: 1,2; - Stare F. 1955, Pl. 35: 1), the extension of the spring can be inserted through the central hole in the button (Fig. 6: 5; - ib., Pl. 34: 5; - Dular 1978, Pl. 4: 1), through the marginal smaller hole in the round flat button (Fig. 6: 6,7), through the middle rib of the three-rib thickening on the bow (Fig. 5: 2; -Vitri 2001, Fig. 7: T. 77/1) or through the globular thickening on the bow (Fig. 6: 8; - Crismani, Righi 2002, 68, Nos. 9 and 13). The last form of connection is the one where the spring extends into a sleeve, into which the terminal of the bow is inserted (Fig. 7: 1; - Szombathy 1901, 345, Fig. 209; - Guštin 1991, 20, Pl. 28: 1). It is characteristic exclusively for the Posočje region, but for the later fibulae of the Idrija pri Bači type (Fig. 7: 3; - Szombathy 1901, 336, Fig. 173; - Guštin 1991, 16, Pl. 14: 9; - Božič 2011, 253-255) and fibulae with three knobs on the bow (Fig. 7: 4; - Guštin 1991, 26, Pl. 35: 1), both of middle La Tene construction.3
There are also some other types of fibulae from the final phase of the Early Iron Age that can be made in two parts, like fibulae with ribbed bow from the Una Valley (Maric 1968, Pl. 2: 22,27,29) or three- and six-knobbed two-part fibulae with a mask at the end of the foot, known only from the necropolis of Golek pri Vinici (Gabrovec 1966, Pl. 14: 1,2). On the other hand, some large and important sites, like Magdalenska gora near Šmarje-Sap (Tecco-Hvala, Dular, Kocuvan 2004, Pls. 15: 5,6; 17: a,1,2; 19: a,2,3 etc.) or Most na Soči in the Soča Valley do not have two-part late Certosa fibulae at all, which indicates that the two-part construction on late Certosa fibulae was related to particular areas. For example, in cemetery at Most
3 Prof. Božič just recently introduced me to this new way of connecting the two parts, on the example of the two-part Certosa VIIf fibula from Idrija pri Bači and later examples of two-part fibulae from Posočje.
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Fig. 6: Examples of the late two-part Certosa fibulae. 1-3,5-8 bronze; 4 bronze and iron. Scale = 1:2. Sl. 6: Primerki dvodelnih poznih certoških fibul. 1-3,5-8 bron; 4 bron in železo. M. = 1:2. 1 - Dernazzacco; 2 - Osor; 3 - Pritoka - Jezerine; 4 - Valična vas; 5 - Vače; 6 - Črnomelj; 7 - Dolenjske Toplice; 8 - Socerb (After / po: Pettarin 2006, 165, Pl. / t. 7: 91 [1]; - Glogovic 1982, Fig. / sl. 4: 2; drawn by: V. Glogovic [2]; - Maric 1968, Pl. / t. 3: 35 [3]; - Teržan 1973, Pl. / t. 3: 8 [4]; - Stare F. 1955, Pl. / t. 34: 5 [5]; - Petru, Šribar 1956, 301, Pl. / t. 1: 5 [6]; - Teržan 1976, Pl. / t. 72: 1 [7]; - Crismani, Righi 2002, 68, no. 13 [8])
A two-part Certosa fibula (variant VIId) from the cult place at Monte di Medea in Friuli
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Fig. 7: Examples of the special way of connecting the parts of the two-part fibulae from Soča region: 1-3 Idrija pri Bači, 4 Reka. Certosa fibula variant VIIf (1); spring with pin (2); Idrija pri Bači type fibula (3); fibula with three knobs on the bow (4). Scale = 1:2.
