© Acta hydrotechnica 22/37 (2004), Ljubljana
ISSN 1581-0267
113
UDK/UDC: 551.3.053+556.166(497.4) Prejeto/Received: 20. 1. 2005
Pregledni znanstveni prispevek – Review scientific paper Sprejeto/Accepted: 5. 5. 2006
POPLA VE IN ZEMELJSKI PLAZOVI V SLOVENIJI
FLOODS AND LANDSLIDES IN SLOVENIA
Matjaž MIKOŠ, Mitja BRILLY, Mihael RIBI ČI Č
V preglednem prispevku o poplavah in zemeljskih plazovih v Sloveniji so najprej opisane in
grafi čno prikazane za te naravne pojave najpomembnejše naravne danosti, kot so padavine, odtok,
hidrogeološke razmere in relief. Nadalje so podrobneje opisana in grafi čno prikazana posamezna
ogrožena obmo čja zaradi delovanja zemeljskih plazov in poplav v Sloveniji. Ta območja v Sloveniji
prekrivajo velik odstotek površine, saj zemeljski plazovi in erozijski procesi izrazito delujejo na 44
% površine Slovenije. Celotna poplavna površina ob ekstremnih poplavah (Q
100
) je 695 km
2
 ali 3,5
% celotne površine, od tega je 25 km
2
 urbanih površin. Sledi kratek pregled zgodovinskih poplav in
ve čjih zemeljskih plazov v Sloveniji. Prispevek se zaklju či s kratkim pregledom zakonodajne
ureditve obravnavane problematike v Sloveniji.
Klju čne besede: zemeljski plazovi, zemljinski plazovi, kamninski plazovi, podori, poplave,
Slovenija, naravne nesre če, naravna tveganja, rizi čni menedžment
In this review paper on floods and landslides in Slovenia firstly the most important natural
conditions for these natural processes are described and graphically shown, such as precipitation,
runoff, hydrogeological conditions, and topography. After that, hazard areas of landsliding and
flooding are described and graphically represented in more detail. These areas cover a substantial
part of Slovenia’s territory, as landsliding and erosion processes are openly present in about 44 %
of the territory. The total inundated area under extreme flood events (Q
100
) is 695 km
2
 or 3.5 % of
the total surface, out of which 25 km
2
 are urban areas. Further on, a short review of historical
floods and recent landsliding events in Slovenia is given. The paper ends with a short review of
relevant legislation in Slovenia.
Key words: landslides, rock slides, earth slides, rock falls, floods, Slovenia, natural disasters,
natural hazards, risk management
1. NARA VNE RAZMERE
Poplave in zemeljski plazovi so kompleksni
naravni pojavi, ki jih povzro čajo za njihov
nastanek ugodni lokalni naravni pogoji. Ti
postajajo z nadaljnjim razvojem v prostoru vse
bolj odvisni od človekovih dejavnosti. V
Sloveniji so glavni vzroki nastanka teh
pojavov neugodne geološke razmere,
razgibana morfologija in obilne padavine
(dež).
1.1 Padavine in odtok
Za Slovenijo so zna čilna tri razli čna
podnebja: celinsko, alpsko in sredozemsko. Za
obdobje 1961–1990 (slika 1) so povpre čne
1. NATURAL CONDITIONS
Floods and landslides are complex natural
phenomena caused by local natural conditions
favourable for their occurrence. With
advancement in spatial development they are
becoming more and more influenced by
human activities. In Slovenia, unfavourable
geological conditions, diverse morphology and
abundance of precipitation (rainfall) are the
major causes of these disasters.
1.1 Precipitation & runoff
Slovenia has three different climates:
continental, alpine and Mediterranean. For the
period 1961–1990 (Fig. 1), the average annual

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 22/37 (2004), 113–133, Ljubljana
114
letne padavine 1567 mm, povpre čni letni
odtok 917 mm in povpre čno letno izhlapevanje
650 mm (Kolbezen & Pristov, 1998). 
precipitation is 1567 mm, average annual
runoff is 917 mm, and average annual
evaporation is 650 mm (Kolbezen & Pristov,
1998).
Slika 1. Povpre čne letne padavine v mm (zgoraj) in povpre čni specifi čni odtok v mm (spodaj),
podana za obdobje 1961–1990 (ARSO, 2005b).
Figure 1. Average annual precipitation depth in mm (up) and specific runoff in mm (down) given
for the period 1961–1990 (ARSO, 2005b).

