Early La Tene Graves from Orehova vas near Maribor Zgodnjelatenski grobovi iz Orehove vasi pri Mariboru
Lucija GRAHEK
Izvleček
Na arheološkem najdišču Orehova vas pri Mariboru, kjer so bile odkrite ostaline iz različnih arheoloških obdobij, je bilo leta 2006 izkopano majhno zgodnjelatensko grobišče s tremi grobovi. Poleg najverjetneje žganega groba 2, v katerega je bilo pridano zgolj keramično posodje, sta bila na grobišču izkopana še dva grobova s kompletom orožja, ki ga sestavljata meč v nožnici in sulična ost. V žganem grobu 1 je bilo orožje obredno uničeno, v grobu 3 pa ne.
Grob 3 je izjemen tako na grobišču kot tudi v širšem zahodnopanonskem prostoru. Gre namreč za dvojni grob z biritualnim načinom pokopa. Glede na velikost in obliko grobne jame ter lego namensko nepoškodovanih grobnih pridatkov gre zelo verjetno za ostanke skeletnega pokopa oboroženega moškega. Zraven so bili odkriti žgani ostanki ženske z železno fibulo zgodnjelatenske sheme z gumbom na nogi. Kljub različnima načinoma gre v grobu 3 bržkone za sočasna pokopa moškega in ženske.
Vsi trije grobovi iz Orehove vasi sodijo v LT B2 ali stopnjo Mokronog I. Grobišče ima dobre primerjave v sočasnem majhnem grobišču iz Srednice pri Ptuju, kjer so bili najverjetneje pokopani keltski prišleki iz severovzhoda; opazne so tudi nekatere podobnosti z latenskim grobiščem na Kapiteljski njivi v Novem mestu, za katerega je značilno ohranjanje kontinuitete iz poznobronastodobnega in halštatskega obdobja.
Ključne besede: Slovenija, Štajerska, Orehova vas, mlajša železna doba LT B2, mokronoška skupina, biritualni način pokopa, meči Kosd C, železne fibule zgodnjelatenske sheme z gumbom na nogi
Abstract
At the archaeological site of Orehova vas near Maribor, where remains were discovered from various archaeological periods, in 2006 a small early La Tene cemetery with three graves was discovered. In addition to the most probably cremated grave 2, where only pottery vessels were placed, another two graves were excavated at the cemetery containing sets of weapons, consisting of a sword in a scabbard and a spear. In the case of cremation grave 1, the weapons were ritually destroyed, but not in grave 3.
Grave 3 is exceptional not merely at the cemetery but also throughout the entire western Pannonian region. It is a double grave with a bi-ritual mode of burial. Considering the size and shape of the grave pit and the position of the deliberately undamaged grave goods it is very likely that the grave contained the remains of an inhumation burial of an armed male. Next to it were also discovered the cremated remains of a female with an iron fibula of the early La Tene type with a button on the foot. Despite the different funerary practices, grave 3 most probably represented the simultaneous burial of a man and a woman.
All three graves from Orehova vas can be classified to the LT B2 or the Mokronog I phase. The cemetery has good analogies with the contemporary small cemetery from Srednica near Ptuj where Celtic newcomers from the northeast were most likely buried; some similarities were also noted with the La Tene cemetery at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto, which was characterized by the preservation of a long continuity extending even from the Late Bronze and Hallstatt periods.
Keywords: Slovenia, Štajerska, Orehova vas, Late Iron Age LT B2, Mokronog group, bi-ritual burial mode, Kosd C sword, early La Tene iron fibula with a button on the foot
Fig. 1: The archaeological site of Orehova vas - Dolge njive. Scale = 1:4.000. Sl. 1: Arheološko najdišče Orehova vas - Dolge njive. M. = 1:4.000.
INTRODUCTION
Until major archaeological rescue excavations were undertaken in the context of constructing the Slovenian highway network, it was belived that not much was really known about the Late Iron Age in northeastern Slovenia, which is considered a part of the Mokronog cultural circle.1 In the past two decades entirely new sites have been discovered through these large building projects that have contributed greatly to knowledge of the Drava River basin (Podravje) in the Late Iron Age.2 The most important discoveries for understanding the La Tene period in this area are the small cemeteries at Srednica near Ptuj3 and Orehova vas near Maribor.4
1	Pahič 1966, 271; Božič 1999, 207 ff.
2	Črešnar 2012; cf. Guštin 2011, 123 ff.
3	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011.
4	Grahek 2015.
THE LA TENE CEMETERY AT OREHOVA VAS
Orehova vas near Maribor lies in the plain beneath the southeastern slopes of Pohorje, in the western part of the Drava plain. The archaeological site of Orehova vas - Dolge njive (EŠD 29539) was investigated in 2006 and 2007 in archaeological excavations due to the construction of a highway.5 During these excavations, which were performed over an area of 14.6 hectares, traces of settlement were found from the Early Bronze Age, with a Late Bronze Age settlement along the former bed of the present Polanski stream, a Roman period farming structure with some waste pits, and the small early
5 Strmčnik Gulič et al. 2007; Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer Cafnik 2008; Koprivnik et al. 2009, 14.
EŠD 29539 (= heritage register number [http://www. culture.si/en/Register_of_Slovene_cultural_heritage_-_rkd. situla.org]).
Fig. 2: Plan of the Early La Tene cemetery at Orehova vas; cf. Fig. 1. Scale = 1:1.000.
Sl. 2: Tloris zgodnjelatenskega grobišča v Orehovi vasi; prim. sl. 1. M. = 1:1.000.
La Tene cemetery.6 The latter was discovered in the southeastern section of the excavated area (Fig. 1).
After removal of the topsoil, three graves were discovered and some small pits without finds (Fig. 2). All of the documentation and finds from the excavations at Orehova vas are kept in the Pokrajinski muzej Maribor (PMMb).
Grave 1 (Fig. 3A; 5)
The grave was marked by a 0.59 x 1.00 m large oblong grave pit oriented NE-SW. The pit was dug into the bedrock, the deepest point was measured at 0.13 m. It was filled with a brown sandy fill with some small pebbles. The southwestern part of the grave pit contained some burnt remains and calcified bones, while the grave goods were in the northern part (Fig. 3A):
1.	An iron sword with a rhomboid cross-section of the blade, preserved in a scabbard, folded four times, with an additional bending of the end of the scabbard. The heart-shaped tip of the scabbard with circular buttons at the lateral edges was separated by a pair of incisions from the upper part of the chape, which on the front side had circular clamps, and on the back a somewhat curved bar. A loop for suspension was preserved on the scabbard with rounded platelets and a rectangular bridge. The tang for the hilt of the sword had a rectangular section; l. = 88.2 cm; w. = 6.0 cm; th. = 1.4 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20256.
2.	An iron spearhead with its tip bent downwards. It has a broad, thinly forged leaf-shaped blade with a central rib of rhomboid section and a short socket, in the lower part with a rounded section and openings for attachment to a shaft; l. = 34.5 cm; w. = 9.0 cm; th. = 0.4 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20257.
3.	An iron, open-ended and solid circlet, with a rounded section and incised decorations on both ends; dia. = 8.9 cm; th. = 1.2 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20258.
Grahek 2015.
4. A small pot with a molded horizontal rib on the neck; wheel-made; smooth inner and outer surfaces of a dark red-brown color; finely grained fabric; incomplete oxidation firing; dia. rim = 9.5 cm; dia. base = 6.1 cm; h. = 15.0 cm; th. = 0.7 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20255.
Grave 2 (Fig. 3B; 5)
To the east of grave 1, at a distance of 6.5 m, a 1.90 x 0.84 m grave pit was discovered, with an irregular oblong shape, which was dug into bedrock with a NE-SW orientation. The northern part of the grave pit, measured to 0.37 m at the deepest point , had a brown sandy fill and contained two pottery vessels (Fig. 3B):
1 . A clay jug with a molded horizontal rib on the neck and on the shoulder; wheel-made; a smooth mottled dark grey exterior surface; pale brown interior surface; finely grained fabric; oxidation fired with final smoking; dia. rim = 11.0 cm; dia. base = 10.4 cm; h. = 21.7 cm; th. = 0.7 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20259.
2. A bowl with horizontal grooves on the shoulder and two pairs of concentric grooves on the inner side; wheel-made; smooth grey-black inner and outer surfaces; finely grained fabric; oxidation firing with final smoking; dia. rim = 22.0 cm; dia. base = 7.0 cm; h. = 7.0 cm; th. = 0.9 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20260.
Grave 3 (Figs. 4; 5)
South of graves 1 and 2 another grave pit of rectangular form was discovered. The 3.64 x 1.40 m large and 0.75 m deep grave pit was discovered 5.9 m southeast of grave 1 and 4.4 m southwest of grave 2. It was dug into the bedrock with a slight deviation from a NW-SE orientation, and was filled with a dark yellowish brown sandy soil with several pebbles. The cremated bones and burnt remains were found in the center of the grave pit, while the grave goods were north and south of them (Fig. 4):
1. An iron sword in a scabbard, most probably with a rhomboid cross-section of the blade and a rectangular section of the tang for the handle. Towards the top of the tang for the sword handle a rivet was preserved for attaching a handle made from organic matter, while in its lower part a semicircular curved blade guard is preserved, which was attached to the sword with three rivets. The guard fits the mouth of the scabbard with a lengthwise central rib, which on the front side, entirely on the far edges and only a little below the mouth of the scabbard has circular buttons. A rectangular loop for fastening was attached to the back side of the scabbard. Under it on the scabbard was a circlet for suspension with a pair of circular buttons beneath it. The heart shaped tip of the scabbard with circular buttons on the lateral ends was separated with a pair of incisions from the upper part of the chape, which had circular clamps in the front side and a poorly preserved straight bar on the back side; l. = 70.3 cm; w. = 5.0 cm; th. = 1.4 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20265.
6
Fig. 3: Orehova vas. Grave 1 (A) and grave 2 (B). Scale = 1:50 (plan); 1:4 (finds). A1-A3 iron; A4,B1,B2 pottery. Sl. 3: Orehova vas. Grob 1 (A) in grob 2 (B). M. = 1:50 (tloris); 1:4 (najdbe). A1-A3 železo; A4,B1,B2 keramika.
2.	An iron spearhead with a narrow forged blade, somewhat deformed in the upper part and curved to the side, with a rhomboid section and a short socket for the shaft, in the upper part with a square section, and at the bottom a circular section, where in one of the holes a rivet for attaching the shaft is preserved; l. = 43.2 cm; w. = 5.6 cm; th. = 1.2 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20266.
3.	An iron knife with a straight blade. The iron handle has a square section, and terminates in a spiral. l. = 26.5 cm; w. = 3.9 cm; th. = 1.1 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20264.
4.	An iron knife with a turned-down blade and a flattened tang for the handle. At the beginning of the blade was a hole with a preserved rivet for attaching the handle of organic material; l. = 17.4 cm; w. = 2.4 cm; th. = 0.5 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20263.
5.	An iron circlet with a rounded section; dia. = 3.8 cm; th. = 0.7 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20269.
6.	A highly corroded iron circlet with a rounded section; dia. = 4.6 cm; th. = 0.9 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20268.
7.	An iron circlet with a rounded section; dia. = 4.1 cm; th. = 0.7 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20270.
8.	An iron fragment - a loop of rhomboid shape; vel. 3.8 X 2.2 X 0.7 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20271/1.
9.	An iron fragment; dim. 3.1 x 2.5 x 0.5 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20271/2.
10.	An iron rod of circular section; l. = 9.5 cm; th. = 1.2 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20267.
11.	An iron fibula with a semicircular banded bow, a spring with six coils(three on each side), and a triangularly bent-back foot with a large button. The 0.3 cm thick and 1.45 cm wide bow of the fibula has a shallow groove along the edges, and the lateral edges are decorated with blunt transverse incisions. The thrice bent foot of the bow is decorated with a button 0.8 cm in diameter. There is a small disc-like thickening before the end of the foot, which is flattened and rounded with a diameter of 0.6 cm. Only a part of the 0.3 cm thick pin of the fibula is preserved. The total size of the fibula: l. = 7.3 cm; h. = 3.3 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20272.
12.	A pot with a decoration of segmented ribs; made by hand; smoothed outer surface in a mottled red-brown; the inner surface in a mottled brown; finely-grained fabric; incompletely oxidation fired; dia. rim = 12.6 cm; dia. base = 9.5 cm; h. = 7.8 cm; th. = 0.7 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20262.
13.	A clay jar with a molded horizontal rib on the neck and two pairs of horizontal grooves on the shoulders; wheel-made; smooth mottled grey-black outer surface; dark brown inner surface; fine-grained fabric; oxidation fired with final smoking; dia. rim = 22.5 cm; dia. base = 13.0 cm; h. = 23.5 cm; th. = 0.9 cm; inv. no. PMMb 20261.
