2 ISSN 1318­1998 CODEN: AESLFM LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt./No. 2 ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt./No. 2 PRIRODOSLOVNI MUZEJ SLOVENIJE SLOVENSKO ENTOMOLOŘKO DRUŘTVO ŘTEFANA MICHIELIJA ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA Revija Slovenskega entomolořkega druřtva Řtefana Michielija in Prirodoslovnega muzeja Slovenije Izhaja dvakrat letno / Issued twice a year ISSN 1318­1998 CODEN: AESLFM UDC (UDK) 595.7(051) © Acta entomologica slovenica Izdajatelja / Publishers Slovensko entomolořko druřtvo Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije Řtefana Michielija Preřernova 20, p.p. 290 Biolořko srediřśe – SI­1001 Ljubljana Nacionalni inřtitut za biologijo Veśna pot 111, SI­1000 Ljubljana Uredniřki odbor / Editorial Board dr. Martin Baehr (München), dr. Boćidar Drovenik (Ljubljana), dr. Werner Holzinger (Graz), prof. dr. Mladen Kuśiniĺ (Zagreb), prof. dr. Joće Maśek (Ljubljana), dr. Carlo Morandini (Udine), dr. Ignac Sivec (Ljubljana), prof. dr. Stanislav Trdan, dr. Tomi Trilar (Ljubljana), dr. Rudi Verovnik (Ljubljana), Ćarko Vrezec (tehn. urednik/Techn. Editor) Urednik / Editor dr. Andrej Gogala Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije Preřernova 20, p.p. 290, SI­1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia E­mail: agogala@pms­lj.si letnik/Vol. 26, řt./No. 2, 2018 Tisk / Printed by: Trajanus, d.o.o., Kranj Ljubljana, december 2018 http://www.pms­lj.si/si/o­nas/arhiv­publikacij/acta­entomologica­slovenica Povzeto v / To be abstracted in: The Zoological Record, CAB Abstracts Revijo dobivajo ślani Slovenskega entomolořkega druřtva Řtefana Michielija (ślanarina 20 EUR) Cena posamezne řtevilke je 8,50 EUR Zamenjava je zaćeljena / Exchanges appreciated Publikacija je natisnjena s pomośjo Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost R Slovenije. Uredniřko delo podpira Ministrstvo za kulturo R Slovenije. c 80­ . . 50­ 80 . . A 50 A . . . . Vsebina / Contents V. KlOKOCOVNiK, J. POdleSNiK: 5. Slovenski entomološki simpozijz mednarodno udeležbo. Fifth Slovenian entomological symposium with international attendance....................................................................... 97 B. KiaUTa: Spominski utrinki iz skupne entomološke mladostiz akademikom profesorjem dr. matijem Gogalo memory sparklets of the mutual entomological youthwith academician Professor dr matija Gogala.........................................101 m. GOGala: moji spomini na prof. Štefana Sušca-michielijamy memories of Prof. Štefan Sušec-michieli........................................... 107 d. deVeTaK, J. POdleSNiK, V. KlOKOCOVNiK: Predator-prey interactionsin antlions: transmission of vibrational signals deep into the sand interakcije med plenilcem in plenom pri volkcih: prevajanjevibracijskih signalov globoko v pesek...................................................... 121 N. STRiTih PelJhaN: Cave cricket genus Troglophilus as a model for studying function and evolution of sensory systemsand behaviour Jamske kobilice rodu Troglophilus kot model za študije delovanja in evolucije senzoricnih sistemovin vedenja...................................................................................................131 m. BOUlaRd: Sur deux Cigales de la faune intertropicale dédiées au Cicadologiste matija Gogala, collčgue et amiO dveh vrstah škržadov tropske favne, posvecenih škržadoslovcumatiji Gogala, kolegu in prijatelju............................................................ 151 T. TRilaR, h. dUFFelS: a new species of Nabalua (hemiptera: Cicadidae) from mount Kinabalu, Borneo Nova vrsta iz rodu Nabalua (hemiptera: Cicadidae) z gore mount Kinabalu na Borneu....................................................................... 167 G. KUNZ, W. e. hOlZiNGeR: Remarkable records of nine rare auchenorrhyncha species from austria (hemiptera) izjemne najdbe devetih redkih vrst škržatkov (auchenorrhyncha)v avstriji (hemiptera)............................................................................... 173 G. SelJaK: Notable new findings of auchenorrhyncha (hemiptera) in Slovenia Pomembne nove najdbe škržatkov v Sloveniji(hemiptera, auchenorrhyncha)................................................................. 181 S. GOmBOC: Ameles decolor (Charpentier, 1825) (dictyoptera: mantidae), third species of the Slovenian mantid faunaAmeles decolor (Charpentier, 1825) (dictyoptera: mantidae),tretja vrsta bogomolke v slovenski favni................................................... 195 K. KRal: ecological requirements and features adaptingthe Karinthian mountain grasshopper Miramella carinthiaca to live in meadows at the alpine treeline ekološke zahteve in znacilnosti alpske kobiliceMiramella carinthiaca na travnikih ob drevesni meji............................... 205 J. GRad, a. GRadiŠeK: Bumblebee brood temperature and colony development: a field studyTemperatura cmrljega satja z zalego in razvoj gnezda:terenska raziskava...................................................................................... 219 e. demiR: The economically important alien invasive planthoppersin Turkey (hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)Gospodarsko pomembni tujerodni invazivni škržatki v Turciji (hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha)...................................................... 233 d. ViNKO, a. TRaTNiK: Prispevek raziskovalnega tabora študentovbiologije 2017 k poznavanju favne kacjih pastirjev Gorenjske Contribution of biology research camp 2017 to the knowledgeof dragonfly fauna of the Gorenjska region.............................................. 243 FaVNiSTiCNi ZaPiSKi / FaUNiSTiCal NOTeS d. JaNeViC, m. de GROOT: Criorhina ranunculi (Panzer) (diptera: Syrphidae), a new hoverfly species for SloveniaCriorhina ranunculi (Panzer) (diptera: Syrphidae), za Slovenijonova vrsta trepetavke................................................................................. 259 a. GOGala: Andrena danuvia Stoeckhert and Hoplitis perezi (Ferton)in Slovenia (hymenoptera: andrenidae and megachilidae)Andrena danuvia Stoeckhert in Hoplitis perezi (Ferton) v Sloveniji(hymenoptera: andrenidae in megachilidae)........................................... 263 5. SLOVENSKI ENTOMOLOŠKI SIMPOZIJ Z MEDNARODNO UDELEŽBO posvecen 60-letnici akademika prof. dr. Matije Gogalain 50-letnici smrti prof. dr. Štefana Michielija 21. in 22. september 2016, Maribor F 21. 22. 5. . c , F , F I , F , F . c , c 80­ . . G 50­ . . . 50 , c A , B H , H , F , , , , , . F ­ . . . . . . D D , . . ., - . . . G , , . , - . . G , c - . . c c , , , , , , , - , . 33 12 . ( ://5 . . c . . /), , . , c , , . FIFTH SLOVENIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SYMPOSIUM WITH INTERNATIONAL ATTENDANCE Dedicated to Academician Prof. Dr. Matija Gogala on the Occasion of His 60th Birthdayand 50th Anniversary of the Death of Prof. Dr. Štefan Michieli Maribor, 21st and 22nd September 2016 21 I , 22 A , F 2018, . F F E E , - .17 5. , , 21. 22. 2018. F . 17 F E I - A 5. slovenski entomolořki simpozij z mednarodno udelećbo .2:A .. G . F . 27 A . D . G . , D B F I B , E C F , D B . A . D . G 80 B 50 . D . . 50 , (A , B H ). , C , F , , H , - , D , . D . D D , ., E . F .D . G , , .A , D . A .D . G , . I - , , , , , , , . E . A , E . c J LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 101–106 E E E AD A ADE FE E D . A E A Boštjan KIAUTA Murnikova 5, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenija; mbkiauta@gmail.com A – MEMORY SPARKLETS OF THE MUTUAL ENTOMOLOGICAL YOUTH WITH ACADEMICIAN PROFESSOR DR MATIJA GOGALA Styled as a personal letter to M.G., some recollections from 1943 to present are pro­vided. The origins and development of his work in the field of heteropteran and ho­mopteran faunistics, behaviour, bioacoustics and systematics are emphasized. His achievements in photoreception research in Orthoptera and Neuroptera and his novel ideas on computer applications in bioacoustics and biodiversity studies are briefly mentioned. An outline of M.G.’s professional career and bibliographic references are omitted. KEY WORDS: Matija Gogala, Heteroptera, Homoptera, biology, bioacoustics, system­atics c – V slogu osebnega pisma, naslovljenega na M.G., je nanizanih nekaj spominov iz obdobja od 1943 do danes. Osvetljeni so prvi zacetki in razvoj njegovega dela na podrocju favnistike, etologije, biologije, bioakustike in sistematike stenic (Heteroptera) in škržadov (Homoptera). Raziskave fotorecepcije nekaterih žuželk (Orthoptera, Neuroptera) in njegovi nasveti o uporabi racunalniške tehnologije v bioakustiki in v raziskavah biodiverzitete so bežno omenjeni. Oris poklicne poti M.G. in bibliografske reference so izpušceni. KLJUCNE BESEDE: Matija Gogala, Heteroptera, Homoptera, biologija, bioakustika, sis­tematika Dragi Matjaž, ceprav sva bila rojena v istem letu (1937), sem domala 11 mesecev starejši od Tebe. Rojenice so Ti položile v zibelko tri velike ljubezni: do žive narave, do fo­tografiranja in kreativnega razumevanja raziskovalne, predvsem bioakusticne apa­rature in racunalnika in do glasbe. Na prvem od teh podrocij sva si podobna, na ostalih pa me mocno nadkriljuješ. Pred casom si me povabil k “igralskemu” sodelovanju v uvodnem prizoru TV filma o Tvojem življenju in delu. Scena, ki sva jo igrala, je prikazala zgodovinski dogodek iz leta 1952: Tvojo življensko odlocitev za delo na podrocju hemiptero­logije (in podobno mojo v odonatologiji), ki se je rodila ob prelistavanju Kosovega vodnika po zooloških zbirkah takratnega Narodnega muzeja, v mojem majhnem kabinetu na Gosposvetski cesti 4 v Ljubljani. Tisti cas sva imela za seboj že domala desetletje prijateljevanja in intenzivnega biološkega sodelovanja, vse od šolskega leta 1943/1944, ko sva se srecala kot sošolca v prvem razredu osnovne šole “Vadnica”, na Resljevi cesti v Ljubljani in odkrila najino skupno zanimanje za biologijo, predvsem entomologijo. Film pa tako dalec v zgodovino ni posegel. Med vojno, pod Italijo, smo postali šoloobvezni z dopolnjenim šestim letom starosti. Ob zacetku šolskega leta 1943/1944 Ti je manjkalo do predpisane starosti še nekaj mesecev in Tvoja mama je veckrat izrazila moji mami svoje veselje, da so Te kljub temu sprejeli. Sicer pa sva bila oba med najmlajšimi v razredu. Bil si bolj majhne postave in si sedel v prvi klopi, gledano iz katedra: na skrajni desni strani. Mene pa so posadili v predzadnjo klop. Drugace od vecine sošolcev, sva bila oba v šoli precej mirna, med odmori sva se dosti pogovarjala in morda prav zato hitro odkrila najino skupno ljubezen do žuželk. Od takrat dalje so tekli najini pogovori skoro izkljucno o le-teh. Tako tudi po pouku, ko sem Te pogosto spreml­jal do Tvojega doma na Šentpeterski (sadaj Trubarjevi) ulici, le nakaj minut hoda od šole. Pred hišo sva vedno še dolgo kramljala, nakar si stopil na šolsko torbo, da si dosegel do hišnega zvonca in telefona. Najini pokojni materi sta bili globoko verni in smo ob nedeljah redno zahajali k šolski maši, ob osmih zjutraj, k franciškanom. Midva sva jo vedno pobrisala skozi zakristijo in samostan na kor: toliko, da sva slišala pridigo patra Romana Tominca – za primer, da bi bilo doma govora o njeni vsebini. Sicer sva pa tudi na koru, med mašo, intenzivno razpravljala o hrošcih, metuljih in o pocetju pupkov in pezdirkov v Tvojem akvariju. Ce se prav spominjam, si imel tudi zeta, ki ga do takrat nisem poznal. Morda bi se komu to ne zdelo prevec ”spodobno”. Ali pa vendar: saj se je godilo pri franciškanih, njihov ustanovitelj Francišek Asiški pa velja za enega najvecjih ljubiteljev živali in je bil zato proglašen njegov praznik (4. oktober) za svetovni dan živali … V tistem obdobju ste imeli nekje v Šiški majhnen zelenjavni vrt, kjer pa nisem bil nikdar in kjer si nabiral hrošce, ki so Te takrat najbolj zanimali. Imel si lepo zbirko, na krojaških iglah, s steklenimi barvastimi glavicami, ker cesa drugega takrat v Ljubljani ni bilo dobiti. Še danes imam v spominu primerek hrošca mlinarja Polyphylla fullo, ki ga do takrat nisem nikdar videl. V Tvoji zbirki pa je stal na igli z veliko rumeno glavico, ki me je zelo motila. Seveda sva se redno obiskovala na domu: si ogledovala zbirko žuželk, življenje v Tvojem akvariju in prelistavala tistih nekaj strokovnih knjig, ki so nama bile na voljo. Takrat je živel še Tvoj oce. Meni se je zdel “velikan”, ki me je veckrat dvignil s tal, me vrgel v zrak, pod strop – in zopet ujel. Vsi ste se smejali, sam pa sem imel bolj mešane obcutke. Moji starši so imeli vecji vrt v Rožni dolini, kamor sva seveda pogosto zahajala,predvsem tudi k veliki mlaki na bližnjem travniku, kjer stoji danes Študentsko naselje. Obiskovala sva jo pozimi in poleti in njeno favno dodobra inventarizirala. Po mojih takratnih beležkah sva tam med drugim ugotovila tudi nekaj manj od ducata vrst vodnih stenic iz rodov Corixa, Gerris, Hydrometra, Nepa, Notonecta, Plea, Ranatra in Sigara ter 20 vrst kacjih pastirjev. Preden sva zacela sodelovati, si Ti v glavnem pohajal ob Ljubljanici, vse do zacetka Barja, moje torišce pa so bili Tivoli, Rožnik, Rožna dolina in Glinšcica, nekako do Kosez. Potem sva vsa ta podrocja združila in razširila – kolikor je bilo pac mogoce v okviru z bodeco žico ograjene Ljubljane, ki jo je zapirala že na Dolenjski cesti, medtem ko je tekla nepropustna meja proti Nemciji že na Podutiku in na savskem mostu na Ježici. V prvem razredu nekdanje Klasicne gimnazije naju je pouceval prirodopis ži­valstva Bruno Toic, ki je bil tisto leto suplent na naši šoli, nakar je odšel na gim­nazijo v Kocevje in je v Kocevju tudi umrl. Veckrat nas je vodil na izlete po okolici in nas ucil konzerviranja nekaterih žuželk in drugih nevretencarjev v kisu, vendar sva takrat že poznala bolj ortodoksne metode z alkoholom in formalinom. Od otroštva in nekako do konca nižje gimnazije so Te zanimali predvsem hrošci, mene pa metulji, kacji pastirji in kobilice. Zbirko pa sem zacel “resneje” pripravljati šele pod vplivom Tvoje zbirke. V šolskem letu 1948/1949 sva postala zelo aktivna clana “Prirodoslovnega krožka” na naši gimnaziji, ki ga je idejno vodil naš veleugledni, takratni ucitelj zemljepisa, Pavel Kunaver. Po mali maturi (1951) smo krožkarji pripravili javno razstavo o našem delu, na kateri sva sodelovala z deli najinih zbirk žuželk. Razs­tavo si je prišel ogledat tudi neki osmošolec s Poljanske gimnazije, ki se nam jepredstavil s svojim vzdevkom “Gou”. To je bil Štefan Sušec-Michieli, kasnejši sloviti biolog in že takrat velik poznavalec in zbiralec metuljev. Prijateljstvo z njim nama je odprlo pot v krog starejših, uglednih entomologov in v clanstvo En­tomološke sekcije Društva biologov Slovenije. Slednje je bilo za naju izjemno pomembno. Iz referatov na mesecnih sestankih sva namrec ugotovila, da se je takrat vecina slovenskih entomologov ukvarjala s hrošci in metulji, kar naju je stimuliralo, da sva si izbrala za najino proucevanje dva druga, manj raziskana re­dova žuželk, kot opisano v