COINAGE AND HISTORY IN PANNONIA 
IN THE THIRD CENTURY A. D.
R. A. G. CARSON 
The B ritish M useum , London
Pl. 1 : p. 482
In R om an im perial studies the second h all of the th ird century A. D. 
and especially the th ird q u a rte r is notoriously poor in the m atter of historical 
evidence. This is tru e of the em pire a t large and th e position as far as th e 
fro n tier provinces are concerned is even m ore desperate. In this respect the 
student of R om an Pannonia encounters m uch the sam e difficulties as are m et 
by stu d en ts of Rom an B ritain. T here are no contem porary accounts and the 
evidence of inscriptions is m eagre. It is for this period th a t num ism atic evi­
dence becom es of prim e im portance. The evidence of the coins is of tw o kinds, 
both of considerable v alue for th e history of this chaotic period. T here is, first 
of all, th e in tern al evidence of th e coins them selves — th eir po rtraitu re, re­
verse types, dating form ulae, and th e m arks indicating m ints and the officina 
stru ctu re of the m ints. T here is, also, the archaeological evidence of the coins 
either as finds from excavated sites or in th e form of hoards. The study of 
hoards —• th eir composition, th e ir term in al date, th e ir location and w h eth er 
they a re isolated hoards or p a rt of a p a tte rn — all these can provide valuable 
evidence fo r the history of such a fro n tier province.
A n outline sketch of the events in Pannonia in th e later th ird century 
can be derived from th e evidence of the coins them selves, p articu larly the 
activity of the m int of Siscia and from the archaeological evidence of the coins.
We tak e as the beginning of our story the historically w ellassured fact 
of the rev o lt of P acatian (Pl. 1: 1). The historians record th a t he rebelled against 
Severianus, fath er-in -law of P h ilip I, who had appointed him governor of 
Moesia. If w e did not know th e date, the coins w ould determ ine it as 248-9; 
for a rev erse of P acatian is inscribed ROMAE AETER AN MILL ET PRIMO, 
and th e re is a gap in the local bronze coinage of V im inacium betw een P hilip I 
and T ra ja n Decius.1 In th a t in te rv a l th e m in t of V im inacium w as busy pro­
ducing th e antoniniani of P acatian. Though his m in t w as in Moesia, Zosim us2 
records th a t his area of support included Pannonia, and it w as the P annonian 
arm y w hich eventually in 249 proclaim ed Decius w ho had been sent by P h ilip 
to subdue Pacatian. The proclam ation, of P acatian m ay have been due to some 
local success on his p a rt again st invading C arpi in 248, and the n o rth ern
1 R IC IV 3, 65-6. and 105, no. 6 2 Z osim us I 21, 2.

fro n tier of Pannonia may also have been affected by these barbarian m ove­
ments, and by the backw ash of the Gothic invasions of 250 aimed more at the 
M oesian limes. It was in th e cam paign againts th e Goths under K niva th a t 
T rajan Decius fell in the b a ttle near A brittus in 251.
T here is m ore positive evidence that P annonia suffered from b arb arian 
inroads in the reign of Trebonianus Gallus. Legio II A diutrix w ith its station 
a t A quincum saw some action a t this tim e to judge from the fact th at it is 
recorded w ith the epithet G alliana-V olusiana.3 Two hoards, also, from Brigetio 
and B ajot to the S. E. of B rigetio, have term inal dates of 252. W hen Aemilian, 
governor of Lower Moesia, w as proclaim ed em peror by his troops in 253, he 
was probably supported by the troops in Pannonia. For w hat it is w orth, 
Zosim us4 calls him ncuonxò)v ■f/yovijti'oç xdttoyv- Two hoards, one from an u n ­
recorded site in Serbia,5 and the other from Intercisa6 closing w ith a late coin 
of V olusian were, it has been suggested, concealed la te r in 253 after the defeat 
of A em ilian and the advent of V alerian’s troops.
The continuing b arb arian pressure on Dacia had drastic repercussions on 
the n o rth ern frontier provinces and at least three hoards from Szachs,7 Sza- 
lacksa8 and D unapentele9 have term inal coins suggesting concealm ent in 258-60. 