Several other pits without finds were excavated in the immediate vicinity of the above graves (Fig. 2), which can be connected to the La Tene graves on the basis of the stratigraphic data. The pits dug into the sterile soil were filled with a dark grey sandy soil, while it was noted that the fill in pits SE 82 M and 80 M contained tiny fragments of charcoal and a layer of burnt sandy soil.7
THE BURIAL RITUAL
The burnt remains in graves 1 and 3 indicate that these were cremation burials, although they nonetheless differ. Grave 1 (Fig. 3A; 5) in fact has a smaller grave pit, which in the central section contained burnt remains and several fragments of cremated bones, while the grave goods were placed to the northeast of them, with the weapons ritually destroyed. The appearance of this type of burial is characteristic for the La Tene cemetery at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto, which lies in the southeastern part of the tumulus cemetery in the central and northeastern parts of the conical hill there.8 The first La Tene finds appeared in the youngest, most probably inhumation, burials in tumuli.9 The turning point, which marks the beginning of the new, La Tene, era, is represented by the appearance of flat and without exception cremation burials, in which weapons were placed, always deliberately damaged or destroyed.
Graves 1 and 2 are comparable in the size of the grave pits. Although no burnt remains were found in grave 2 (Fig. 3B), this is also considered to have been a cremation grave. Immediately adjacent to grave pit another pit had been dug (SE 69 M; Fig. 2), which was filled with a sandy soil that was a grayish color due to tiny fragments of burnt remains. The situation was similar with the pit related to grave 1 (SE 80 M), which in addition to tiny fragments of burnt remains also contained a layer of burnt sandy soil. Other pits were also uncovered in the cemetery at Orehova vas (SE 77 M, 79 M, and 82 M; Fig. 2). Probably all these pits can be compared to the small pits with fragments of La Tene pottery that were discovered between the graves at Srednica in Ptuj.10 Although we don't
SE = SU, stratigraphical unit.
8	Križ 2005; 2001.
9	Križ 2005, 33; - id. 2001, 44, 154-156: 475-485; - id. 1997, Pl. 63-64. Attention should be drawn to grave XV/5, which supposedly had an early La Tene sword placed on the lid of its wooden coffin (Križ 2013, 143 f., Pl. 68: 8). The grave was attributed to tumulus XV, although the question that arises is whether the example of a group of seven badly damaged graves discovered in the southwestern part of the cemetery at Kapiteljska njiva between tumuli I, II, XVII, and XIV, were actually the remains of a tumulus. With the exception of grave 3, the graves discovered there were all buried with an orientation from east to west, and were also very close together, or even one over another (ib. 27, Fig. 1; Insert 3).
Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 33.
7
Fig. 4: Orehova vas. Grave 3, plan and profile of the grave. Scale = 1:50; 1:4 (finds). 1-11 iron; 12,13 pottery. Sl. 4: Orehova vas. Grob 3, tloris in profil groba. M. = 1:50; 1:4 (najdbe). 1-11 železo; 12,13 keramika.
Fig. 5: Orehova vas. Grave 1, grave 2, and grave 3 during excavation.
Sl. 5: Orehova vas. Grob 1, grob 2 in grob 3 med izkopavanji. (Photo / foto: M. Strmčnik Gulič, I. Bizjak)
know their purpose, they can all be regarded in the context of funerary rituals.
Grave 3 stands out considerably among the graves from Orehova vas in terms of the size of the grave pit. The rectangular grave pit measured 3.64 m in length (Fig. 4; 5). In terms of the shape and size of the pit, this grave can be compared to grave 7 from Srednica,11 although the latter was an inhumation burial, while burnt remains with cremated bones were discovered in the grave from Orehova vas. Despite this, because of the large size of the pit and the fact that the weapons had not been ritually destroyed, it was questioned whether grave 3 had been an inhumation burial of a warrior with a sword and a spear. The doubts about a double grave, where one was an inhumation and the other a cremation, were justified by the results of the anthropological analysis of the burnt remains. This showed that the bone remains most probably belonged to a female.12 As the grave goods found in the grave probably belonged to a male warrior, the grave is treated as a double burial. Moreover, it was most likely a bi-ritual burial. From this standpoint, the cemetery at Orehova vas is quite comparable to the cemetery at Sred-nica near Ptuj,13 where inhumation burials appear alongside cremation graves. The same is true for cemeteries at Pottenbrunn14 and Mannersdorf15 in Lower Austria, but also the Karaburma cemetery in Belgrade in Serbia16, as well as numerous Moravian and Slovakian cemeteries,17 for which it should be noted that in the early La Tene period (LT A and B1) throughout the entire central European region a burial ritual of inhumation predominated, while cremation burials only spread in the period of the LT B2 phase.18
11	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 40 f.
12	The anthropological analysis was performed by
Tatjana Tomazo-Ravnik: 'The analysis was carried out using
the standard macroscopic method. The total weight of the
cremated remains was 426 grams. The macroscopic
examination of the cremated remains indicated human burnt bones. The fragments are very small, although it
can be concluded that the contents represent the remains
of one adult individual, perhaps female. The adult age is
indicated by the state of one part of a vertebrae, while the likelihood of a female identity is shown by the edge of the
eye socket and the thickness of parts of the long bones.'
Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011.
Ramsl 2002.
Ramsl 2011.
Todorovic 1972.
Čižmarova 2011, 30 ff.; Bujna 1982, 377 ff.
Bujna 2004, 337 ff., Fig. 1.
GRAVE GOODS Swords
Graves 1 and 3 contained weapons, consisting of a sword in a scabbard and a spearhead. Both the entirely bent sword from grave 1 as well as the ritually undamaged sword from grave 3 (sl. 3A:1; 4: 1) belong to the Hatvan-Boldog/Münsingen group of swords19 with a perforated tip of the scabbard chape. More specifically, these are swords with a scabbard of type Kosd C according to Petres and Szabo or the GSA 3 group according to Lejars, which are primarily dated to the LT B2 period.20 In the broader southeastern Alpine region, swords with scabbards of the Kosd type are widespread, particularly in the vicinity of Late Balaton, and such finds are also known from Austrian Styria, as well as Slovenian sites,21 where in particular the sword from grave 1 at Orehova vas can best be compared to those from Mokronog22 and Kobarid.23
Unfortunately, the sword from grave 1 does not have an entirely preserved scabbard, as it is broken off just above the loop for attaching the sword to the belt (Fig. 3A: 1). The mouth of the scabbard is better preserved on the sword from grave 3. It has a semicircular convex and on the sides saddle-shaped mouth, above which are preserved three rivets for attaching the downwards semicircularly bent scabbard for the blade of the sword (Fig. 4: 1). From this perspective, the sword from grave 3 can be compared to the sword from grave 1 at the Parisian cemetery of Saint Maur des Fosses,24 and several examples can be found in graves from Kutna Hora-Karlov in the Czech Republic,25 where the best analogy would be the sword from grave 38.26 In addition to three rivets above the mouth of the scabbard, another on the tang of the sword from Orehova vas was preserved. This is connected in
19	Cf. Petres, Szabo 1985, 85 ff.; - Stöllner 1998, Beil. 3; - Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 47 ff., Fig. 14.
20	Petres, Szabo 1985, 91, Fig. 7: d; - Lejars 1994, 22, 44 ff.; - id. 2008, Fig. 10.
21	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, Fig. 14 with a list of sites, to which it is necessary to add Bizjakova hiša in Kobarid: Mlinar, Gerbec 2011, 62: 3; 64: 4; 65: 5.
22	Gabrovec 1966, PI. 1.
23	Mlinar, Gerbec 2011, 65: 5.
24	Leconte 1991, 49, Fig. 5: 1.
25	Valentova, Sankot 2011, Figs. 17: 5; 27a: 9; 31: 2.
26	Valentova, Sankot 2011, Fig. 38: 4,4b. Cf. Haffner 1992, Falttaf. 2, Fig. 44.
the example of swords from, for example, Dubnik27 and Kutna-Hora,28 with attaching a handle from organic material. The sword from grave 3 also has some kind of rivets or buttons preserved on the scabbard itself. On the front side of the scabbard just by the side edges probably decorative buttons are preserved with diameters of 2.0 and 1.8 cm, which can be compared to the decoration of scabbards from Saint Maur des Fosses,29 Monte Bibele,30 Pottenbrunn,31 Mannersdorf,32 and Kutna-Hora,33 but also with the richly decorated buttons on the scabbards of Hungarian swords,34 among which we can also find the best comparisons for the richly decorated sword from Srednica near Ptuj.35 If the buttons on the front side of the sword scabbard from grave 3 were most likely decorative elements,36 the purpose of a pair of buttons with a diameter of 2 cm on the back side of the scabbard is less clear. Analogies for buttons on the back side of a sword scabbard are unknown. It may be that the buttons on the back side of the scabbard, like the flat circlet higher up, are also in a secondary position and affixed to the scabbard with corrosion. The circlet was originally part of the belt set, while the buttons could be from the upper part of the sword, where they may have been originally attached at the rear as a pair of rivets for the handle.37 The sword from Orehova vas is dated to the LT B2 period or the earliest phase of the Mokronog group, which is thought to also extend over Štajerska.38 In comparison to the sword from grave 3, the sword from grave I could also be somewhat later. The ritually destroyed sword in its extended state would measure at least 85 cm,39 while for early La Tene swords (LT A and B), it is characteristic that most measure up 70 cm.40
On the back side of the sword scabbard from grave 3 under the loop for attachment, a circlet
27	Bujna 1989, Pls. 20: 8; 33: 5.
28	Valentova, Sankot 2011, Fig. 17: 5.
29	Leconte 1991, Fig. 15: 3.
30	Lejars 2008, 266, 269, 271: 81.
31	Ramsl 2002, Pls. 34: 1; 72: 4c; 80: 7c.
32	Ramsl 2011, Pls. 146: 4; 154: 6.
33	Valentova, Sankot 2011, Figs. 21: 5; 38a: 4,4b.
34	Szabo-Petres 1992, Pls. 2; 3; 13; 18; 48; 53: 1; 70; 71.
35	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009, Figs. 5, 6; Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 47 f., Fig. 13: 6.
36	Cf. Chevallier 2013, Figs. 2; 4; 5; 8-10.
37	Cf. Bujna 1989, Pls. 14: 8; 20: 8.
38	Božič 1999; id. 1987; Guštin 1984.
39	It should be noted that in the damaging or destruction of the sword by bending it would have been slightly stretched.
40	Lejars 1994, 31 ff.
was preserved with a rounded section. Another three such circlets were found in the grave pit in the vicinity of the sword (Fig. 4: 5-7). These represent the preserved metal parts of a belt used to attach the sword to the owner's side,41 and the highly corroded small fragments of iron, - likely parts of a hook, along with an iron rod were also probably part of this belt set (Fig. 4: 8-10).
Spearheads
In contrast to the swords, which are quite comparable in terms of the scabbard ending, the spearheads from grave 1 and grave 3 greatly differ. The broad, thinly forged spearhead with a pronounced rib from grave 1 (Fig. 3A: 2) is among the longest examples of spearheads of type la according to Rapin42 and has good analogies to the spearhead from grave 9 at Srednica near Ptuj.43 The spearhead from grave 3 (Fig. 4: 2), which has a very narrow blade, is hence classified among spearheads with a rhomboid section. Usually shorter examples of spearheades with a narrow blade and rhombic cross-section can be found in graves dated to the LT A from the Rhineland;44 similar ones can also be found as early as in the Hallstatt period graves from the Dolenjska cultural circle. Hence the spear from grave 3 can be compared to the longer examples of deltoid spearheads, assigned by Tecco Hvala to the third group in the publication of material from the Hallstatt necropolis of Magdalenska gora. Together with shorter examples of such spears, she dated them to the Late Hallstatt (Certosa and Negova phases) and (early) La Tene periods, i.e. to the LT A and B phases.45 Spearheads with a rhomboid section, which have a somewhat shorter blade in comparison with the spear from grave 3, can be found in the La Tene graves at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto,46 where the continuity from the Hallstatt cemetery is also clearly shown in the material culture, particularly the hand-made pottery.
41	Cf. Leconte 1991, Fig. 5: 1. For ways to attach a sword to a belt, see Rapin 1987; cf. Pirkmajer 1991, Fig. 35; Lejars 1994, 42; Bataille 2001.
42	Brunaux, Rapin 1988, 120-122, 133.
43	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009, Fig. 4: 1; - Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, Fig. 13: 5.