uvodnem odstavku tega pisma. Prav kmalu si našel zvezo z Antonom Modrom, župnikom v Dobrovi pri Ljubl­jani, ki je bil tudi diplomiran biolog in prvi raziskovalec favne stenic Slovenije. Pri njem si si sposodil delo W. Stichel-a (1925-1938): Illustrierte Bestimmung­stabellen der deutschen Wanzen, ki sva jo potrebovala za dolocanje vrst. Ko sva se nekoc s tem ukvarjala v naši dnevni sobi, se mi je zgodila nezgoda, da sem s crnilom popackal naslovnico enega od zvezkov. Ker je šlo za izposojeno publik­acijo, mi je bilo strahovito neprijetno in sem se pred Tabo in pred Modrom (ki ga osebno nisem poznal) zelo sramoval. Oce je prinesel iz pisarne neko tekocino, s katero sva skušala madeže odstraniti, kar pa se nama je le deloma posrecilo in te­kocina je nekoliko raztopila celo oranžno barvo platnice. Nepopisno sem se odd­ahnil, ko si mi kasneje povedal, da Moder nezgode ni jemal prevec resno. S tem v zvezi naj še omenim, da so bila nalivna peresa v tistem casu skrajno redka in draga, t.im. “kuliji”, s krogljicno konico in suho tinto pa so bili vsaj še dobro de­setletje od takrat v Sloveniji neznani. Za pisanje smo potrebovali tintnik s crnilom po izbiri vrste in barve, peresnik s peresom debeline po izbiri in pivnik. Proti koncu 1940ih in v zacetku 1950ih let sva nekajkrat preživela del poletnih pocitnic na posestvu moje babice, na Viru pri Domžalah in sva neumorno razisko­vala favno nekaterih skupin žuželk v bližnji in daljni okolici. V zacetku 1950ih, me je Tvoja mati povabila na pocitnice v Bohinj. V Ukancu ste imeli gozdno parcelo, ob robu katere so podrli nekaj drevja, v zvezi s polaganjem cevi, ki vodi vodo Savice do manjše elektrarne. Ta les ste uporabili za gradnjo pocitniške hišice. Gradnja je napredovala le pocasi in takrat še ni bilo mogoce tam prenoce­vati. Zato smo stanovali na Stari Fužini, ne dalec od cerkve Svetega Janeza. Tebi je bila bohinjska favna seveda domaca, zame pa se je tam odprl popolnoma nov svet. Kasneje sva veckrat pohajala po bohinjskih hribih, na resne gorske ture pa skupaj nisva hodila. Edina izjema je bila najina “entomološka odprava”: iz Mojs­trane, preko Kriške stene do Kriških jezer, od tam na Škrlatico, potem pa preko Vrat, po Tominškovi poti na Triglav in skozi Voje v Bohinj. Lovila sva z mrežo in kecerjem in ulov je bil vreden truda. Prehranjevala sva se izkljucno iz nahrbtnika, ker za kaj drugega nisva imela ne casa, ne denarja. Ti si pa slovel kot odlicen kuhar cajev, ki si jih pripravljal iz spotoma nabranih zelišc. Odprava je trajala kak teden. Sprico zadrževanja z lovom, sva zadnji dan hodila kakih 16 ali 18 ur do Bohinskega jezera, kjer sva na Ribcevem lazu padla v travo ob bregu in nemu­doma zaspala. Prebudila sva se v ranem jutru, premražena in premocena od rose. V Bohinju sva ostala še kak dan, v Vaši hišici. – Ko je Tvoja mama slišala o dol­gotrajni hoji, je bila name prvic in zadnjic v življenju res huda, ceš, da sem Te tako gnal, da bi te mogel napor umoriti …! Kdaj si si nabavil prvi, preprost fotografski aparat, ne vem vec. Mnoge Tvoje fotografije so bile resnicno umetniške, v katerih so bili prikazani carobni efekti igre svetlobe. Sam sem si kupil v starinarnici preprost “meh” nekaj let kasneje. Ko si, vzporedno s študijem, služboval kot violinist v radijskem orkestru, sva imela dostop do njihove temnice na Kolodvorski ulici, kamor sva redno zahajala razvijat filme in povecevat slike. Kmalu pa sva odkrila temnico v Zoološkem in­štitutu na Kongresnem trgu in sva pricela delati tam, redoma zvecer. Cez noc sva ostajala v zaklenjenem poslopju, ko pa je zjutraj vratar odklenil vhodna vrata, sva odšla domov. Potrebni papir in kemikalije sva kupovala sama in sva preizkušala razlicne postopke reprodukcije, toniranja itd. Vse noci sva seveda razpravljala o entomologiji, dosti pa je bilo tudi romanticnega sanjarjenja, predvsem o najini študijski kolegici Nadi Mervic, ki je postala kasneje Tvoja življenska družica in o “Zajcku”, t.j. moji prvi pa neusojeni, osnovnošolski ljubezni do najine sošolke na “Vadnici”, Nade Zajec, kasneje porocene Jurjovec. Obe sta že odšli v vecnost. Svoje prve korake v temnici sem opravil pod vodstvom oceta, ki si je uredil temnico doma, v kopalnici. Najina skupna šola v Zoološkem inštitutu pa je postala zame v mnogocem edistvena in odlocilna. Prav njej se imam zahvaliti, da mi je uspelo kasneje, na Inštitutu za raziskovanje krasa v Postojni, montirati na mikroskop majhno boks-kamero, s katero sem mogel še dosti uspešno fotografirati kromosomske garniture kacjih pastirjev. Nekatere od teh fotografij sem mnogo let kasneje uporabil pri solicitaciji za mesto doktoranda na Univerzi v Utrechtu (Nizozemska). Da sem takrat uspel, je bila vsaj posredno torej tudi Tvoja za­sluga. Kot hemipterologa Te od vsega zacetka ni zanimala le lokalna favnistika stenic in škržadov, temvec pred vsem tudi razni biološki aspekti, tako npr. skrb za zarod (Sehirus biguttatus in druge vrste), sezonsko prebarvanje in predvsem bioakustika, ki si jo prvic odkril pri vrsti Tritomegas bicolor. Dosti kasneje si razširil te študije tudi na škržade in si opisal na podlagi njih napevov vrsto novih taksonov, med njimi vec kot ducat v kompleksu Scopolijeve Cicadetta montana. Pri tem delu in pri za to potrebnih raziskovalnih odpravah Ti je in Ti še pomaga dr. Tomi Trilar. Prvi zacetki Tvojega dela v bioakustiki segajo v konec 1950ih in v zacetek 1960ih let. Ko to pišem, mi priplava v spomin Ruža Acimovic, takrat študentka medicine in podnajemnica v Vašem stanovanju na Trubarjevi. Svoje mesto v zgodovini Tvojih bioakusticnih raziskovanj si je zaslužila s tem, da Te je opremila s stetoskopom, instrumentom, ki stoji na zacetku vsega. Osebno jo nisem dosti poznal, v našem takratnem svetu pa je mnogo let predstavljala pomembno stalnico. Ure in ure smo poslušali napeve živali v steklenem kozarcu, katerega pokrov je bil zamenjan s stetoskopom. Problem pa je bila graficna reprodkcija napevov, ker fonografa nismo imeli na voljo. S svojo iznajdljivostjo in tehnicno spretnostjo si zadevo rešil in na Biološken inštitutu SAZU so se priceli vrteti fonogrami raznih vrst, v kvaliteti vseskozi primerni za objavo. To sem še doživel pred svojim od­hodom v Holandijo (1962). Kot “virtuoz” na racunalniku si seveda porocal tudi o možnostih uporabe le­tega v bioakustiki in v študiju biodiverzitete. Kolegi se neprestano obracajo nate s prošnjami za nasvet ali tehnicno pomoc. Kot sem opazil ob priliki Okrogle mize o Scopoliju, ki jo je organiziral Idrijski muzej leta 2007, si vse odmore uporabil za tehnicno pomoc govornikom. Brez le-te bi marsikak referat ne bil primerno ilustriran. Tvoja dela o fotorecepciji (predvsem Troglophilus in Ascalaphus) sem mogel spremljati le na razdaljo. Separate (PDF) svojih del mi redno pošiljaš in iz njih sem povzel marsikaj, kar sem mogel uporabiti pri svojih predavanjih zoologije nevretencarjev na Univerzi v Utrechtu. Skozi-in-skozi biolog, si po srcu prav tako glasbenik, zato narave ne le razis­kuješ, temvec ji tudi intenzivno prisluškuješ. V 1990ih letih si ustvaril dva CDja: zapisov o petju slovenskih škržadov in o sozvocju glasov v Belumskem pragozdu. V velik užitek slušateljev sem oba po dvakrat predvajal v Utrechtu. Dragi Matjaž, prisrcna hvala za 75 let prijateljstva in strokovnega sodelovanja,s katerim si bistveno oplemenitil moje delo. Od srca želim nama obema, da bi Ti bilo dano še dosti zdravih, znanstveno plodnih in srecnih let, Tvoj Boštjan LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 107–120 MOJI SPOMINI NA PROF. ŠTEFANA SUŠCA-MICHIELIJA Matija G G l Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti ovi trg ljubljana matija gogala siol net Abstract ( MY MEm RIES F PR F ŠTEF SUŠE MI HIElI n the occasion of the th anniversary since the sudden death of Prof Štefan Michieli (with the full name Štefan Sušec Michieli in his th year of age I am trying to present his life and work to younger generations of biologists and especially entomologists The Slovenian entomological society is named after him Prof Michieli was a lepidopterologist working also on some other groups of insects ( europtera Embioptera ethologist and zoophysiologist with the main interest in sensory physi ology and visual orientation of animals KEY w RdS biography bibliography Štefan Sušec Michieli Izvlecek ( b petdeseti obletnici nenadne smrti prof Štefana Michielija (s polnim imenom Štefan Sušec Michieli v njegovem letu skušam predstaviti njegovo živl jenje in delo mlajšim generacijam biologov in še posebno entomologov Slovensko entomološko društvo se imenuje po njem Prof Michieli je bil lepidopterolog preuce val je tudi nekatere druge skupine žuželk ( europtera Embioptera etolog in zoofiziolog zanimala sta ga predvsem fiziologija cutil in orientacija živali z vidom KljU7 E ESEdE biografija bibliografija Štefan Sušec Michieli letošnje srecanje slovenskih entomologov združenih v Slovenskem entomološkem društvu Štefana Michielija (s polnim imenom Štefan Sušec Michieli je potekalo v letu ko mineva petdeset let od njegove prezgodnje smrti ceprav društvo že vrsto let nosi njegovo ime se je na tem srecanju pokazalo da se preminulega entomologa in zoofiziologa spominja le malo ljudi saj so bili premladi ali pa se sploh še niso rodili Sl. 1: Portret Štefana Sušca Michie lija delo akademskega slikarja Florisablaka (po spominu in fotografiji Zato je prav da o njemu napišem sestavek v katerem bom mlajšim poskusil približatinjegov lik in njegovo delo Ta prikaz bo seveda oseben kar kaže tudi naslov saj je bil moj mentor in prijateljSpoznala sva se ko sem bil še dijak in me je že takrat zanimala biologija in še posebej žuželke Moj bratranec orut ohte ki je živel v "Rdeci hiši! ob Poljanskemnasipu in je hodil v tamkajšnjo Poljansko gimnazijo mi je povedal da se njegov so šolec Štefan ali Gou kot so ga imenovali prijatelji ukvarja z metulji Gou je stanovalna drugi strani ljubljanice na Usnjarski ulici poleg tovarne Rog jaz pa tudi zelo blizu na Trubarjevi cesti Menda je tudi moja mama poznala družino in tako svavzpostavila prve stike Spominjam se da sva kmalu skupaj odšla na entomološki izlet v okolico ljubljane kjer sem jaz nabiral stenice on pa metulje Povabil me jetudi na svoj dom in mi razkazal svojo cudovito zbirko metuljev Kmalu pa smo se zaceli družiti tudi z drugimi entomologi na sestankih nekakšne entomološke sekcijeza katero nisem niti dobro vedel sekcija cesa je bila Morda je bila del združenja štu dentov ali društva biologov ali cesa drugega istveno je bilo da smo spoznali drugezbiratelje žuželk in slišali za njihove izkušnje poslušali njihove nasvete predavanja in vcasih smo odšli tudi skupaj na kakšen entomološki izlet ali pa na ogled kakšnezbirke Med temi so bili tako ljubitelji kot tudi poklicni biologi in študenti biologije Sl. 2: Z ženo Majdo na lovu metuljev na durmitorju junij To so bili zacetki današnjega Slovenskega entomološkega društva Štefana Michielija Tam sem spoznal tudi njegovega tesnega sodelavca jana arneluttija pa malakologa jožeta oleta ki se je veliko družil z entomologi Rajka Rakovca in številne druge biologe in ljubiteljske žužkoslovce Pogosto se je teh sestankov udeleževal tudi moj sošolec prijatelj in entomološki navdušenec oštjan Kiauta Poleg metuljev so Štefana zanimale tudi druge žuželke posebno nogoprelci (Em bioptera ki jih je odkril tudi v Piranu v Sloveniji in na številnih krajih vzdol5 jadranske obale S sodelavcem jožetom oletom sta jih tudi gojila in preucevala v laboratoriju in tam sem jih tudi jaz prvi8 videl in jih kasneje našel tudi v naravi v Vi pavski dolini Michieli in ole sta posebej ali skupaj objavila ve8 clankov o tej nena vadni skupini žuželk (Michieli a a b Michieli " ole ole druga skupina ki jo je Michieli tudi zbiral in preuceval so bili mrežekrilci ( europterida in kljunavci (Mecoptera jegovo zbirko mrežekrilcev iz Slovenije Hrvaške in crne gore je nedavno restavriral in preveril dolocitve prof dušan devetak in o tem porocal na Slovenskem entomološkem srecanju v Mariboru in septembra Zbirka vsebuje vrst in vecino primerkov je že Michieli pravilno dolocil Vrsta ki je v tej zbirki ni pa jo je poznal in pogosto nabiral je metuljcnica ki smo jo takrat imenovali s starejšim imenom Ascalaphus macaronius po novem Libelloides macaronius (glej spodaj . Vse smo namre8 uporabili za poskuse Štefan Michieli se je že pred diplomo leta zaposlil na iološkem inštitutu S ZU nato je v študijskem letu delal kot honorarni asistent na iološkem in štitutu Medicinske fakultete pri prof Hubertu Pehaniju Marca leta je doktoriral Sl. 3: Prebiranje in spravlja nje ulova na isti ekskurziji in od julija istega leta spet nastopil službo kot znanstveni sodelavec na Inštitutu za bio logijo S ZU ki ga je takrat vodil akademik jovan Hadži S štipendijo U ES je leta odšel na izpopolnjevanje v Zahodno emcijo v München würzburg in Tübingen kjer je spoznaval sodobne smeri in tehnike pri študiju fiziologije živali s poudarkom na podrocjih fiziologije cutil zlasti vida in orientacije pri žuželkah leta po vrnitvi iz tujine je bil izvoljen za docenta na iotehniški fakulteti Univerze v ljubljani jaz pa pri njemu za asistenta leta je napredoval v izrednega profesorja medtem pa sem tudi jaz po doktoratu dobil Humboldtovo štipendijo za izpopolnjevanje v emciji ( Tam sem se v razgovorih z nemškimi kolegi lahko preprical kako globok vtis je Michieli zapustil s svojim znanjem delom in publikacijami Štefan je bil manj kot štiri leta starejši in postal je moj ucitelj ali mentor in moj dober prijatelj Svetoval mi je tudi pri študiju in ko sem diplomiral leta je bil on že v službi na takratnem iološkem inštitutu Slovenske akademije znanosti in umet nosti a njegovo pobudo sem postal volunter torej neplacani sodelavec na tem in štitutu kjer sem se takrat nekaj mesecev pred odhodom k vojakom ukvarjal z zanimi vimi glasovi stenic prema za tako delo je bila skrajno skromna toda dobrodošla stetoskop in izjemoma izposojeni magnetofon z mikrofonom Toda tudi s stetoskopom smo lahko prisluhnili nenavadnim zvokom žuželk iz družine talnih stenic ( ydnidae Prve posnetke stenicjih glasov pa smo naredili v studijih takratnega Radia ljubljane menil sem že da sva v mojih dijaških letih z Gouom nekajkrat šla skupaj na en tomološke izlete Tudi kasneje ko sem bil študent in kasneje asistent sva nekajkrat šla skupaj na teren in na nekaj takih ekskurzij imam še danes žive in prijetne spomine Tak izlet je bil na primer leta v dolino sedmerih Triglavskih jezer kjer sva vecino casa preživela v koci saj je neprestano deževalo cas sva pa preganjala s po govori in preprostimi vedenjskimi poskusi z raznimi clenonožci Pricakovala sva še jana arneluttija ki je obljubil da se nama bo pridružil pa sva ga cakala zaman Ko sva se odlocila da greva domov v dolino se je pa zjasnilo in je bil cudovit dan Isto leto ( smo se odpravili še v crno goro najprej na durmitor na goro Meded k crnemu jezeru pod Šljeme in kasneje še v dolino Komarnice pri Šavniku Poleg Štefana in njegove žene Majde je bil z nami še znani