In 260 th e whole fabric of em pire was shaken by the disaster of the d efeat 
and capture of V alerian by th e Sassanians. The ap p aren t inability of the sta te 
to cope w ith the defence of the frontier provinces led to local secessionist 
uprisings. A separate Gallic em pire was successfully established by Postum us, 
and in 260 also the governor of Pannonia, Ingenuus, w as proclaim ed by h is 
troops. The revolt w as sw iftly suppressed by the defeat of Ingenuus at M ursa 
before he had the opportunity to issue any coins, b u t almost im m ediately 
another usurper, Regalian, governor of U pper Pannonia, was proclaim ed by 
the still dissatisfied army. T he area of his control is not w ell defined nor is 
the d u ratio n of his revolt. C ertainly it w as of sufficient length for coins to 
be struck for Regalian and for his wife D ryantilla (PI. 1: 2, 3).1 0 These coins 
are all overstruck on earlier denarii, m ostly of th e Severan period, presum ­
ably a t his h eadquarters in C arnuntum w here m ost of the recorded exam ples 
have been discovered.1 1
The crisis of em pire and th e m ilitary involvem ent on a num ber of fro n ­
tiers had consequences for th e im perial m int system. The expenses of m ilitary 
cam paigns and the necessity of ensuring regular paym ent to the troops to 
retain th e ir loyalty m ade necessary the creation of Roman m ints in the p ro ­
vinces. In the East, V alerian’s cam paign required the opening of a second 
m int to supplem ent the existing m int of Antioch. This second m in t was pro­
bably located at Cyzicus.1 2 Sim ilarly, Gallienus, for his campaigns against the 
G erm an invaders across th e Rhine, set up a m in t a t Cologne. In a logical 
extension of this policy a site for a m int to serve th e needs of the north ern
3 C IL III 3421.
4 Z osim us I 28, 1.
5 N u m . Zeitschr. (1924) 90 ff.
6 N u m . Zeitschr. (1955-56) 3 ff.
7 N u m . Zeitschr. (1914) 147. 
e Ib id em (1951) 7 ff.
1 Ib id em (1953-54) 5 ff.
1 0 R IC V 2, 586-8.
1 1 Cf. R. Gobi, D er röm ische M ünz­
schatzfund von A petlon. Wiss. A rb. aus 
d. B urgenland 5 (1954) 6 ff.
1 2 R. A. G. C arson, T he H am ä H oard 
and the E a ste rn M ints of V alerian a n d 
G allienus. B e ry tu s 17 (1967-68) 123 ff.

provinces w as selected a t Siscia w hich opened in 262 and continued through 
the th ird and fourth centuries to be one of th e m ajor Rom an mints.
It is to O. V oetter1 3 th a t w e owe the first scientific segregation of the 
coinage of G allienus and th e identification of the products of the m int of 
Siscia. Professor Alföldi subsequently published a m ore lengthy study, estab ­
lishing th e derivation of the m in t of Siscia from Rome, determ ining the date 
of inception as 262, and arran g in g the coinage in th ree successive groups.1 4 
M ore recently, Professor Gobi, w hile accepting A lföldi's general sequence, has 
produced a m ore detailed arran g em en t of th e various phases, p articu larly of 
th e m ark ed series in A lföldi’s th ird group.1 5
T he first coinage includes a ty p e w hich not only shows in the obverse 
p o rtra it style the influence of th e Rome m int bu t provides us w ith the id en ti­
fication of the m int w ith th e clear reverse inscription SISCIA AVG and its 
personification of the city w ith th e representation of th e riv er Sava u n d e r­
neath. A nother intriguing type in th e early coinage shows a Ju p ite r described 
as Ju p p iter C antabrorum (Pl. 1: 4). A lföldi1 6 ingeniously suggests th a t this is a 
referen ce to the im petus Cantabricus, the recently created force of cavalry 
w hich played such a successful rôle in G allienus’ cam paigns against usurpers. 
Pie dism isses an earlier suggestion of any connection w ith the deity C antabria 
m entioned in an inscription from Topusko and now in the Zagreb M useum ;1 7 
bu t some local significance for th is unique and intrig u in g piece would have 
its attractions. The la te r coinage w hich shows the obverse p o rtrait developing 
into a recognisable Siscian sty le contains the evidence for the organisation of 
the m in t in tw o officinae. The in itial S is accom panied by the num erals I or II, 
or th e ordinals P or S ap p ear alone in th e field or exergue of th e coin 
(PI. 1: 5, 6).