44	Cf. e.g. Haffner 1992, Fig. 38: 1-3.
45	Tecco Hvala 2012, 127 f., Fig. 50.
46	Križ 2005, Pls. 3: 5; 5: 2; 22: 2; 24: 2, etc.; - cf. Križ 1997, Pls. 14: 1; 16: 2,3; 18: 3,4; 21: 1,2; 22: 3,4, etc.
Knives
The fill of grave 3, in addition to a spear and a sword with parts of a belt set, also contained two knives. One has a straight blade and a spirally coiled tang as a handle (Fig. 4: 3) and it can best be compared to the knife that was found in the LT B 1 dated grave 233 from Pottenbrunn.47 The other example of a knife from grave 3 would be even earlier, with a bent blade and a flat tang for the handle, which had a cover of organic material, attached with (only one preserved) iron rivets (Fig. 4: 4). It can be compared to a longer example, which otherwise does not have such a bent blade, from grave 3 at Pottenbrunn. Even better comparisons can be found among the material from the Hallstatt graves of the Dolenjska cultural circle.48 The best analogies without grave assemblages to this example are from Magdalenska gora,49 where Tecco Hvala placed them in the group of knives with a flat tang for the handle. In the framework of the Dolenjska Hallstatt group, which in the larger central European model continues into the early La Tene period, these appeared at the end of the Certosa phase, and were primarily widespread in the Negova phase (LT A-B1).50 Also dated to the late Hallstatt or early La Tene period is the find of an analogous knife with a well-preserved bone handle from the settlement at Puščava near Slovenj Gradec.51 A bent knife with a flat tang continuation for the handle was found in grave 7 at Srednica near Ptuj, dated to LT B 1,52 while several similar examples are also known from the earliest La Tene graves at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto.53
Fibula
A small piece of an iron pin that was attached to a bone fragment showed that the cremated remains from grave 3 contained burnt remains of
47	Ramsl 2002, 140 f.; Pl. 52: 17.
48	E.g. Novo mesto-Kapiteljska njiva (Križ 1997, Pl. 21: 3; - id. 2013, Pls. 8: 10; 11: 5); Dolenjske toplice (Teržan 1976, Pls. 22: 8; 27: 14; 28: 2; 47: 8); Magdalenska gora (Tecco Hvala, Dular, Kocuvan 2004, Pls. 58: 6; 87: 4; 135: 20; 169: 6-8).
49	Tecco Hvala, Dular, Kocuvan 2004, Pl. 169: 6,8.
50	Tecco Hvala 2012, 135 f., Fig. 53: 4,5; Gabrovec 1987, 73; cf. Teržan 1973, 685 f.
51	Teržan 1990, 118, Pl. 83: 6.
52	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 40 ff., Fig. 10: 12.
53	Križ 2005, Pls. 13: 5; 25: 2; 39: 6; 77: 5; 91: 15.
Fig. 6: Orehova vas. Grave 3. Bone with a fragment of
an iron pin (a) and an agglomeration of bones and other
material on a corroded iron fibula (b).
Sl. 6: Orehova vas. Grob 3. Kost s fragmentom železne igle
(a) in sprimek kosti z železno fibulo (b).
(Photo / foto: E. Leghissa)
attire (Fig. 6a). A large agglomeration of bones, sand, and iron rust was noted among the cremated remains with bones (Fig. 6b). X-rays proved that it contained a fairly well preserved iron fibula (Fig. 7). This was an early La Tene type fibula that can be placed in the Duchcov group of fibulae.54 A very broad and varied selection of (most often bronze) fibulae are named after the fibulae from this famous hoard.55 The small bronze fibula from grave 49 at Kutna Hora is an example of a Duchcov type fibula,56 and is the best comparison for the fibula from Orehova vas in terms of shape and decoration of the bow, despite the fact that the latter is made of iron (Fig. 4: 11). Both have a wide and flattened semicircular bow decorated along the edges with shallow grooves. The triangular foot bent back against the bow was decorated with a large disc, and the end of the foot was flattened and rounded. While the small bronze fibula from Kutna Hora has the end of the foot decorated with blunt incisions, the exterior sides of the bow of the fibula from Orehova vas is decorated with shallow transverse incisions. It is visible on the x-rays that the button on the foot was similarly decorated, but this is no longer visible after conservation. After conservation, similarly nothing can be seen of the minor molding above and below the large button, as is known from the x-rays, but only a rolled thickening just under the flattened ending of the foot (cf. Fig. 7 and 4: 11). The fibula from grave 3 can also be compared to the better preserved iron fibula from grave 4 Srednica near Ptuj,57 but also the iron fibula from Karaburma
54	Kruta 1971, 17 ff., Pl. 32-37.
55	Cf. Ramsl 2012, 469 f.; Maute 1994, 460; Motykova 1986, 313, Pls. 26-27. Also see Kaufmann 1992; Grasselt 1992, Fig. 2.
56	Valentova, Sankot 2011, 336 ff., Fig. 49: 3.
57	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 34 ff., Fig. 5: 6.
Fig. 7: Orehova vas. Grave 3. X-ray of the iron fibula. Sl. 7: Orehova vas. Grob 3. Rentgenski posnetek železne fibule.
(Photo / foto: J. Vodišek)
in Belgrade.58 Several more examples were found there of iron fibulae with a triangular bent-back foot, but they have a more graceful bow of rounded section.59 This is also the case for the fibula from grave 115 at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto,60 which is among the earliest discovered La Tene graves there and, just like grave 4 from Srednica and grave 60 from Karaburma, is dated to LT B2. Iron fibulae of the early La Tene type with a button on the triangularly bent foot, and a spring that usually has 4 to 6 coils, are relatively common in early La Tene graves from western Hungary,61 as well as Lower Austria,62 Upper Bavaria,63 Tyrol,64 and even in the Swiss canton Ticino;65 while finds from Moravian66 and Slovakian cemeteries are even more frequent.67 The finds from that area were analyzed in detail by J. Bujna.68 According to his typology, the fibula from Orehova vas can be
58	Todorovič 1972, Pl. 21: 8.
59	Todorovič 1972, Pls. 21: 4; 22: 4; 24: 3.
60	Križ 2005, Pl. 10: 7; Cestnik 2014, 379 f., 388 f., Fig. 2.
61	E.g. Kosd (Szabo, Petres 1992, Pl 34); Magyarszerdahely-Homokidülö (Szabo, Petres 1992, Pl. 51; Horvath 1987, Pl. 12: 10); Balatonyörök-Kövesmezö (Horvath 1987, Pls. 2: 5; 4: 1-7); Rezi-Rezicseri (Horvath 1987, Pls. 15: 3; 19:
I-4;	25: 10-12; 27: 7-9; 28: 15-16).
62	E.g. Mannersdorf (Ramsl 2011, 142 ff., Figs. 114-115; Pls. 37: 10,11; 44: 28; 60: 2; 76: 2c; [77: 9]; 84: 2; 87: 6; 92: 4; 94: 9; 104: 4a-b; 111: 4; 114: 2; 121: 11; 159: 18; 171: 8; 177: 4; 184: 8; 188: 1,4; 191: 1; 196: 5b; 210: 2b; 213: 3; 221: 10); Pottenbrunn (Ramsl 2002, 68 f., Fig. 62; Pls. 51: 21; 62: 2,4; 67: 8; 73: 3; 75: 5; 76: 3,10; 80: 14).
63	Herbold, Later 2014, 82, Fig. 109.
Gamper 2006, 59, Fig. 13: (5X),5Y.
65	Stöckli 1975, 27 ff., Fig. 24: 1,4; Pl. 12: C14/1; - cf. Sormani 2011-2012, 81 ff.
66	E.g. Brno-Malomerice (Čižmarova 2005, Figs. 62: 3,5,9; 64: 11; 65: 6; 69: 13; 73: 7; 75: 3; 87: 5,8,10-11); Holubice (Čižmarova 2009, Pls. 3: 15; 7: 9; 11: 6,9; 12: 11; 15: 5; 19: 8; 20: 14; 22: 8; 23: 12; 26: 6; 27: 16; 28: 15); Krenovice (Čižmarova 2009, Pls. 36: 14; 37: 12; 40: 3; 42: 11); also Kutna Hora (Valentova, Sankot 2011, Figs. 10: 2,3; 11: 1,2; 14: 1,2; 16: 1; 20: 3; 22: 6; 25: 1; 27: 14; 29: 2; 32: 1; 36: 1-3; 41: 2; 45: 3; 46: 2).
67	E.g. Dubnik (Bujna 1989, Pls. 1B: 1; 3A: 1; 6: 1; 7: 3; 9A: 3; 10: 3; 12A: 2; 13A: 1; 17: 1,2; 20: 1,2; 23: 9; 25B: 1; 27: 1,2; 29: 1; 30: 7; 32: 1; 33: 1-3; 35: 2); Mana (Benadik 1983, Pls. 6: 11; 13: 10; 16: 5; 17: 2,4,5; 18: 5; 21: 1; 25: 6; 27: 3-5; 42: 8,9; Chotin (Ratimorska 1981, Pls. 5B: 1; 13: 1,2; 18A: 3-5; 20A: 1; 23B: 1); Bajč-Vlkanovo (Benadik 1960, Fig. 6: 1; Pl. 13: 5); Dolny Peter (Dušek 1960, Pl. 2: 26); Galanta-Nebojsa (Chropovsky 1958, Pl. 2: 5); Hurbanovo-Bacherov majer (Benadik, Vlček, Ambros 1975, Figs. 18: 5;
II-14);	Kamenin (Benadik, Vlček, Ambros 1975, Figs. 31: 5; 32: 4; Pls. 40: 23,24; 41: 12); Trnovec nad Vahom-Horny Jatov (Benadik, Vlček, Ambros 1975, Pl. 7: 11).
68	Bujna 1991, 243 f.
assigned among variants of type EF-6a, which are also called late Dubnik F9 fibulae and are dated to the LT B2 period.69
The iron fibula, which was found attached to the burnt osteological remains of a female individual (Fig. 6), would indicate that the cremation burial of the woman had occurred at the same time as the deposition of the weapons found in grave 3 (Fig. 4). The latter probably belonged to a male warrior, and on the basis of the state of preservation and the position of the grave goods it can be concluded that he had not been cremated, although for a confirmation of this hypothesis there are no preserved skeletal remains.70 It cannot be established whether both burials had taken place simultaneously or the cremated remains had been added later as in the excavation of grave 3 no possible later digging into the grave pit had been noted.71 All of the grave goods lay somewhat deeper than the cremation burial (Fig. 5: Gr. 3), except the hand-made pot, which was found where the skull of the skeleton of the presumed inhumation burial would be expected (Fig. 4: 11).
Bracelet
Grave 1, in addition to the sword and spear set, also contained a massive, open-ended iron ring, whose ends were decorated with incisions (Fig. 3A: 3). It was most probably a bracelet or armband, which for now remains without proper analogies. The wearing of iron ring-shaped jewelry in comparison to bronze was not as widespread, as can be seen from the analysis of annular jewelry from Slovakian sites. In this, Bujna established that individual forms of iron jewelry could be compared to bronze examples, as the typological and chronological development is comparable,
69	Bujna 2003, 70, 85 f., Figs. 43, 65; - id. 1991, 243 f., 249 ff.; - id. 1982, 327 f., Fig. 4.
70	Due to the exceptionally unfavorable characteristics of the local sediments, as a rule there are no preserved bones. This was the case throughout the entire excavated area at Orehova vas (14.6 hectares) and less than a dozen tiny pieces of bone remains were found, which in fact represented the later period remains of animal bones found in the humus.
71	An attempt was made to date grave 3 with the aid of radiocarbon analysis of samples of bone remains from the cremation burial and carbonized seeds from the fill of the grave pit, although this attempt was unsuccessful and did not produce relevant results. See Grahek 2015.
and in fact closely connected.72 The bracelet from Orehova vas hence can be better compared to Bujna's BR-A1 group of bronze bracelets than the iron examples. These bracelets appear both in female and male graves and are dated as early as LT B1.73 Examples of open-ended iron armrings or bracelets with spherical thickenings on the ends are dated by the cave with horse burials at Bizjakova hiša in Kobarid74 to the LT B2 and grave 217 from Mannersdorf75 to the LT B2/C1. Grave 109 from Kapiteljska njiva is dated similarly,and contained a more graceful, open-ended and undecorated iron bracelet.76
Pottery
Grave 3, in addition to the spearhead and bent knife with a flattened tang for the handle, contained one more distinctly archaic grave good. This was a small, handmade pot, decorated with a horizontal rib articulated with finger impressions (Fig. 4: 11), which can be compared to finds from La Tene graves at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto. As was noted above, a strong Hallstatt tradition is characteristic for that cemetery, which was also clearly reflected in the most common hand-made grave pottery.77
The same grave also contained a larger wheel-made globular pot - jar78 (Fig. 4: 12). It can be compared to the wheel-made pot from grave 7 at Srednica near Ptuj;79 even better analogies can be found in the early La Tene graves from Pot-tenbrunn80 or Mannersdorf81 in Lower Austria. The same is true for the pottery vessels that were discovered in the other two graves. Grave 1 contained a small pot, that was only finished on the potter's wheel, decorated with a modeled rib on the neck and horizontally molded shoulders (Fig. 3A:
72	Bujna 2005, 97 ff., 177 f.
73	Bujna 2005, 13, 139 f., Fig. 2.
74	Mlinar, Gerbec 2011, 74: 41.
75	Ramsl 2011, 209, Pl. 212: 2d.
76	Križ 2005, Pl. 5: 4; Cestnik 2014, 381 ff.
77	Križ 2005, 17 f.; Pl. 1: 1/100, 1-4/101; Pl. 2: 1-2/102, 1/103; Pl. 3: 1/105, 1/106, 1-2/107; Pl. 5: 1/108, 1/109; Pl. 6: 1/111; Pl. 8: 1/112; Pl. 9: 1-4/114, 1/116; Pl. 10: 1-2/115; etc.