speleobiolog Egon Pretner in jaz takrat še študent Vsak od nas je iskal svoje živali Štefan in Majda metulje Egon hrošce in jaz stenice Ker sem bil takrat zelo suh me je Egon uporabil da sem mu pomagal v raznih jamah pobirati vabe in nabirati hrošce Tako sem se splazil v neko jamo nad Komarnico da sem mu prinesel vabe nastavljene neko8 prej saj je bila špranja za druge preozka Ko sta se Majda in Štefan poslavljala smo na avtobusni postaji srecali jana arneluttija ki je odhod spet za en teden zamudil Tudi kasneje smo po Sloveniji skupaj naredili še marsikatero entomološko ekskurzijo tako imam žive spomine na izlet na anos v Vipavsko dolino in še kam toda vedno je bil namen entomološka dejavnost in pogosto nabiranje poskusnih živali za vedenjske ali fiziološke poskuse Ko sem postal pri docentu Michieliju asistent smo seveda morali najprej zagotoviti študijski proces on je predaval primerjalno fiziologijo živali in splošno fiziologijo z osnovami fiziologije cloveka jaz pa sem moral pripravljati in voditi vaje Kakšne sodobnejše opreme takrat nismo imeli in treba je bilo imeti veliko smisla za improvi zacijo Prof Michieli je že s svojo disertacijo dal odlicen zgled da se da s skromnimi sredstvi doseci veliko saj je za poskuse opticne orientacije pri nevretencarjih potre boval predvsem papir karton ter vodene barvice za arenske ter optomotoricne poskuse Sl. 4: Štefan Mic hieli razlaga skupininaravoslovcev po sebnosti ulovljenegaprimerka ( Sl. 5: dve izbrani škatli Michielijeve zbirke metuljev ki jo hrani Prirodoslovnimuzej Slovenije Iz rezultatov pa je pravilno sklepal na obcutljivost poskusnih živali za barve ali da nanje niso obcutljive ali pa reagirajo foto ali skototakticno z drugo besedo ali jih privlaci svetloba ali tema kakšna je njihova fuzijska frekvenca in podobno Enaizmed ugotovitev je bila da se mnoge živali usmerjajo v poskusnih arenah na mejo med svetlimi in temnimi ali barvno kontrastnimi objekti Ta pojav je dr Michieli imenoval perigramotaksis ali robni efekt pojem ki ga še danes uporabljajo in citirajo (npr lehrer Gora et al Prav s svojimi domiselnimi toda prepro stimi poskusi si je doma in v tujini pridobil velik ugled Seveda je Michieli kot vodja Zoofiziološkega laboratorija stremel k modernizacijilaboratorijske opreme kakršno je med svojimi obiski v tujini videl v tujih laboratorijih Za raziskave cutil so v petdesetih in šestdesetih letih postale najpomembnejše elek trofiziološke metode Ker takrat vsaj na iološkem oddelku iotehniške fakultete in na Inštitutu za biologijo ni bilo mogoce dobiti deviz za nabavo ustreznih aparatur iz zahodnih držav predvsem iz Zd se je s prof lešem Strojnikom z Elektrotehniške fakultete dogovoril da bodo posebej za nas naredili osciloskop osnovno napravo zabeleženje elektricnih odgovorov ocesa oziroma njihovih cutilnih celic na svetlobne dražljaje delo je poveril takratnemu asistentu dr lojzetu Vodovniku in tako smo leta dobili prvo aparaturo prototip dvožarkovnega osciloskopa za elektrofizio loške raziskave Po kratkem uvajanju v to novo tehniko smo v zoofiziološkem laboratoriju kmalu prišli do prvih rezultatov naših meritev Ugotavljali smo obliko sumaricnih osvetlit venih potencialov izbranih žuželk (Gogala " Michieli stopitveno frekvenco žuželcjih oci (Michieli spektralno obcutljivost žuželk (Michieli ajvecje zanimanje med strokovnimi kolegi je vzbudil kratek clanek o ultravijolicni obcutljivosti dvojnih oci metuljcnice Ascalaphus macaronius (Gogala " Michieli Te živo barvne mrežekrilce smo namre8 izbrali za elektrofiziološke poskuse obcutljivosti oci in ugotovili njihovo nenavadno spektralno obcutljivost z vrhom v ultravijolicnem delu spektra Samo stransko fasetno oko ima drugi vrh obcutljivosti tudi v nam vidnem delu spektra Sicer sem to izjemno obcutljivost za ultravijolicno svetlobo res jaz prvi odkril toda primerke za te poskuse mi je prinesel moj mentor Štefan Michieli Zato sva prvi clanek o tem tudi skupaj objavila (Gogala " Michieli Kasneje že po Štefanovi smrti smo v sodelovanju z nemškimi kolegi pod vodstvom prof Kurta Hamdorfa podrobneje raziskovali vid teh žuželk in izolirali tudi svetlocutni pigment ki ima na posebno beljakovino (opsin vezano enako molekulo retinala ka kršno ima tudi clovek v vidnem škrlatu (rodopsinu (Gogala et al Hamdorf et al Z drugo metodo warburgovim aparatom sta merila porabo kisika med sezonskim prebarvanjem pri stenicah Nezara viridula Michieli in orut Žener ( a in b S problematiko spreminjanja barv pri žuželkah smo se v našem laboratoriju zaceli ukvarjati že v prvih letih po ustanovitvi (Gogala " Michieli a b meniti moram še Michielijevo uredniško delo V znanstveno revijo iološki vestnik je pisal že od drugega letnika naprej od leta ali osmega letnika do svoje Sl. 6: Pisec ob dalj nogledu s Štefanom Michielijem na anosu julija Sl. 7: Slika iz doktorske disertacije dr Michielija s primeri perigramotakticneorientacije raznih clenonožcev ( Glava nemškega clanka dr Sušca Michielija z isto tematiko v publikaciji Ergebnisse der iologie Sl. 8: Prvi osciloskop zoofiziološkega laboratorija s pomožnimi napravami za raziskave fotorecepcije smrti pa je bil njen glavni in odgovorni urednik kjer je porocal tudi o pomembnih tujih publikacijah in dogodkih (Michieli b Michieli c Kljub veliki zavzetosti za napredek zoofiziološkega laboratorija je Štefan Michieli našel cas in voljo za lepidopterološko delo ki je bilo njegova prva ljubezen in ga je veselilo od mladih nog jegova prva znanstvena objava je bila o nastopanju južnih vrst metuljev (Michieli s prijateljem in sodelavcem janom arneluttijem sta objavljala prispevke k favni metuljev Slovenije ( arnelutti " Michieli a b Prav tako sta oba avtorja objavila tri clanke o makrolepidopterih Triglavskega narodnega parka ( arnelutti " Michieli posthumno Tretji pri spevek k favni metuljev Slovenije sta pripravila skupaj s pisateljem in navdušenim ljubiteljskim metuljarjem dr Vladimirjem artolom ( artol et al Z njim in njegovim sinom orutom je Michieli objavil tudi favno metuljev otoka Krka ( artol et al Poleg tega je Štefan Michieli sam objavil vrsto drugih metuljarskih pri spevkov (Michieli a b Posebno mesto predstavlja zadnje pomembno lepidopterološko delo ki je izšlo šele po njegovi pre zgodnji smrti in vsebuje pregled favne metuljev Slovenije in njenih posebnosti (Mic hieli Ta publikacija je bila v slovenskem prevodu in z barvnimi ilustracijami ponatisnjena še dvakrat leta in Štefan Michieli je bil astmatik in težave s to boleznijo je reševal s kombinacijo zdravil in mocne kave V soparnem dnevu dne junija pa njegovo srce tega ni ve8 zdržalo Sl. 9: Prva stran clanka z rezultati elektrofizioloških meritev spektralne obcut ljivosti oci metuljcnice Ascalaphus macaronius (po novem Libelloides macaronius metuljcnica (Libelloides macaronius Sl. 10: Karikatura iz Štefanove skicirke ki simbolizira njegovo navdušenje nadmetulji od mladih dni do konca življenja ( Zbirka metuljev Štefana Michielija je ohranjena v Prirodoslovnem muzeju Slovenije zbirka mrežekrilcev je restavrirana in hranjena na Univerzi v Mariboru Seznam publi kacij prof Michielija tako znanstvenih kot tudi poljudnoznanstvenih in strokovnih sem poskusil cim bolj popolno zbrati in urediti v tem prispevku in so navedena v po sebnem seznamu literature Vecina publikacij Štefana Michielija je pisana v slovenšcini ali nemšcini s povzetki v drugem jeziku Takrat vecina slovenskih biologov še ni pisala svojih prispevkov v anglešcini in je od tujih jezikov nemšcina prevladovala Veliko clankov prof Michielija je bilo kratkih a nikakor ne nepomembnih Poleg navedenih del je Michieli objavil tudi razne krajše prikaze slovstva komentarje k dogodkom pre vedel je tudi knjigo uddenbrocka Živali v ljubezni ( avedel nisem tistih del kjer je bil prof Michieli mentor Kljub temu je seznam publikacij za let življenja za vidanja vreden ceprav je bilo njegovo polno ime Štefan Sušec Michieli je v svojih publikacijah uporabljal razen ene izjeme (Sušec Michieli le priimek Michieli Upam da sem s tem zapisom lik entomologa zoofiziologa in široko razgledanega biologa približal mlajšim entomologom ki ga niso mogli poznati in spoznati aj na koncu omenim še to da je bil zelo prijazen in mil clovek Pri vrstnem redu sodelavcev pri objavah je pogosto dajal prednost mlajšim in ljubiteljskim entomologom ce se je za kaj odlocil je tudi vztrajal pri svojem stališcu Zato je bil zelo uspešen or ganizator toda tega v svojem kratkem življenju ni mogel polno razviti in dokazati Literatura Dela Štefana Michielija artol artol V Michieli + eitrag zur Kenntnis der Makrolepidopterenfauna der adriatischen Insel Krk (Veglia Nachrichtenblatt der Bayerischen Entomologen 13( artol V arnelutti j Michieli + III Prispevek k favni lepidopterov Slovenije  Bi­ološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 13 uddenbrock w von . Živali v ljubezni (Prevod + Michieli ljubljana državna za ložba Slovenije str arnelutti j Michieli + Prispevek k favni lepidopterov Slovenije  Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 4( arnelutti j Michieli + I eitrag zur Kenntnis der lepidopterenfauna von rna gora  Fragmenta balcanica 2: arnelutti j Michieli + a ove podvrste metuljev iz Slovenije Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 7 arnelutti j Michieli + b prispevek k favni lepidopterov Slovenije Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 7 arnelutti j Michieli + Makrolepidopteri Triglavskega narodnega parka in okolice (lepidoptera Rhopalocera Hesperioidea Varstvo narave 5 arnelutti j Michieli + Makrolepidopteri Triglavskega narodnega parka in okolice II (lepidoptera ombyces Sphinges Varstvo narave 6 arnelutti j Michieli + Makrolepidopteri Triglavskega narodnega parka in okolice III (lepidoptera octuidae Varstvo narave 7 Gogala m Michieli + a eitrag zur Kenntnis der Farbstoffe bei Heteropteren  Bul­letin Scientifique -Conseil des Academies de la RSF de Yougoslavie 7( Gogala m Michieli + b Sezonsko prebarvanje pri nekaterih vrstah stenic (Het eroptera  Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 10: Gogala m Michieli + Monofazicni in difazicni retinogrami pri insektih  Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 12 Gogala m Michieli + das Komplexauge von scalaphus ein spezialisiertes Sin nesorgan für kurzwelliges licht  Naturwissenschaften 52( Gogala m Michieli + Vpliv svetlobe in temperature na sezonsko prebarvanje pri ezara viridula (l (Heteroptera  Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 14: Gogala m Michieli + erichtigung zu unseren Veröffentlichungen über Farbstoffe bei Heteropteren 6 Bulletin Scientifique -Conseil des Academies de la RSF de Yougoslavie 12( Michieli + astopanje južnih vrst metuljev v ljubljani in okolici  Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 2( Michieli + a Insekti tulcarji  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 17( Michieli + b Markiranje kitov  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoz­nanstvo 18( Michieli + c ekaj o hormonih pri nevretencarjih  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 18( Michieli + a Vorkommen der Embiopteren in jugoslawien Bulletin Scientifique -Conseil des Academies de la RSF de Yougoslavie 3( Michieli + b astopanje južnih vrst metuljev v Sloveniji nadaljevanje  Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 5 št str Michieli + c Metulji ultrazvok in netopirji  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 18( Michieli + 8 Metulji in mravlje  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoz­nanstvo 19( Michieli + d Vtisi biologa s potovanja na Skadarsko jezero 6 Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 19( Michieli + a eobachtungen bei skototaktischen Versuchen mit landarthropoden Bulletin Scientifique -Conseil des Academies de la RSF de Yougoslavie 3( Michieli + b wirkung kurzwelligen lichtes auf Schmetterlinge Bulletin Scientifique -Conseil des Academies de la RSF de Yougoslavie 3( Michieli + c li izrabljajo gosenice tudi vsebine nepregriznjenih rastlinskih celic  Pro­teus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 19( Michieli + 8 Sladkovodni polži izlocajo strupene snovi  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 19( Michieli + d Kako prebavlja vošceni molj vosek 6 Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 20( Michieli + e spreminjanju barve pri živalih  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 20( Michieli + f Elektrofiziološka raziskovanja možganov pri žuželkah 6 Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 20( Michieli + a Ökologie und Zoogeographie der Embiopteren des Illyrischen Karst gebietes Zoologischer Anzeiger (Verhandlungen der Deutschen Zoologischen Gesellschaft, Graz Supplement 21 Michieli + b Über einige interessante Insektenfunde in der rna Gora (Montenegro Bulletin Scientifique -Conseil des Academies de la RSF de Yougoslavie 4( Michieli + c ekaj pripomb k postavljanju infraspecificnih kategorij 6 Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 6( Michieli + 8 ov nacin borbe proti pebrini  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 20( Michieli + d evidna risba metuljih kril  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 20( Michieli + a naliza skototakticnih (perigramotakticnih reakcij pri artropodih  Razprave 5: Michieli Š. b Analiza skototakticnih reakcij pri artropodih: [disertacija] f 6 Michieli + c doprinos našega znanstvenika k razvoju nauka o evoluciji  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 21( Michieli + 8 stanovanjskem problemu  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 22( Michieli + d ova dognanja o biološkem pomenu elektricnih organov pri ribah  Pro­teus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 22( Michieli + eitrag zur Kenntnis der Konturwahrnehmung der Insekten Bulletin Scientifique -Conseil des Academies de la RSF de Yougoslavie 5( Michieli + a Prispevek k poznavanju evolucijskega mehanizma troglobiontov II. Jugoslavenski speleološki kongres Zagreb Michieli + b pomenu sodobne entomologije 6 Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 24! Michieli + a Über die neuzeitlichen Änderungen in der Schmetterlingsfauna des südöstlichen lpenraumes Zeitschrift der Wiener Entomologischen Gesellschaft 47 Michieli + b Tehnika se uci od živali (kako se orientirajo živali  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 24( 6 Michieli + c ekaj novosti o spolnih vonjavah pri metuljih in še kaj  Proteus: ilus­triran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 24! Michieli + 8 Tudi žuželkam se poviša telesna temperatura kadar obolijo  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 24( Michieli + d Kako vidijo barve sesavci  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo, 25( Michieli + e II Kongres biologov jugoslavije Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 10: Michieli + eitrag zur Kenntnis der Makrolepidopterenfauna Mazedoniens (S R Makedonija Acta Musei Macedonici Scientiarum Naturalium 9( Michieli + Zur Kenntnis der zeitlichen uflösungsvermögen der Insektenaugen Bulletin Scientifique -Conseil des Academies de la RSF de Yougoslavie 10( Michieli + a Perigrapha I cinctum Schiff slovenica ssp nova (lepid  Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 14: Michieli + b Spektralna obcutljivost insektov Spektrale Empfindlichkeit der In sekten elektrophysiologische Untersuchungen an ausgewählten rten Razprave 9 Michieli + c Zur usbreitung der melanistischen lepidopterenformen im südöstlichen Voralpenraum (Slowenien Bulletin Scientifique -Conseil des Academies de la RSF de Yougoslavie 11( Michieli + 8 G Mazohin Poršnjakov Zrenie nasekomyh Moskva Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 14: Michieli + d E Kálmán l Sztanyik E Unger V Várterész Strahlenbiologie kadémiai kiad1 udapest Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 14: Michieli + a Sto let širjenja jamamaja (Antheraea yamamai Guer lepid v Sloveniji  Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 15: Michieli + b Zasluženo priznanje slovenskemu biologu Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 15: Michieli + c j Thurner die lepidopterenfauna jugoslawisch Mazedoniens Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 15: Michieli + Zur lepidopterologischen Erforschung des südöstlichen lpen und Vo ralpenraumes Jahrbuch des Vereins zum Schutze der Alpenpflanzen und –Tiere, 35 Michieli + Raziskave metuljev jugovzhodnega alpskega in predalpskega prostora  Proteus: ilustriran casopis za poljudno prirodoznanstvo 40(Michieli Š., Raziskave metuljev jugovzhodnega alpskega in predalpskega prostoraljubljana Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije str Michieli + ole j Morfološka anatomsko histološka in ekološka opazovanja navrstah Haploembia solieri Ramb et Grassi in Embia mauritanica luc  Biološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 5( 6 Michieli + arnelutti j iston betularia l f carbonaria jord (lepid in Slowenien gefunden Bulletin Scientifique -Conseil des Academies de la RSF de Yougoslavie 4( Michieli + Gogala m eki rezultati upotrebe živinih lampi pri proucavanju ento mofaune Slovenije  Agronomski glasnik: glasilo Hrvatskog agronomskog društva 5-6-7 Michieli + Žener der Sauerstoffverbrauch verschiedener Farbstadien bei der wanze ezara viridula (l Zeitschrift für vergleichende Physiologie 58 Michieli + Žener Poraba kisika med imaginalnim spreminjanjem barve pri stenici Nezara viridula (l (Heteroptera Pentatomidae Razprave 11 Sušec Michieli + Gibt es eine echte skototaktische rientierung Ergebnisse der Biologie, Springer Verlag erlin Göttingen Heidelberg 26 Druge publikacije omenjene v clanku ole j Prispevek k poznavanju embiopterov (Embioptera Insecta jugoslavije Bi­ološki vestnik: glasilo slovenskih biologov 26(devetak d lacewings (Insecta europterida in the Štefan Michieli's entomological collection SES m H Poster Gogala m Hamdorf k Schwemer j UV Sehfarbstoff bei Insekten Z. vergl. Physiol. Gora E m Gripshover Yanoviak S P rientation at the water surface by the carpenter ant Camponotus pennsylvanicus (de Geer (Hymenoptera Formicidae Myrmecological ews 23 Hamdorf k Schwemer j Gogala m Insect visual pigment sensitive to ultraviolet light Nature lehrer m rientation and communication in rthropods irkhäuser asel G str LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 121–130 PREDATOR­PREY INTERACTIONS IN ANTLIONS: TRANSMISSION OF VIBRATIONAL SIGNALS DEEP INTO THE SAND! ušan v t k Jan Po l sn k vesna klokocovn k epartment of iology aculty of natural sciences and Mathematics University of Maribor koroška cesta Maribor slovenia e mail dusan devetak guest arnes si Abstract ­trap building antlion larvae dig conical pitfall traps in sand for catching small arthropods the larvae detect them according to substrate vibrations produced by the movement of the prey on sand surface While most studies have been devoted to surface waves here we elucidate the role of vibrations travelling in deeper sand layers We demonstrate that an antlion larva even when buried deep in the sand is capable to detect its prey and it consequently reacts attacking it oth pit builder and non pit builder antlions respond to signals travelling deep into sand this kind of the signals have not yet been measured so far We conducted measurements of artificial signals and signals produced by walking insects (prey) with an accelerometer buried in the substrate We addressed the following question o sand properties have any impact on the signal transmission Particle size highly affects signal transmission sand is a filter for higher frequencies smaller are the sand particles more intense is the filtering which means that fine sand is a more efficient filter owever low fre quency signals are still propagated to a certain distance and they are biologically rel evant for prey detection k y Wor s antlion neuroptera substrate vibration predatory behaviour pit builders non pit builders Izvlecek – nt r k J M Pl n l M n Pl noM Pr volk Pr v J nJ v r Jsk s n lov lo oko v P s k licinke volkcev lijakarjev gradijo v pesku stožcasto oblikovane lijakaste pasti za lov drobnih clenonožcev licinke jih zaznavajo na osnovi vibracij podlage ki jih plen proizvaja med hojo po pešceni površini Medtem ko je bila vecina raziskav posvecena površinskim valovom pa mi osvetljujemo vlogo vibracij ki potujejo v globlje plasti peska Ugotavljamo da celo globoko v podlago zakopana licinka lahko zazna plen in se odzove nanj z napadom oboji – lijakarji in nelijakarji – se odzivajo na signale ki potujejo globoko v pesek te vrste signalov doslej še niso merili Z akcelerometrom zakopanim globoko v substrat smo merili umetne signale in signale ki nastajajo zaradi hoje žuželke Zastavili smo si naslednje vprašanje li imajo lastnosti podlage vpliv na prevajanje signalov velikost delcev podlage zelo vpliva na njihovo prevajanje Pesek filtrira signale visokih frekvenc Manjši so pešceni delci mocnejše je filtriranje kar pomeni da je fini pesek ucinkovitejši filter kljub temu se signali nizkih frekvenc prevajajo na dolocenih razdaljah in so biološko pomembni pri zaznavanju plena klJUcn s volkec neuroptera vibracije podlage plenilsko vedenje lijakarji nelijakarji edicated to Matija letnici Matije ogala ogala on the occasion of his th birthday Posveceno Introduction ntlions (Myrmeleontidae) are a family of the order neuroptera with a remarkable diversity in larval ecology Most antlion larvae live in dry loose soil and sand and this sand dwelling or psammophilous habit which required fossorial adaptations was probably a key factor in the radiation of Myrmeleontidae into the largest family of neuroptera (Mansell adano et al ) only in a small number of antlion species the larvae construct pitfall traps thus they are considered strict sit and wait predators while the majority of sand dwelling antlion species am bushes prey just beneath the sand surface without a pit (Mansell klokocovnik and evetak ) Psammophilous antlion larvae prefer special mi crohabitat fine sand or loose soil and many species even require a particular combi nation of fine sand and shelter from rain and sun (scharf et al ) the antlion larvae detect prey according to substrate vibrations produced by the movement of the prey on sand surface ( evetak et al evetak ) While most studies on sand dwelling arthropods using substrate vibration signals have been devoted to the study of surface (rayleigh) waves i e a type of surface acoustic or vi brational waves that travel along the surface of solids (e g rownell rownell & arley ogala icher & tautz evetak et al ) here we elucidate the role of vibrations travelling in deeper sand layers Until now deep sand vibrations relevant for sand dwelling arthropods have not yet been evaluated We addressed the following questions (i) re the non pit builders sensitive to substrate vibrations produced by prey similarly to the pit builders (ii) oes the antlion buried into the deep layers of sand detect its prey moving on the surface (iii) ow are vibrational signals propagated deep into the sand Material and Methods Animals the antlions used in the study were third instar larvae of Euroleon nostras ( eof froy in ourcroy ) ( ig a) collected in oc mountain and the surroundings of Maribor slovenia larval stages were determined by measuring head capsule width and body length ( evetak evetak et al ) the antlions used in behavioural observations belonged to the pit building Myrmeleon hyalinus olivier which were collected in salamis yprus and to the non pit builder Synclisis baetica (ram bur ) which were instead collected in the ivjakë karavasta national Park l bania ( ig b) Prior to experiments the larvae were kept in the laboratory at room temperature in natural sand within plastic cups ( cm diameter cm height) reactions of antlions were observed in presence of prey – such as firebugs Pyrrhocoris apterus (linnaeus ) and ants Lasius fuliginosus (latreille ) both collected in Maribor and mealworm beetles Tenebrio molitor (linnaeus ) originating from our laboratory stock nts Lasius sp were used as food source eeding took place every day and one ant was delivered to each antlion Fig. 1: the head of two antlion species a pit builder Euroleon nostras (a) and a non pit builder Synclisis baetica (b) scale bar mm Behavioural experiments the response of the larvae elicited by the sand vibrations of the prey was recorded with a sony r X video camera using a s card and a sony r X video camera using a s card to minimize disturbance the camera was left unattended during recording Sand Prior to treatment antlions were kept in sand originating from their natural habitat n experiments we used four sands differing in particle size (table ) the sands were obtained by sieving the sand fractions were weighted and then taking into ac count weight percentage of certain sand fraction mean sand particle size was calculated (for details see evetak & rnett ) Table 1: Particle size of sands used in experiments Particle sizes rang` Mean particle siz` inest san_ – µh µh ine san_ – µh µh Medium san_ – µh µh oarse san_ – µh µh Production, recording, and analysis of the vibrational signals the subject of the analyses were artificial and natural vibrational signals rtificial signals were pure sine wave pulses with a ms duration and a ms amplitude ramp at the start and end of the pulse to remove the transient onset offset unwanted frequencies signals with the repetition rate of s and frequencies of and z were applied to the sand surface using a sine wave oscillator istim ( lestro slovenia) and &k attenuator ( rüel & kjaer enmark) connected to a &k mini vibrator the sand surface was stimulated by direct contact with the tip of a cone ( mm diameter mm length) mounted on the mini vibrator ( ig ) the tip of the cone was sunk for mm deep into sand the source of natural vibrational signals was instead an insect walking or crawling on the sand surface to reduce noise from the surroundings a plastic container filled with sand was placed on a sand layer which in turn rested on cork mineral wool layer and on a concrete plate supported by a mineral wool layer the experimental setup was placed on a vibration free table in an anechoic chamber plastic box ( x x cm) was filled with sand rtificial and natural vibrational signals were recorded within sand with a rüel & kjaer accelerometer buried inside the sand in the box at a certain depth of the substrate the sensitive surface of the accelerometer was positioned Fig. 2: Mini vibrator rüel & kjaer in close contact with the sand surface at a tip of the cone parallel to the sand surface so the sensitive axis of the accelerometer was orientated towards the source of vibrations the accelerometer was connected to a &k measuring amplifier and a personal computer recordings were analysed using visoft s slab Pro software ( visoft ioa coustics ermany) ll frequency analyses ( ast ourier transform) were performedusing acceleration values of vibratory signals as the input parameter Results Predatory behaviour While the predatory behaviour of pit building antlions has been thoroughly de scribed by a number of authors (for reviews see scharf & ovadia evetak ) there is a remarkable lack of information on the behaviour of non pit builders ere we describe the responses to the presence of prey in a non pit builder i e Syn­clisis baetica n this species two prey catching behaviours were observed namely (i) immediate grasping the prey without previous pursuit and (ii) active pursuit fol lowed by grasping ( igs ) Fig. 3: Predatory be haviour in a non pit builderSynclisis baetica immedi ate grasping the prey with out previous pursuit a an ant approaching the agapejaws of the antlion b attack c grasping d submersion numbers represent time frames in seconds n a the antlion’s jaws are clearly visible Fig. 4: Predatory behaviour in a non pit builder Synclisis baetica active pursuit followed by grasping a­b pursuing prey c grasping d­e retreat f­h submersion numbers represent time frames in seconds 126 (i) mmediate grasping the prey without previous pursuit When an ant was gently dropped on the sand surface the antlion larva detected the locomotory activity of the prey and moved closer to the surface therefore the larva reacted to the presence of the prey without previous visual detection the predator waited motionless just below the surface with jaws agape When the prey was close enough the larva stretched out the head and prothorax in the direction of the prey and grasped it ( ig ) (ii) ctive pursuit followed by grasping When the prey was crawling at a greater distance from the predator the antlion emerged from sand walking forwards on the sand surface and then it pursued the prey and grasped it ( ig ) n contrast to other non pit builders Synclisis larvae moved on sand surface forwards video recordings clearly demonstrated that initially the antlionlarvae were buried deeper in the substrate consequently vision can be safely excluded n another species the pit building antlion Myrmeleon hyalinus the larvae responded to artificial vibrations with a few behavioural patterns sand tossing climbing up the slope of the pit and approaching the vibrating tip of the mini vibrator ommon uropean pit building antlion species Euroleon nostras responded to vibrational stimuli with sand tossing and approaching the vibrating tip of the mini vibrator Transmission of vibrational signals deep into sand to get insight into the signal transmission artificial signals were first tested When pure sine wave signals were applied their amplitude was reduced during trans mission deep into sand ( ig ) amping depended on the frequency sand particlesize and depth of substrate and the results will be discussed in a separate paper substrate borne vibrations produced by small arthropods travelled in all directionsboth on sand surface and deep into substrate ( ig ) Power spectrum revealed that the prey signals close to sand surface at a