T he v ariety of reverse types recorded for only some seven years of coinage 
by a tw o officinae m in t strongly suggests a prolific and im portant coinage. 
D em onstration of this still aw aits fu rth e r research and study. This w ill be 
m uch facilitated w hen the hoards w hich already exist and w hich w ill u n ­
doubtedly continue to come to lig h t are published w ith the sufficiency of 
accuracy w hich w ill m ake such a study possible.
This is even m ore tru e of the coinages of C laudius II and Q uintilius. The 
basic stu d y and account of these w as published by M ark as long ago as 1885. 
A lföldi included the coinage of C laudius and Q uintilius in his series of studies on 
the m in t of Siscia b u t w ithout adding much of significance.1 8 Again, a study in 
d ep th is required here based on hoard statistics w hich w ill enable th e tru e 
p a tte rn of the substantive issues to appear and dem onstrate, as it alm ost cer­
tain ly w ill, the rôle of Siscia as a prolific and im p o rtan t m int. The principal 
new featu re to note in these coinages is the expansion of the m int u n d er 
C laudius to three and subsequently to four officinae. A t Siscia as a t Rome 
th e coinage of Q uintilius presen ts an obverse p o rtra it scarcely distinguishable 
from th a t of his b ro th er C laudius, and an identical series of reverse types 
(T. 1: 7, 8).
1 3 N u m . Zeitschr. (1900) 117 ff.; (1901) 
73 ff.
u N u m . K özl. (1928-29) 14 ff.
1 5 N u m . Zeitschr. (1953) 23-7.
1 6 N um . K özl. (1928-29) 12-13.
1 7 C IL III 10832.
1 8 N um . K özl. (1953) 9-23.

. W ith the reign of A urelian w e come to the m ost intractable coinage of th e 
whole im perial series, and a coinage in w hich the m in t of Siscia presents p a rti­
cular difficulties bu t m ay w ell provide the key to the solution of much of th e 
problem. The problem s raised by this coinage are such that, apart from Rohde's 
assem blage of m aterial, none of the great scholars w ho have dealt so success­
fully w ith much, of th e th ird century coinage has published anything — to 
my knowledge, at any rate — on Aurelian.
This coinage, presents several m ajor problem s for solution. There is first 
of all th e question of the reform of the coinage. The date w hen the reform was 
in stituted and w hat precisely w as involved in and w as effected by the .reform 
still rem ain m atters for conjecture.1 9 The second problem is the general shape 
of the coinage. There are th ree fairly well defined phases. An initial coinage 
reproduces closely the w eight and fineness of the preceding antoninianus 
coinage of Claudius II and Q uintilius. The p o rtrait of A urelian is scarcely to 
be distinguished from th a t of his predecessors, and a t most m ints an alm ost 
identical range of reverse types is also used (PI. 1: 9). A second phase introduces 
w hat w e m ay call a “proto-reform ” coinage, presenting a new range of reverses 
accom panied by a new p o rtra it (PI. 1: 10), and in w eight, fineness and fabric 
approxim ating to the coins of the last phase, the tru e reform coinage bearing 
the value m ark XXI and ultim ately a m int initial (PI. 1: 11). The general shape 
of the coinage is clear enough b u t the exact sequence of issues and their dating 
is bound up w ith the m ost d ifficult problem of all, th e correct attribution to 
m ints of coins either w ith no m ark at all or w ith m arks indicating only 
officina num bers. It is w ith th is question th a t th e coinage of Siscia is m ost 
heavily involved.
The statistics of a large ho ard of over 15.000 antoniniani of the later th ird 
century found at Gloucester in th e w est of England in 1959 are revealing. The 
coins of A urelian am ounted to over 2.000. W hen these w ere identified and. 
arranged according to RIC the startlin g fact em erged th a t the coinage of Siscia 
am ounted to some 45 % > of the identifiable coins. Of w estern mints, 735 w ere 
of Siscia, 341 of Rome, 372 of M ilan/Ticinum and 41 of Lugdunum. One can 
here ignore the low showing of Lugdunum w hich is due, of course, to th e 
fact th a t th is m int cam e into A u relian’s control only a year before his death. 