78	For the classification of jugs as a form of La Tene fineware, see Grahek 2013, 91 ff.; cf. Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2009, 171, 173.
79	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 42, Fig. 9: 4.
80	Ramsl 2002, 94 ff., Pls. 56: 16; 63: 11; 71: 11; 82: 3.
81	Ramsl 2011, 180, Fig. 149.
4). In terms of workmanship it can be compared to the pottery from Srednica,82 and in terms of form to the jugs from Mannersdorf.83
Bowls were often placed in graves there,84 such as that found in grave 2 at Orehova vas. This was an S-profile bowl with a decoration of two horizontal grooves on the shoulder and a concave base, which was also decorated on the inside with two pairs of concentric grooves (Fig. 3B: 2). Found next to it in the grave was a biconical jug with a horizontal molded rib on the neck and on the shoulder (Fig. 3B: 1). An identical jug was found together with an S-profile bowl in grave 139 at Mannersdorf, which with a richly relief decorated bronze fibula of middle La Tene type with a large button on the foot was dated to the LT B2/C1 transition.85 Grave 6 from Srednica is dated to a somewhat earlier period,86 which like grave 2 from Orehova vas contained only pottery grave goods, specifically a set of a jug and a bowl.
CONCLUSION
The La Tene graves from Orehova vas all belong to the LT B2 period or the Mokronog 1 phase.87 Cremation graves 1 and 2 have good analogies with graves 9 and 6 from Srednica near Ptuj. In contrast to grave 9 from Srednica,88 grave 1 at Orehova vas, which is considered as a cremation burial of a warrior with a sword and spear (Fig. 3A), contained weapons that were deliberately damaged and destroyed. Such destruction of weapons is characteristic for the La Tene cemetery at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto, where the oldest graves as a rule were all cremation.89 It is significant that defensive weapons were not also placed in the warrior graves at Orehova vas and
82	It is characteristic for the pottery from Srednica that it was all made by hand and that it was just finished on the potter's wheel (verbal information from B. Kavur).
83	Ramsl 2011, 168, Figs. 138: 87/1; 153/10. - Cf. type Hu 1 (according to Zeiler 2010, 73 ff., Figs. 54-57; 98 ss, Fig. 74: 840).
84	Zeiler 2010, 165 ff., Figs. 135-137.
85	Zeiler 2010, 143, 207; Tab. 150, 151. - Cf. type Bw 1g after Zeiler 2010, 69 f., Fig. 44; 93 ff., Fig. 71: 483.
86	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 39 f., Fig. 7.
87	Guštin 1977, 69 ff.; Guštin 1984, 327 f.; Božič 1987, 869 ff.; Božič 1999, 209.
88	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009, 130, Figs. 3-5; Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 43 f., Figs. 11-13.
89	Križ 2005, 12 ff.; id. 2001, 43 f.
Srednica. This would primarily refer to the placement of shields, which can often be found both in central European and the earliest La Tene graves at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto.90
The graves that had solely pottery vessels as grave goods are also considered cremation graves. These were grave 2 at Orehova vas (Fig. 3B) and grave 6 at Srednica near Ptuj.91 Thelater is also a small La Tene cemetery with only four graves, in two of which burnt remains were found (grave 9 and possibly 6), and the other two (graves 4 and 7) were inhumation burials.92 Such a bi-ritual manner of burial in the early La Tene period (LT B) can be seen all the way from Moravia and western Pannonia to the cemetery at Karaburma in Belgrade.93
A bi-ritual manner of burial can be noted for grave 3 at the cemetery of Orehova vas (Fig. 4). The size and form of the grave pit and the grave goods indicate that this grave contained the inhumation burial of a male with a similar composition of weapons as had been discovered in the undoubtedly cremation grave 1. The composition of the weapons is what indicates the different manners of burial, as in grave 1 they were was ritually destroyed, but not in grave 3. In addition to the weapons and other grave goods characteristic for males, the grave also contained cremated remains and fragments of burnt bones. Anthropological analysis has shown that this very probably represented the remains of a female. The most characteristic grave goods in female graves are ring-shaped jewelry, such as can be found in grave 4 from Srednica.94 Such elements of female attire were not discovered in grave 3 at Orehova vas. Only an iron fibula of early La Tene type with a button on the foot can be connected to the cremation burial (Fig. 4: 11; 5: Gr 3; 7), which can also be found, in terms of analogies, in the female grave at Srednica.95 Such fibulae are primarily distributed in western Slovakia and Moravia, through western Hungary and Lower Austrian sites, and the rare Slovenian
90	Križ 2005, 28 ff., Pis. 8: 5,6; 13: 3; 24: 3; 76: 5; 77: 4; 82: 4. - Cf. Božič 1999, 209; Križ 2001, 54.
91	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 39 f., Figs. 6, 7.
92	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 33.
93	Bujna 2004. Cf. Bujna 1982, 316 ff., Fig. 1; Čižmarova 2005, 32 ff.; Ramsl 2011, 25 ff.; Ramsl 2002, 16 ff.; Todorovic 1972, 9 ff.
94	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, Fig. 5: 10-12,14,15.
95	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, Fig. 5: 6.
finds, and continuing in the Danube basin, all the way to Karaburma in Belgrade.96
The cemetery at Orehova vas is hence very similar to the contemporary cemetery at Srednica near Ptuj. Both are small and are part of the larger movementof the Celtic tribes and the spread of their influence in Pannonia and the Danube River.97 Despite their small size and evident simplicity, the cemeteries raise several questions related to the beginnings of the Late Iron Age in Slovenia. In particular, questions are raised about the genesis and homogeneity (at least of the earliest phase) of the Mokronog group, which extends from Dolenjska through the central Slovenian territory all the way to Štajerska and Prekmurje.98 Answers to these questions cannot be provided by the presentation of the early La Tene graves from Orehova vas. Answering these questions is also not our intention, since the current state of knowledge would not allow it. One one hand, our understanding of settlements from the late Hallstatt and early La Tene periods in Štajerska is incomplete, and on the other hand, we lack necessary comprehensive and systematic analyses of certain crucial large La Tene period cemeteries from Dolenjska, such as the cemetery at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto, and the cemeteries at Dobova and Brežice. In analyzing the La Tene graves from Orehova vas, we merely wish to note that they, like the graves from Srednica, are contemporary to the earliest phase of graves at the Late Iron Age cemetery of Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto. Although all the graves there were cremation, in Styria a bi-ritual burial practice was noted. The situation at Orehova vas is particularly interesting. Grave 1 is completely comparable in the burial ritual and the ceremonial destruction of the weapons to the La Tene graves at Kapiteljska njiva. The grave goods from grave 3 enable several comparisons with that cemetery, even though the burial ritual differs both from the La Tene graves at Kapiteljska njiva, and also the graves from Srednica. And while the latter were presented as the graves of newcomers from northern Slovakia,99 the cemetery at Orehova vas also shows many similarities to sites in Austrian
96	See n. 54-68.
97	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 48 ff.; cf. Guštin 2011, 123 f. For the issue of the actual migration of bearers of the La Tene cultue, also see Scheeres et al. 2014.
98	Guštin 1977, 69; Guštin 1984, 305 ff., Fig. 1; Božič 1987, 862 ff.; Božič 1999, 207, Fig. 1.
99	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 49.
Styria. There are indications in Styria of continuity of settlement from the late Hallstatt to the early La Tene periods.100 This is also characteristic for the cemetery at Kapiteljska njiva in Novo mesto, however this site is exceptional for Slovenia.
Acknowledgements
The material with all field documentation from Orehova vas was generously made available for analysis and publication by the excavation director Mira Strmčnik Gulič (CPA, Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije OE Maribor), with the colleagues Mihela Kajzer Cafnik,
Stanko Gojkovič (both ZVKDS OE Maribor) and Vesna Koprivnik (Pokrajinski muzej Maribor). The drawings of the grave goods were made by Tamara Korošec (ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo) and Drago Oman (Pokrajinski muzej Maribor). The anthropological analysis of the burnt osteological remains was performed by Tatjana Tomazo-Ravnik, the x-rays of the fibula by Janko Vodišek (Inštitut za metalne konstrukcije, Ljubljana), and conservation by Irena Porekar Kacafura (Pokrajinski muzej Maribor). I owe them all my sincere gratitude. For much helpful advice and inspiring discussions, I would also like to thank Dragan Božič and Sneža Tecco Hvala (both ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo), Biba Teržan (Filozofska fakulteta UL, Oddelek za arheologijo), and Marko Dizdar (Inštitut za arheologijo, Zagreb).
Kramer 1994, 41 f.
Translation: Barbara Smith Demo
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KAUFMAN, N. 1992, Varianten der Fibel vom Duxer Typ an Elbe und Pleiße. - In / V: Beiträge zur keltisch-germanischen Besiedlung im Mittelgebirgsraum. Internationales Kolloquim 15. bis 17. Mai 1990 in Weimar, Weimarer Monographien zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte 28, 31-33.
KOPRIVNIK, V. et al. 2009, Aktualna arheološka odkritja. - Muzejski list 35, Maribor.
KRAMER, M. 1994, Latenefunde der Steiermark. - Kleine Schriften Vorgeschichtlichen Seminar der Philipps-Universität Marburg 43.
KRIŽ, B. 1997, Novo mesto IV. Kapiteljska njiva. Gomila II in gomila III. - Carniola Archaeologica 4.
KRIŽ, B. 2001, Kelti v Novem mestu. Katalog razstave (The Celts in Novo mesto. Exhibition Catalogue). - Novo mesto.
KRIŽ, B. 2005, Novo mesto VI. Kapiteljska njiva. Mlajšeže-leznodobno grobišče (Late Iron Age Cemetery Kapiteljska njiva). - Carniola Archaeologica 6.
KRIŽ, B. 2013, Novo mesto VII. Kapiteljska njiva. Gomile I, XIV in XV (Novo mesto VII. Kapiteljska njiva. Barrows I, XIV and XV). - Carniola Archaeologica 7.
KRUTA, V. 1971, Le tresor de Duchcov dans les collections tchecoslovaques (Duchcovsky poklad v československfch sbirkach). - Üsti nad Labem.
LECONTE, L. 1991, Les necropoles lateniennes de Saint--Maur-des-Fosses (Val-de-Marne). - Antiquites nationales 22/23 (1990/1991), 49-80.
LEJARS, T. 1994, Gournay III, Les fourreau d'epee. Le sanctuarie de Gournay-sur-Aronde et l'armement dec Celtes de La Tene moyenne. - Paris.
LEJARS, T. 2008, La necropoli di Monte Tamburino a Monte Bibele. - In / V: D. Vitali, S. Verger (eds. / ur.),
Tra mondo celtico e mondo italico. La necropoli di Monte Bibele, 127-222, Bologna.
LUBŠINA-TUŠEK, M., B. KAVUR 2009, A Sword Between. The Celtic Warrior Grave from Srednica in North-Eastern Slovenia. - V: G. Tiefengraner, B. Kavur, A. Gaspari (eds. / ur.), Keltske Študije II / Studies in Celtic Archaeology II, Protohistoire Europeenne 11, 125-142.
LUBŠINA TUŠEK, M., B. KAVUR 2011, Srednica near Ptuj. A contribution to the beginning of the La Tene period in Eastern Slovenia. - In / V: M. Guštin, M. Jevtic (eds. / ur.), The Eastern Celts. The communities between the Alps and the Black Sea, Annales Mediterranei, 31-50, Koper.
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MAUTE, M. 1994, Fibel und Fibeltracht. E. Latenezeit. -In / V: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 8, 456-467.
MOTYKOVÄ, K. 1986, Dux (Duchcov, Bez. Teplice, Tschechoslowakei). - In / V: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde 6, 311-315.
PAHIČ, S. 1966, Keltske najdbe v Podravju (Keltenfunde im slowenischen Drauland). - Arheološki vestnik 17, 271-336.