Sl. 7: Primerki posebnega načina spenjanja delov fibul dvodelne sestave iz Posočja: 1-3 Idrija pri Bači, 4 Reka. Certoška fibula različice VIIf (1); peresovina z iglo (2); fibula vrste Idrija pri Bači (3); fibula s tremi odebelitvami na loku (4). M. = 1:2. (After /po: Guštin 1991, Pls. 28: 1[1]; 6: 13 [2]; 14: 9 [3]); 35: 1[4])
na Soči, two-part construction appears on earlier fibulae, such as boat fibulae (Teržan, Lo Schiavo, Trampuž-Orel 1984, Pls. 1: A1; 5: E1; 11: A1; 13: B1; 16: B; 19: B2; 22: F1; 23: E1; 26: B1,F1 etc.), while all the examples of late Certosa types were made in one part (ib., Pls. 7: B1; 8: A; 17: B1; 28: B; 29: D1; 38: C1,2; 39: A1; 42: B1,2; 47: D2 etc.). At some other important sites of Dolenjska group they appear only occasionally (Stare F. 1955, Pls. 34: 5; 35: 1; - Teržan 1973, Pl. 3: 8; - Stare V. 1973, Pl. 23: 2; - Teržan 1976, Pls. 72: 1; 73: 4; 88: 5).
CONCLUSION
Among approximately 700 bronze fragments from the cult place at Monte di Medea, the only entirely preserved fibula is one example of the Certosa VIId variant, the topic of this paper. In addition, this example also has an unusual construction, unlike any other examples of this variant known from the 1976 study. These two facts have served as the basis for a detailed analysis with several aims.
First, the number of examples known today has almost tripled, which is a substantial increase
and provides a strong base for detailed typological analyses. It was necessary to clarify the typological characteristics of this variant, as well as to compare it with similar variants (Vile and Vllf) in order to avoid mixing different types and variants. These issues arose because not one of the 19 new examples discovered after 1976 was properly attributed, and therefore some of them appear on distribution maps of the Vllf variant (Jablonka 2001, 232, Map 5; Giumlia-Mair 2003, 11, Fig. 3).
Second, one of the aims was to propose the exact dating of this variant. Unfortunately that was difficult, since many examples originate from unknown grave groups. The dating is based on the cult place itself, which can be narrowly dated to the final phase of Hallstatt period in the South-Eastern Alps. It is also based on the presence of the three examples of these fibulae in the tumulus graves at Podzemelj in Bela krajina and on grave 77 from Paularo.
The final aim was to present the two-part construction of some types and variants of late Certosa fibulae as a newly recognized phenomenon. It was realized that fibulae of two-part construction appear only in particular regions, from the Una Valley to Carnia, while at other sites with many
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late Certosa fibulae, for example at Most na Soči and Magdalenska gora, they are all one-part. In the Una Valley and at Golek pri Vinici, where a lot of two-part late Certosa fibulae were discovered, other types of the contemporary fibulae have two-part construction.
To conclude, this specific fibula from the cult place at Monte di Medea in Friuli belongs to variant VIId of the late Certosa fibulae which is represented in this region by no less than eleven examples. However it is unusual due to its two-part construction, which is rare in this variant; only four fibulae out of thirty total are of two-part construction. On the other hand, three of four known two-part examples were discovered in the regions of Friuli and Carnia, where other two-part examples of other types of late Certosa fibulae are also known. For this reason we can conclude that the fibula from Monte di Medea was made in one of the local workshops in this region. This conclusion is also supported by the fact that it is almost identical to the fibula from grave 77 of Paularo, which indicates that they originated from the same workshop. One of the common features, which confirms this statement, is the shared form of connecting the two parts, which on Certosa fibulae of variant VII is found only on these two examples and on a related example of the late variant Vllf from grave 6 of Paularo. It is interesting that as we have seen, two-part late
Certosa fibulae are rather common in the regions of Friuli and Carnia, while in the neighbouring Soča region all such fibulae, except for one from Idrija pri Bači (Fig. 7: 1), are completely absent.
Acknowledgements
Initial results of this study were presented at the conference Caput Adriae - Tra Storia et Archeologia, which was held in Gorizia in January 2013. Paper submitted for this journal presents related subject, but with wider and more detailed approach, with new finds and new results. My gratitude goes to Raffaella Sgubin and Alessandra Martina from Gorizia for the required photography; Adrienne Frie from Milwaukee for proofreading; Mateja Belak, Drago Valoh and Primož Pavlin from Ljubljana for creating the maps and the plates with drawings of the fibulae and for help with literature. Also, I have to thank to several colleagues for reading and helpful comments (Miha Mlinar from Tolmin, Andrej Preložnik from Piran, Boštjan Laharnar from Ljubljana, Dunja Glogovic and Tihomila Težak-Gregl from Zagreb, Lujana Paraman from Trogir, Morana Vukovic from Zadar and Andrijana Pravidur from Sarajevo). Greatest thanks goes to my mentor, prof. Dragan Božič, not only because he recognized and initiated my study on this interesting subject, but also because of his endless help and support.