depth of cm were relatively broadband with a frequency range up to k z eeper in the substrate at the depth of cm the upper part of the frequency range was cut off at k z while at cm depth at k z respectively ( ig ) similar results were obtained by all three prey species tested in the experiment ttenuation depended on sand structure finer sands highly attenuated vibrational signals n finer sands higher attenuation was noted than in coarser sands amplitudes of the signal in finer sands are up to one order of magnitude less than in Fig. 5: ttenuation of the artificial vibrational signal ( z) in coarse sand with mean particle size of µm measured with an accelerometerat four different depths Fig. 6: oscillogram of the vibrational signal produced by a walking mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) when the accelerometer was buried cm deep into substrate n this experiment coarse sand with particle sizes – µm was used Fig. 7: sonograms (lower row) oscillograms (middle) and power spectra (top row) of the vibrational signal produced by a walking Tenebrio molitor when the ac celerometer was buried cm cm and cm deep into substrate respectively Medium sand with particle sizes – µm was used coarser one While fine sands filter higher frequencies signals of low frequency are still conducted in distances of biological importance for the predatory behaviour Discussion non pit building antlion species are insufficiently known regarding their predatorybehaviour and only a few papers describing it exist (for review see klokocovnik andevetak ) nevertheless the larval behaviour in Synclisis baetica (included in the tribe canthaclisini) is described in a number of papers (e g Principi krivokhatsky adano and Pantaleoni klokocovnik et al ) and this species is surely one of the better known uropean non pit builder being extensively studied (for review – see adano and Pantaleoni ) non pit builders are buried in sand but only occasionally move on sand surface Most larvae (e g members of the tribes Pal parini endroleontini nemoleontini Myrmecaelurini nesoleontini and canthaclisini) are able to move both forward and backward ( adano and Pantaleoni ) but onlyMyrmeleontini move exclusively backward and this character supports the monophylyof the tribe ( adano et al ) n our study we found that at least two predatory strategies exist in Synclisis baetica ndeed in contrast to pit builders and to most non pit builders the larva of Synclisis is able to move on sand surface both forward and backward Moreover it is also a quick runner able to pursue the prey t has been known for a long time that pit building antlions rely on vibrationalclues to detect prey (for review see evetak ) n the present study we demonstrated that even non pit builders detect substrate vibrations in sand Propagation ofvibrational signals is important in predator prey interactions on sand surface thus it is a well explored topic (e g rownell evetak et al ertin and asas evetak Martinez et al ) ere we present measurements of the vi brational signals in deep sand for the first time signals produced by insect prey crawling on sand travel on sand surface and pen etrate deep into the medium the vibrations propagating deep into the substrate behave in similar manner to surface waves ( evetak et al ) owever both types of signals travelling through medium are attenuated as a result of geometric spreading and frictional losses vibrations in fine sand are attenuated more strongly than in coarse sand thus the predator detects its prey at a relatively short distance lthough the most efficient signal propagation seems to be in coarse sand it containstoo large particles thus it is inconvenient for antlions Predators make a compromisebetween fine and coarse sand choosing medium sand Acknowledgements We would like to thank the Ministry of nvironment orests and Water of the republic of lbania for permission to collect insects in the ivjakë karavasta nationalPark this research was supported partly by the research project iodiversity of the neuropterida in the alkans (rP io iv neuropterida alkan – l ) and partly by the slovenian research gency within the nfrastructure research Pro lator signal transmission through the substratum Journal of Comparative gramme ( rants P and or UM) References Aicher B., Tautz J., vibrational communication in the fiddler crab Uca pugi­ Physiology A : Badano D., Aspöck U., Aspöck H., Cerretti P., Phylogeny of Myrmeleontif ormia based on larval morphology (neuropterida neuroptera) Systematic En­tomology Badano D., Engel M.S., Basso A., Wang B., Cerretti P., iverse retaceouslarvae reveal the evolutionary and behavioural history of antlions and lacewingsNature Communications os y Badano D., Pantaleoni R.A., the larvae of uropean Myrmeleontidae (neu roptera) Zootaxa Brownell P.H., ompressional and surface waves in sand used by desert scorpions to locate prey Science : – Brownell P.H., Farley R.D., Prey localizing behaviour of 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M., ontributi allo studio dei neurotteri taliani v Synclisis baetica ramb (Myrmeleonidae – canthaclisini) Bollettino dell’Istituto di En­tomologia dell’Universitŕ degli Studi di Bologna Scharf I., Lubin Y., Ovadia O., oraging decisions and behavioural flexibility in trap building predators a review Biological Reviews Scharf I., Ovadia O., actors influencing site abandonment and site selection in a sit and wait predator review of pit building antlion larvae Journal of Insect Behavior Received / Prejeto LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 131–150 CAVE CRICKET GENUS TROGLOPHILUS AS A MODEL FOR STUDYING FUNCTION AND EVOLUTION OF SENSORY SYSTEMS AND BEHAVIOUR Nataš” St. = – l N Nacionaln. inštitu‰ z” biologij. Oddele. z” raz. kav‡ organizmo' i. ek. . temo' ljubljan” ‡ mai. nat” ” triti· peljha. ni„ . Abstract -th‡ uropea. cav‡ cricke‰ Troglophilus neglectus an† T. cavicola (O. thopter” . ifer” rhaphidophorida‡ repr‡ en‰ a. importan‰ i. ec‰ mode. fo. tudi‡ o• e. or` ` te. an† behaviou. relate† t. detectio. o• exteroreceptiv‡ timul. th‡ re” o. li‡ bot· i. thei. pecifi. lif‡ tyl‡ an† th‡ a„ enc‡ o• hearin. orga. an† oun† communicatio. whic· ar‡ inte. ivel` inv‡ tigate† i. othe. . ifer” i. particula. i. cricke‰ an† b. hcricke‰ . th‡ fi. ‰ an† th‡ m. ‰ exte. iv‡ par‰ o• th‡ revie. d‡ crib‡ tudi‡ o• mechan. e. or` ` te. communicatio. an† behaviou. i. Troglophilus relate† t. detectio. o• mechanica. igna. uc· ” u„ trat‡ born‡ v. bratio. ai. curren‰ an† gravit` ollowin. ar‡ tudi‡ o• th‡ pecifi. cen‰ orga. an† olfactor` communicatio. develope† i. th‡ ‡ peci‡ th‡ ‡ ` te. ho. ami. tur‡ o• anc‡ tra. an† derive† characte. no‰ onl` i. compar. o. t. . ifer” an† othe. orthopteroi† bu‰ a. . betwee. th‡ tw. inv‡ tigate† peci‡ th. offerin. importan‰ functiona. an† evolutionar` i. igh‰ . wO. . e. or` ph` iolog` neuroanatom` e. or` evolutio. biotremolog` mechanoreceptio. vibratio. olfactio. aggr‡ io. Izvlecek -M. O l rO ‘ TROGLOPHILUS O= MO l“ Št‘ lO’ N N VOl‘ . NZO. CN . S= MO’ N ’ N vro. k. v. t. ja. ki· kobili. Troglophilus neglectus i. T. cavicola (Orthopter” . ifer” rhaphidophorida‡ pre† tavljat” pomembe. mode. z” raz. kav‡ enzoricni· . temo' i. vedenj” žužel. povezaneg” . zaznav. zunanji· dražljaje' razlo. z” t. j‡ tak. vnjihove. pecificne. nacin. življenj” ko‰ tud. vo† otn. t. lušni· organo' i. zvocn‡ komunikacij‡ k. . intenzivn. raz. kovan. pr. . tali· dolgotipalcnica· pred' e. murni· i. kobilica· ’ prve. i. najo„ ežnejše. del. pregled” bo. op. al” raz. kav‡ enzoricni· . temo' komunikacij‡ i. vedenj” povezaneg” . zaznav. m‡ ha. ki· dražljaje' ko‰ . vibracij‡ podlag‡ zracn. to. i. gravitacij” Sledil‡ bod. r” z. kav‡ pecificni· organo' z” oddajanj‡ vonj” i. te. povezan‡ komunikacij‡ pr. v. ta· i. rod. Troglophilus t. . tem. ja. ki· kobili. kažej. mešanic. predniški· i. izpeljani· l” tn. t. ” n‡ l‡ vprimerjav. zdolgotipalcnicam. i. . talim. ravnokrilc. pac p” tud. me† obravnavanim” v. tam” . te. na. omogocaj. pomembe. vpogle† ' razumevanj‡ tak. njihoveg” delovanj” ko‰ evoluci… keg” razvoj” l UCN . enzoricn” fiziologij” neuroanatomij” enzoricn” evolucij” bi. tremologij” mehanorecepcij” vibracij‡ vo· agr‡ ij” Introduction rhaphidophorida‡ commonl` calle† cav‡ cricke‰ o. came. cricke‰ compr. ‡ ” wingl‡ an† ecologicall` pecialize† grou. o• Orthopter” ( . . ifer” wit· m. ‰ o• th‡ peci‡ adapte† t. ” certai. degre‡ o• cav‡ lif‡ ( ir. . an† Sbordon. the` hav‡ bee. ofte. co. idere† ” reli. e. ifera. lineag‡ fo. thei. morpholog` (‡ . nde. ‡ utte. randcol” an† th‡ wid‡ d. junc‰ d. tributio. acr. temperat‡ are” o• bot· hem. pher‡ ( ubbe. an† Norto. . th‡ til. unr‡ olve† phylogen` o• th‡ . ifer” howeve. differen‰ approach‡ place† cav‡ cricke‰ a‰ va. io. branc· poin‰ o• th‡ grou. (‡ . legendr‡ e‰ a. Son. e‰ a. ye‰ regardl‡ o• phylogeneti. p. itio. thei. e. or` ` te. an† behaviou. ar‡ ver` i. ter‡ tin. t. tud` comparativel` wit· r‡ pec‰ t. othe. . ifer” th‡ re” o. . no‰ onl` i. thei. pecifi. lif‡ habi‰ bu‰ a. . i. th‡ a„ enc‡ o• auditor` communicatio. an† hearin. whic· . pr‡ en‰ an† exte. ivel` tudie† i. cricke‰ an† b. hcricke‰ th‡ gen. Troglophilus i. th‡ monotypi. ubfamil` troglophilina‡ . d. tribute† i. th‡ ” ter. Mediterranea. wit· a‰ le” ‰ peci‡ howin. on‡ centr‡ o• peci‡ richn‡ i. th‡ alka. an† th‡ econ† on‡ i. th‡ outher. par‰ o• i” Mino. includin. ” par‰ o• th‡ egea. . lan† ( arama. e‰ a. T. neglectus an† T. cavicola ar‡ th‡ m. ‰ widel` d. tribute† uropea. peci‡ tha‰ reac· ove. Sloveni” t. . tri” an† tal` a‰ th‡ m. ‰ nort· w‡ ter. borde. o• thei. are” ( arama. e‰ a. the` repr‡ en‰ th‡ m. ‰ abundan‰ arthropo† i. th‡ Slovenia. ka. ti. unde. groun† wher‡ bot· peci‡ ofte. appea. yntopicall` (Nova. an† ušto. ugg‡ te† alread` b` th‡ gen. nam‡ Troglophilus . no‰ trictl` boun† t. th‡ unde. groun† habita‰ th‡ anima. overwinte. i. dee. cav‡ par‰ whil‡ i. umme. the` ar‡ nightl` activ‡ i. th‡ for‡ ‰ an† . ‡ uperficia. par‰ o• th‡ cav‡ an† othe. e. dogeno. for‡ ‰ plac‡ onl` ” dail` helte. (Nova. an† ušto. arama. e‰ a. i. th‡ lif‡ cycl‡ inv‡ tigate† fo. T. neglectus an† T. cavicola ho. tric‰ e” onalit` ” ne. generatio. eac· yea. an† . complete† i. tw. t. tw. an† ” hal• yea. (Pehan. e‰ a. ther‡ . ” tempora. hif‰ betwee. th‡ peci‡ wit· T. cavicola matin. i. th‡ earl` prin. an† T. neglectus i. th‡ lat‡ umme. (Pehan. e‰ a. Striti· an† Cok. o. equentl` th‡ adul‰ o• on‡ o. anothe. peci‡ ma` b‡ encountere† i. cav‡ literall` throughou‰ th‡ yea. whic· mak‡ the. conti. uo. l` acc‡ ibl‡ fo. inv‡ tigatio. . th‡ pr‡ en‰ revie. d‡ crib‡ tudi‡ o• thei. Fig. 1: T. neglectus mal‡ durin. ” umme. da` r‡ idin. o. ” wal. o• a. artificia. tunne. (i. rj‡ pr. omn. S‚ Sloveni” cl. ‡ t. i‰ entranc‡ Scal‡ ba. m. 133 e. or` ` te. an† th‡ relate† behaviou. whic· wer‡ initiate† alread` a‰ th‡ b‡ ginnin. o• th‡ previo. centur` (Seliška. . th‡ fi. ‰ par‰ o• th‡ revie. d‡ crib‡ tudi‡ o• mechan. e. or` ` te. co. municatio. an† behaviou. i. Troglophilus relate† t. detectio. o• vario. mechanica. igna. uc· ” u„ trat‡ born‡ vibratio. ai. curren‰ an† gravit` ollowin. ar‡ tudi‡ o• th‡ pecifi. cen‰ orga. an† olfactor` communicatio. develope† i. th‡ ‡ peci‡ th‡ majorit` o• r‡ earc· i. bot· fiel† w” conducte† a‰ th‡ Nationa. . titut‡ o• iolog` i. ljubljan” (forme. . titut‡ o• iolog` . . th‡ cientifi. caree. o• ca† Pro• . Matij” ogal” t. who. th. pecia. . u‡ o• . . dedicate† tarte† a‰ th. i. titut‡ wit· th‡ r‡ earc· o• v. io. particularl` i. Troglophilus cav‡ cricke‰ . h. doctora. d. ertatio. pro• ogal” demo. trate† tha‰ compoun† ey‡ o• th‡ ‡ i. ec‰ ar‡ normall` develope† an† functiona. ( ogal” n† a. thoug· v. ua. igna. canno‰ b‡ o• muc· . ‡ fo. communicatio. o. orientatio. o• ” nightl` activ‡ peci‡ uc· ” . Troglophilus the` ma` b‡ co. idere† importan‰ fo. maintainin. thei. activit` rhyth. relate† t. dail` migratio. betwee. th‡ hypogea. an† th‡ epigea. habita‰ Mechanosensory systems Detection, production and responses to substrate vibration u‡ t. th‡ lac. o• tridulator` tructur‡ an† upporte† b` th‡ ex. tin. dat” o. matin. behaviou. rhaphidophorida‡ appea. unabl‡ t. produc‡ audibl‡ oun† ( e‡ Striti· an† Cok. Striti· an† Strau. the` d. howeve. produc‡ u„ trat‡ born‡ vibrator` igna. durin. exua. communicatio. whic· w” demo. trate† fo. th‡ fi. ‰ tim‡ i. Troglophilus cav‡ cricke‰ (Striti· an† Cok. . th. r‡ pec‰ th‡ mechan. e. or` comple. colopidia. orga. fo. oun† an† o. vibratio. detectio. i. th‡ le. o• e. ifera. i. ec‰ (lak‡ arlan† an† Strau. w” inv‡ tigate† i. Troglophilus fo. th‡ pr‡ enc‡ an† inte. pecifi. homolog` o• individua. grou. o• e. ill” (. ‡ e. or` orga. era. e‰ a. Strau. e‰ a. Strau. an† Striti· e. itivit` t. oun† an† vibratio. ( era. e‰ a. Cok. e‰ a. mo. pholog` an† centra. projectio. o• e. or` neuro. (Striti· an† Cok. Striti· an† Stumpne. u· Striti· Peljha. e‰ a. ubmitte† anatom` an† functio. o• p. ‰ ynapti. neuro. i. th‡ ventra. nerv‡ cor† an† thei. homolog` t. auditor` networ. elemen‰ (Striti· Striti· an† Stumpne. ” wel. ” th‡ mechanica. r‡ po. ‡ o• th‡ le. an† th‡ bod` tha‰ filte. th‡ receive† igna. prio. e. or` tra. ductio. (Striti· Peljha. an† Strau. Striti· Peljha. e‰ a. ubmitte† The subgenual organ complex whil‡ th‡ majorit` o• i. ec‰ p. ‡ onl` th‡ ubgenua. orga. i. th‡ proxima. tibia‡ ” th‡ majo. vibr. e. itiv‡ orga. (albei‰ wit· highl` varyin. complexit` o. thopteroi† develope† a. ‡ peciall` comple. tibia. mechanorecepto. ` te. wit· u. t. differen‰ oun† an† o. vibratio. e. itiv‡ colopidia. orga. i. cl. ‡ proximit` (lak‡ arla. an† Strau. . th. “tibia. organ› i. th‡ le. o• cav‡ cricke‰ ( era. e‰ a. mor‡ recentl` calle† a. . th‡ . ubgenua. orga. complex› (. O Strau. e‰ a. th‡ ex. tenc‡ o• tw. majo. grou. o• colopidia. e. ill” w” demo. trate† b` th‡ initia. h. tologica. tud` th‡ ubgenua. orga. (. O wit· c” colopidia. e. ill” an† th‡ intermediat‡ orga. ( O wit· . e. ill” howin. ” imila. tructur‡ t. tha‰ i. b. hcricke‰ ( era. e‰ a. N. acc‡ or` auditor` tructur‡ lik‡ externa. tympan” o. interna. trachea. modificatio. fo. oun† receptio. an† tra. m. io. wer‡ foun† an† n. e. ill” a‰ th‡ d. ta. locatio. i. th‡ orga. t. ugg‡ ‰ homolog` t. auditor` e. ill” o• . ifer” Summe† r‡ po. ‡ t. auditor` timul. recorde† fro. th‡ le. nerv‡ ha† ver` hig· thr‡ hol† compare† t. peci‡ wit· tympan” an† wer‡ r‡ tricte† t. lo. frequenci‡ ( era. e‰ a. . a. a. companyin. tud` th‡ individua. . O an† O e. ill” howe† ” hig· e. itivit` t. u„ trat‡ vibratio. (an† wea. o. n. r‡ po. ‡ t. airborn‡ oun† Cok. e‰ a. e‡ a. . belo. oweve. give. tha‰ ” reli. (o. reduce† auditor` orga. (calle† th‡ “crista acustica homologue› th‡ thir† majo. tructur‡ i. th‡ comple. w” u„ equentl` foun† i. al. othe. majo. grou. o• . ifer” lackin. tympan” (Strau. an† lak‡ arla. ” „ i‰ putativ‡ pr‡ enc‡ i. Troglophilus w” reinv‡ tigate† givin. furthe. anatomica. detai. o. neurona. innervatio. o• e. ill” (Strau. e‰ a. th‡ tud` confirme† th‡ pr‡ enc‡ o• onl` tw. majo. orga. i. th‡ anterio. . O co. . ten‰ wit· a. anc‡ tra. organ. atio. uc· ” ee. i. outgrou. Orthopteroide” (Strau. e‰ a. i. urthermor‡ th‡ axona. tracin. metho† reveale† a. additiona. mal. colopidia. orga. p. teriorl` i. th‡ tibi” th. . th‡ a. c‡ or` orga. ( O compr. in. ” d. tinc‰ cl. te. o• . e. ill” j. ‰ nex‰ t. th‡ p. terio. hypoderm. an† th‡ . O (Strau. an† Striti· i. th. orga. . foun† t. occu. irregularl` acr. orthopteroi† (Strau. Fig. 2: Neuroanatom` o• th‡ . O i. T. neglectus i. wholemoun‰ preparatio. (abov‡ an† drawin. reco. tructio. o• innervatio. (belo. A! Se. or` elemen‰ i. nervate† b` nerv‡ (branch‡ N = an† = anteriorl` i. th‡ tibi” bov‡ midle. preparatio. cal‡ ba. µ. elo. th‡ co. e. . branchin. patter. o• N co. . ten‰ wit· th‡ pr‡ enc‡ o• onl` tw. orga. i. th‡ anterio. . O th‡ . O an† th‡ O B! Se. or` elemen‰ innervate† b` nerv‡ (branc· N = p. teriorl` i. th‡ tibi” bov‡ forele. preparatio. cal‡ ba. µ. . th‡ chem‡ belo. elemen‰ innervate† b` N ar‡ how. a‰ th‡ bac. an† th‡ uppe. lin‡ repr‡ en‰ le. cuticl‡ th‡ innervatio. chem‡ ar‡ no‰ t. cal‡ an† ar‡ how. i. . counte. clockw. ‡ orientatio. bbreviatio. O ‹ acc‡ or` orga. . ‹ campa. ifor. e. ill” . . –p. terio. campanifor. e. illu. . O ‹ proxima. intermediat‡ orga. † O ‹ d. ta. intermediat‡ orga. . O ‹ ubgenua. orga. dapte† fro. Strau. e‰ a. ( an† Strau. an† Striti· ( th‡ latte. wit· perm. io. fro. oh. wile` ! So. 135 th‡ ph` iologica. r‡ po. ‡ o• individua. recepto. neuro. fro. th‡ . O an† th‡ O i. T. neglectus wer‡ exte. ivel` inv‡ tigate† b` extracellula. recordin. (Cok. e‰ a. ‡ cribe† wer‡ eleve. functiona. recepto. typ‡ fou. wit· b‡ ‰ e. itivit` t. vibratio. betwee. an† . an† th‡ r‡ ‰ wit· atunin. t. lowe. frequenci‡ ( . . upp. edl` originatin. i. th‡ O an† th‡ . O r‡ pectivel` (Cok. e‰ a. th. pr‡ umptio. w” b” e† o. th‡ compar. o. t. b. hcricke‰ tha‰ ho. Fig. 3: Ph` iolog` morpholog` an† anatom` o• centra. axona. projectio. o• v. brator` recepto. neuro. fro. th‡ anterio. . O o• T. neglectus A! thr‡ hol† tunin. curv‡ fo. eve. typ‡ o• intracellularl` recorde† recepto. fro. forele. (ful. lin‡ wit· ymbo. wit· corr‡ pondin. tunin. curv‡ o• th‡ extracellularl` recorde† r‡ po. ‡ typ‡ (d” he† lin‡ lac. . O recepto. re† O recepto. B! termina. arbor. atio. o• th‡ intracellularl` taine† recepto. neuro. i. th‡ prothoraci. ganglio. (wholemoun‰ do. . ventra. vie. ndividua. neuro. fro. differen‰ preparatio. ar‡ how. i. differen‰ colou. an† uperimp. e† th‡ ” embl` ho. ” typica. bifurcatio. patter. reveale† a. . b` th‡ anterograd‡ tracin. o• N axo. C! natomica. l. catio. o• axona. projectio. fro. N fille† anterogradel` wit· lucife. yello. i. th‡ tra. ve. ‡ ectio. o• th‡ ganglio. a‰ th‡ leve. indicate† i. bbreviatio. = do. a. intermediat‡ trac‰ ’ = ventra. intermediat‡ trac‰ a’ anteri. ventra. ” ociatio. centr‡ m’ medi. ventra. ” ociatio. centr‡ N nerv‡ ( mai. le. nerv‡ . ii. thir† roo‰ o• th‡ le. nerv‡ Ne. dat” anal` . . how. i. whil‡ an† ar‡ adapte† fro. Striti· an† Cok. ( wit· perm. io. fro. Springe. an† Strau. e‰ a. ( r‡ pectivel` 136 imila. vibrator` recepto. cl” ‡ o• whic· th‡ O recepto. ho. th‡ r‡ po. ‡ a. . t. lo. frequenc` oun† du‡ t. thei. functiona. couplin. t. th‡ auditor` apparat. ( almrin. e‰ a. th‡ co. train‰ o• th‡ ‡ tudi‡ howeve. w” tha‰ neithe. paye† attentio. t. r‡ po. ‡ tune† t. frequenci‡ belo. . ” prior. co. iderin. the. ” ” r‡ po. ‡ o• propriorecepto. an† th. l‡ importan‰ fo. comple. e. or` proc‡ in. . followin. inv‡ tigatio. vibrator` recepto. neuro. wer‡ tudie† i. Troglophilus . in. combine† intracellula. recordin. an† tainin. whic· allo. fo. ” morphologica. character. atio. o• th‡ termina. branchin. patter. an† anatomica. p. itio. o. th‡ recorde† axo. i. th‡ neuropil‡ (Striti· an† Stumpne. u· Striti· an† Cok. Striti· Peljha. e‰ a. ubmitte† th‡ ‡ tudi‡ howe† tha‰ th‡ hig· frequenc` tune† recepto. conformin. t. ph` iologica. cl” ‡ o• Cok. e‰ a. ( i. whic· wer‡ identifie† m. ‰ frequentl` projec‰ ventrall` int. th‡ medi. ventra. ” ociatio. centr‡ (m’ o• th‡ egmenta. ganglio. . th‡ regio. pecial. e† fo. proc‡ in. o• auditor` an† vibrator` inpu‰ (‡ . Strau. e‰ a. i. . additiona. lo. frequenc` recepto. neuro. typ‡ wit· ” tunin. t. . . an† projectio. int. th‡ do. a. par‰ o• th‡ m’ w” d‡ cribe† fo. th‡ fi. ‰ tim‡ ” ” par‰ o• th‡ . O comple. an† originat‡ eithe. i. th‡ O o. th‡ p. terio. . O b” e† o. anatomica. an† ph` iologica. character. ti. (Striti· Peljha. e‰ a. ubmitte† th. provid‡ th‡ fi. ‰ intracellula. dat” o. th‡ e. or` inpu‰ int. th‡ regio. o• th‡ ventra. nerv‡ cor† devote† t. proc‡ in. o• lo. frequenc` vibrator` timul. uc· ” ar‡ . e† i. communicatio. o• Troglophilus an† man` othe. o. thopteroi† (Striti· an† Cok. e‡ a. . belo. Mechanical leg response etectio. o• u„ trat‡ vibratio. . relate† t. exceptionall` tron. ph` ica. co. train‰ o• th‡ tra. m. io. mediu. tha‰ filte. an† d. tor‰ th‡ propagatin. igna. ‘ in. l” e. vibrometr` w‡ hav‡ inv‡ tigate† th‡ influenc‡ o• mechanica. properti‡ o• th‡ le. i. Troglophilus th‡ finit‡ elemen‰ i. igna. tra. m. io. o. th‡ e. or` adaptatio. o• th‡ individua. orga. i. th‡ . O (Striti· Peljha. an† Strau. Striti· Peljha. e‰ a. ubmitte† th‡ tibi” w” foun† t. b‡ th‡ m. ‰ appropriat‡ plac‡ fo. vibr. e. or` orga. inc‡ i‰ vibrate† tronge. tha. an` othe. le. egmen‰ i. th‡ r‡ po. ‡ t. u„ trat‡ vibratio. du‡ t. mechanica. r‡ onanc‡ ( i. P. itio. o• th‡ r‡ po. ‡ pea. depende† largel` o. vario. paramete. o• th‡ tanc‡ uc· ” th‡ leve. o• le. flexio. ( i. th‡ pr‡ enc‡ o• bod` u„ trat‡ contac‰ an† apparentl` a. . th‡ m. cl‡ te. io. whic· giv‡ th‡ anima. ” potentia. t. trongl` influenc‡ v. bratio. detectio. b` p. tura. adj. tmen‰ th‡ r‡ po. ‡ inte. it` incre” e† wit· th‡ incre” in. timul. frequenc` ( i. an† th‡ hap‡ o• th‡ r‡ po. ‡ functio. peakin. a‰ hig· frequenci‡ matche† th‡ thr‡ hol† curv‡ o• tw. O recepto. typ‡ fro. Troglophilus (Cok. e‰ a. cl. el` ( i. th‡ ‡ dat” ugg‡ ‰ a. adaptiv‡ valu‡ o• th‡ O i. detectin. hig· frequenc` vibratio. tra. mitte† ove. th‡ le. urfac‡ (Striti· Peljha. an† Strau. Suc· ” functio. woul† furthe. d. tingu. · th‡ O fro. th‡ . O whic· . excite† b` haemolymp· movemen‰ withi. th‡ tibi” ca. e† b` u„ trat‡ vibratio. ( ilpine. an† Stor. . th‡ followin. e‰ o• me” ur‡ men‰ w‡ compare† th‡ mechanica. r‡ po. ‡ betwee. th‡ latera. id‡ o• th‡ proxima. tibi” howin. tha‰ i. th‡ narro. lo. frequenc` rang‡ betwee. an† . th‡ urfac‡ o• th‡ p. terio. tibi” . cillat‡ lightl` bu‰ ignificantl` mor‡ inte. el` tha. th‡ anterio. tibi” th. differenc‡ indicat‡ tha‰ th‡ pecifi. p. itio. o• th‡ O linke† t. th‡ p. terio. cuticl‡ ma` b‡ adaptiv‡ (Striti· Peljha. e‰ a. ubmitte† Anatomy, function and homology of vibratory interneurons whe. ” e. or` orga. chang‡ functionall` durin. evolutio. wha‰ happe. t. th‡ centra. neurona. networ. receivin. inpu‰ fro. th. orga. th. qu‡ tio. directe† ou. r‡ earc· o• vibratio. e. itiv‡ interneuro. i. th‡ prothoraci. ventra. nerv‡ chor† ga. glio. o• T. neglectus (Striti· an† Stumpne. Striti· avin. i. min† th‡ co. ervativ‡ natur‡ o• th‡ centra. neura. ` te. w‡ expecte† t. fin† homologu‡ t. th‡ auditor` neuro. o• . ifer” whic· ar‡ i. th‡ hearin. peci‡ connecte† t. th‡ fun. tionall` elaborate† oun† an† vibratio. e. itiv‡ orga. i. th‡ forele. mon. th‡ Fig. 4 th‡ mechanica. le. r‡ po. ‡ t. vibrator` timul. i. T. neglectus A! r‡ po. ‡ gai. a‰ differen‰ me” uremen‰ it‡ o• th‡ le. (dM ‹ d. ta. metata. . d= ‹ d. ta. tibi” p= ‹ proxima. tibi” (. O locatio. i. blac. † ‹ d. ta. femu. . ‹ proxima. femu. wit· th‡ femu. an† tibi” tandin. a‰ righ‰ angl‡ ” he† lin‡ a‰ † indicat‡ th‡ inte. it` o• timul. applie† a‰ th‡ ta. . B! Pea. r‡ po. ‡ frequenc` a‰ differen‰ femu. tibi” angl‡ an† C! pea. r‡ po. ‡ amplitud‡ ” ” functio. o• fr‡ quenc` fro. th‡ am‡ dat” e‰ D! le. frequenc` r‡ po. ‡ functio. (blac. lin‡ mea. wit· . rang‡ lef‰ cal‡ fo. th‡ le. p. itio. howin. th‡ pea. a‰ . an† . uperimp. e† t. th‡ mea. (inve. e† thr‡ hol† curv‡ o• tw. O recepto. typ‡ tune† t. th‡ ‡ frequenci‡ (re† lin‡ righ‰ cal‡ how. i. relativ‡ valu‡ ‹ th‡ inte. it` o• thr‡ hol† curv‡ . e‰ t. th‡ b‡ ‰ matc· wit· th‡ le. r‡ po. ‡ dapte† fro. Striti· Peljha. an† Strau. ( wit· perm. io. fro. Springe. neuro. typ‡ identifie† b` thei. morpholog` an† o. ph` iolog` w‡ recogn. e† hom. logu‡ t. om‡ o• th‡ pecial. e† fi. ‰ orde. auditor` interneuro. o• cricke‰ an† b. hcricke‰ (Striti· an† Stumpne. i. whil‡ retainin. th‡ am‡ morpholog` o• primar` branch‡ an† om” locatio. imila. intri. i. properti‡ an† apparentl` a. . thei. b” i. implementatio. i. th‡ networ. th‡ auditor` neuro. howe† dr” ti. chang‡ i. dendriti. morpholog` compare† t. thei. vibrator` counterpar‰ ( i. learl` th‡ ‡ chang‡ reflec‰ th‡ modifie† recepto. inpu‰ fro. th‡ vibrator` t. th‡ auditor` Fig. 5 Morpholog` o• vibratio. e. itiv‡ interneuro. i. th‡ prothoraci. ganglio. o• T. neglectus wit· putativ‡ homologu‡ fro. differen‰ Orthopter” (th‡ hum. backe† cricke‰ Cyphoderris monstrosa cricke‰ Acheta domesticus an† Teleogryllus oceanicus an† th‡ b. hcricke‰ Tettigonia viridissima o• . ifer” an† th‡ gr” hoppe. Locusta migratoria an† Schistocerca gregaria o• aelifer” th‡ homologu‡ i. A! indicat‡ th‡ pr‡ ume† evolutionar` chang‡ i. morpholog` (fro. lef‰ t. righ‰ followin. a. ditor` pecializatio. fro. ” vibr. e. itiv‡ precu. o. neuro. th‡ homologu‡ i. B repr‡ en‰ morphologicall` an† apparentl` a. . functionall` pr‡ erve† neuro. i. th‡ differen‰ lineag‡ dapte† fro. Striti· an† Stumpne. ( wit· perm. io. fro. . evie. th‡ neuro. o• S. gregaria . include† additionall` fro. Striti· ( th‡ wholemoun‰ morpholog` o• T. neglectus neuro. i. w” reco. tructe† de novo fro. th‡ origina. materia. (phot. o• h. tologica. ectio. 139 portio. o• th‡ e. or` orga. an† th‡ modifie† requiremen‰ fo. directiona. proc‡ in. betwee. th‡ ` te. (Striti· an† Stumpne. gai. i. Troglophilus th‡ ‡ neuro. confor. mor‡ t. ” primeva. rathe. tha. reduce† e. or` organ. atio. Severa. furthe. cav‡ cricke‰ neuro. wer‡ homolog. e† t. neuro. fro. vario. orthopteroi† wher‡ the` ofte. receiv‡ multimoda. inpu‰ an† ho. comparativel` littl‡ o. n. chang‡ i. morpholog` an† functio. ( i. the` wer‡ ugg‡ te† ” elemen‰ o• th‡ evolutionar` co. erve† multimoda. ‡ cap‡ o. warnin. ` te. (Striti· an† Stumpne. ro. th‡ functiona. viewpoin‰ a. unexpecte† bi” t. proc‡ in. o• lo. frequenc` vibratio. inpu‰ w” foun† i. Troglophilus wit· th‡ majorit` o• interneuro. r‡ pondin. m. ‰ e. itivel` t. vibratio. belo. . (Striti· i. whil‡ r‡ po. ‡ an† neuropil‡ locatio. i. ” portio. o• th‡ ‡ neuro. ugg‡ te† inpu‰ fro. proprioceptiv‡ orga. ” grou. o• highl` e. itiv‡ neuro. ha† dendriti. (. ‡ p. ‰ ` napti. egmen‰ i. th‡ m’ neuropil‡ pecial. e† fo. proc‡ in. o• auditor` an† Fig. 6: Proc‡ in. o• lo. frequenc` timul. i. th‡ vibrator` ` te. o• T. neglectus A! thr‡ hol† tunin. o• interneuro. typ‡ wit· th‡ b‡ ‰ e. itivit` t. vibratio. belo. . (ful. lin‡ –excitatio. d” he† lin‡ –inhibitio. Neuro. ar‡ how. i. tw. cl” ‡ accordin. t. th‡ hap‡ o• tunin. curv‡ th‡ gra` are” ho. th‡ r‡ po. ‡ rang‡ o• . O recepto. (afte. Cok. e‰ a. Not‡ th‡ th‡ m. matc· t. i. terneuro. apparentl` wit· vibrator` inpu‰ fro. othe. recepto. elemen‰ B! Mo. pholog` o• ” highl` e. itiv‡ fi. ‰ orde. interneuro. (abov‡ wholemoun‰ do. . ventra. vie. an† i‰ locatio. i. th‡ neuropil‡ i. th‡ tra. ve. ‡ ectio. o• th‡ ganglio. (belo. neurona. branch‡ ar‡ how. i. re† a‰ th‡ leve. indicate† abov‡ . thr‡ hol† o• th. neuro. typ‡ ar‡ marke† re† dapte† fro. Striti· ( wit· perm. io. fro. oh. wile` ! So. an† Striti· an† Stumpne. ( wit· pe. m. io. fro. . evie. 140 vibrator` timul. o. a. locatio. o• om‡ neuro. i. th. neuropil‡ ( i. . co. . ten‰ wit· inpu‰ fro. ” par‰ o• th‡ femora. chordotona. orga. th‡ p. terio. m. ‰ portio. o• th‡ . O an† o. th‡ O e. ill” (Striti· e‡ a. . N. hin. N. hin. an† iel† Suc· informatio. proc‡ in. w” late. how. t. confor. t. proc‡ in. o• lo. frequenc` vibrator` tremulatio. igna. i. Troglophilus (Striti· an† Cok. igna. tha‰ ar‡ ofte. ” par‰ o• multimoda. cour‰ hi. d. pla` i. othe. orthopteroi† ” wel. (Striti· an† Cok. Mating behaviour and vibratory signalling th‡ hig· ecologica. imilarit` o• T. neglectus an† T. cavicola togethe. wit· thei. complet‡ tempora. . olatio. (Nova. an† ušto. Pehan. e‰ a. generall` ugg‡ ‰ ” wea. electio. pr‡ ur‡ fo. thei. divergen‰ behavioura. evolutio. ‰ w” th. urpr. in. t. fin† differenc‡ i. thei. matin. behaviou. no‰ onl` i. th‡ patter. o. timin. o• principall` imila. behaviou. bu‰ extendin. t. th‡ leve. o• employe† timul. modaliti‡ (Striti· an† Cok. urin. th‡ cl. ‡ rang‡ cour‰ hi. T. ne­glectus mal‡ emi‰ lo. frequenc` vibrator` igna. b` abdomina. tremulatio. (. ‡ . cillatio. withou‰ contactin. th‡ u„ trat‡ i. whil‡ uc· ignallin. . a„ en‰ prio. t. pai. formatio. i. T. cavicola ( i. . th. peci‡ th‡ ph” ‡ o• mutua. a. tenna. fencin. o• th‡ partne. . muc· longe. tha. i. T. neglectus ugg‡ tin. aprimar` importanc‡ o• tactil‡ timul. i. cour‰ hi. n† whil‡ th‡ complet‡ matin. proc‡ onl` l” ‰ ” fe. minut‡ i. T. neglectus abou‰ minut‡ . typica. fo. T. cavicola ( i. w‡ ugg‡ te† th‡ ‡ differenc‡ t. reflec‰ th‡ divergen‰ matin. habita‰ i. an† ou‰ id‡ cav‡ fo. T. cavicola an† T. neglectus r‡ pectivel` whic· compl` wit· timin. o• thei. r‡ pectiv‡ exua. maturatio. immediatel` afte. an† lon. afte. complete† diapa. ‡ (Striti· an† Cok. . prin. on‡ ca. frequentl` encounte. femal‡ T. Fig. 7: Matin. behaviou. an† vibrator` ignallin. A! Sampl‡ . cillogra. o• mal‡ vibrator` cour‰ hi. igna. emitte† b` abdomina. tremulatio. i. T. neglectus B! Sampl‡ pectrogra. o• th‡ ‡ igna. recorde† fro. differen‰ u„ trat‡ (blac. ‹ el. bar. gre` ‹ pruc‡ bar. whit‡ ‹ m. C! uratio. o• mai. ph” ‡ o• th‡ matin. proc‡ (appearin. i. ucc‡ io. fro. lef‰ t. righ‰ compare† betwee. T. neglectus an† T. cavicola ter. . indicat‡ differen‰ degre‡ o• tat. tica. ignificanc‡ (fo. mor‡ detai. e‡ Striti· an† Cok. Vibrationa. ignallin. i. cour‰ hi. . expr‡ e† i. T. neglectus onl` ( e‡ th‡ middl‡ diagra. fte. copulatio. mal‡ o• bot· peci‡ expr‡ vigoro. whol‡ bod` tremulatio. wit· a. unknow. functio. (no‰ how. dapte† fro. Striti· an† Cok. ( cavicola wit· permatophor‡ til. i. dee. cav‡ par‰ an† i‰ prolonge† copulatio. p. ibl` reflec‰ th‡ relaxe† predatio. pr‡ ur‡ i. acav‡ environmen‰ Sinc‡ roc. w” prove† extremel` inefficien‰ fo. vibratio. tra. m. io. (Striti· an† Cok. e‡ a. . Striti· an† Strau. Strau. an† Striti· w‡ ugg‡ te† vibrator` ignallin. t. b‡ reduce† i. T. cavicola followin. i‰ adaptatio. t. matin. undergroun† th‡ exua. behaviou. o• T. neglectus o. th‡ othe. han† w” ugg‡ te† t. repr‡ en‰ ” primitiv‡ conditio. o• th‡ ylvicolo. cav‡ cricke‰ anc‡ to. (Striti· an† Cok. e‡ a. . ubbe. an† Norto. . lin‡ wit· th. hypoth‡ . recen‰ dat” indicat‡ tha‰ th‡ gen. Troglophilus diverge† fro. th‡ commo. anc‡ to. ver` earl` i. th‡ ev. lutio. o• rhaphidophorida‡ (Son. e‰ a. Zho. e‰ a. an† ma` hav‡ th. retaine† man` primitiv‡ characte. ‰ vibrator` ignallin. ma` a. . repr‡ en‰ th‡ primitiv‡ mod‡ o• mechan. e. or` communicatio. fo. th‡ . ifer” i. whic· th‡ di• feren‰ wa` o• vibrator` ignallin. ee. i. th‡ extan‰ tax” coul† hav‡ bee. e” il` derive† fro. abdomina. tremulatio. (Striti· an† Cok. Striti· an† Strau. furthe. divergenc‡ i. th‡ exua. behaviou. o• th‡ tw. peci‡ relat‡ t. olfactor` ignallin. an† agon. ti. behaviou. . exte. iv‡ relianc‡ o. odou. h” bee. demo. trate† fo. T. neglectus mal‡ i. agon. ti. cont‡ ‰ (Striti· Striti· an† Žunic . . e‡ a. . belo. . T. cavicola no‰ onl` ar‡ thei. cen‰ glan† muc· l‡ develope† an† wer‡ neve. o„ erve† exp. e† t. th‡ bod` urfac‡ ” i. T. neglectus th‡ peci‡ ho. a. . n. ig. o• inte. mal‡ aggr‡ io. i. th‡ matin. perio† (Striti· an† Cok. o. cavernicolo. anima. aggr‡ io. ma` b‡ completel` reduce† t. optim. ‡ energ` expenditur‡ ( llipo‰ e‰ a. whic· . i. lin‡ wit· ” highe. leve. o• cavernicolo. adaptatio. prop. e† fo. T. cavicola Behavioural responses to vibration ‡ pit‡ th‡ cour‰ hi. vibrator` ignallin. o• T. neglectus mal‡ no‰ bein. ” ubjec‰ o• ` temati. experimenta. manipulatio. i‰ functio. i. incre” in. femal‡ exua. r‡ ceptivit` an† inducin. he. mountin. fo. copulatio. ma` generall` b‡ ” ume† th. . a. . upporte† b` fa. th‡ long‡ ‰ vibrator` cour‰ hi. ph” ‡ recorde† i. th‡ pai. tha‰ mate† o. th‡ ton` u„ trat‡ i. ou. tud` o. whic· th‡ inte. it` o• vibrator` igna. w” belo. th‡ vibr. e. or` detectio. thr‡ hol† o• th‡ peci‡ (Striti· an† Cok. Striti· an† Strau. clea. behavioura. r‡ po. ‡ t. vibratio. ca. b‡ induce† o. th‡ othe. han† b` lo. frequenc` vibrator` timul. delivere† t. cav‡ cricke‰ a‰ ver` hig· inte. iti‡ tationar` tartl‡ r‡ po. ‡ expr‡ e† ” ” jerk` contractio. o• th‡ le. an† th‡ bod` occu. wit· ” har. tunin. t. . . vibratio. tha‰ follo. th‡ lin‡ o• equa. timul. d. placemen‰ wit· th‡ incre” in. timul. frequenc` (Striti· an† Cok. th‡ reactio. upp. e† t. functio. ” preparator` behaviou. fo. th‡ ‡ cap‡ jum. . induce† b` alm. ‰ th‡ am‡ frequenc` inte. it` rang‡ o• vibrator` timul. i. loc. ‰ ( riede. th. behavioura. agreemen‰ provid‡ ” furthe. arg. men‰ fo. th‡ evolutionar` co. erve† ‡ cap‡ neuro. networ. o• orthopteroi† Detection and responses to air currents and gravity i. othe. i. ec‰ th‡ cav‡ cricket. ‡ cap‡ behaviou. . multimodall` triggere† bu‰ pecificall` fo. thei. lif‡ tyl‡ i‰ . trongl` influence† b` inclinatio. o• th‡ groun† nyon‡ workin. wit· cav‡ cricke‰ woul† immediatel` notic‡ ho. e” ` i‰ . t. collec‰ the. fro. cav‡ wal. whil‡ o. horizonta. urfac‡ the` typicall` ho. ” hig· leve. o• aro. a. th‡ inclinatio. e. itiv‡ gatin. o• thei. locomoto. activit` an† ventilator` movemen‰ w” tudie† exte. ivel` b` ” tberge. ( ‡ howe† tha‰ th‡ jum. rat‡ i. T. cavicola timulate† b` ai. puf• o. touc· decre” ‡ wit· th‡ incre” in. teepn‡ o• th‡ floo. u. t. °an† . alm. ‰ completel` inhibite† o. teepe. urfac‡ ( i. lon. wit· jumpin. cav‡ cricke‰ ho. thigmotacti. behaviou. (. ‡ eekin. helte. tha‰ . p. itiv‡ o. horizonta. an† negativ‡ o. vertica. Fig. 8: v” iv‡ behaviou. i‰ proprioceptiv‡ gatin. an† gian‰ interneuro. o• th‡ cerca. ` te. A! ependenc‡ o• th‡ rat‡ o• ev” iv‡ jumpin. i. T. cavicola o. th‡ groun† inclinatio. (wit· tw. timul. mod‡ blac. an† whit‡ ymbo. lowe. cal‡ an† o. compe. atio. fo. bod` weigh‰ (re† ymbo. uppe. cal‡ ver‰ –vertica. forc‡ tha‰ compe. at‡ fo. bod` weight–wbod` redraw. an† combine† fro. ” tberge. ( an† ” tberge. ( wit· perm. io. fro. oh. wile` ! So. B! irectio. o• th‡ ev” iv‡ jum. i. T. neglectus t. win† puf• ( . fron‰ o• th‡ anima. . rea. o• th‡ anima. redraw. fro. Schrade. ( wit· perm. io. fro. Springe. C! Morpholog` o• fiv‡ typ‡ o• i. th‡ termina. abdomina. ganglio. o• T. neglectus (wholemoun‰ do. . ventra. vie. receivin. mechan. e. or` inpu‰ fro. th‡ cerc. thei. labe. confor. t. th‡ chem‡ i. cricke‰ th‡ neuro. fro. ” t. ” r‡ embl‡ th‡ cricke‰ counterpar‰ m. ‰ cl. el` ro. Schrade. e‰ a. ( wit· perm. io. fro. oh. wile` ! So. urfac‡ . . a‰ inclinatio. abov‡ . th‡ majorit` o• cav‡ cricke‰ fac‡ upwar† whil‡ belo. . ther‡ . n. bi” i. thei. orientin. directio. ( ” tberge. ‘ in. innovativ‡ experimenta. approach‡ i. fre‡ tandin. an† tethere† anima. exp. e† t. vario. timulatio. regim‡ an† timul. combinatio. ” tberge. ( demo. trate† tha‰ gatin. o• th‡ ‡ behaviou. . mediate† vi” le. propriorecepto. ( i. an† modulate† b` a‰ le” ‰ tw. furthe. channe. o• gai. contro. th‡ exter. mechanoreceptiv‡ an† v. ua. inpu‰ . th‡ followin. tud` th‡ ‡ timul. wer‡ how. t. influenc‡ a. . th‡ rhyth. o• abdomina. r‡ pirator` movemen‰ ( rM whic· pecificall` i. cav‡ cricke‰ . modulate† trongl` b` p. tur‡ ( ” tberge. Unde. m. ‰ experimenta. conditio. th‡ cyclin. o• th‡ rM pacemake. w” foun† retarde† i. vertica. tanc‡ an† advance† i. horizonta. tanc‡ ugg‡ tin. couplin. o• th‡ ventilator` rhyth. t. eithe. genera. tat‡ o• aro. a. o. locomoto. activit` mode. fo. r‡ ettin. an† e. or` modulatio. o• rM w” prop. e† ( ” tberge. th‡ cerca. ` te. o• cav‡ cricke‰ fo. ai. curren‰ an† triggerin. ‡ cap‡ r‡ po. ‡ diffe. fro. othe. orthopteroi† i. tha‰ th‡ abdomina. cerc. covere† wit· e. or` hai. ar‡ oriente† perpendicularl` an† no‰ paralle. t. th‡ groun† th‡ effec‰ o• th. differenc‡ w” tudie† i. T. neglectus behaviourall` an† a‰ th‡ leve. o• cerca. gian‰ interneuro. ( Schrade. Schrade. e‰ a. av‡ cricke‰ wel. detec‰ th‡ directio. o• win† timul. an† jum. awa` fro. ” win† puf• ( i. bu‰ i. contr” ‰ t. cricke‰ the` jum. directl` awa` fro. th‡ timul. withou‰ turnin. thei. bod` fi. ‰ ‡ . i• timulate† fro. th‡ fron‰ th‡ anima. jum. backwar† (Schrade. iv‡ typ‡ o• win† e. itiv‡ (Schrade. e‰ a. i. an† a. add. tiona. tw. typ‡ o• loca. interneuro. (Schrade. wer‡ identifie† i. th‡ termina. abdomina. ganglio. o• th‡ ventra. nerv‡ cor† ou. do. a. cl. el` r‡ embl‡ thei. putativ‡ cricke‰ homologu‡ morphologicall` an† i. directiona. e. itivit` whil‡ th‡ ventra. diffe. omewha‰ fro. i‰ cricke‰ counterpar‰ i. th‡ locatio. o• dendriti. branch‡ an† th‡ r‡ po. iven‡ t. horizonta. timul. th‡ loca. neuro. wer‡ u. g‡ te† t. modulat‡ directiona. e. itivit` o• th‡ wit· inhibitor` inpu‰ n. chang‡ i. directiona. e. itivit` w” foun† i. cav‡ cricke‰ a‰ th‡ leve. o• centra. pr. c‡ in. th‡ tud` pr‡ ume† compe. ator` chang‡ i. directiona. preferenc‡ o• e. or` hai. du‡ t. th‡ change† orientatio. o• th‡ cerc. (Schrade. e‰ a. Chemosensory systems and communication . th‡ a„ enc‡ o• lon. d. tanc‡ aco. ti. igna. an† a. . . efu. v. ua. igna. fo. nocturna. an† cavernicolo. rhaphidophorida‡ th‡ ‡ peci‡ hav‡ bee. traditionall` regarde† t. trongl` rel` o. chemica. communicatio. onvergentl` develope† hyp. derma. glan† wer‡ lon. know. fro. mal‡ o• differen‰ gener” an† i. th‡ m. ‰ ela„ orate† for. fro. Troglophilus (Seliška. er‡ tw. pai. o• larg‡ glan† ac. ar‡ pr‡ en‰ do. all` i. th‡ mal‡ abdome. bein. fille† wit· ” re† ecretio. tha‰ . trongl` aromati. ac· pai. o• glan† ac. protrud‡ t. th‡ bod` urfac‡ withi. ” derma. bul„ betwee. th‡ u„ equen‰ abdomina. tergit‡ ( i. . lm. ‰ ” centur` ag. th‡ Slovenia. ph` iolog. ‰ an† peleobiolog. ‰ lbi. Seliška. inv‡ tigate† h. tolog` an† developmen‰ o• th‡ ‡ glan† i. T. neglectus an† T. cavicola an† trie† t. elucidat‡ Fig. 9: Scen‰ glan† i. T. neglectus th‡ rele” e† odou. an† i‰ rol‡ i. inte. mal‡ aggr‡ io. Ai)Protr. io. o• derma. bul„ containin. glan† ac. wit· re† ecretio. induce† i. th‡ inte. egmenta. regio. betwee. th. t· abdomina. egmen‰ b` ligh‰ compr‡ io. o• th‡ male" abdome. Aii ” chromatogra. o• th‡ rele” e† volatil‡ larg‡ amoun‰ o• Methy. pheny. hexena. rele” ‡ w” demo. trate† fro. onl` briefl` protrude† glan† typica. fo. T. neglectus cont‡ ‰ B! rawin. reco. tructio. o• ” mal‡ pai. i. ” cont‡ ‰ th‡ dominan‰ mal‡ (righ‰ wit· a. elevate† (. ‡ aggr‡ iv‡ bod` p. tur‡ protrud‡ bot· glan† bul„ i. th‡ ph” ‡ j. ‰ prio. t. attac. th‡ ubordinat‡ mal‡ h” glan† retracte† an† ho. ” lowere† ( ubm. iv‡ p. tur‡ j. ‰ prio. t. retrea‰ C! lan† protr. io. degre‡ (” combine† normalize† me” ur‡ o. th‡ frequenc` inte. it` o• protr. io. i. winne. an† l. e. o• individua. encounte. (cont‡ ‰ a‰ differen‰ leve. o• aggr‡ iv‡ ‡ calatio. th‡ diagra. ho. th‡ incre” ‡ o• glan† protr. io. i. th‡ aggr‡ iv‡ contex‰ i‰ ignifican‰ incre” ‡ i. bot· cont‡ tan‰ wit· th‡ occurrenc‡ o• th‡ elevate† bod` p. tur‡ (aggr‡ io. leve. an† i‰ dec. iv‡ influenc‡ fo. winnin. l. in. ” cont‡ ‰ a‰ th. leve. o• aggr‡ iv‡ ‡ calatio. j. ‰ prio. t. a. attac. (aggr‡ io. leve. th‡ ” ter. . relat‡ t. differen‰ degre‡ o• tat. tica. ignificanc‡ (fo. mor‡ detai. e‡ Striti· an† Žunic . . dapte† fro. Striti· an† Žunic . . ( thei. functio. b` behavioura. o„ ervatio. (Seliška. ‡ howe† tha‰ th‡ glan† epitheliu. becom‡ functiona. afte. th‡ fina. mol‰ . muc· mor‡ exte. iv‡ i. T. ne­glectus tha. i. T. cavicola an† protrud‡ pontaneo. l` t. th‡ bod` urfac‡ onl` i. th‡ forme. peci‡ Makin. inte. pecifi. behavioura. compar. o. t. orthopteroi† lik‡ tre‡ cricke‰ an† cockroach‡ h‡ generall` pr‡ ume† th‡ functio. o• th‡ rele” e† odou. i. attractio. an† o. exua. timulatio. o• femal‡ (Seliška. Muc· late. o. Methy. pheny. hexena. w” identifie† ” th‡ majo. volatil‡ compoun† fro. glan† ecretio. i. Troglophilus (r” potni. e‰ a. e‡ a. . i. i. th‡ co. poun† w” offere† t. larva‡ an† adul‰ Ou. late. tudi‡ demo. trate† th‡ mal‡ odou. t. functio. i. th‡ comple. behavioura. contex‰ o• inte. mal‡ aggr‡ io. (Striti· Striti· an† Žunic . . ` anal` in. pr‡ matin. behaviou. withi. mal. mal‡ femal‡ grou. o• T. neglectus w‡ (Striti· detai. o• mal‡ cont‡ ‰ behaviou. an† correlate† the. wit· th‡ frequenc` an† exten‰ o• glan† t. u‡ protr. io. i. eac· individua. ” a. indicatio. o• th‡ amoun‰ o• rele” e† odou. th‡ ‡ correlatio. ugg‡ te† th‡ odou. t. functio. ” a. a. gr‡ iv‡ threa‰ igna. tha‰ ignificantl` influenc‡ cont‡ ‰ r‡ olutio. ( i. ” wel. ” igna. dominanc‡ thereafte. w‡ furthe. manipulate† th‡ igna. exchang‡ b` pr‡ ventin. glan† t. u‡ protr. io. i. th‡ cont‡ tan‰ an† anal` e† th‡ behavioura. co. ‡ quenc‡ o• differen‰ treatmen‰ th. approac· directl` demo. trate† tha‰ th‡ odou. functio. ” ” highl` effectiv‡ threa‰ tha‰ preven‰ maxima. cont‡ ‰ ‡ calatio. an† decre” ‡ th‡ cont‡ ‰ relate† c. ‰ th‡ tud` provide† th‡ fi. ‰ evidenc‡ o• olfactor` ignallin. o• aggr‡ iv‡ inten‰ (motivatio. i. aterr‡ tria. anima. . in. ” ` te. o• eve. ibl‡ cen‰ glan† fo. th‡ i. tantaneo. modulatio. o• odou. r‡ le” ‡ alon. wit· th‡ changin. behavioura. contex‰ Conclusions and outlook th‡ mechan. e. or` an† chem. e. or` ` te. d‡ cribe† i. Troglophilus ho. ” mixtur‡ o• anc‡ tra. an† derive† characte. no‰ onl` i. compar. o. t. othe. . ifer” an† orthopteroi† bu‰ a. . betwee. th‡ tw. inv‡ tigate† peci‡ whil‡ T. neglectus an† T. cavicola appea. highl` imila. i. morpholog` an† thei. genera. ecologica. preferenc‡ thei. exua. behaviou. an† communicatio. trongl` diffe. pparentl` th‡ ‡ differenc‡ reflec‰ ahighe. leve. o• cavernicolo. adaptatio. i. T. cavicola relate† t. th‡ reproductiv‡ perio† i. compar. o. t. i‰ ympatri. peci‡ Studyin. differen‰ ” pec‰ o• thei. e. or` ph` iolog` e. or` anatom` bioph` i. an† behaviou. i. ” comparativ‡ framewor. markedl` incre” e† ou. unde. tandin. o• th‡ functio. an† evolutio. o• th‡ ‡ ` te. th‡ curren‰ leve. o• knowledg‡ provid‡ . wit· alin‡ o• furthe. qu‡ tio. t. b‡ a. were† th. keepin. Troglophilus ” ” prom. in. are” o• futur‡ r‡ earc· Acknowledgements than. th‡ p” ‰ hea† o• ou. departmen‰ a‰ N an† m` mento. ndre… Cok. an† th‡ pr‡ en‰ hea† Met” Viran‰ oberle‰ fo. thei. co. tan‰ uppor‰ o• th‡ wor. a. gratefu. t. ndre” Stumpne. ( öttinge. an† ohann‡ Strau. ( i‡ e. fo. thei. frien† hi. an† cientifi. cooperatio. fro. whic· ’v‡ learne† ” lo‰ woul† lik‡ t. acknowledg‡ Matij” ogal” fo. pavin. th‡ wa` o• r‡ earc· o• ou. grou. i. biotremo. og` an† e. or` ph` iolog` than. ohann‡ Strau. Pegg` il. (tu. ” an† Matij” ogal” fo. rev. in. th‡ man. crip‰ Funding th‡ author" wor. pr‡ ente† i. th. revie. w” funde† b` th‡ Slovenia. r‡ earc· genc` (M” te. an† P· gran‰ r‡ earc· projec‰ an† r‡ earc· cor‡ fundin. – an† th‡ ‘ gran‰ o• th‡ t· r= ramewor. Programm‡ (Mari‡ uri‡ trainin. 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Evol Received / Prejeto LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 151–166 SUR DEUX CIGALES DE LA FAUNE INTERTROPICALE DEDIEES AU CICADOLOGISTE MATIJA GOGALA, COLLEGUE ET AMI ichel B u ar École pratique des autes Études, "Biologie et Évolution des nsectes icadomorphes" uséum national d' istoire naturelle, ntomologie, 45 rue Buffon, – 75005 aris; michelcicada@gmail.com Abstract – TW a aS T T rTr a au a aT T a ST aT a a a, a u a r This article gives the illustrated descriptions (including a) of two tropical cicadas recorded and collected by the author: Malagasia gogalai n. sp., from adagascar and Pomponia matijai n. sp., from Thailand ( emiptera, auchenorhyncha, icadidae). These new species are dedicated to atija ogala, cicadologist, bioacoustician and friend. y W r S: icadoidea, icadidae, icadinae, undubini; Tibicinidae, Tibicininae, Taphurini; taxonomy, sonic ethology, new species, adagascar, Thailand. Izvlecek – V VrSTa Š rŽa V Tr S aV , SV C Š rŽa S V u aT a a, u r aT u V clanku sta z ilustriranimi opisi, vkljucno z akusticno prepoznavo, predstavljeni dve tropski vrsti kr adov, ki jih je posnel in nabral avtor: Malagasia gogalai n. sp. z adagaskarja in Pomponia matijai n. sp. iz Tajske ( emiptera, auchenorhyncha, icadidae). ovi vrsti sta posveceni atiji ogalu, kr adoslovcu, bioakustiku in prijatelju. uc B S : icadoidea, icadidae, icadinae, undubini; Tibicinidae, Tibicin­inae, Taphurini; taksonomija, zvocna etologija, nove vrste, adagaskar, Tajska. Résumá – et article donne les descriptions illustrées ( a incluses) de deux nouvelles igales enregistrées et colligées par l’auteur: Malagasia gogalai n. sp., ŕ adagascar et Pomponia matijai n. sp., en Tha lande ( emiptera, auchenorhyncha, icadidae). es deux nouvelles esp ces sont dédiées ŕ atija ogala, ami tout ŕ la fois bioacousticien et cicadologiste. Introduction avec enthousiasme, je m’associe ŕ nos coll gues désireux de marquer leur amitié au rofesseur atija ogala, soulignant ainsi sa pleine vie, d’attentions et de labeurs, consacrée ŕ la ature et plus précisément ŕ une surprenante famille d’ nsectes« chantant » au Soleil. ui sont dédiées dans ces pages deux igales originales, col­ligées par mes soins dans la ceinture intertropicale du lobe : l’une, ŕ adagascar, l’autre, en Tha lande. ar ailleurs, il se trouve qu’elles correspondent ŕ deux tranches s'agissant des résultats taxinomiques, distingués ici « ante-et cum-multicouches », latechnique-photos d’aujourd’hui révélant une surnaturelle profondeur-de-champ etl’exécution rapide des prises de vues propres ŕ fixer en images nos précieux types. ans cette optique, exprimée en tranche « 1 », figurera l’esp ce de adagascarcaptée en 1997, mais restée inédite (comme bien d’autres dans mes cartons), puis en« 2 », la tha landaise capturée en 2014, récente donc et toute aussi nouvelle. es illustrations, nécessaires dans un tel travail seront assurées : pour l’esp ce malgache,suivant la macrophotographie conventionnelle (améliorée tout au long de ma carri re)et, pour l’esp ce tha e, en mettant ŕ profit la technique du “ ocus Stacking”* ou em­pilement de mises au point (multicouches, en français). nfin, argument décisif confortant mes choix, des mâles des deux igales furent enregistrés sur le terrain et leurs premi res Cartes d’Identité Acoustique ( a) ont pu tre établies, point important ŕ prendre en considération dans le choix des esp cesŕ dédier ŕ notre ami atija: non seulement il est un cicadologiste, mais aussi un éco­ éthologiste acousticien de renom. 