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RAMSL, P. C. 2012, Duxer Fibel (Fibel Typus Duchcov). Frühlatenefibeltypus. - In / V: Lexikon zur Keltischen Archäologie A-K, 469-470, Wien.
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Zgodnjelatenski grobovi iz Orehove vasi pri Mariboru
UVOD
Vse do velikih zaščitnih arheoloških izkopavanj v okviru gradnje slovenskega avtocestnega križa je veljalo, da o mlajši železni dobi v severovzhodni Sloveniji, ki jo prištevamo k mokronoškemu kulturnemu krogu, ne vemo prav dosti.1 V zadnjih dveh desetletjih pa so bila z raziskavami ob velikih gradbenih projektih odkrita povsem nova najdišča, ki so veliko doprinesla k poznavanju Podravja v mlajši železni dobi.2 Za razumevanje latenizacije tega dela sta najpomembnejši odkritji majhnih grobišč v Srednici pri Ptuju3 in v Orehovi vasi pri Mariboru.4
je bilo v letih 2006 in 2007 raziskano z zaščitnimi izkopavanji ob gradnji avtoceste.5 V okviru raziskav na kar 14,6 hektarja velikem območju so bile odkrite sledi poselitve iz zgodnje bronaste dobe, poznobronastodobno naselje ob nekdanji strugi današnjega Polanskega potoka, rimskodobni gospodarski objekt z nekaj odpadnimi jamami ter manjše zgodnjelatensko grobišče.6 Slednje je bilo odkrito v jugovzhodnem delu raziskanega območja (sl. 1).
Po odstranitvi ornice so bili v tem delu odkriti trije grobovi in nekaj manjših jam brez najdb (sl. 2). Celotno dokumentacijo in najdbe z izkopavanj v Orehovi vasi hrani Pokrajinski muzej Maribor (PMMb).
LATENSKO GROBIŠČE V OREHOVI VASI
Orehova vas pri Mariboru leži na ravnici pod jugovzhodnimi obronki Pohorja, na zahodnem delu Dravskega polja. Tamkajšnje arheološko najdišče Orehova vas - Dolge njive (EŠD 29539)
Grob 1 (sl. 3A; 5)
Grob označuje 0,59 x 1,00 m velika podolgovata grobna jama v smeri severovzhod-jugozahod. Do 0,13 m globoka jama je bila vkopana v geološko osnovo. Zapolnjena je bila z rjavim peščenim meljem z nekaj manjšimi prodniki. V
1	Pahič 1966, 271; Božič 1999, 207 ss.
2	Črešnar 2012; prim. Guštin 2011, 123 ss.
3	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011.
4	Grahek 2015.
5	Strmčnik Gulič et al. 2007; Strmčnik Gulič, Kajzer Cafnik 2008; Koprivnik et al. 2009, 14.
6	Grahek 2015.
jugozahodni polovici grobne jame je bilo nekaj žganine in kalciniranih kosti, v severni pa grobni pridatki (sl. 3A):
1.	Železen meč z rombičnim presekom rezila, ohranjen v nožnici, štirikrat prepognjen, z dodatno ukrivljeno konico nožnice. Konica srčaste oblike, z okroglima gumboma na koncih, je s parom vrezov ločena od gornjega dela konični-ka, ki ima na sprednji strani okrogli objemki, na zadnji pa nekoliko izbočeno prečko. Na nožnici je ohranjena zanka za obešanje z zaobljenima ploščicama in pravokotnim mo-stičkom. Ročajni trn meča je pravokotnega preseka; dol. = 88,2 cm; šir. = 6,0 cm; d. = 1,4 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20256.
2.	Železna sulična ost z navzdol zapognjeno konico. Ima širok, tanko skovan list s sredinskim rebrom rombičnega preseka in krajši tul, v spodnjem delu zaobljenega preseka, na katerem sta predrtini za pričvrstitev na toporišče; dol. = 34,5 cm; šir. = 9,0 cm; d. = 0,4 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20257.
3.	Nesklenjen in masiven železen obroč, zaobljenega preseka, z vrezanim okrasom na obeh koncih; pr. = 8,9 cm; d. = 1,2 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20258.
4.	Lonček z modeliranim vodoravnim rebrom na vratu; dodelan na vretenu; gladka zunanja in notranja površina temno rdečerjave barve; drobnozrnate fakture; nepopolno oksidacijsko žgano; pr. u. = 9,5 cm; pr. d. = 6,1 cm; v. = 15,0 cm; d. = 0,7 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20255.
Grob 2 (sl. 3B; 5)
Vzhodno od groba 1, v oddaljenosti 6,5 m, je bila odkrita 1,90 X 0,84 m velika grobna jama, v tlorisu nepravilne, podolgovate oblike, ki je bila vkopana v geološko osnovo v smeri severovzhod-jugozahod. V severnem delu do 0,37 m globoke grobne jame, ki je bila zapolnjena z rjavim peščenim meljem, sta bili dve keramični posodi (sl. 3B):
1.	Glinenka z modeliranim vodoravnim rebrom na vratu in na ramenih, oblikovana na vretenu, gladka zunanja površina temno sive barve, lisasta; notranja površina svetlo rjave barve; finozrnate fakture; oksidacijsko žgano s končnim dimljenjem; pr. u. = 11,0 cm; pr. d. = 10,4 cm; v. = 21,7 cm; d. = 0,7 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20259.
2.	Skleda z vodoravnima kanelurama na ramenih in dvema paroma koncentričnih kanelur na notranji strani; oblikovana na vretenu, gladka zunanja in notranja površina sivočrne barve; finozrnate fakture; oksidacijsko žgano s končnim dimljenjem; pr. u. = 22,0 cm; pr. d. = 7,0 cm; v. = 7,0 cm; d. = 0,9 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20260.
Grob 3 (sl. 4; 5)
Južno od grobov 1 in 2 je bila odkrita še ena grobna jama pravokotne oblike. Kar 3,64 x 1,40 m velika in 0,75 m globoka grobna jama je bila odkrita 5,9 m jugovzhodno od groba 1 in 4,4 m jugozahodno od groba 2. Vkopana je bila v geološko osnovo z manjšim odklonom v smeri severozahod-jugovzhod in zapolnjena s temno rumenkasto rjavim peščenim meljem z nekaj prodniki. V sredini grobne jame so bile zbrane sežgane kosti z nekaj žganine, severno in južno od njih pa so bili najdeni grobni pridatki (sl. 4):
1.	Železen meč, najverjetneje z rombičnim presekom rezila in z ročajnim trnom pravokotnega preseka v nožnici. Proti vrhu trnastega nastavka za držaj meča je ohranjen žebljiček za pričvrstitev držaja iz organske snovi, v spodnjem delu pa je ohranjen polkrožno zapognjen ščitnik rezila, ki je na meč pritrjen s tremi zakovicami. Ščitnik se prilega ustju nožnice z vzdolžnim sredinskim rebrom, ki ima na sprednji strani, povsem na stranskih robovih, le malo pod ustjem nožnice ohranjena okrogla gumba. Na zadnji strani nožnice je pritrjena pravokotna zanka za pripenjanje. Pod njo je na nožnico prirjavel obroček za obešanje in pod njim par okroglih gumbov. Srčasto oblikovana konica nožnice, z okroglima gumboma na koncih, je s parom vrezov ločena od gornjega dela koničnika, ki ima na sprednji strani okrogli objemki in slabo ohranjeno ravno prečko na zadnji strani; dol. = 70,3 cm; šir. = 5,0 cm; d. = 1,4 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20265.
2.	Železna sulična ost z ozko kovanim, v zgornjem delu nekoliko deformiranim in vstran nagnjenim listom rombičnega preseka ter kratkim tulom za nasaditev, ki je v vrhnjem delu kvadratnega preseka, na spodnjem koncu, okroglega preseka, pa ima v eni od predrtin ohranjeno zakovico za pričvrstitev toporišča; dol. = 43,2 cm; šir. = 5,6 cm; d. = 1,2 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20266.
3.	Železen nož z ravnim rezilom in spiralno skovanim uvitim koncem držaja, kvadratnega preseka; dol. = 26,5 cm; šir. = 3,9 cm; d. = 1,1 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20264.
4.	Železen nož z navzdol ukrivljenim rezilom in ploščatim nastavkom za držaj. Na korenu rezila je predrtina z ohranjeno zakovico za pritrditev držaja iz organske snovi; dol. = 17,4 cm; šir. = 2,4 cm; d. = 0,5 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20263.
5.	Železen obroček z zaobljenim presekom; pr. = 3,8 cm; d. = 0,7 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20269.
6.	Močno korodiran železen obroček z zaobljenim presekom; pr. = 4,6 cm; d. = 0,9 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20268.
7.	Železen obroček z zaobljenim presekom; pr. = 4,1 cm; d. = 0,7 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20270.
8.	Fragment železa - zanka romboidne oblike; vel. 3,8 x 2,2 X 0,7 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20271/1.
9.	Fragment železa; vel. 3,1 x 2,5 x 0,5 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20271/2.
10.	Železna palčka zaobljenega preseka; dol. = 9,5 cm; d. = 1,2 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20267.
11.	Železna fibula s polkrožnim trakastim lokom, s peresovino s šestimi (3 in 3) zavoji in trikotno uvito nogo z velikim gumbom. 0,3 cm debel in 1,45 cm širok lok fibule ima ob robu plitvo kaneluro, vzdolžna robova pa sta okrašena s topimi, prečnimi vrezi. Na lok trikotno uvita noga je okrašena z gumbom premera 0,8 cm. Pred zaključkom noge, ki je sploščen in zaobljene oblike ter v premeru meri 0,6 cm, je manjša svitkasta odebelitev. Ohranjen je še del 0,3 cm debele igle fibule. Skupna velikost fibule: dol. = 7,3 cm; viš. = 3,3 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20272.
12.	Lonček z okrasom razčlenjenega rebra; prostoročne izdelave; gladka zunanja površina rdečerjave barve, lisasta; notranja površina rjave barve, lisasta; drobnozrnate fakture; nepopolno oksidacijsko žgano; pr. u. = 12,6 cm; pr. d. = 9,5 cm; v. = 7,8 cm; d. = 0,7 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20262.
13.	Glinenka z modeliranim vodoravnim rebrom na vratu in dvema paroma vodoravnih kanelur na ramenih;
oblikovana na vretenu, gladka zunanja površina sivočrne barve, lisasta; notranja površina temno rjave barve; fino-zrnate fakture; oksidacijsko žgano s končnim dimljenjem; pr. u. = 22,5 cm; pr. d. = 13,0 cm; v. = 23,5 cm; d. = 0,9 cm; inv. št. PMMb 20261.
V neposredni bližini opisanih grobov je bilo izkopanih še nekaj jam brez najdb (sl. 2), ki jih glede na stratigrafske podatke povezujemo z laten-skimi grobovi. V sterilno plast vkopane jame so bile zapolnjene s temno sivo obarvanim peščenim meljem, pri čemer so bili zlasti pri zapolnitvah jam SE 82 M in 80 M najdeni tudi drobci oglja in plast ožganega peščenega melja.
NAČIN POKOPA
Žganina v grobovih 1 in 3 kaže, da gre za žgana pokopa, ki pa se vendarle med seboj razlikujeta. Grob 1 (sl. 3A; 5) namreč predstavlja manjša grobna jama, ki je v centralnem delu vsebovala ostanke žganine z nekaj drobci sežganih kosti, severovzhodno od njih pa so bili položeni grobni pridatki, pri čemer je bilo orožje obredno uničeno. Pojav tovrstnega načina pokopa je značilen za latensko grobišče na Kapiteljski njivi v Novem mestu, ki se razprostira na jugovzhodnem delu gomilnega grobišča na osrednjem in severovzhodnem delu tamkajšnjega kopastega hriba.7 Tam se prve latenske najdbe pojavijo že v najmlajših, najverjetneje skeletnih pokopih v gomilah.8 Prelomnico, ki označuje začetek nove, to je latenske ere, predstavlja pojav planih in brez izjeme žganih pokopov, v katerih je bilo pridano orožje vedno namerno poškodovano oziroma uničeno.