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 22/37 (2004), 113–133, Ljubljana
115
Slovenija je z vodnimi viri bogata država,
ki jih sestavljajo predvsem podtalnica in izviri.
Vode se  s površine 16.373 km
2
 stekajo v
Donavo ( Črno morje) in s površine 3.857 km
2
v Jadransko morje (Kolbezen & Pristov,
1998).
Srednje letne padavine so zelo razli čne, tudi
za skoraj faktor 5:
- ~ 800 mm/leto v severovzhodnem
celinskem podnebju v Prekmurju;
- okoli 1000 mm/leto v jugozahodnem
sredozemskem podnebju;
- > 3200 mm/leto v severozahodnem
alpskem podnebju Julijskih Alp –
klimatološko najvišje dolgoletne
povpre čne padavine v Alpah.
Strm relief mo čno vpliva na vse vrste
padavin. V Sloveniji nastopijo najneugodnejše
padavinske razmere kot kombinacija frontalnih
padavin z orografsko pogojenimi
konvekcijskimi padavinami.
Pore čje zgornje Soče ob meji z Italijo je
obmo čje z najvišjimi letnimi padavinami v
državi. Statisti čna analiza dolge časovne vrste
merjenih mo čnih padavin je pokazala, da to
obmo čje v povpre čju izkazuje okoli 40 mo čnih
neviht na leto. V preteklosti so bile tu
izmerjene padavine intenzitete ve č kot 400
mm/dan in več kot 100 mm/h (HMZ, 1995).
Zaradi visokih letnih padavin in slabo
prepustne podlage je nastala gosta
hidrografska mreža teko čih površinskih voda
(26.989 km strug vodotokov, povpre čna
gostota 1,33 km/km
2
, ponekod tudi preko 2
km/km
2
, slika 2, Kolbezen & Pristov, 1998).
Slovenija leži v povirnih delih ve čjih rek, zato
so pogoste hitre hudourniške poplave. Izjemi
sta reki Drava in Mura, ki v Slovenijo
pritekata iz Avstrije. Za Slovenijo sta zna čilna
dežni in snežni odto čni režim. Obilne so tudi
snežne padavine, toda v nižjih nadmorskih
višinah snežna odeja ni stalna in se tudi pozimi
ve čkrat stali.
Poplave lahko v Sloveniji nastopijo preko
vsega leta, najpogostejše in najve čje so
spomladi in v jeseni. Vlažno podnebje in visok
letni odtok okoli 1000 mm povzro čata visoke
vode z neizrazitimi razlikami med pretoki
poplavnih voda razli čnih verjetnosti nastopa:
razmerje med Q
100
 in Q
5
 je 1,42 za reko So čo,
1,36 za reko Savo in 1,4 za reko Dravo (ZVSS,
1978). V Sloveniji ni ve čjih naravnih jezer ali
umetnih zadrževalnikov voda, ki bi pomembno
vplivali na naravne poplavne preto čne
razmere.
Slovenia is a country rich in water
resources, comprising mainly of groundwater
and springs. Of its territory, 16,373 km
2
 drains
into the Danube River (the Black Sea), and
3,857 km
2
 into the Adriatic Sea (Kolbezen &
Pristov, 1998).
The average annual precipitation varies
within a factor of nearly 5:
- ~ 800 mm/year in NE continental
climate of the Prekmurje plains;
- around 1000 mm/year in SW sub-
Mediterranean climate;
- > 3200 mm/year in NW alpine climate
of the Julian Alps – climatologically the
highest long-term precipitation in the
Alps.
The steep terrain strongly influences all
types of precipitation. In Slovenia, the worst
precipitation situation is the combination of
frontal precipitation with the orographically
forced convection precipitation.
The Upper So ča River basin on the border
with Italy is the region with highest annual
precipitation in Slovenia. The long-term
statistical analysis of heavy rainfall events
shows on average more than 40 such events a
year in this region. More than 400 mm/day and
more than 100 mm/h have been registered in
the past (HMZ, 1995).
The high annual precipitation and terrain of
low permeability produce a dense
hydrographic network of running waters
(26,989 km of stream channels, average
density of 1.33 km/km
2
, in some areas over 2
km/km
2
, Fig. 2, Kolbezen & Pristov, 1998).
Slovenia is situated in the headwater areas of
its major rivers, and flush floods are quite
typical. Exceptions are the Drava and Mura
Rivers, flowing to Slovenia from Austria. The
typical runoff regimes are pluvial and nival.
There is also significant snowfall but at lower
altitudes the snow pack is typically non-
continuous and disappears several times
during the wintertime.
Floods in Slovenia can occur at any time of
the year, but most of them and the heaviest
ones occur in spring and autumn. The humid
climate and high annual runoff of about 1000
millimetres per year produce high flows with
insignificant differences between flood
discharges: the ratios between Q
100
 and Q
5
 are
1.42 for the So ča River, 1.36 for the Sava
River, and 1.4 for the Drava River (ZVSS,
1978). There are no large-sized lakes or
artificial reservoirs that would significantly
impact natural flood discharges.

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
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Slika 2. Hidrološka mreža rek (zgoraj) in glavne reke v Sloveniji (spodaj) (KSH, 2005).
Figure 2. The hydrological network (above) and the major rivers in Slovenia (below) (KSH, 2005).

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 22/37 (2004), 113–133, Ljubljana
117
Slika 3. Raba tal po podatkih CORINE 2000 (KSH, 2005).
Figure 3. Land use according to CORINE 2000 data base (KSH, 2005).

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 22/37 (2004), 113–133, Ljubljana
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Slika 4. Delež gozdnih površin (KSH, 2005).
Figure 4. Forest areas in Slovenia (KSH, 2005).
V zadnjih desetletjih je bila v Sloveniji zelo
intenzivna naravna sukcesija (zaraš čanje)
opuš čenih kmetijskih površin (sliki 3 in 4).
Leta 2001 je bilo gozdnatih površin 63,3 %,
vseh kmetijskih površin 30,5 %, odprtih
površin 1,6 %, voda 0,7 %, pozidanih površin
2,8 %, cest 1,0 % in železnic 0,1 % (SURS,
2005).
Gosto rastje na eni strani uspešno zmanjšuje
erozijo prsti, na drugi strani pa zmanjšuje
nizke pretoke in je tako povzro čilo v zadnjih
vro čih poletjih zadnjega desetletja hidrološko
sušo v vodotokih in kmetijsko sušo na
nenamakanih kmetijskih površinah.
Meritve padavin so se v Sloveniji za čele v
sredini 19. stoletja, isto časno z drugimi deli
Avstro-Ogrske monarhije. Danes potekajo
meritve padavin na 290 ombrometrih in 49
ombrografih. Za meritve padavin je v uporabi
tudi meteorološki radar v srednjem delu
Slovenije (Lisca) (ARSO, 2005c).
In the last decades, natural reforestation
(succession) of abandoned agricultural land
has been very intense (Figs. 3 & 4). In 2001,
the land use was as follows: wooded areas
63.3 %, agricultural areas 30.5 %, bare soils
1.6 %, water 0.7 %, built-up areas 2.8 %, roads
1.0 %, and railways 0.1 % (SURS, 2005).
On one hand, dense vegetation helps to
effectively reduce soil erosion; on the other
hand it reduces low flows and has caused
hydrological droughts in streams and
agricultural droughts on non-irrigated
agricultural land in warm summers in the last
decade.
In Slovenia, the precipitation measurements
started in the mid-19th century, simultaneously
to other parts of the Austro-Hungarian
monarchy. Today, 290 ombrometers and 49
ombrographs are in operation. For
precipitation measurements a C-band
meteorological radar situated in the central
part of the country (Lisca) is also used
(ARSO, 2005c).