"This doctoral study is partly co-financed by the European Union and by the European Social Fund respectively. The co-financing is carried out within the Human resources development operational programme for years 2007-2013, development priorities: Encouraging entrepreneurship and adaption; preferential directives 1.3: scholarship schemes."
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SZOMBATHY, J. 1901, Das Grabfeld zu Idrija bei Bača. -Mitteilungen der Prähistorischen Kommission 1/5, 291-363.
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TERŽAN, B., F. LO SCHIAVO, N. TRAMPUŽ-O REL 1984, Most na Soči (S. Lucia) 2, Szombathyjeva izkopavanja. Table / Die Ausgrabungen von J. Szombathy. Tafelband. - Katalogi in monografije 23/2.
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TEŽAK-GREGL, T. 1981, Certosa fibule na centralnom japodskom području (Die Certosafibeln im japodischen Zentralgebiet von Lika). - Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu 14, 25-48.
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VITRI, S. 2013, 11.3.13. Tomba 77. Misincinis di Paularo, Udine, necropoli, 1997. - In: M. Gamba et al. (eds.), Ve-netkens. Viaggio nella terra dei Veneti antichi, 409, Venezia.
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Dvodelna certoška fibula različice VIId s kultnega mesta na Medejskem hribu v Furlaniji
Povzetek
Ugo Furlani je leta 1968 na severnem pobočju zahodnega dela Medejskega hriba nad Medejo (it. Medea) v bližini Gorice odkril nenavadno arheološko najdišče. Predstavil ga je več let pozneje (Furlani 1974-1975). Na razmeroma majhni površini so našli okrog 700 bronastih odlomkov, od katerih večina pripada certoškim fibulam, 80 steklenih jagod in številne odlomke keramičnih posod (sl. 1; 2). Ker so na večini odkritih najdb sledovi ognja in ker je v plasteh našel veliko drobcev sežganih človeških kosti (ib., 35-36, 38), je sklepal, da gre za prekopano žgano grobišče (ib., 38). Vendar sta pozneje arheologa Anne-Marie Adam iz Francije in Paul Gleirscher iz Avstrije ugotovila, da je Furlani po vsej verjetnosti izkopal del kultnega mesta s konca starejše železne dobe (Adam 1991, 53-54, 58; Gleirscher 2002, 244; Božič 2011, 265-266).
Certoške fibule VII. vrste
V članku obravnavam edino v celoti ohranjeno certoško fibulo s kultnega mesta na Medejskem hribu (Furlani 1973, 188, sl. 4; Furlani 1974-1975, 36, t. 2: 1; Božič 2011, 246, op. 4 z napačno uvrstitvijo v različico IXa), ki pripada različici VIId certoških fibul (sl. 2; - Teržan 1976, 325, 328, d, Medea, sl. 3: d).
Biba Teržan je v svoji temeljni študiji o certoških fibulah navedla glavne značilnosti VII. vrste (ib., 325) in jo razdelila na devet različic (ib., 325-329, sl. 3). Primerek z Medejskega hriba je uvrstila v različico VIId (ib., 328) in navedla nekaj njenih značilnosti (ib., 325), pri čemer ni omenila še nekaterih drugih značilnih lastnosti: lok je običajno dolg med 8,5 in 10,5 cm, njegov presek je segmenten, polkrožen, zaobljeno rombičen, trikoten ali ovalen, okrašen je samo hrbet noge, in sicer z V-motivom, najvišji del loka je ožji od hrbta noge in noge imajo na koncu dva različna gumba (sl. 5). Fibule različice VIId (sl. 3: 1) so bile v literaturi večkrat napačno pripisane različicama VIIe (sl. 3: 2) in VIIf (sl. 3: 3-5), čeprav so razlike nedvomne. Fibule različic VIIe in VIIf imajo na rombično razširjenem loku očesci, na gumbu na koncu noge pa trikoten okras. Različica VIIe je bogateje okrašena kot različica
VIIf. Fibule različice VIIf, ki so značilne za grobišče na Goleku pri Vinici, nimajo ploščatega loka, ampak masiven lok trikotnega preseka (sl. 3: 5).