Po velikosti grobne jame sta grobova 1 in 2 primerljiva. Čeprav v grobu 2 (sl. 3B) niso bili odkriti ostanki žganine, tudi tega obravnavamo kot žganega. Tik ob grobni jami je bila namreč izkopana jama (SE 69 M; sl. 2), ki je bila zapolnjena
7	Križ 2005; 2001.
8	Križ 2005, 33; id. 2001, 44, 154-156: 475-485; id. 1997, t. 63, 64. Tu kaže še posebej opozoriti na grob XV/5, ki je imel domnevno na pokrov lesene krste položen zgodnjelatenski meč (Križ 2013, 143 s, t. 68: 8). Grob je pripisan gomili XV, vendar pa se postavlja vprašanje, ali v primeru skupine sedmih močno poškodovanih grobov, ki so bili odkriti na jugozahodnem delu grobišča na Kapiteljski njivi, med gomilami I, II, XVII in XIV, sploh gre za ostanke gomile. Z izjemo groba 3 so bili tamkaj odkriti grobovi namreč vsi vkopani v smeri od vzhoda proti zahodu, in sicer zelo blizu skupaj oziroma celo drug čez drugega (ib. 27, sl. 1; pril. 3).
z zaradi drobcev žganine bolj sivkasto obarvanim peščenim meljem. Podobno je z grobom 1 povezana jama (SE 80 M), v kateri je bila poleg drobcev žganine ohranjena tudi plast ožganega peščenega melja. Zraven njiju so bile na predelu grobišča v Orehovi vasi odkrite še jame (SE 77 M, 79 M in 82 M; sl. 2). Bržkone lahko vse te jame primerjamo z manjšimi jamami s fragmenti latenske keramike, ki so bile odkrite med grobovi iz Srednice na Ptuju.9 Čeprav ne poznamo njihove namembnosti, gre oboje obravnavati v okviru grobnega obredja.
Med grobovi iz Orehove vasi že po velikosti jame močno izstopa grob 3. Pravokotna grobna jama je namreč v dolžino merila kar 3,64 m (sl. 4; 5). Po obliki in velikosti jame lahko ta grob primerjamo z grobom 7 iz Srednice,10 vendar pa gre pri slednjem za skeletni pokop, v grobu iz Orehove vasi pa je bila odkrita žganina s sežganimi kostmi. Kljub temu se je zaradi velikosti jame in glede na to, da pridano orožje ni bilo obredno uničeno, pojavil dvom, ali ne gre pri grobu 3 tudi za skeletni pokop bojevnika z mečem in sulico. Upravičenost domneve o dvojnem grobu, kjer bi bil en pokop lahko celo skeleten, drugi pa žgan, so podprli rezultati antropološke analize žganinskih ostankov. Ta je namreč pokazala, da kostni ostanki najverjetneje pripadajo ženski.11 Ker v grobu najdeni pridatki bržkone pripadajo moškemu bojevniku, gre grob obravnavati kot dvojni. Še več, najverjetneje gre za biritualni pokop. S tega vidika je grobišče v Orehovi vasi povsem primerljivo z grobiščem v Srednici pri Ptuju,12 kjer se poleg žganih pojavljajo tudi skeletni pokopi. Podobno velja za grobišči iz Pottenbrunna13 in Mannersdorfa14 v Spodnji Avstriji ali pa beograjsko grobišče Kara-burma15 v Srbiji ter tudi za številna moravska in slovaška grobišča,16 pri čemer je treba opozoriti, da je v zgodnjem latenskem obdobju (LT A in B1) v celotnem srednjeevropskem prostoru uveljavljen
9 Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 33.
Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 40 s.
11	Antropološko analizo je opravila Tatjana Tomazo-Ravnik: "Analiza je bila izvedena po standardni makroskopski metodi. Celotna teža žganine je 426 gramov. Makroskopski pregled žganine kaže na človeške žgane kosti. Fragmenti so zelo majhni, vendar lahko zatrdimo, da vsebina predstavlja ostanke ene osebe, ki je bila odrasla in morda ženskega spola. Na odraslost nakazuje stanje večjega delčka vretenca, na verjetnost ženskega spola pa izraženost roba očnice in debelina delčkov dolgih kosti."
12	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011.
13	Ramsl 2002.
Ramsl 2011.
15 Todorovic 1972.
Čižmarova 2011, 30 ss; Bujna 1982, 377 ss.
skeletni način pokopa, žgan pokop pa se razširi šele v času stopnje LT B2.17
GROBNI PRIDATKI Meča
V grobovih 1 in 3 je bilo odkrito orožje v sestavu meča v nožnici in sulice. Tako povsem zvit meč iz groba 1 kot obredno nepoškodovan meč iz groba 3 (sl. 3A: 1; 4: 1) sodita v družino mečev tipa Hatvan--Boldog/Münsingen18 s perforirano konico nožnice. Natančneje gre za meča v nožnici tipa Kosd C po Petresovi in Szabu ali skupino GSA 3 po Lejarsu, ki so datirani zlasti v čas stopnje LT B2.19 Na širšem območju jugovzhodnega alpskega prostora so meči z nožnicami tipa Kosd razširjeni zlasti v okolici Blatnega jezera, več tovrstnih najdb poznamo še iz avstrijske Štajerske ter tudi s slovenskih najdišč,20 pri čemer lahko zlasti meč iz groba 1 v Orehovi vasi najbolje primerjamo s tistima iz Mokronoga21 in Kobarida.22 Žal meč iz groba 1 nima povsem ohranjene nožnice, odlomljena je tik nad zanko za pripenjanje meča na pas (sl. 3A: 1). Ustje nožnice je bolje ohranjeno pri meču iz groba 3. Ta ima polkrožno izbočeno in ob straneh sedlasto oblikovano ustje, nad katerim so ohranjene tri zakovice za pritrditev navzdol polkrožno zapognjenega ščitnika rezila meča (sl. 4: 1). S tega vidika lahko meč iz groba 3 primerjamo z mečem iz groba 1 s pariškega grobišča Saint Maur des Fosses,23 še več primerjav pa najdemo v grobovih z najdišča Kutna Hora-Karlov na Češkem,24 pri čemer je z našim še najbolj primerljiv meč iz groba 38.25 Poleg treh zakovic nad ustjem nožnice ima meč iz Orehove vasi ohranjeno še eno na trnu meča. To kot v primeru mečev iz npr. Dubnika26 in Kutna Hore27
17	Bujna 2004, 337 s, Abb. 1.
18	Prim. Petres, Szabo 1985, 85 ss; Stöllner 1998, Beil. 3; Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 47 ss, Fig. 14.
19	Petres, Szabo 1985, 91, Abb. 7: d; Lejars 1994, 22, 44 ss; Lejars 2008, Fig. 10.
20	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, Fig. 14 s seznamom najdišč, ki mu je treba dodati Bizjakovo hišo v Kobaridu: Mlinar, Gerbec 2011, 62: 3; 64: 4; 65: 5.
21	Gabrovec 1966, t. 1.
22	Mlinar, Gerbec 2011, 65: 5.
23	Leconte 1991, 49, Fig. 5: 1.
24	Valentova, Sankot 2011, Abb. 17: 5; 27a: 9; 31: 2.
25	Valentova, Sankot 2011, Abb. 38: 4, 4b. Prim. tudi Haffner 1992, Falttaf. 2, Abb. 44.
26	Bujna 1989, Taf. 20: 8; 33: 5.
27	Valentova, Sankot 2011, Abb. 17: 5.
povezujemo s pritrditvijo držaja iz organskega materiala. Meč iz groba 3 ima nekakšne zakovice ali gumbe ohranjene tudi na nožnici. Na sprednji strani nožnice ima povsem ob stranskih robovih ohranjena bržkone okrasna gumba s premerom 2,0 in 1,8 cm, ki ju lahko primerjamo z okrasom nožnic mečev z najdišč Saint Maur des Fosses,28 Monte Bibele,29 Pottenbrunn,30 Mannersdorf31 in Kutna-Hora32 ali pa bogato okrašenimi gumbi na nožnicah madžarskih mečev,33 med katerimi najdemo tudi najboljše primerjave za bogato okrašen meč iz Srednice pri Ptuju.34 Če gre pri zakovicah/ gumbih na sprednji strani nožnice meča iz groba 3 najverjetneje za okrasne elemente,35 je namen para gumbov s premerom 2 cm, ki ležita na hrbtni strani nožnice, bolj nejasen. Primerjav za gumbe na hrbtni strani nožnice meča ne poznamo. Gumba na hrbtni strani nožnice sta kot nekoliko višje ležeči obroček, ki ga povezujemo s pasno garnituro, lahko le prirjaveli stranski par zakovic iz vrhnjega dela držaja meča.36 Meča iz Orehove vasi sta datirana v čas LT B2 ali najstarejšo stopnjo mokronoške skupine, ki naj bi se razprostirala tudi na Štajerskem.37 Vendar pa je v primerjavi z mečem iz groba 3 meč iz groba 1 lahko tudi nekoliko mlajši. Obredno uničen meč bi iztegnjen namreč meril vsaj 85 cm,38 za zgodnjelatenske (LT A in B) meče pa je značilno, da po večini merijo do 70 cm.39
Na hrbtni strani nožnice meča iz groba 3 je pod zanko za pričvrstitev ohranjen obroček zaobljenega preseka. V grobu so bili v bližini meča najdeni še trije takšni obročki (sl. 4: 5-7). Gre za ohranjene kovinske dele jermenskega pasu za pripenjanje meča ob bok,40 ki mu najverjetneje pripadata tudi močno korodirana manjša fragmenta železa - najverjetneje dela kavlja - in železna palčka (sl. 4: 8-10).
28	Leconte 1991, Fig. 15: 3.
29	Lejars 2008, 266, 269, 271: 81.
30	Ramsl 2002, Taf. 34: 1; 72: 4c; 80: 7c.
31	Ramsl 2011, Taf. 146: 4; 154: 6.
32	Valentova, Sankot 2011, Abb. 21: 5; 38a: 4,4b.
33	Szabo-Petres 1992, Pls. 2; 3; 13; 18; 48; 53: 1; 70; 71.
34	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009, Figs. 5, 6; Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 47 s, Fig. 13: 6.
35	Prim. Chevallier 2013, Figs. 2; 4; 5; 8-10.
36	Prim. Bujna 1989, Taf. 14: 8; 20: 8.
37	Božič 1999; id. 1987; Guštin 1984.
38	Upoštevati moramo, da je pri poškodovanju oziroma uničevanju meča v pregibih prišlo tudi do njegovega manjšega raztezanja.
39	Lejars 1994, 31 ss.
40	Prim. Leconte 1991, Fig. 5: 1. Za načine pripenjanja
meča na pas glej Rapin 1987; prim. Pirkmajer 1991, sl. 35;
Lejars 1994, 42; Bataille 2001.
Sulici
V nasprotju z mečema, ki sta glede zaključkov nožnic povsem primerljiva, pa se sulici iz groba 1 in groba 3 med seboj močno razlikujeta. Širokolistna, tanko kovana sulica s poudarjenim rebrom iz groba 1 (sl. 3A: 2) sodi med najdaljše primerke suličnih osti tipa Ia po Rapinu41 in ima dobre primerjave v sulični osti iz groba 9 iz Srednice pri Ptuju.42 Sulica iz groba 3 (sl. 4: 2), ki ima ohranjen zelo ozek list, pa se uvršča med sulice z rombičnim presekom. Običajno krajše primerke suličnih osti z ozkim listom in rombičnim presekom zasledimo v LT A datiranih grobovih iz Porenja;43 podobne pa lahko najedemo tudi še v halštatskih grobovih dolenjskega kulturnega kroga. Tako lahko sulico iz groba 3 primerjamo z daljšimi primerki suličnih osti deltoidne sheme, ki jih je Sneža Tecco Hvala pri obdelavi gradiva s halštatskih nekropol Mag-dalenske gore uvrstila v tretjo skupino. Skupaj s krajšimi primerki tovrstnih sulic jih je datirala v poznohalštatsko (certoška in negovska stopnja) in (zgodnje) latensko obdobje oziroma v čas stopnje LT A in B.44 Sulične osti z rombičnim presekom, a v primerjavi s sulico iz groba 3 nekoliko krajšim listom, zasledimo v latenskih grobovih s Kapiteljske njive v Novem mestu,45 ki kontinuiteto s halštatskim grobiščem jasno odsevajo tudi v materialni kulturi, zlasti prostoročno izdelani lončenini.