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
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2.2 Hidrogeologija in relief
Slovenija je gorata in gri čevnata dežela
(slika 5). Samo 8,6 % njenega površja
obsegajo površine z naklonom manjšim od 4
% (digitalni model terena 20 x 20 m; SURS,
2005). Ravninske dele sestavljajo zelo
prepustne prodnate in peš čene naplavine in
podtalnica v vodonosnikih, ki so zelo
občutljivi na onesnaženje.
2.2 Hydrogeology & topography
Slovenia is a mountainous and hilly country
(Fig. 5). Only 8.6 % of its territory are areas
with inclination less than 4 % (DTM 20;
SURS, 2005). The plain lowlands consist of
very permeable alluvial gravel and sand
deposits with ground waters in large aquifers
vulnerable to pollution.
Slika 5. Relief Slovenije (KSH, 2005).
Figure 5. Relief of Slovenia (KSH, 2005).
Pomembna hidrogeološka zna čilnost
Slovenije je dejstvo, da je 44 % njenega
površja kraškega zna čaja (LMTe, 1987, slika
6). Za kras so zna čilne posebne oblike površja
in podzemni vodni tok. Padavinske vode in
kraške reke izginejo pod površino in se
pojavijo v mo čnih kraških izvirih. Kraška
obmo čja imajo nizko gostoto re čne mreže in
so ob časno podvržena sušam. Gostota re čne
mreže Ljubljanice je tako 0,98 km/km
2
 in
Pivke samo 0,55 km/km
2
 (Kolbezen & Pristov,
1998).
An important hydrogeological characteristic
of Slovenia is that about 44 % of its territory is
karstic (LMTe, 1987, Fig. 6). The Karst is
characterised by special landforms and ground
water drainage. Precipitation water and karstic
rivers disappear underground, and reappear in
strong karstic springs. The karst region has
low stream density, and occasionally suffers
from droughts. The drainage density for the
Ljubljanica River is 0.98 km/km
2
 and for the
Pivka River only 0.55 km/km
2
 (Kolbezen &
Pristov, 1998).

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
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120
Slika 6. Hidrogeološke zna čilnosti tal v Sloveniji (KSH, 2005).
Figure 6. Hydrogeological characteristics of rocks in Slovenia (KSH, 2005).
Izjeme so kraška polja. So ena redkih
obmo čij, kjer so življenjske razmere primerne
za človekovo poselitev, toda obenem so ta
obmo čja stalno poplavljena v mokrem obdobju
leta (predvsem pomladi in jeseni). Poplave
povzro či zlasti premajhna požiralna
zmogljivost kraških požiralnikov.
Za strme apneniške gore alpskega sveta so
zna čilni visoki kras, veliki površinski odtoki
ob mo čnih padavinah in na obrobju Alp
izdatni kraški izviri (npr. izvir Hubelj s
srednjim pretokom 3,03 m
3
/s za obdobje
1961–1990, Kolbezen & Pristov, 1998).
Karstic poljes provide an exception. These
are the only areas where living conditions are
favourable to human settlements, but they are
also regularly flooded during the wet period of
the year (especially in spring and autumn).
Flooding is often caused simply by the limited
capacity of the karstic sinks.
The steep calcareous mountains of the
alpine region are characterized by high karst,
large surface runoff during high precipitation
and at the peripheries of the Alps karst springs
of great yields (e.g. spring Hubelj with mean
discharge of 3.03 m
3
/s for the period 1961–
1990, Kolbezen & Pristov, 1998).

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
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Slika 7. Glavne hidrogeološke enote v Sloveniji (KSH, 2005).
Figure 7. Main hydro-geological units in Slovenia (KSH, 2005).
Kras nastopa tudi na jugozahodu države,
npr. na Krasu, Notranjskem in Dolenjskem
(slika 7). Drugi deli države so zgrajeni iz
prepustnih in manj prepustnih kamnin, tako da
so hidrogeološke razmere zelo spremenljive.
Neogeni glinasti sedimenti vzhodne Slovenije
so vzrok za slabe vodooskrbne razmere.
2.3 Ogrožena obmo čja
V Sloveniji so najnevarnejši naravni pojavi
podori, plazenje tal, hudourniška erozija in
re čna bo čna erozija. Plazenje tal in erozija tal
potekata na okoli 43 % slovenskega ozemlja
(okoli 8.800 km
2
 labilnih ali potencialno
nestabilnih tal). Prepreda jih 8.000 km
hudournikov, ki odvodnjavajo skoraj 400
hudourniških obmo čij (Mikoš, 1995; Repe,
2002).
Zmerne hudourniške poplave in kraške
poplave so vsakoletni dogodki, zato prebivalci
te pojave poznajo. Večja poplavna obmo čja so
v nižinskem svetu ob ve čjih vodotokih in na
The karst is present also in the southwest of
the country, i.e. in Kras, Ko čevsko and
Dolenjsko regions (Fig. 7). Other parts of the
country consist of both, permeable and less
permeable rocks, so that the hydrogeological
conditions are highly variable. Neogene clayey
sediments of the eastern Slovenia are the cause
of poor water supply conditions.
2.3 Hazard areas
In Slovenia, rock falls, landslides, torrential
erosion in headwaters, and riverbank erosion
are the most hazardous phenomena. Land
sliding and erosion is present in about 43 % of
the Slovenian territory (some 8,800 km
2
 of
labile or potentially unstable slopes), where
some 8,000 km of torrential streams drain
water from nearly 400 torrential watersheds
(Mikoš, 1995; Repe, 2002).
Moderate flash floods, torrential floods and
karstic floods are yearly events and therefore
the population is familiar with these
phenomena. The large inundated areas are in

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 22/37 (2004), 113–133, Ljubljana
122
kraških poljih. Na teh obmo čjih so ogrožene
tudi kmetijske površine z intenzivno
proizvodnjo in pomembnejše prometne
povezave. Celotno poplavno obmo čje v
primeru ekstremnega poplavnega dogodka
(Q
100
) obsega 695 km
2
 ali 3,5 % površine
državnega ozemlja (slika 8), od tega je 25 km
2
urbanih obmo čij, npr. deli Celja (tretjega
najve čjega slovenskega mesta) in južni del
Ljubljane (LMTe, 1987).
lowland areas along large rivers and on karst
poljes. In this areas, agricultural land of
intensive production and some vital traffic
connection are under threat. The total
inundated area under extreme flood event
(Q
100
) is 695 km
2
 or 3.5% of the surface of the
state territory (Fig. 8), out of which 25 km
2
 are
urban areas, i.e. parts of the City of Celje (3
rd
largest town) and the south part of Ljubljana
(LMTe, 1987).
Slika 8. Poplavne površine v Sloveniji za pogostejše poplave (Q
20
) obsegajo 19.990 ha
in za redke poplave (Q
100
) 69.543 ha (KSH, 2005).
Figure 8. Flooded areas in Slovenia for more frequent floods (Q
20
) total to 19,990 ha
and for extreme floods (Q
100
) total to 69,543 ha (KSH, 2005).
Ljubljansko barje je najve čje poplavno
obmo čje v Sloveniji. V času katastrofalne
poplave je poplavljenih 56 km
2
, letne poplave
pa obsegajo površino 23 km
2
.
3. POPLAVE V SLOVENIJI
Najstarejši zapisi o poplavah v Sloveniji
segajo v srednji vek. Zapisi o poplavah na
Ljubljanskem barju so nastali v letih 1190,
The marshes of Ljubljansko barje are the
largest flooded area in Slovenia. When
flooded, 56 km
2
are inundated by a
catastrophic flood and yearly floods inundate
an area of 23 km
2
.
3. FLOODS IN SLOVENIA
The oldest written records of floods in
Slovenia date back to the medieval time. There
are records about floods on the Ljubljansko