The significant fact is the g reat preponderance of Siscia over the Italian m ints 
of Rome and M ilan/Ticinum w hich are usually w ell represented in B ritish finds, 
and in th is sam e find, of th e coins of Tacitus for instance, the figures a re 
Rome 487, Ticinum 385 and Siscia only 34 (Lugdunum has 2.772).
A n u m b er of explanations suggest themselves. The Gloucester hoard m ay 
be unique in its composition, fo r it is the only B ritish find to consist alm ost 
exclusively of coins of A urelian onw ards of the reform type. Analysis, how ­
ever, of th e few adequately recorded hoards of the period confirm the general 
picture. The hoard from K om in2 0 had 53 coins of A urelian from Siscia against 
22 from Rome and 29 from M ilan/Ticinum ; th a t from Thibouville2 1 had 38 coins
1 9 R. A. G. C arson, The re fo rm of
A u relian in R evue N um . (1965) 225 ff. 
an d T he in flatio n of th e th ird cen tu ry
an d its m o n etary influence in th e N ear 
E ast in Proceed, of th e In ternat. N um . 
C onvention (Jerusalem 1963) 231 ff.
2 0 Z. B arcsay-A m ant, A. K om ini 
E rem lelet, D iss. Pann. Ser. 2, 5 (1937) 
7 ff.
2 1 P. B astien and H. G. Pflaum . L a 
trouvaille de m onnaies rom aines de T h i­
bouville, Gallia 19 (19«1) 71 ff.

of Siscia to 22 of Rome and 55 of M ilan/Ticinum . The huge hoard from V enera,-2 
though published w ith considerable detail, is so arranged th a t the com parison 
of m int figures is difficult, b u t h ere too the general im pression is that, for 
A urelian, Siscia predom inates.
The second line of th o ught is th a t the m in t attrib u tio n s of the stan d ard 
w orks are at fault, and th a t som e of the series a ttrib u te d to Siscia really 
belong to other m ints, m ost pro b ab ly to Rome. R epeated exam ination of the 
debatable series using th e criteria of num bers of officinae, developm ent and 
variatio n of m arks, reverse ty p e vocabulary, and obverse p o rtrait style has 
not been able to determ ine w here th e series attrib u ted to Siscia can be logically 
broken and w hich p arts excised and transferred. It appears, therefore, from the 
present stage of the investigation th a t in the coinage of A urelian the m int of 
Siscia played a m ost im p o rtan t p art, seem ingly m ore im portant th an Rom e 
itself. It m ay be th a t th e m oneyers’ revolt a t Rome, exaggerated though it 
m ay be by th e Historia A ugusta,2 2 2 3 did for a tim e at least curtail the activity of 
the m etropolitan m int. This conclusion about the im portance of Siscia u n d er 
A urelian can be only ten tativ e and requires the substantiation w hich can be 
provided only by the availability of m any m ore w ell recorded hoards. It w ill 
be necessary to have a strong body of m aterial from th e hoards of Pannonia 
in the m in t area of Siscia and from other w estern provinces as well to d e te r­
mine if possible, the m int source of the debatable issues.
T his lengthy discussion is n o t m erely an irre le v a n t num ism atic digression. 
If, ultim ately , the rôle of Siscia in the coinage of the period can be sub­
stan tiated as of this degree of im portance, it w ill b e fu rth e r evidence of stab i­
lity an d prosperity in P annonia in th e later th ird century. Mócsy in his m ost 
com prehensive article in RE2 4 com m ents th at up to th e tim e of G allienus P a n ­
nonia w as productive of revolts and usurpers, b u t th a t u n d er the Illy rian em ­
perors these vanish from the scene. The death of C laudius at Sirm ium from 
the plag u e and later th e assassination of Probus also at Sirm ium w ere not 
signals for revolt. Such disturbances as are recorded are the consequences of 
b arb arian invasion, as in 270 w hen A urelian had to tak e the field against the 
Vandals, Suevi, and S arm atians. T he Komin hoard, term inating in 275 w ith 
coins of Tacitus, m ay reflect som e sim ilar m ore local incident, or it m ay be 
an instance susceptible to less dram atic explanation.