Različica VIId - nove najdbe (prim. seznam 1)
Novi primerki izvirajo iz Furlanije. Devet fibul različice VIId je z območja Čedada, najverjetneje z grobišča Dernazzacco (sl. 5: 3; 6: 1; - Pettarin 2006, 108-110, t. 6: 82,86,89; 7: 91,93,98-101), ena pa iz Pozzuola del Friuli (sl. 5: 4; - Seidel 2008, 86, št. 28). S Krasa so štirje primerki, odkriti na grobišču pri Socerbu (sl. 5: 9; - Crismani, Righi 2002, 69, sl. 14-17). Naslednja fibula je z Gurine pri kraju Dellach v Ziljski dolini na Koroškem (sl. 5: 1; - Jablonka 2001, 114, t. 80: 23), še ena pa je iz Karnije, in sicer iz groba 77 grobišča Misincinis v Paularu (sl. 5: 2; - Vitri 2001, 28, sl. 7: T. 77/1). Zadnja dva primerka sta iz Kvarnerja, eden z Grobnika na območju Reke (sl. 5: 11; - Glogovič 1989, 112, t. 32: 8; Blečič 2004, 65-66, t. 3: 1.2.8) in drugi iz Osorja na Cresu (sl. 5: 12; - Cus-Rukonič 1980-1981, 8, št. 5, t. 1: 6).
V oktobru leta 2014 je bil odkrit še en primerek. Izvira iz groba 2 pri Čadrgu blizu Tolmina (Mlinar 2015, 33).1 Poleg nje je grob vseboval še sežgane kosti in žganino.
Večina teh novih najdb je bila pripisana različicama VIIe in VIIf: primerki iz Dernazzacca (Pettarin 2006, 209, t. 6: 82,86,89; 7: 91,93 in 211, t. 7: 98-101) in Socerba (Crismani, Righi 2002, 69, sl. 14-17), z Gurine (Jablonka 2001, 114, t. 80: 23) ter iz Misincinisa v Paularu (Giumlia-Mair 2003, 11, sl. 3; Vitri 2013). Fibula z Grobnika je bila uvrščena v različico XIIb certoških fibul (Blečič 2004, 84), primerek iz Pozzuola del Friuli pa na splošno v VII. vrsto, brez podrobnejše opredelitve različice (Seidel 2008, 16), medtem ko primerek iz Osorja tipološko ni bil opredeljen.
Če primerjamo karto, dopolnjeno z novimi najdbami (sl. 4), s seznamom Teržanove iz leta 1976 (Teržan 1976, 328), ugotovimo, da območje razprostranjenosti ni bistveno drugačno, povečalo
1 Podatek Miha Mlinarja, kustosa Tolminskega muzeja.
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pa se je število primerkov, zlasti v Furlaniji ter na območju Notranjske in Krasa. Preostale nove najdbe so posamezni primerki, ki segajo proti severu do Koroške, proti jugu pa do Kvarnerja. Velika večina novih primerkov izvira z žganih grobišč (Dernazzacco in Socerb), posamezni pa iz naselja (Pozzuolo del Friuli) ali s kultnega mesta (Gurina) in verjetno iz grobov (Grobnik in Osor).
Datacija različice VIId
Na podlagi najdiščnih okoliščin več primerkov je jasno, da moramo različico VIId certoških fibul datirati v stopnjo Sv. Lucija Ilc v Posočju, ki ji na Dolenjskem in v Beli krajini ustreza negovska stopnja.