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
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123
1537 in 1589. Prvi projekt protipoplavne
zaš čite Ljubljane je nastal leta 1554. Leta 1780
so izkopali Gruberjev kanal, ki poteka
vzporedno naravni strugi reke. V Celju, ki je
poplavno najbolj ogroženo mesto v Sloveniji,
je še vidna oznaka poplave z datumom 25.
september 1672. Maksimalna višina te poplave
še ni bila presežena.
Novejši podatki o poplavah segajo nazaj v
leto 1851, ko je pretok reke Drave dosegel
1000-letno povratno dobo. Drugi pomembnejši
dogodki so bili naslednji: 1874 na reki Muri,
1876 na reki Ljubljanici, 1882 na Koroškem,
1885 na reki Dravi, 1893 na Ljubljanici in
Dravi, 1898 na Vipavi, 1901 po celi Sloveniji,
1905 na obmo čju Krasa in 1910 v prispevnem
obmo čju reke Drave. Med 1. in 2. svetovno
vojno so bile katastrofalne poplave leta 1923
posledica izjemno mo čnega deževja (ve č kot
240 mm v 24 urah) in topljenja polmetrske
snežne odeje. Nekoliko manj izjemne poplave
so zabeležili v letih 1925, 1926 in 1933. Po 2.
svetovni vojni je bila ve čja poplava leta 1954 v
povodju reke Savinje. Med letoma 1963 in
1965 so bile po celi Sloveniji zabeležene
številne poplave (geslo Poplave: ES, 1995).
Po letu 1965 ni bilo ve čjih poplav do leta
1983 in 1987, ko so poplave prizadele Novo
Gorico. Leta 1989 so bile katastrofalne
poplave v povodju reke Savinje, kar je bil le
uvod v ve čje poplave, ki so prizadele ve čji del
Slovenije 1990 (med poznim oktobrom in
zgodnjim novembrom) in znova leta 1998
(zgodnji november). V obeh primerih je bilo
poplavljeno ve č kot 500 km
2
. Poplavi sta
povzro čili mo čno obrežno erozijo, uni čenih ali
poškodovanih je bilo na desetine mostov,
industrijskih obratov in na stotine hiš; oba
pojava so spremljali tudi plazovi. Skupna
škoda je bila ocenjena na ve č kot 500
milijonov € (za poplave leta 1990) oziroma
170 milijonov € (za poplave leta 1998).
barje dated 1190, 1537, and 1589. The first
flood protection scheme of Ljubljana was
proposed in 1554. In 1780 the Gruber canal
was dug out, running parallel to the natural
river channel. In Celje, which is in terms of
flooding the most endangered town in
Slovenia, there is a flood benchmark, dating
back to September 25, 1672. Its maximum
level has yet to be exceeded.
More recent flood records date back to
1851, when the Drava River discharge reached
the 1000-year return period. Other significant
events occurred as follows: 1874 on the Mura
River, 1876 on the Ljubljanica River, 1882 in
the Koroška region, 1885 on the Drava River,
1893 on the Ljubljanica and Drava Rivers,
1898 on the Vipava River, 1901 throughout
Slovenia, 1905 in the area of the Kras, and
1910 in the Drava River drainage basin.
Between World Wars I and II there occurred
the catastrophic flood of 1923, in which the
extremely heavy rainfall (more than 240 mm
in 24 hours) was combined by the melting of a
half-meter snow cover. Somewhat less
exceptional floods were recorded in 1925,
1926, and 1933. After World War II, a large
flood was recorded in 1954 in the Savinja
River basin. The period between 1963 and
1965 was a period of frequent flooding
throughout Slovenia (entry Floods: ES, 1995).
After 1965, large floods did not occur until
1983 and 1987, when the town of Nova Gorica
was affected by flooding. However, in 1989 a
catastrophic flood occurred in the Savinja
River basin. This was just a prelude to larger
floods that affected the greater part of Slovenia
in 1990 (late October–early November) and
again in 1998 (early November). Both floods
inundated more than 500 km
2
. Floods caused
severe stream bank erosion, destroyed or
damaged tens of bridges, several industrial
facilities and hundreds of houses; both were
accompanied by numerous landslides. Their
total damage was estimated at more than 500
Mio € (for 1990 floods) and 170 Mio € (for
1998 floods), respectively.
4. ZEMELJSKI PLAZOVI V
SLOVENIJI
Hribinski in zemljinski pojavi porušitev
naravnega ravnovesja so v Sloveniji predvsem
vezani na geološke in morfološke razmere.
V Alpskem svetu so pogosti hribinski
4. LAND SLIDING
IN SLOVENIA
Rock slides and landsliding phenomena of
failures of the natural balance in Slovenia have
been mostly associated with geological and
morphological conditions.
Rock sliding phenomena frequently occur