F ortu n ately , after A urelian, m in t attributions a re less difficult to d eter­
mine, even though w e have n o t y e t reached the stage w here m ints are con­
sistently identifiable b y th eir in itial letter or syllable. The reign of T acitus 
and F lo rian w as short b u t w as productive of a v ast coinage, p articu larly in 
the w est w here the w retched coinage of the T etrici required to be replaced. 
On th e evidence of the G loucester hoard, o u tp u t a t Siscia was considerably 
reduced as com pared w ith th e Italian m ints, bu t it m ay be only th at w ith 
the L ugdunum m int once m ore in full swing the products of Siscia w ere not 
being channeled tow ards the w estern provinces. In an y event Siscia continued 
to w ork in th e six and som etim es seven officinae to w hich the m int had been 
expanded u n d er A urelian. T here are only two sim ple m arks on the antoniniani,
2 2 L. A. M ilani, Il rip ostiglio della 2 3 SH A , A ur. X X V I 38, 2 f.
V enera. R eale Acc. dei L incei 277, 3 ff. 2 4 RE, S uppl. IX (1962) s. v. P a n ­
nonia.

either X X I or XXIP, repeating form s used by A urelian and repeating also 
some of the reverse types of his coinage (Pl. 1: 12). The same m int organisation 
can be traced under Probus, and at Siscia, as elsew here, frequent use is m ade 
of elaborate busts on the obverse. In this coinage, also, as in th at of Gallienus, 
the city is again represented as a reverse type, here flanked by two river gods, 
the Sava and the G linka (PI. 1: 13).2 5 Issues of gold, som ew hat scarce in earlier 
reigns, become m ore plentiful, some m arked by a clear m int signature (PI. 1: 14). 
In the coinage of C am s and his fam ily the sim ple m int m arks noted for
Probus are eventually replaced by the readily id e n tifia b le ---------------(PI. 1: 15).
SMSXXI
A fu rth e r rare and interesting series of antoniniani w ith an unusual obverse 
showing the confronted busts of Sol and C am s inscribed DEO ET DOMINO 
CARO AVG (PI. 1: 16) has been traditionally ascribed to Siscia'2 6 bu t the placing 
of this issue in view of the unusual reverse m ark requires fu rth er investi­
gation.
The coinage continues to be silent about contem porary events, and in the 
Siscian coinage of C am s th ere is no m ention of the em peror’s successful repulse 
of an invasion by the S arm atians at the beginning of his reign. There is, how ­
ever, a bronze m edallion of N um erian showing on its reverse two em perors 
in triu m p h al quadriga w ith the inscription TRIVMFV QVADOR.2 7
It is not clear to w hat e x te n t the revolt of Julian, the co rrecto r V e n e tia e , 
was supported by the troops in Pannonia, b u t the m int of Siscia certainly 
passed un d er his control.2 8 His ra re gold coinage (PI. 1: 17) does not bear the 
m int signature but the billon antoniniani include as p a rt of the m int m ark the 
in itial S, as on the issue show ing the figures of the tw o Pannoniae (PL 1: 18). It 
was n o t in this province itself b u t in nearby Moesia, close to Viminacium, 
th at C arinus, though victorious in battle against Diocletian in 285 was m u r­
dered by one of his own officers.
The advent of D iocletian w hich was shortly to produce a reconstruction 
of the em pire and of the m in t and coinage system s a t Siscia as elsewhere 
seems an appropriate point to end this sketch of coinage and events in P anno­
nia in the late third century. This paper has propounded m ore problem s th an 
it has offered solutions, b u t it m ay serve to indicate the contribution w hich 
the coin evidence from Pannonia can m ake to the reconstruction of the events 
of the th ird century in this province.
N ovčarstvo in zgodovina P anonije v tr e tje m stoletju
P isan o izročilo za zgodovino rim skega im perija v d rugi polovici tretjeg a sto ­
le tja je zelo skrom no. To velja za imperi.j kot celoto, še bolj pa za obm ejne province, 
m ed njirmi tu d i za Panonijo. P oročil sodobnikov nim am o, p ričevanje napisov je pičlo, 
zato je za to razdobje num izm atičn a evidenca osnovne važnosti. T a pa je dvojna. 