Noža
V zasutju groba 3 sta bila ob sestavu sulice in meča z deli pasne garniture odkrita še dva noža. Eden ima ravno rezilo in spiralno zavit trnasti nastavek za držaj (sl. 4: 3) in ga lahko še najbolje primerjamo z nožem, najdenim v grobu 233 iz Pottenbrunna, ki ga datiramo v LT B 1.46 Še starejši bi lahko bil drugi primerek noža iz groba 3 z ukrivljenim rezilom in s ploščatim nastavkom za držaj, ki je imel oblogo organskega izvora, pritrjeno z (le eno ohranjeno) železno zakovico (sl. 4: 4). Primerjamo ga lahko z daljšim primerkom, ki sicer nima tako izrazito ukrivljenega rezila, iz groba 3 iz
Pottennbruna. Še boljše primerjave lahko najdemo med gradivom iz halštatskih grobov dolenjskega kulturnega kroga.47 Našemu primerku najboljše primerjave so tako brez grobnih celot poznane iz Magdalenske gore,48 kjer jih je Tecco Hvalova uvrstila v skupino nožev s ploščatim nastavkom za ročaj. Ti se v okviru dolenjske halštatske skupine, domnevno prav po zgledu iz srednjeevropskih, že zgodnjelatenskih sredin, pojavijo ob koncu certoške stopnje, razširjeni pa so predvsem v negovskem času (LT A-B1).49 V poznohalštatski oziroma že v zgodnjelatenski čas sodi tudi najdba primerljivega noža z dobro ohranjeno koščeno oblogo držaja iz naselja na Puščavi pri Slovenj Gradcu.50 Ukrivljen nož s ploščatim nastavkom za držaj je bil najden še v grobu 7 iz Srednice pri Ptuju, ki je datiran v LT B 1,51 več podobnih primerkov pa poznamo tudi iz najstarejših latenskih grobov na Kapiteljski njivi v Novem mestu.52
Fibula
Da so med žganino iz groba 3 ohranjeni tudi sežgani deli noše, je nakazoval že manjši fragment železne igle, ki je prirjavel na košček kosti (sl. 6a). Med žganino s kostmi je bil nato opažen večji sprimek kosti, peska in železne rje (sl. 6b). Rentgensko slikanje je razkrilo, da je v njem razmeroma dobro ohranjena železna fibula (sl. 7). Gre za fibulo zgodnjelatenske sheme, ki se uvršča v skupino t. i. fibul Duhcov.53 Po fibulah iz slovite zakladne najdbe je poimenovana zelo široka in raznolika paleta najpogosteje bronastih fibul,54 kakršna je tudi mala fibula iz groba 49 iz Kutna Hore,55 ki po obliki in okrasu loka predstavlja najboljšo primerjavo fibuli iz Orehove vasi (sl. 4: 11). Obe imata namreč širok in sploščen
41	Brunaux, Rapin 1988, 120-122, 133.
42	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009, Fig. 4: 1; Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, Fig. 13: 5.
43	Glej npr. Haffner 1992, Abb. 38: 1-3.
44	Tecco Hvala 2012, 127 s, sl. 50.
45	Križ 2005, t. 3: 5; 5: 2; 22: 2; 24: 2 itd. - Prim. Križ 1997, t. 14: 1; 16: 2,3; 18: 3,4; 21: 1,2; 22: 3,4 itd.
46	Ramsl 2002, 140 s; Taf. 52: 17.
47	Npr. Novo mesto - Kapiteljska njiva (Križ 1997, t. 21: 3; id. 2013, t. 8: 10; 11: 5); Dolenjske toplice (Teržan 1976, t. 22: 8; 27: 14; 28: 2; 47: 8); Magdalenska gora (Tecco Hvala, Dular, Kocuvan 2004, t. 58: 6; 87: 4; 135: 20; 169: 6-8).
48	Tecco Hvala, Dular, Kocuvan 2004, t. 169: 6,8.
49	Tecco Hvala 2012, 135 s, sl. 53: 4,5; Gabrovec 1987, 73; prim. Teržan 1973, 685 s.
50	Teržan 1990, 118, t. 83:6.
51	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 40 ss, Fig. 10: 12.
52	Križ 2005, t. 13: 5; 25: 2; 39: 6; 77: 5; 91: 15.
53	Kruta 1971, 17 ss, Pls. 32-37.
54	Prim. Ramsl 2012, 469 s; Maute 1994, 460; Motykova 1986, 313, Taf. 26, 27. Glej tudi Kaufmann 1992; Grasselt 1992, Abb. 2.
55	Valentova, Sankot 2011, 336 ss, Abb. 49: 3.
polkrožno oblikovan lok, ki je ob robu okrašen s kaneluro. Proti loku zapognjena noga trikotne oblike je okrašena z velikim gumbom, zaključek noge pa je sploščen in zaobljene oblike. Medtem ko ima majhna bronasta fibula iz Kutna Hore zaključek noge okrašen s topimi vrezi, ima fibula iz Orehove vasi s topimi, prečnimi vrezi okrašena stranska robova loka. Na rentgenskem posnetku je videti, da je bil podobno okrašen tudi gumb na nogi, kar pa po konservaciji ni več vidno. Po konservaciji tudi nista več vidni manjši profilaciji pod velikim gumbom in nad njim, ki ju lahko zaznamo na rentgenskem posnetku, temveč le še svitkasta odebelitev tik pod sploščenim zaključkom noge (prim. sl. 7 in 4: 11). Fibulo iz groba 3 lahko dobro primerjamo tudi z bolje ohranjeno železno fibulo iz groba 4 v Srednici pri Ptuju56 ali železno fibulo iz groba 60 z beograjskega najdišča Karaburma.57 Tu je bilo najdenih še več primerkov železnih fibul s trikotno zapognjeno nogo, ki pa imajo gracilnejši lok zaobljenega preseka.58 Takšna je tudi fibula iz groba 115 na Kapiteljski njivi v Novem mestu,59 ki sodi med najstarejše tamkaj odkrite latenske grobove in je, enako kot grob 4 iz Srednice ali grob 60 iz Karaburme, datiran v LT B2. Železne fibule zgodnjelatenske sheme z gumbom na trikotno uviti nogi in peresovino, ki ima običajno 4 ali 6 zavojev, so razmeroma pogoste v zgodnjelatenskih grobovih iz zahodne Madžarske60 ter tudi iz Spodnje Avstrije,61 Zgornje Bavarske,62 Tirolske,63 celo iz švicarskega kantona Ticino;64 še pogostejše pa so najdbe z moravskih65 in slova-
56	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 34 ss, sl. 5: 6.
57	Todorovič 1972, t. 21: 8.
58	Todorovič 1972, t. 21: 4; 22: 4; 24: 3.
59	Križ 2005, t. 10: 7; Cestnik 2014, 379 s, 388 s, sl. 2.
60	Npr. Kosd (Szabo, Petres 1992, Pl. 34); Magyarszerdahely-Homokidülö (Szabo, Petres 1992, Pl. 51; Horvath 1987, T. 12: 10); Balatonyörök-Kövesmezö (Horvath 1987, T. 2: 5; 4: 1-7); Rezi-Rezicseri (Horvath 1987, T. 15: 3; 19: 1-4; 25: 10-12; 27: 7-9; 28: 15-16).
61	Npr. Mannersdorf (Ramsl 2011, 142 ss, Abb. 114-115; Taf. 37: 10,11; 44: 28; 60: 2; 76: 2c; [77: 9]; 84: 2; 87: 6; 92: 4; 94: 9; 104: 4a-b; 111: 4; 114: 2; 121: 11; 159: 18; 171: 8; 177: 4; 184: 8; 188: 1,4; 191: 1; 196: 5b; 210: 2b; 213: 3; 221: 10); Pottenbrunn (Ramsl 2002, 68 s, Abb. 62, Taf. 51: 21; 62: 2,4; 67: 8; 73: 3; 75: 5; 76: 3,10; 80: 14).
62	Herbold, Later 2014, 82, Abb. 109.
63	Gamper 2006, 59, Abb. 13: (5X),5Y.
64	Stöckli 1975, 27 ss, Abb. 24: 1,4; Taf. 12: C14/1; prim. Sormani 2011-2012, 81ss.
65	Npr. Brno-Malomerice (Čižmarova 2005, Obr. 62:
3,5,9; 64: 11; 65: 6; 69: 13; 73: 7; 75: 3; 87: 5,8,10-11);
Holubice (Čižmarova 2009, Tab. 3: 15; 7: 9; 11: 6,9; 12:
11; 15: 5; 19: 8; 20: 14; 22: 8; 23: 12; 26: 6; 27: 16; 28: 15);
ških grobišč.66 Tamkajšnje najdbe je podrobneje analiziral J. Bujna.67 Po njegovi tipologiji se fibula iz Orehove vasi uvršča med različice EF-6a, ki so imenovane tudi pozne Dubnik F9 fibule in so datirane v LT B2.68
Železna fibula, ki je bila sprijeta s sežganimi kostnimi ostanki osebe ženskega spola (sl. 6), kaže na to, da sodi žgani pokop ženske v isti čas kot v grobu 3 najdeno orožje (sl. 4). Slednje je bržkone pripadalo moškemu bojevniku, za katerega lahko na podlagi ohranjenosti in lege pridatkov domnevamo, da ni bil sežgan, čeprav za potrditev te domneve nimamo ohranjenih skeletnih ostankov.69 Ali gre pri obeh pokopih za sočasno dejanje ali pa je bila morebiti žganina odložena kasneje, ni mogoče ugotoviti, saj pri izkopavanju groba 3 niso opazili morebitnih mlajših vkopov v grobno jamo.70 Vsi pridatki so v grobu ležali nekoliko globlje kot žgan pokop (sl. 5: gr. 3), razen prostoročno izdelanega lončka, ki pa je bil najden v delu grobne jame, kjer bi pričakovali lobanjo skeleta domnevnega pokopa (sl. 4: 11).
Krenovice (Čižmarova 2009, Tab. 36: 14; 37: 12; 40: 3; 42:
11);	tudi Kutna Hora (Valentova, Sankot 2011, Abb. 10: 2,3; 11: 1,2; 14: 1,2; 16: 1; 20: 3; 22: 6; 25: 1; 27: 14; 29: 2; 32: 1; 36: 1-3; 41: 2; 45: 3; 46: 2).
66	Npr. Dubnik (Bujna 1989, Taf. 1B: 1; 3A: 1; 6: 1; 7: 3; 9A: 3; 10: 3; 12A: 2; 13A: 1; 17: 1,2; 20: 1,2; 23: 9; 25B: 1; 27: 1,2; 29: 1; 30: 7; 32: 1; 33: 1-3; 35: 2); Mana (Benadik 1983, Taf. 6: 11; 13: 10; 16: 5; 17: 2,4,5; 18: 5; 21: 1; 25: 6; 27: 3-5; 42: 8,9; Chotin (Ratimorska 1981, Taf. 5B: 1; 13: 1,2; 18A: 3-5; 20A: 1; 23B: 1); Bajč-Vlkanovo (Benadik 1960, Abb. 6: 1; Taf. 13: 5); Dolny Peter (Dušek 1960, Taf. 2: 26); Galanta-Nebojsa (Chropovsky 1958, Taf. 2: 5); Hurbanovo-Bacherov majer (Benadik, Vlček, Ambros 1975, Abb. 18: 5; 11-14); Kamenin (Benadik, Vlček, Ambros 1975, Abb. 31: 5; 32: 4; Taf. 40: 23,24; 41:
12);	Trnovec nad Vahom-Horny Jatov (Benadik, Vlček, Ambros 1975, Taf. 7: 11).
67	Bujna 1991, 243 s.
68	Bujna 2003, 70, 85 s, Obr. 43, 65; id. 1991, 243 s, 249 ss; id. 1982, 327 s, Abb. 4.
69	Zaradi izjemno neugodnih lastnosti tamkajšnjih sedimentov praviloma nimamo ohranjenih kosti. Tako je bilo na celotnem raziskanem območju v Orehovi vasi (14,6 ha) najdenih manj kot ducat drobcev kostnih ostankov, pa še ti predstavljajo mlajšedobne ostanke živalskih kosti, najdenih v ornici.
70	Grob 3 smo skušali datirati tudi z radiokarbonskima analizama vzorca kostnih ostankov žganega pokopa in zoglenelega semena iz zasutja grobne jame, vendar sta bila naša poskusa neuspešna oziroma nista dala relevantnih rezultatov. Glej pri Grahek 2015.