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124
pojavi – hribinski zdrsi in podori. Gorat svet v
Sloveniji je zna čilen za Julijske in Kamniško-
Savinjske Alpe, Karavanke in deloma Pohorje
ter mejo z Italijo in Avstrijo. Hribinski podori
nastopajo tudi na obmo čjih, kjer so se
karbonatne kamnine narinile na mehkejše
klasti čne (primer: Trnovski gozd nad
Vipavsko dolino) in kjer so se najve čje
slovenske reke prebile skozi trdne karbonatne
kamnine ter pri tem ustvarile debri (primer:
soteska Save med Litijo in Hrastnikom). Ob
zadnjih potresih leta 1976, 1998 in 2004, ki so
prizadeli severnozahodno Poso čje, se je v
alpskem svetu sprožilo tudi veliko hribinskih
podorov in zdrsov.
Zemljinski plazovi nastopajo predvsem v
nižjem hribovitem in gri čevnatem svetu.
Hribovja, ki so zna čilna za predalpski svet in
osrednjo Slovenijo, gradijo karbonatne in
klasti čne kamnine. Metamorfne klasti čne
kamnine (filiti, gnajsi in blestniki, andezitske,
keratofirske in tufske kamnine) izdanjajo na
pobočjih Pohorja, na Kobanskem in deloma v
Karavankah. Druge klasti čne kamnine
(peš čenjaki, laporji, skrilavci) so razprostran-
jene po celi Sloveniji, ve čje enote so na
Primorskem (fliš) in v okolici Ljubljane
(permokarbonski skrilavi glinavci). Veliki
plazovi so v teh kamninah pogosti, pri čemer
plazi debel preperinski pokrov. Pod strmimi
pobočji iz karbonatnih kamnin so pogosti
vršaji in pobo čni gruš či , k i s o m o čno
podvrženi plazenju, posebej če so v podlagi
klasti čne kamnine.
V vzhodni in severnovzhodni Sloveniji je
pogost gri čevnat teren z razmeroma položnimi
pobočji in širokimi dolinami. Gradijo ga
glinaste in meljaste zemljine, ponekod tudi
laporovci, peski in glinasti prodi. Te polhribine
(soft rocks) intenzivno preperevajo in plazijo.
V njih so zelo pogosti zdrsi debelega
preperinskega pokrova. Preperinski zemljinski
plazovi so številni, prav tako porušitve ob
glinastih plasteh, kadar so nagnjene.
Obmo čja, kjer so plazenja redka ali jih ni,
so kraške planote in hribovja Dolenjske,
Notranjske in Krasa ter seveda široke
ravninske kotline in doline, kjer te čejo
najve čje slovenske reke. To so Ljubljansko in
Kranjsko-Sorško polje, Dravska dolina,
Celjska kotlina, in Krško-Brežiška kotlina.
in the Alps – rock slides and rockfalls. In
Slovenia, mountainous areas are typically
found in the Julian Alps, Kamniško-Savinjske
Alps, Karavanke Mountains and partly in
Pohorje and the area bordering Italy and
Austria. Rockfalls also occur in areas, where
the carbonate rock thrust over the softer clastic
rock (e.g. Trnovski gozd above the Vipava
valley), and where the largest Slovenian rivers
found their way through the hard carbonate
rock and hence created deep and narrow
valleys (the Sava River gorge between Litija
and Hrastnik). During the last earthquakes in
1976, 1998, and 2004, which affected the area
around the So ča Valley (Poso čje), several rock
slides and rock falls were triggered in the
Alps.
Landslides occur mainly in lower hilly
areas. The hilly areas, being typical of the pre-
Alpine areas and central Slovenia, consist of
carbonate and clastic rock. Metamorphic
clastic rocks (phyllites, gneiss and mica,
andesites, keratophyre and tuffaceous rocks)
are found in the Pohorje slopes, in Kobansko
and partly in the Karavanke Mountains. Other
clastic rocks (sandstone, marl and slate) are
found all over Slovenia, with higher
occurrence in the Primorska region (Flysch)
and around Ljubljana (Permian-Carboniferous
slate clays). Large landslides in these rocks are
frequent, involving the sliding of the thick
weathered cover. Below the steep slopes
consisting of carbonate rock there are
numerous alluvial fans and slope screes that
are highly susceptible to sliding, especially if
the bedrock consists of clastic rocks.
In E and NE Slovenia the hilly terrain is
characterized by gently undulating slopes and
fairly wide valleys. Clayey and silty rocks
occur, and also marl, sands and clayey gravel.
These soft rocks are highly weathered and
susceptible to sliding. Failures of the thick
weathered cover are frequent, as well as
failures of clayey layers when sloping.
The areas with little or no sliding include
Karst plateaux, and the hills of the Dolenjsko,
Notranjsko and Karst regions, as well as broad
lowland basins and valleys of major Slovenian
rivers. These are the Ljubljansko and
Kranjsko-Sorško plains, the Drava River
valley, and the basins of Celje and Krško-
Brežice.
Slovenia is categorized as a seismically
active area with an expected earthquake

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
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125
Slovenija leži v seizmi čno aktivnem obmo čju
s pri čakovanimi jakostmi potresov do 9° EMS
lestvice. Glavni razlog za nastanek potresov so
premiki na stiku afriške in evrazijske celinske
tektonske ploš če. Pritisk afriške ploš če proti
evrazijski je v geološki zgodovini povzro čil
dvig alpskega gorovja. Med obema velikima
ploš čama je manjša jadranska mikroploš ča, na
severnozahodnem obrobju katere leži
slovenski prostor. Ta ploš ča se premika proti
severo-severovzhodu s hitrostjo 2–3 cm na
leto. Poleg aktivne jadranske mikroploš če
kopni del Slovenije geotektonsko pripada še
Dinaridom, Alpam in Panonskemu bazenu.
Jadranska mikroploš ča pritiska na Dinaride,
zato na stiku nastajajo narivi in prelomi
dinarske smeri (severozahod-jugovzhod).
Najpomembnejša sta idrijski in savski prelom.
Tudi v alpskem prostoru je narivanje glavni
tektonski proces, ki pa ga spremljajo premiki
ob subvertikalnih prelomih. Panonski bazen pa
je masa, ki se upira premikom. Za današnjo
tektonsko dogajanje je zna čilno aktiviranje
prelomnih struktur v smeri sever-jug pa tudi
premiki ob starejši dinarski smeri. Ti tektonski
procesi so nosilci potresov v Sloveniji. Potresi
so ve činoma plitvi in globoki okoli 10 km. V
preglednici 1 podajamo nekaj najmo čnejših
potresov, ki so bili po letu 500 po našem štetju
zabeleženi v Sloveniji in njeni bližini.
magnitude of 9° on the EMS scale. The main
reason for the occurrence of earthquakes are
displacements at the contact line of the African
and Euroasian continental tectonic plates. The
African plate is pushing into the Euroasian
landmass, which in geological history resulted
in the rising of the Alps. Between the two
large plates, there is a smaller Adriatic
microplate – Slovenia is situated in its
northwestern fringe. The microplate moves in
the N–NE direction at a rate of 2–3 cm/year.
Next to the active Adriatic microplate, the
territory of Slovenia  geotectonically belongs
to the Dinarides, the Alps, and the Pannonian
Basin. The Adriatic microplate pushes against
the Dinarides thus resulting in overthrusts and
faults of Dinaric direction (NW–SE). The
Idrija and Sava faults are the most prominent.
Overthrusting is the main tectonic process
in the Alps, accompanied by displacements
along the subvertical faults. However, the
Pannonian Basin is the mass that offers
resistance to these displacements. For today’s
tectonics the activation of fault structures in
direction N–S is characteristic, as well as
displacements along the older Dinaric
direction. These tectonic processes are the
main cause of earthquakes in Slovenia. The
earthquakes are mostly shallow, having a
depth of around 10 km. Table 1 gives some of
the strongest earthquakes that were recorded in
Slovenia and its neighbouring territories after
500 A.D.
Preglednica 1. Pregled potresov najve čje jakosti v Sloveniji (po Ribi či č & Vidrih, 1998; Zorn, 2002).
Table 1. Overview of the strongest earthquakes in Slovenia (after Ribi či č & Vidrih, 1998; Zorn, 2002).
datum / date jakost (MCS) / magnitude lokacija epicentra / epicenter location
III. 792 VIII ? osrednja Slovenija / central Slovenia
1000 VIII Ljubljana
26.3.1081 VIII Ljubljana
4.5.1081 VIII Vitanje
25.1.1348 X (EMS) domnevno Furlanija / presumably Friuli
24.3.1511 VIII-IX Okolica Ljubljane / near Ljubljana
26.3.1511 IX-X Okolica Ljubljane / near Ljubljana
17.6.1628 VIII Krško
1.5.1634 VIII ? Novo mesto
14.4.1895 VIII-IX Ljubljana
29.1.1917 VIII Brežice
6.5.1976 VIII Breginj (Furlanija / Friuli)
15.9.1976 VIII Breginj (Furlanija / Friuli)
12.4.1998 VII-VIII Poso čje / So ča River valley
12.7.2004 VI-VII Poso čje / So ča River valley