N ajp rej izpovedna m oč novcev sam ih s portreti, tip i reverov, datum i in kovniškim i
2 5 R IC , V 2, P ro b u s 764-6. 2 8 R IC V 2, 593-3; E. Pegan, Im p e-
2 6 R IC V 2, C arus 99. ra to r M arcus A urelius Julianus, N um .
2 1 G necchi, I m edaglioni R om ani II, vijesti 26 (1968) 45 ff.
Tav. 123, 8.

priznaki. D alje arheološka v red n o st novcev z najdišči, p red v sem pa najdb, k a te rih 
sestav, d a ta c ija in lokacija m orejo d o p rin esti dràgocene podatke.
O ris dogodkov v P an o n iji v k a sn e m 3. stol. p ričen jam o s P ak acijan o v k n uporom 
v M eziji za v la d e F ilipa I. L egenda n à P ak acijan o v em novcu — an m ill et prim o, d o ­
loča čas k o t 248—249, v v im in acijsk em k o v an ju lo k aln ih b ak re n c e v p a je m ed F ili­
pom I. in T raja n o m D ecijem vrzèl, saj v tem času V im inacium k u je a n to n in ijan e 
za P ak a c ija n a . P ro k lam acijo P a k a c ija n a so v erjetn o povzročili v o jašk i uspehi n a d 
K arp i le ta 248, k aterih v p ad i so m o rd a p rizadeli severne m eje P anonije. Z a v dore 
b a rb a ro v v P an o n ijo za časa v la d e T reb o n ijan a G ala g o v o rita m ed drugim tu d i 
novčni n a jd b i B rigetio in B ajot, k i z a k lju č u je ta v 1. 252. K o so g u v ern erja S podnje 
M ezije E m ilija n a oklicale čete za c e sa rja 1. 253, ga je v e rje tn o podprla tu d i vo jsk a 
v P an o n iji. D ve najdbi, e n a n elo k aliziran a iz Srbije, d ru g a iz Intercise, sta bili 
zakopani v e rje tn o 1 . 253 po p o razu E m ilijana. S taln i p ritisk b arb aro v n a D acijo 
je d rastičn o odjeknil tu d i v sev ern ih m ejn ih provincah. N ajd b e Szachs, Szalacksa 
in D u n ap en tele so bile zakopane v L 258—260. P o raz in z a je tje V a le ria n a v P erziji 
sta p re tre sla im perij. N esposobnost d rž a v e za obram bo m e ja je vedla do u porov in 
odcepitev. P o stu m u s je osnoval ločen g alsk i im perij in 1. 260 so panonske čete o k li­
cale g u v e rn e rja Ingenua za cesarja. U por je bil h itro zatrt, a že je sledila u zu rp acija 
R egalijana, ki se je obdržal na o b lasti nekoliko dlje, saj je koval zase in za ženo 
D ryantilo v e rje tn o v C arnuntu.
K riza im p erija in vojaški k o n flik ti n a m ejah so v p liv ali tu d i n a novčarstvo. 
R edno izp lačev an je v o jaštv a je te rja lo nove kovnice v pro v in cah . N a vzhodu je V ale- 
rija n o snoval kovnico K yzikus, e n a k o G alijen v K ölnu. Z a k ritje potreb severnih 
provinc je b ila 1. 202 osnovana Siseija. P o rtre tn i stil začetnih kovov izdaja v p liv rim ­
ske kovnice. Posebej zanim iva sta n a p isa rev ero v Siscia A u g in Juppiter C antabro­
rum . P o stopno se razv ija za Siscijo svojski stil in k o v an je je organizirano v dveh 
oficinah. Š tev iln i tip i rev e ro v kažejo n a obilno kovanje. P o trd ite v te dom neve je p r i­
čakovati od solidnih ob jav obstoječih in bodočih najd b . Is to v e lja za k ovanje K la v ­
d ija II., k i je razširil k o vniški o b ra t v S isciji n a jp re j n a tri, n ato n a štiri oficine.