O starosti različice VIId Biba Teržan ni napisala ničesar, je pa imela sorodni različici VIIe in VIIf (Teržan 1976, 432, 433, 436) za najmlajši različici certoških fibul. Njenega mnenja, da so bile v modi še v stopnjah LT B2 in celo LT C (ib., 433 in 436), ni mogoče podpreti z dokazi. Po drugi strani pripadajo skoraj vsi odlomki certoških fibul s kultnega mesta na Medejskem hribu pozni različici IXa (sl. 1: 4,9,10) in X. vrsti (sl. 1: 11,12; - Furlani 1974-1975, t. 2; 3; 4: 1-11), ki sta obe datirani v stopnjo Sv. Lucija IIc, kar ustreza negovski stopnji (Božič 2011, 246, op. 4; 266). Še en dokaz, da je treba različico VIId datirati v končno stopnjo starejše železne dobe in da se ni nadaljevala v mlajšo železno dobo, nam dajejo tri fibule iz go-milnih grobov pri Podzemlju (sl. 5: 10; - Dular 1978, 25, t. 4: 2,9,14). Čeprav se njihove grobne celote niso ohranile, ni dvoma, da ne izvirajo iz morebitnih grobov stopenj LT B2 in LT C, ker so na koncu starejše železne dobe v podzemeljske gomile prenehali pokopavati. Enako velja za plano žgano grobišče Misincinis v Paularu, kjer je bil en primerek različice VIId najden v grobu 77, ki sodi med precej revne grobove zadnje stopnje grobišča (sl. 5: 2; - Vitri 2001, 28, sl. 7: T. 77/1).
Dvodelne pozne certoške fibule
Poleg fibule z Medejskega hriba imajo dvodelno sestavo še tri druge fibule različice VIId (sl. 5: 2,5,12; 6: 1), vendar te sestave ne moremo povezati samo z enim območjem.
Novejše odkritje pomeni nenavadna dvodelna sestava nekaterih certoških fibul z enostransko peresovino (sl. 6), ki je povezana z določenim
obdobjem in določenimi območji. Fibule iz dveh delov so imeli prej praviloma za popravljene. Dvodelna sestava se večinoma pojavlja pri poznih certoških fibulah zadnje faze halštatskega obdobja v jugovzhodnih Alpah, ki pripadajo različicam VIId, VIIe (Glogovic 1982, 40, sl. 4: 2) in VIIf (npr. Maric 1968, sl. 4: 2; t. 2: 16; 3: 35; - Teržan 1973, t. 3: 8; - Vitri 2001, sl. 5: T. 6/1) ter X. (Stare F. 1955, t. 34: 5; - Dular 1978, t. 4: 1; - Guštin 1979, t. 64: 50; - Pettarin 2006, t. 10: 141-151), XI. (Petru, Šribar 1956, t. 1: 5; - Teržan 1976, t. 72: 1; - Seidel 2008, 84, št. 23) in XII. vrsti (Te-žak-Gregl 1981, t. 5: 10; - Crismani, Righi 2002, 68, št. 13), ne pa na fibulah iz predhodne, to je certoške stopnje, kot so fibule različice Ib, vrste V in različice VIIa (Teržan 1976, pril. 1). Dvodelna sestava je izjemno redka pri drugih vrstah ali različicah certoških fibul z enostransko peresovino, se pa pojavlja pri nekaterih drugih vrstah sočasnih fibul (na primer pri goseničastih fibulah v Pounju in pri tri- oziroma šestrtastih fibulah z Goleka pri Vinici). Dvodelne pozne certoške fibule so značilne za Pounje, Liko, dolino Kolpe, Notranjsko in Kras, Furlanijo in Karnijo, medtem ko se v nekaterih pomembnih halštatskih središčih, kot sta Most na Soči v Posočju in Magdalenska gora na Dolenjskem, ne pojavljajo.