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126
Slika 9. Potresna karta Slovenije za povratno dobo 500 let (ARSO, 2005a).
Figure 9. Seismic map of Slovenia for the return period of 500 years (ARSO, 2005a).
 
Slika 10. Projektni pospeški tal za trdna tla v Sloveniji v enotah zemeljskega pospeška
g = 9,81 m/s
2
 in s povratno dobo 475 let (ARSO, 2005a).
Figure 10. Design ground accelerations in rocks and firm soils in Slovenia given in units of gravity
g = 9.81 m/s
2
 and for the return period of 475 years (ARSO, 2005a).

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
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127
Na osnovi preu čevanja epicentrov
zabeleženih potresov, neotektonike
slovenskega ozemlja in deloma sestave tal je
izdelana seizmi čna rajonizacija Slovenije, ki
deli ozemlje v seizmi čne stopnje od 7° do 9°
po EMS lestvici (slika 9). S sprejemom
EUROCODE 8 je bila izdelana tudi karta
projektnih pospeškov tal (slika 10). Obe karti
uporabljamo v gradbeništvu za
dimenzioniranje objektov.
5. EROZIJA TAL V SLOVENIJI
Dve tretjini slovenskega ozemlja sta
podvrženi razli čnim erozijskim procesom in
procesom nestabilnosti pobo čij (za nevarne
pojave, sprožene ob potresih, glej sliki 11 in
12).
Based on studying the epicenters of the
recorded earthquakes, neotectonics of
Slovenian territory and partly soil
composition, a seismic categorization of
Slovenia was prepared, dividing the territory
into seismic levels 7° to 9° on the EMS scale
(Fig. 9). With the adoption of the
EUROCODE 8 a map of designed ground
accelerations was made (Fig. 10). Both maps
are used for dimensioning in civil engineering.
5. SOIL EROSION IN SLOVENIA
Practically two thirds of the Slovenian
territory are subjected to different erosion
processes and slope instability phenomena (for
hazardous earthquake-induced processes see
Figs. 11 and 12).
Slika 11. Karta nevarnosti nastanka plazov zaradi potresov (ARSO, 2005a).
Figure 11. Earthquake-induced landslide hazard map of Slovenia (ARSO, 2005a).
Povpre čna letna koli čina sproš čenih
sedimentov v povirnih delih je ocenjena na
pribl. 5 milijonov m
3
 v povpre čnem
hidrološkem letu (Mikoš, 1995). Specifi čna
letna koli čina sedimentov je ocenjena na 250
m
3
 km
-2
 leto
-1
 oziroma podana kot
denudacijska stopnja 0,25 mm/leto (Mikoš &
The annual average sediment production in
headwater areas in Slovenia is estimated at
around 5 million m
3
 per average hydrological
year (Mikoš, 1995). The specific annual
average sediment production is estimated at
250 m
3
 km
-2
 year
-1
 or it is given as the
denudation rate of 0.25 mm/year (Mikoš &

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
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128
Zupanc, 2000), ki je še veliko ve čja v aktivnih
erozijskih žariš čih (Pintar & Mikoš, 1983). V
povpre čju hidrološko mrežo doseže skoraj
polovica tega materiala (okoli 2,3 milijonov
m
3
/leto; Mikoš, 1995), ki se zlagoma premeš ča
v sedimentacijske bazene (Sredozemlje in
Črno morje). Skoraj 0,5 milijona m
3
/leto se
za časno odlaga v re čnem sistemu, predvsem v
umetnih zadrževalnikih, ki so bili zgrajeni za
hidroelektrarne ob ve čjih slovenskih rekah
(So či, Savi in Dravi) v Sloveniji (Mikoš,
2000a; b).
Zupanc, 2000), being even higher in active
sediment sources (Pintar & Mikoš, 1983). On
average, nearly half of this material (around
2.3 Mio m
3
/year; Mikoš, 1995) reaches the
hydrological network and is slowly transported
towards sedimentation basins (Mediterranean
& Black Sea). Nearly 0.5 Mio m
3
 a year is on
average temporarily deposited within the
fluvial system, mainly in artificial reservoirs,
built for hydropower plants along the major
Slovenian rivers (So ča, Sava, and Drava) in
Slovenia (Mikoš, 2000a; b).
Slika 12. Karta nevarnosti nastanka podorov zaradi potresov (ARSO, 2005a).
Figure 12. Earthquake-induced rockfall hazard map of Slovenia (ARSO, 2005a).
Plazenje ne ogroža le zgradb in
infrastrukture, temve č je tudi vzrok za
morfološke spremembe terena. Plazovi
pogosto premaknejo večje koli čine
sedimentov, ki ne le, da ne ostanejo na
pobočjih, temve č dosežejo fluvialno mrežo. V
katastrofalnih pogojih so lahko posledice
plazenja hudourniški izbruhi, drobirski tokovi
ali porušutveni valovi ob porušitvah naravnih
pregrad. V Sloveniji smo da danes zabeležili
okoli 2500 predvsem manjših plazov. Z
izdelavo pojavnih kart plazenja tal se je uradni
register plazov (elektronska baza podatkov, ki
 Land sliding not only threats buildings and
infrastructure, but also causes morphological
changes of the terrain. Landslides often move
large amounts of sediments, which not only
stay on slopes, but also reach the fluvial
network. Under catastrophic conditions, land
sliding may lead to torrential outbursts, debris
flows or dam-break waves after a dam-breach
of natural dams. In Slovenia, more than 2500
mostly minor landslides have been reported
(registered) so far. The official landslide
inventory cadastre (electronic database
developed and maintained by the Ministry of