K o v an je A v relijan a p o stav lja štev iln e n erešen e problem e. T ako za d atu m kot 
vsebino njeg o v e novene refo rm e razp o lag am o zgolj z dom nevam i. R azlikovati m o­
rem o tr i faze kovanja. Z ačetn a k aže en ak e teže in čistino k o t za časa K lav d ija II. 
A vrelijan o v p o rtre t je m alodane isti k o t p ri p red hodnik ih in vse kovnice im ajo isto 
vrsto tipov. D ruga faza u v a ja nove re v e re in nov p o rtret. P o teži, izdelavi in čistini 
se p rib ližu je novcem poslednje faze, k i kažejo v red n o stn i z n a k X X I in končno že za­
četnico kovnice. E ksaktno zap o red je em isij in n jih d a ta c ija p re d sta v lja ta n a jte ž a v ­
nejši problem , enako to čn a dodelitev kovnicam tak o n esig n iran ih novcev kot onih 
z znaki za oficine. V ažna je b rita n sk a n a jd b a G loucester, ki je p rinesla m ed 15.000 
an to n in ijan i 2000 A vrelijanovih. M ed n jim i k a r 735 (45 °/o) iz Siscije. V R im u je bilo 
kovanih 341, v M ilanu-T icinu p a 372. Z a tak o n en av ad n o ra z m e rje se v silju je več 
razlag. E n a m ed n jim i je, da za časa A v relijan a igra S iseija dom inantno vlogo. 
D ruga m ožnost je, da n ek aj doslej S isciji d odeljenih novcev spada v d ru g e kovnice, 
predvsem v Rim . Š tudij novcev sam ih p a govori p roti te j m ožnosti (stil, priznaki, 
tipologija in oficine). V se kaže, d a je za časa A v relijan a S iseija ig rala izjem no važno 
vlogo, v se k a k o r važnejšo od R im a sam ega. Z ak lju ček o pom em bnosti Siscije v tem 
času bodo seveda m ogle u trd iti le nove solidno o b jav ljen e n ajdbe, predvsem iz P a ­
nonije. Če bo ta k o m ogoče p o trd iti izjem no vlogo Siscije v k o v an ju tega časa, bo to 
n a d a ljn ji dokaz za stab iln o st in p ro sp eriteto P an o n ije v k asn em tre tje m sto letju .

P o A v relijan u je d o d eljev an je kovnicam m anj težavno, čeprav še n i sig n iran ja 
z začetnicam i. Za vlade T acita in F lo rijan a je bila n o v čarsk a produktivnost obilna, 
zlasti n a zahodu. Po p ričev an ju n a jd b e G loucester je p ro d u k cija Siscije v p rim erjav i 
s kovnicam i v Ita liji upadla, m ožno p a je tudi, da spričo ko v an ja L ugduna v polnem 
obsegu, p rodukcija Siscije n i b ila več u sm erjena n a zahod. V sekakor k u je S iscija 
n ap rej v 6 ali 7 oficinah k o t pod A vrelijanom . Isto organizacijo kovnice srečam o 
pod Probom . Em isije z lata so v p rim e rja v i s pred h o d n im i razdobji obilnejše in n e ­
k a te re že jasn o signiraj o kovnico. V ko v an ju K a ra in njegove družine zam enja p re -
A
proste p rizn ak e iz časa P ro b a (X X I, X X IP) jasno s ig n ira n je --------------- . K ovanje o so-
SM SXXI
dobnih dogodkih še vedno m olči, z izjem o N um erijanovega m edaljona z napisom 
T riu m fu Quador. U por J u lija n a je zajel tu d i P anonijo in S iscija je prišla pod njegovo 
oblast. Ju lijan o v i redki zlatn ik i so nesignirani, an to n in ijan i pa v priiznaku označujejo 
kovnico z začetnico S. O ris k o v a n ja in dogajanj v P an o n iji v kasnem tre tje m sto ­
le tju zak lju ču jem o z nastopom D ioklecijana, k i je k m alu reorganiziral im perij, k o v - 
niški in novčni sistem , tak o v S isciji kot drugod.

C oinage in P a n n o n ia in the T h ird C en tu ry A. D. 
N ovčarstvo P an o n ije v tre tje m sto letju