Certoške fibule z dvodelno sestavo so lahko v celoti izdelane iz brona (sl. 6: 5; - Stare F. 1955, t. 34: 5) ali pa iz brona in železa (sl. 6: 4; - Teržan 1973, t. 3: 8; - Dular 1978, 25, t. 4: 15). Dela fibule sta spojena različno - peresovina z iglo je lahko pritrjena na lok z zakovico (sl. 6: 1,2; - Stare F. 1955, t. 35: 1), podaljšek peresovine je lahko vtaknjen skozi gumb na glavi (sl. 6: 5; - ib., t. 34: 5; - Dular 1978, t. 4: 1), skozi srednje od treh prečnih reber na glavi (sl. 5: 2; - Vitri 2001, sl. 7: T. 77/1) ali skozi kroglasto odebelitev na loku (sl. 6: 8; - Crismani, Righi 2002, 68, št. 9 in 13). Pri eni fibuli z Idrije pri Bači (sl. 7: 1; - Guštin 1991, t. 28: 1) prehaja peresovina v tulec, ki je bil nataknjen na koničasto oblikovan konec loka. Tak način spajanja peresovine z lokom je znan samo iz Posočja, kjer se sicer pojavlja na nekaterih fibulah mlajše železne dobe (sl. 7: 2,3).
Sklep
Tema članka je certoška fibula različice VIId po Bibi Teržan, edina v celoti ohranjena fibula med okoli 700 bronastimi odlomki, ki so jih našli na kultnem mestu na Medejskem hribu v Furla-
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Ana MARIC
niji in ki večinoma pripadajo certoškim fibulam. Poleg tega je omenjena fibula sestavljena iz dveh delov, kar ne velja za nobeno od fibul, ki jih je leta 1976 Teržanova pripisala tej različici. Ti dve posebnosti sta spodbudili podrobno analizo, ki je imela več ciljev. Število primerkov se je do zdaj skoraj potrojilo, kar je ustvarilo dober temelj za podrobno tipološko analizo. Treba je bilo določiti vse tipološke značilnosti te različice ter opraviti natančno primerjavo s sorodnima različicama Vile in Vllf. Prav vsi od skupno 19 primerkov različice Vlld, ki so bili odkriti po letu 1976, so bili namreč opredeljeni kot fibule različic Viie ali Vllf. Zaradi tega sta bili tudi dve najdišči fibul različice Vlld (Gurina v Ziljski dolini in Paularo v Karniji) postavljeni na karto razprostranjenosti fibul različice Vllf.
Ker različica Viid doslej ni bila ožje datirana, je bil drugi cilj njena časovna opredelitev. Da sodi v čas stopnje Sv. Lucija lic v Posočju oziroma negovske stopnje na Dolenjskem, dokazuje prav njena prisotnost na kultnem mestu na Medejskem hribu, ki je datirano v ta čas. Tako datacijo potrjuje tudi grob 77 iz Paulara, ki sodi med najmlajše, razmeroma revne grobove grobišča Misincinis.
Zadnji cilj je bila predstavitev dvodelne sestave, ki se pojavlja pri nekaterih vrstah in različicah poznih certoških fibul z enostransko peresovino, ker gre za nov, doslej neopažen pojav. Pri tem je
bilo ugotovljeno, da se take fibule pojavljajo samo na določenih območjih od Pounja do Karnije, na nekaterih najdiščih, na katerih poznamo veliko poznih certoških fibul, na primer na Mostu na Soči in na Magdalenski gori, pa ne, saj so tam vse take fibule enodelne. V Pounju in na Goleku pri Vinici, kjer je bilo odkrito veliko dvodelnih poznih certoških fibul, imajo dvodelno sestavo tudi druge vrste sočasnih fibul.
Dvodelna fibula s kultnega mesta na Medejskem hribu pripada različici Vlld, ki v Furlaniji ni nič neobičajnega, saj tu poznamo vsega 11 primerkov. Od skupno 30 primerkov te različice so dvodelni samo štirje, od katerih kar trije izvirajo iz Furlanije in Karnije. Zato lahko sklepamo, da gre za izdelek ene od lokalnih delavnic na tem območju. V prid tej domnevi govori tudi dejstvo, da je fibula iz groba 77 v Paularu skoraj popolnoma enaka, kar kaže na to, da izvirata iz iste delavnice.
Prevod: Dragan Božič
Ana Maric
Zemaljski muzej Bosne i Hercegovine Zmaja od Bosne 3 BA-71000 Sarajevo, BIH anam.ze.1888@gmail.com