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
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129
jo razvija in obnavlja Ministrstvo za obrambo)
vklju čilo v okolje GIS. Imenuje se GIS_UJME
in vklju čuje ve č kot 1500 plazov, ki ne
vklju čujejo padanja kamenja in hribinskih
zdrsov. Bazo enote civilne zaš čite uporabljajo
za koordiniranje reševanja po naravnih
nesrečah in se ne uporablja v preventivne
namene. Žal so v bazi podani zgolj centroidi
plazov v Gauss-Kruegerjevem koordinatnem
sistemu. Baza se ves čas obnavlja.
Manjši plazovi so razli čnih oblik (ve činoma
so to plitki plazovi in usadi). Ve činoma se
sprožijo med kratkotrajnimi, a intenzivnimi
padavinami ali po dolgotrajnem deževnem
obdobju z zmernimi padavinami. Njihova
povpre čna masa je reda 1000 m
3
, redko pa
10.000 m
3
. Nekatere plazove so stabilizirali
tehni čni posegi, drugi so še vedno aktivni.
Neugodne geološke razmere so poglavitni
vzrok za tako visoko gostoto plazenja (> 1
plaz/10 km
2
), kljub dobrim vegetativnim
razmeram. Drugi dejavnik je velika koli čina
padavin oziroma število dni z dnevno koli čino
padavin nad 20 mm.
Defence) was incorporated into the GIS
environment. It is called GIS_UJME and it
includes more than 1500 landslides without
rock falls and rock slides. This database is now
used only for immediate relief actions by Civil
Defence units and not for prevention purposes.
In this database, unfortunately, only the
centroids of landslides in Gauss-Krueger co-
ordinates are given. Today, this database is
being updated.
Minor landslides are of different forms
(mainly shallow slides and slumps). They are
mainly triggered during short and intense
rainfall events or after prolonged rainfall
periods of moderate intensities. The order of
their average volume is 1000 m
3
, rarely 10,000
m
3
. Some of them have been stabilised using
technical measures, others are still active.
Unfavourable geological conditions are the
main causes for such a high slide density (> 1
slide/10km
2
), despite good vegetation
conditions. The next contributing factor is the
abundance of precipitation and a high number
of days with daily totals above 20 mm.
Slika 13. Aktivni plazovi ve čjega obsega v Sloveniji v letu 2004.
Figure 13. Active large landslides in Slovenia in 2004.

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130
V zadnjih desetletjih 20. stoletja so
prevladovali manjši plazovi. Primer so številni
usadi in zemeljski tokovi v povodjih Kozarice
in Lahomnice med poplavo leta 1989. Z
ve čjimi poplavami v pore čju Savinje leta 1990
je bil povezan tudi ve čji plaz v bližini vasi
Lu če. Potrebnih je bilo ve č let, preden se je
obmo čje uspešno saniralo.
V bližini vasi Sol čava se je leta 1990
sprožil Macesnikov plaz v starem fosilnem
plazu. Plaz, katerega masa znaša prek 2
milijona m
3
, je še vedno aktiven.
V zadnjih letih so se v Sloveniji sprožili še
trije ve čji plazovi (Stože, Strug, Slano blato,
slika 13). Vsak od njih ima prostornino reda
velikosti 1 milijon m
3
.
V zelo mokrem letu 2000 sta postala
aktivna plazova Stože in Slano blato.
Decembra 2001 se je sprožil plaz Strug kot
kombinacija primarnega padajo čega kamenja,
drugega (sekundarnega) plazenja in ob časnih
drobirskih tokov iz izvirnega obmo čja
padajo čega kamenja.
Vse lahko uvrstimo v kategorijo plazov, ki
so posledica padavin, postali pa so postali
aktivni zaradi neugodnih geoloških razmer.
Podobne izkušnje imajo tudi drugod v alpskem
prostoru in v Karpatih.
Ti štirje plazovi oziroma njihova sanacija so
bili predmet posebnega zakona, ki je bil sprejet
marca 2002. Njihova dokon čna sanacija bo
končana po letu 2006. Skupna vsota, ki bi
pokrivala stroške vseh na črtovanih sanacijskih
ukrepov, je bila ocenjena na skoraj 33
milijonov €. To vsoto je treba prišteti 69,1
milijonom €, namenjenih sanaciji manjših
plazov v Sloveniji.
Koli čina sedimentov teh treh ve čjih plazov
je primerljiva z letno koli čino sproš čenih
sedimentov v Sloveniji (povpre čno okoli 5
milijonov m
3 
na površini 20.257 km
2
). Toda
vnos sedimentov v fluvialni sistem s teh
plazov je bistveno druga čen. Plazovi ob časno
lahko sprožijo ve čje koli čine sedimentnega
drobirja, ki vstopa v fluvialno mrežo in
pove čuje sedimentno premeš čanje s povirij.
Pomemben podatek je tudi, ali material doseže
vodotoke. Če se plazenje spremeni v hitrejše
pojave premeš čanja gradiva, kot sta blatni tok
in drobirski tok, potem nestabilne mase lahko
v rečni sistem prispevajo velike koli čine
sedimenta.
In the last decades of the 20
th
century
smaller rainfall-induced landslides were
prevailing, such as numerous slumps and earth
flows in the Kozarica and Lahomnica
catchments during the 1989 flood. A large
landslide near the village of Lu če was
associated with the large floodings in the
Savinja River basin in 1990. It took several
years before the affected area could be
successfully rehabilitated.
Near the village of Sol čava, in the same
event in 1990, the Macesnik landslide was
initiated in an old fossil landslide. This
landslide grew up to a volume over 2 Mio m
3
and it is still active.
In the last years, three more large landslides
(Stože, Slano blato, Strug, Fig. 13) were
triggered in Slovenia. Each of them had a
volume of the order of 1 Mio m
3
.
In the very wet year of 2000, the Stože and
Slano blato landslides became active. In
December 2001, the Strug landslide was
initiated as a combination of a primary rock
fall, a secondary landslide and occasional
debris flows from the rock fall source area
during intense rainfalls.
All of them can be placed in the category of
rainfall-induced landslides that became active
in unfavourable geological conditions. Similar
experience can be found elsewhere in the Alps
and Carpathians.
These four large landslides and their
mitigation have been subjected to a special law
adopted in March 2002. Their final mitigation
is to be finished after 2006. A total sum to
cover the costs for all the planned activities in
terms of mitigation of these large landslides in
Slovenia was estimated at nearly 33 Mio €.
This sum should be added to the estimated
sum of 69.1 Mio € as the sum of remediation
costs for smaller landslides in Slovenia.
Sediment production of these large
landslides is comparable to the annual average
sediment production in Slovenia (around 5
Mio m
3
 on average a year on 20,257 km
2
). The
sediment delivery to the fluvial system from
these landslides is very different. They may
occasionally release large amounts of sediment
debris, which enter the fluvial network and
increase the sediment supply from headwaters.
An important point is whether or not the
sliding mass reaches the watercourse. If land
sliding changes into faster moving mass
wasting phenomena, such as mudflows or
debris flows, the unstable landslide masses
may contribute large amounts of sediment to
the fluvial system.