Zapestnica
V grobu 1 je bil poleg sestava meča in sulice najden še masiven, nesklenjen železen obroč, katerega konca sta okrašena z vrezi (sl. 3A: 3). Bržkone gre za zapestnico ali narokvico, ki pa za zdaj ostaja brez pravih primerjav. Nošnja železnega obročastega nakita v primerjavi z bronastim ni bila tako razširjena, kar je dobro razvidno tudi iz analize obročastega nakita s slovaških najdišč. V njej Bujna ugotavlja, da lahko primerjamo posamezne oblike železnega nakita z bronastim, saj je njun (tipološko-kronološki) razvoj vzporeden oziroma tesno povezan.71 Zapestnico iz Orehove vasi lahko tako bolje kot z železnimi primerjamo s skupino bronastih zapestnic BR-A1 po Bujni. Te se pojavljajo tako v ženskih kot moških grobovih in so datirane že v LT B1.72 V LT B2 oziroma v LT B2/C1 pa sta datirana primerka nesklenjenih železnih zapestnic ali narokvic s kroglasto odebeljenima koncema iz jame s pokopi konj iz Bizjakove hiše v Kobaridu73 in groba 217 iz Mannersdorfa.74 Enako je datiran tudi grob 109 s Kapiteljske njive, v katerem je bila najdena od zapestnice iz Orehove vasi bolj gracilna, nesklenjena in neokrašena železna zapestnica.75
Lončenina
tenu dodelanim loncem iz groba 7 v Srednici pri Ptuju;78 še boljše primerjave pa lahko najdemo v zgodnjelatenskih grobovih iz Pottenbrunna79 ali Mannersdorfa80 v Spodnji Avstriji. Enako velja za keramično posodje, ki je bilo odkrito v drugih dveh grobovih. V grobu 1 je bil namreč najden na lončarskem vretenu zgolj dodelan lonček z mode-liranim rebrom na vratu in vodoravno profilira-nimi rameni (sl. 3A: 4), ki ga po načinu izdelave primerjamo s keramiko iz Srednice,81 oblikovno pa je primerljiv z glinenkami iz Mannersdorfa.82 V tamkajšnjih grobovih so bile pogosto pridane sklede,83 kakršna je bila najdena v grobu 2 iz Orehove vasi. Gre za S-profilirano skledo z okrasom dveh vodoravnih kanelur na ramenih in vbočenim dnom, ki je z dvema paroma koncentričnih kanelur okrašena tudi v notranjosti (sl. 3B: 2). Ob njej je bila v grobu najdena še bikonična glinenka z vodoravno modeliranim rebrom na vratu in na ramenih (sl. 3B: 1). Enaka glinenka je bila skupaj s S-profilirano skledo najdena v grobu 139 iz Mannersdorfa, ki je z bogato, v plastičnem stilu okrašeno bronasto fibulo srednjelatenske sheme z velikim gumbom na nogi datiran na prehod LT B2/C1.84 V nekoliko starejši čas je datiran grob 6 iz Srednice,85 ki je tako kot grob 2 iz Orehove vasi vseboval zgolj keramične pridatke, in sicer servis glinenke in sklede.
V	grobu 3 je bil ob sulici in ukrivljenem nožu s ploščatim nastavkom za držaj najden še en izrazito arhaičen pridatek. Gre za majhen, prostoročno oblikovan lonček, okrašen z vodoravnim rebrom, razčlenjenim z odtisi prsta (sl. 4: 11), ki ga lahko primerjamo z najdbami iz latenskih grobov na Kapiteljski njivi v Novem mestu. Kot rečeno, je za to grobišče značilna močna halštatska tradicija, ki se jasno kaže tudi v najpogosteje prostoročno izdelani grobni keramiki.76
V	isti grob je bil pridan tudi večji, na lončarskem vretenu oblikovan kroglast lonec - glinenka77 (sl. 4: 12). Primerjamo jo lahko z na lončarskem vre-
71	Bujna 2005, 97 ss, 177 s.
72	Bujna 2005, 13, 139 s, Abb. 2.
73	Mlinar, Gerbec 2011, 74: 41.
74	Ramsl 2011, 209, Taf. 212: 2d.
75	Križ 2005, t. 5: 4; Cestnik 2014, 381 ss.
76	Križ 2005, 17 s; t. 1: 1/100, 1-4/101; t. 2: 1-2/102, 1/103; t. 3: 1/105, 1/106, 1-2/107; t. 5: 1/108, 1/109; t. 6: 1/111; t. 8: 1/112; t. 9: 1-4/114, 1/116; t. 10: 1-2/115 itd.
77	Za opredelitev glinenke kot oblike latenskega finega posodja glej Grahek 2013, 91 ss; prim. Dular, Tomanič Jevremov 2009, 171, 173.
SKLEP
Latenskodobni grobovi iz Orehove vasi vsi sodijo v čas LT B2 ali stopnjo Mokronog 1.86 Žgana grobova 1 in 2 imata dobre primerjave v grobovih 9 in 6 iz Srednice pri Ptuju. V nasprotju z grobom 9 iz Srednice87 je bilo v grobu 1 iz Orehove vasi, ki ga obravnavamo kot žgan pokop bojevnika z mečem in sulico (sl. 3A), pridano orožje namen-
78	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 42, Fig. 9: 4.
79	Ramsl 2002, 94 ss, Taf. 56: 16; 63: 11; 71: 11; 82: 3.
80	Ramsl 2011, 180, Abb. 149.
81	Za keramiko iz Srednice je značilno, da je vsa prostoročne izdelave in je bila na lončarskem vretenu zgolj dodelana (ustna informacija B. Kavur).
82	Ramsl 2011, 168, Abb. 138: 87/1; 153/10. - Prim. tip Hu 1 (po Zeiler 2010, 73 ss, Abb. 54-57; 98 ss, Abb. 74: 840).
83	Zeiler 2010, 165 ss, Abb. 135-137.
84	Zeiler 2010, 143, 207; Tab. 150, 151. - Prim. tip Bw 1g po Zeiler 2010, 69 s, Abb. 44; 93 ss, Abb. 71: 483.
85	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 39 s, Fig. 7.
86	Guštin 1977, 69 ss; Guštin 1984, 327 s; Božič 1987, 869 ss; Božič 1999, 209.
87	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2009, 130, Figs. 3-5; Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 43 s, Figs. 11-13.
sko poškodovano in uničeno. Tovrstno uničevanje orožja je značilno za latensko grobišče na Kapiteljski njivi v Novem mestu, kjer so najstarejši grobovi praviloma vsi žgani.88 Pri tem je pomenljivo, da v bojevniške grobove iz Orehove vasi in Srednice ni bilo priloženo tudi obrambno orožje. Gre predvsem za prilaganje ščita, kot ga pogosto zasledimo tako v srednjeevropskih kot tudi že v (naj)starejših latenskih grobovih s Kapiteljske njive v Novem mestu.89
Kot žgana obravnavamo tudi grobova, ki sta imela pridano zgolj keramično posodje. To sta grob 2 iz Orehove vasi (sl. 3B) in grob 6 iz Srednice pri Ptuju.90 V Srednici je bilo odkrito podobno majhno latensko grobišče z zgolj štirimi grobovi, pri čemer sta bila v dveh (grob 9 in domnevno 6) ugotovljena žgana, v drugih dveh (grobova 4 in 7) pa skeletna pokopa.91 Takšen biritualni način pokopavanja v zgodnjelatenskem obdobju (LT B) lahko zasledujemo vse od Moravske in zahodne Panonije do grobišča na Karaburmi v Beogradu.92 Na grobišču v Orehovi vasi ugotavljamo biritualni način pokopavanja v grobu 3 (sl. 4). Velikost in oblika grobne jame ter pridatki namreč kažejo, da imamo v grobu skeleten pokop moškega s podobnim sestavom orožja, kot je bil odkrit v nedvomno žganem grobu 1. Na različna načina pokopa kaže že sestav orožja, ki je bilo v grobu 1 obredno uničeno, v grobu 3 pa ne. Poleg orožja in drugih pridatkov, značilnih za moške, je bila v grobu 3 najdena tudi žganina s koščki sežganih kosti. Antropološka analiza je pokazala, da gre zelo verjetno za ostanke ženske. Najznačilnejši pridatek v ženskih grobovih je obročast nakit, ki ga zasledimo tudi v grobu 4 iz Srednice.93 V grobu 3 iz Orehove vasi pa tovrstni deli ženske noše niso bili odkriti. Z žganim pokopom lahko povežemo le železno fibulo zgodnjelatenske sheme z gumbom na nogi (sl. 4: 11; 5: gr. 3; 7), ki ji najdemo primerjave tudi v ženskem grobu 4 iz Srednice.94 Tovrstne fibule so razširjene predvsem na zahodnem Slovaškem in Moravskem, prek zahodnomadžarskih in spodnjeavstrijskih najdišč ter redkih slovenskih
88	Križ 2005, 12 ss; id. 2001, 43 s.
89	Križ 2005, 28 ss, t. 8: 5,6; 13: 3; 24: 3; 76: 5; 77: 4; 82: 4. - Prim. Božič 1999, 209; Križ 2001, 54.
90	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 39 s, Figs. 6, 7.
91	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 33.
92	Bujna 2004. Prim. Bujna 1982, 316 ss, Abb. 1; Čižmarova 2005, 32 ss; Ramsl 2011, 25 ss; Ramsl 2002, 16 ss; Todorovic 1972, 9 ss.
93	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, Fig. 5: 10-12,14,15.
94	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, Fg. 5: 6.
najdb pa jim lahko sledimo v Podonavje, vse do Karaburme v Beogradu.95
Grobišče iz Orehove vasi je torej zelo podobno sočasnemu grobišču iz Srednice pri Ptuju. Obe sta majhni in se vključujeta v shemo prodora keltskih plemen in širitve njihovega vpliva v Panonijo in Podonavje.96 Kljub majhnosti in navidezni preprostosti pa grobišči odpirata tudi več vprašanj, povezanih z začetki mlajše železne dobe na slovenskem ozemlju. Predvsem se postavljata vprašanji
0	genezi in homogenosti (vsaj najstarejše stopnje) mokronoške skupine, ki naj bi se od Dolenjske prek osrednjeslovenskega prostora razprostirala vse do Štajerske in Prekmurja.97 Odgovorov na ti dve vprašanji s predstavitvijo zgodnjelatenskih grobov iz Orehove vasi ne moremo dati. To niti ni naš namen, saj trenutna poselitvena slika v pozno-halštatskem in mlajšeželeznodobnem obdobju na Štajerskem na eni strani ter tudi odsotnost celovitih in sistematičnih analiz nekaterih ključnih, velikih dolenjskih latenskodobnih grobišč, kot so grobišče na Kapiteljski njivi iz Novega mesta ter grobišči iz Dobove in Brežic, na drugi strani tega bržkone še ne omogočata. Z obravnavo latenskih grobov iz Orehove vasi želimo tako le opozoriti, da so ti tako kot grobovi iz Srednice sočasni najstarejši fazi grobov na mlajšeželeznodobnem grobišču na Kapiteljski njivi v Novem mestu. Pa vendar so tamkajšnji grobovi vsi žgani, na Štajerskem pa ugotavljamo biritualni pokop. Pri tem je še posebej zanimiva situacija v Orehovi vasi. Grob
1	je po načinu pokopa in z obredno uničenim orožjem povsem primerljiv z latenskimi grobovi s Kapiteljske njive. Več primerjav s tamkajšnjim grobiščem omogočajo tudi pridatki iz groba 3, pa vendar se ta po grobnem obredju razlikuje tako od latenskih grobov s Kapiteljske njive, kot tudi od grobov iz Srednice. In če so bili slednji predstavljeni kot grobišče prišlekov iz severne Slovaške,98 kaže grobišče iz Orehove vasi več podobnosti tudi z najdišči z avstrijske Štajerske, kjer se (kot velja prav za izjemno grobišče na Kapiteljski njivi v Novem mestu) tudi nakazuje nekakšna kontinuiteta poselitve iz mlajšega halštatskega v zgodnje latensko obdobje.99
95	Glej op. 53-67.
96	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 48 ss; prim. Guštin 2011, 123 s. Za vprašanje dejanskih migracij nosilcev latenske kulture glej tudi Scheeres et al. 2014.
97	Guštin 1977, 69; Guštin 1984, 305 ss, Abb. 1; Božič 1987, 862 ss; Božič 1999, 207, sl. 1.
98	Lubšina Tušek, Kavur 2011, 49.
99	Kramer 1994, 41 s.
Zahvala
Gradivo z vso terensko dokumentacijo iz Orehove vasi mi je v obdelavo velikodušno prepustila vodja izkopavanj Mira Strmčnik Gulič (CPA, Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije OE Maribor) s sodelavci Mihelo Kajzer Cafnik, Stankom Gojkovičem (oba ZVKDS OE Maribor) in Vesno Koprivnik (Pokrajinski muzej Maribor). Risbe grobnih najdb so delo Tamare Korošec (ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo) in Draga Omana (Pokrajinski muzej Maribor). Antropološko analizo sežganih kostnih ostankov je opravila Tatjana Tomazo-Ravnik, rentgensko slikanje fibule Janko Vodišek (Inštitut za metalne konstrukcije, Ljubljana), konserviranje pa Irena Porekar Kacafura (Pokrajinski muzej Maribor). Vsem iskrena hvala. Za številne koristne nasvete in navdihujoče razprave se zahvaljujem
tudi Draganu Božiču in Sneži Tecco Hvala (oba ZRC SAZU, Inštitut za arheologijo), Bibi Teržan (Filozofska fakulteta UL, Oddelek za arheologijo) ter Marku Dizdarju (Inštitut za arheologijo, Zagreb).
Lucija Grahek
Inštitut za arheologijo
Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra SAZU
Novi trg 2
SI-1000 Ljubljana
lucija.grahek@zrc-sazu.si