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131
6. PRIZADEVANJA NA
PODRO ČJU ZAKONODAJE
Urad za upravljanje z vodami deluje v
okviru Ministrstva za okolje in prostor. Leta
2004 smo praznovali 120. obletnico
organiziranega varstva pred hudourniki.
Nekateri kamniti objekti, zgrajeni pred sto leti,
so še danes v dobrem stanju in služijo svojemu
namenu.
Leta 2002 je bil sprejet novi Zakon o
vodah. Zakon podaja posebno ureditev, ki je
bila pripravljena za izdelavo kart nevarnosti za
potrebe prostorskega planiranja. Ta
preventivni pristop pri kartah nevarnosti
predvideva kartiranje snežnih plazov, poplav,
zemeljskih plazov, hribinskih plazov in
procesov re čne in hudourniške erozije.
Pripravljene so bile ustrezne metodologije za
karte nevarnosti za poplave in zemeljske
plazove.
Na podro čju varstva pred poplavami se
uspešno uporablja kombinacija vremenskih
napovedi, meteoroloških modelov za omejena
obmo čja (ALADIN-SI; ARSO, 2005c) ter 24-
urnih informacijskih centrov. Služba Civilne
zaš čite in gasilci, ki so odgovorni za
opozarjanje, alarmiranje in reševanje v
primeru naravnih nesre č, so pod nadzorom
Ministrstva za obrambo.
Podrobnejšo analizo preventivnega
obvladovanja tveganj zaradi naravnih
nevarnosti s pregledom postopkov v alpskih
deželah in v Sloveniji podajamo drugje
( Đurovi ć & Mikoš, 2004).
6. LEGISLATION
EFFORTS
The sector of water management in
Slovenia is under responsibility of the Ministry
of the Environment and Spatial Planning. In
2004, torrent control in Slovenia celebrated the
120-year anniversary of organised torrent
control service. Some control structures built
of stone even a hundred years ago are still in
good condition and in operation today.
In 2002, a new Water Act was adopted. It
provided for special regulations prepared for
the making of hazard maps, used in spatial
planning procedures. This prevention approach
includes hazard maps of snow avalanches,
floods, landslides and rock falls, river and
torrential erosion processes. Adequate
methodologies for hazard maps of floods and
landslides have been prepared.
In the field of flood defence, a combination
of weather forecasts using the limited area
meteorological model (ALADIN-SI; ARSO,
2005c) and emergency information centres
with 24-hour service is quite effective. The
civil protection service and fire brigades that
are responsible for warning, alarming and
rescuing during natural disasters are under the
control of the Ministry of Defence.
A detailed analysis of preventive
management of risks due to natural hazards
with an overview of procedures in the Alpine
countries and in Slovenia is given elsewhere
( Đurovi ć & Mikoš, 2004).
7. ZAKLJU ČKI
Na osnovi prikazanega pregleda lahko
zaklju čimo, da je precejšen del Slovenije
podvržen nevarnim naravnih procesom in
zaradi razpršene poselitve in goste mreže
prometnic tudi relativno ogrožen s pojavi
plazenja tal, odlomi kamenja in skalnimi
podori ter poplavami. Na to kažejo tudi
pogoste ujme, ki vsako leto obremenjujejo
državni prora čun in predvsem lokalne
skupnosti. Te so v ve čini primerov premajhne,
da bi se lahko same lotile odprave posledic
ve čjih naravnih nesre č (zemeljskih plazov in
7. CONCLUSIONS
On the basis of the overview given in this
paper one may conclude that a considerable
part of Slovenia is subjected to natural
hazards. Due to the dispersed settlement
pattern and dense traffic network it is under
relatively high risk imposed by landsliding,
stonefalls, rock falls, and floods. This situation
is confirmed by regular disasters that handicap
the state budget and especially the local
communities each year. Rural communities are
in the majority of cases too small to proceed
with mitigation of increasingly frequent
natural disasters (landslides and floods). In

Mikoš, M., Brilly, M., Ribi či č, M.: Poplave in zemeljski plazovi v Sloveniji – Floods and Landslides in Slovenia
© Acta hydrotechnica 22/37 (2004), 113–133, Ljubljana
132
poplav). V takih razmerah lokalna skupnost
čaka in ra čuna na pomo č države.
Nujno je nadaljnje delo na podro čju
“rizi čnega menedžmenta”, zlasti krepitev
strokovnega dela na podro čju preventive,
uvajanje podrobnejših zakonskih dolo čil s tega
podro čja, predvsem pa dolo čanje ogroženih
obmo čij in sprejem zakonskih predpisov.
such circumstances, local communities wait
for and rely on the help of the state.
Further work in the field of “risk
management” is necessary, especially the
strengthening of the professional work in the
field of prevention, introduction of detailed
legislation rules related to natural disasters,
and above all the delineation of hazard areas
and the adoption of legal acts.
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Naslov avtorjev – Authors’ Addresses
izr. prof. dr. Matjaž Mikoš
Univerza v Ljubljani – University of Ljubljana
Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo – Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
Oddelek za gradbeništvo – Department of Civil Engineering
Jamova 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana
E-mail: mmikos@fgg.uni-lj.si
prof. dr. Mitja Brilly
Univerza v Ljubljani – University of Ljubljana
Fakulteta za gradbeništvo in geodezijo – Faculty of Civil and Geodetic Engineering
Oddelek za gradbeništvo – Department of Civil Engineering
Jamova 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana
E-email: mbrilly@fgg.uni-lj.si
doc. dr. Mihael Ribi či č
Univerza v Ljubljani – University of Ljubljana
Naravoslovnotehniška fakulteta – Faculty of Natural Sciences and Engineering
Oddelek za geologijo – Department of Geology
Ašker čeva 12, SI-1000 Ljubljana
E-email: mribicic@ntfgeo.uni-lj.si