1) Malagasia gogalai n. sp. (fig. 1 ŕ 9) Ty : ., adagascar, réserve foresti re de a andraka environ 70 km ŕ l’est d’antananarivo), 7. .1997, ichel Boulard réc. (au filet, apr s enregistre­ments). araTy S : allotype ., 25. .1997; 3 ., 2 ., idem holotype, au uséum na­tional d' istoire naturelle, aris ( ). imensions principales en millim tres du mâle holotype. nvergure = 76 ; longueur totale, ailes comprises = 37,5 ; longueur de l'avant­corps = 12 ; longueur de l'abdomen = 12 ; longueur du corps = 24 ; longueur h des ailes antérieures = 32 ; plus grande largeur lh des ailes antérieures = 10 ; rapport h/lh = 3,20 ; largeur t de la t te, yeux inclus = 8; largeur m du mésonotum = 7,5 ; * ocus Stacking : es prises de vues sont réalisées sur un statif aiser rTX avec un boitier anon S 6 équipé d'un acrolens anon 100 mm f/2.8 et géré avec le logiciel anon S. es photos multicouches sont assemblées avec le logiciel elicon focus 6 et retouchées avec adobe hotoshop S4. aux manettes, au uséum national d' istoire naturelle de aris ( ), notre technicien et ami . Laurent Fauvre [LF]. Figures 1 ŕ 3: Malagasia gogalai n. sp. 1 & 2) olotype ., recto-verso et 3) pa­ratype . de profil ; ( B hots). rapport t/m = 1,07 ; plus grande largeur de l’abdomen : 9 ; distance d1 entre un oeilcomposé et l'ocelle le plus proche = 1 ; distance d2 entre les ocelles latéro-postérieurs = 0,5 ; rapport d1/d2 = 2. escription de l’holotype mâle (fig. 1 ŕ 7). [Spécimen sec et desséché, aux couleursdénaturées]. sp ce appartenant au genre Malagasia créé par W. . istant en 1882, pour M. inflata, grosse igale aux mâles ventrus, lesquels cymbalisent en basses fréquences.enre restant ŕ ce jour endémique et ne répertoriant actuellement que 5 ou 6 esp ces quelque peu disparates et en cours de révision. Tęte. lus large que le mésonotum (rapport t/m = 1,07), au postclypéus large, laplage dorso-clypéale quelque peu proéminente en un arrondi souligné en noir. Vertexocré y compris le territoire ocellaire ; ocelle anté-médian en position subfrontale,cerclé d’un liseré noir ; ocelles latéraux plus largement entourés de noir d’o s’échap­pent, en oblique un mince trait noir rejoignant chaque oeil en s’élargissant, puis uncourt et large trait noir s’élargissant jusqu’ŕ atteindre, quelque peu latéralement, lebord du pronotum. arcades antennaires et scapes ocrés, pédicelles et flagelles brunnoir, puis se terminant en blanchâtre. yeux bistre, faiblement saillants sur le liseré Fig. 4 : Malagasia gogalai n. sp. olotype .. Vue mettant en évidence le graphismede l’avant-corps et la cymbale du c té gauche. a andraka [ B hot.]. noir des cupules, celles-ci surplombant étroitement les angles antérieurs du pronotum (fig. 1). ace clypéale ocrée, peut bombée, portant 7 paires de faibles bourrelets depart et d’autre du sillon clypéal étroit et peu profond ; joues, lames buccales et anté­clypéus ocre, une petite plage s’étirant sous la courbe antéro-externe de la bordurede chaque lame ; rostre long, ocre, puis bistre, terminé de noir, son apex rejoignant l'extrémité des trochanters moyens (fig. 2). Thorax. ronotum pr s de deux fois plus long que la t te, l'aire interne ocre (encorem lée de vert), marquetée de noir sur les bourrelets profondément délimités par lessillons endophragmiques ; collerette (pronotum collar) de m me teinte, s’élargissantde chaque c té en des paranota moyens, arrondis et stridulés en surface. ésonotumocre, les plages triangulaires antéro-médianes bien délimitées de noir, un trait se dé­crochant de l'arrondi de leur apex pour rejoindre les banches antérieures de l’x scu­tellaire (élévation cruciforme), celles-ci délimitant une large plage noire ; en revanche les longues plages externes (encore vertes) ouvertes avant d’atteindre le pronotum,leurs limites devenues fragmentées (fig. 1 et 4). absence totale, comme chez M. inflata, de "palettes sternales" (Boulard, 1980), processus cuticulaires bifestonnés,mis en évidence chez plusieurs esp ces, dont certaines dites aussi "Malagasia", sont destinées ŕ tre replacées dans un autre genre (Boulard, in lit.). percules fort courts,en courte demi-lune, tr s largement séparés entre eux et masquant peu l’espace la-téro-ventral des chambres acoustiques (fig. 2 et 4). Pattes. cre, les hanches et les fémurs antérieurs plus ou moins envahis de noir,ainsi que l’apex des tibias et les tarses ; fémurs antérieurs normalement renflés, ne Fig. 5 : Malagasia gogalai n. sp. aratype .. Vue rapprochée de l’apex génital lég rement ouvert : bl a, bloc anal ; yp, hypandrium ; l py, lobe pygophorien ; , processus caudal ; hal, phallus ; un, phallicophore (uncus) ; u V , urite 8 ; u X, urite 9 ; u X, urite 10, ou pygophore ( icrophotographie B). portant que deux faibles épines sous-carénales, la basale courte et couchée vers l'avant, la subapicale plus forte et dressée. Ailes. Totalement hyalines, (fig. 1). es antérieures tr s élancées, leur longueurcomprenant 3,2 fois leur largeur ; cellule basale allongée, cellule radiale et cellulepost-costale équivalentes en longueur, la moitié proximale de la seconde, quasivirtuelle ; aire apicale octoloculée nettement supérieure ŕ la surface occupée par lestrois cellules ulnaires ; nervules subapicales tr s obliques et parall les. ailes posté­rieures moins longues que la moitié des antérieures et relativement larges ; six cellules terminales. Abdomen. Subcylindrique, aussi long que l'avant-corps (fig. 1 et 3), ŕ dominantebrunâtre, hormis la plage noire sur les latérotergites (en regard des cymbales) et les3/4 d’une ceinture grisjaunâtre teintant le sternite et les latérotergites de l’urite ; Fig. 6 : Malagasia gogalai n. sp., mâle "immortalisé" au télé-objectif de 400 mm. a andraka, 7 février 1997 [ B hot. & rec.]. latérotergites suivant noir, puis brun rouge ; ymbales totalement exposées, composéesd’une large et longue plaque dorso-médiane et de quatre baguettes de longueurs in­ égales et plus ou moins parall les (fig. 4). avant du sternite totalement simple (fig. 2), "palettes sternales" manquantes, comme chez l'esp ce type (mais telles que chezdes esp ces considérées comme voisines, cf. Boulard, 1980a). ne pygophorien lé­g rement plus clair et dorsalement prolongé par un processus caudal effilé ŕ apex aigu ( ) ; ceux-ci repris, figure 5, chez un paratype et détaillés selon la nomenclatureproposée par Boulard en 1990, confirmée en 1995/1996. ette esp ce se range dans la Tribu des Taphurini, Sous-famille des Tibicininae ( istant, 1905). Notes éco-éthologiques et CIA e type de cette esp ce riche en couleurs (fig. 6), fut enregistré et capturé avec quelques autres, mâles et femelles, en « a andraka », propriété de l’entomologiste Andrá Peyriéras, orrespondant scientifique du . André, éminent spécialiste des oléopt res malgaches, fut un « ancien » formidable, naturaliste et gestionnaire, Fig. 7 : Malagasia gogalai n. sp. B a, arte d’identité acoustique indicative, ainsi commentée : (a) scillogramme temporel transcrivant en temps réel, environ 13 secondes du pleinappel comportant cinq phrases tr s semblables, mais inégales en durés et séparées par decourtes phases silencieuses presque égales entre elles, bien qu’enserrant plus ou moins un tr s court signal. (b) Tracé du spectre moyen plaçant fondamental et formants immédiatement efficacesen un sommet commun culminant entre 6000 et 7500 z. (a’) scillogramme obtenupour un espace-temps arbitraire, transcrivant et amplifiant 1/50 s du plein signal (plageinversée, particuli rement choisie en a) mettant en évidence le passage fracturé d’unephrase ŕ l’autre, ainsi que l’ultrastructure aux motifs quasi égaux entre eux. (c) Spectrogramme étiré conforme ŕ l’oscillogramme (c) et évoquant, par l’image, le spectre moyen. ’efficacité optimale du signal se trouve étroitement condensée de part etd’autre du curseur des 7000 z. ependant d’autres éléments graphiques s’av rentprésents, dont on ne sait estimer la valeur opérationnelle : d’abord largement en de ça de la plage des 7000 z, puis au-delŕ et, pour certains, individualisés au-dessus de 9000 z. * rande Île qu’andré quitta en 2005, se retirant en rance montpelliéraine. ayant assuré la réception chez lui, en famille, des naturalistes en mission sur la rande Île*. Fig. 8 et 9 : Malagasia gogalai n. sp. : (8) allotype, vue dorsale, ailes gauches étalées ; (9) aratype femelle, vue ventrale grossie [ B hots]. 158 e territoire de la andraka, que j’eus la chance de parcourir quelque peu, englobait une tr s vaste partie d'une exubérante for t primaire tropicale. es igales colligées sur place sont, ŕ ma connaissance, toutes endémiques. ’est assurément le cas de Malagasia gogalai n. sp., esp ce dendrophile et héliophile, vigilante et peu facile ŕ prendre au filet.a cymbalisation des mâles fut captée avec un 'Sony rofessional assette-order W -3, équipé d'un micro super-directionnel Sennheiser". Voici, igure 7, la a,arte d’ dentité acoustique de cette nouvelle esp ce, transcrite suivant le protocole exposé par mes soins, notamment en 1995/96 et plus largement en 2005 et 2006. Allotype femelle ( ig. 8 et 9) : Taille tout ŕ fait comparable ŕ celle du mâle. avant-corps et envergure identique ŕ celui et celle du mâle. abdomen ŕ la fois plus dense, plus conique et plus court. ygophore en c ne trapus, la tari re et sa gaine,courtes, ne dépassant pas le bloc anal et, un peu moins encore, le processus caudal. 2) Pomponia matijai n. sp. (fig. 10 ŕ 17) Ty ., Tha lande centrale, akhon-rachasima rovince, colline du Temple de ak Tchong, 7 avril 2014, Michel Boulard, Khuankanok Chueata et Porn­napa Boonyu réc. (au filet, apr s enregistrements). Fig. 10 et 11 : Pomponia matijai n. sp., olotype mâle. 10 a et b ) Vues dorsales : totale et particuli re plus agrandie ; 10 c) Vue ventrale. 11) Vue de profil [ aris, LF hots]. araTy : . allotype, idem holotype. uséum national d' istoire naturelle, ntomologie, ° 22113 (.) et 22114 (.), aris. imensions principales en millim tres du mâle holotype. nvergure = 62; longueur totale, ailes comprises = 34; longueur de l'avant-corps = 9,5; longueur de l'abdomen = 13; longueur du corps = 33; longueur h des ailes an-térieures = 28; plus grande largeur lh des ailes antérieures = 8; rapport h/lh = 2,66;largeur t de la t te, yeux inclus = 7; largeur m du mésonotum = 6; rapport t/m = 1,7;distance d1 entre un oeil composé et l'ocelle le plus proche = 1,65; distance d2 entreles ocelles latéro-postérieurs = 0,56; rapport d1/d2 = 2,94. escription de l’holotype mâle ( ig. 10 ŕ 15). [Spécimen sec et desséché, auxcouleurs dénaturées]. roche de Pomponia quadrispinae Boulard, 2002, mais de taille nettement moindre, cette nouvelle esp ce s’en distingue ensuite par sa t te triangulaire plus longue ac­centuant la saillance des yeux, la livrée de l’avant-corps moins densément fasciée debistre, tandis que l’aire apicale des ailes antérieures ne présente aucune des sixmacules terminales, appréciables chez l’esp ce voisine. Fig. 12 et 13 : Pomponia matijai n. sp., olotype mâle, aspect et nomenclaturedes genitalia externes, vus de profil (12), puis de l'arri re (13). xplication des lettres : b a, bloc anal ; yp, hypandrium, ou sternite 8 ; l py, lobes pygophoriens ; uV , urite 8 ; u X, urite 9, ou phallicophore (uncus) ; uX, urite 10, ou pygophore. [ aris, LF hots]. Fig. 14 : Pomponia matijai n. sp., a, arte d’identité acoustique indicative, commentée comme il suit : (a) scillogramme temporel fondé sur l’enregistrement d’une quinzaine de secondesde la cymbalisation d’appel, transcrivant en temps réel un train de séquences habi­tuellement émises d’un m me point, chacune plus ou moins prolongée et lancée sansalternance précise, par un mâle apparemment sans inquiétude. (b) Tracé du spectre moyen, précisant une efficacité sonore maintenue longuementautour d’un maximum étonnamment étalé, de 3500 z jusqu’ŕ passer quelque peu les 18000 z, la fréquence domainante se situant aux alentours des 6500 z. (a’) scillogramme partiel, étiré dans un espace-temps arbitrairement choisi demani re ŕ détailler l’une des courtes séquences (plage inversée en a) en faisant appa­ra tre distinctement les composantes ultra-structurales, plus rapides (motifs télescopés) au moment de l’attaque et de la reprise, durant quelque 0,15 seconde, pour ensuite laisser l’individualisation de motifs forts, puis de plus faibles…usqu’ŕ un court arr t total, et relancer un appel avec force. (c) Spectrogramme fondé sur le sonogramme (a’) et retranscrivant l’occupationfréquentielle des sons alors émis par P. matijai n. sp. e fondamental est assez bas et court, entre 3200 et presque 3400 z, que rehaussent des harmoniques s’échelonnant de 4000 en 4000 z jusqu’aux 18000 z. l est par ailleurs remarquable, et apprécié spécifique, que la premi re composante, o les motifs télescopés n’apparaissent pas, se montre spectaculairement incurvée. Tęte. Vue de dessus, plus large que le mésonotum (t/m = 1,7), nettement triangulaireen rendant plus oblique les marges du vertex avec le clypéus proéminent ; longueursagittale de la plage dorso-clypéale équivalente, axialement, ŕ celle du vertex. yeuxsubsphériques, fort saillants (fig.10 a, b), bistre multi-pointé de noir. celle médianoccupant une position subdorsale ; ocelles latéro-postérieurs beaucoup plus rapprochés entre eux que chacun de l’oeil correspondant (d1/d2 = 2,94). arcades antennairesnoires, tr s obliques, en courbe ŕ fort rayon ; scapes noires, pédicelle et flagelle bru­nâtres. lage dorso-clypéale plate, marquée d’un épais v noir, marginé de 2+2 bour­relets noirs axialement jointifs ; face clypéale fortement globuleuse, fonci rementnoire, mais striée de 10 paires de bourrelets ocrés transversaux, la derni re tr s courte; sillon médian ŕ peine creusé, mais relativement large ; antéclypéus et lames buccaleslargement envahis de noir plus ou moins masqué par une pruine cireuse rousse, de m me que les joues; rostre ocreux et long, son apex, noirâtre, atteignant ŕ mi-hauteurles hanches postérieures. Thorax. ronotum ŕ peine moins long que la t te ; aire interne brune, faciée denoir selon les sillons endophragmiques et deux épais traits parasagitaux se rejoignantjuste avant l’aire externe (collerette), celle-ci médialement ocre, puis maculée debrun sur les lobes suprahuméraux ; ceux-ci relativement développés, le bord latéralproduisant une petite dent (fig. 10b) ŕ direction postérieure (absente chez l’esp ce voisine). ésonotum ocre, le scutum longitudinalement rayé de sept facies plus oumoins longues, épaisses ou incompl tes ; x scutellaire (élévation cruciforme) ocre,les branches antérieures englobant deux macules noires. percules subtriangulaires,courts, ocreux, ourlés de bistre sur leur c té externe et largement écartés l’un de l’autre (fig. 11). Pattes. nti rement ocreuses, les tarses lég rement plus sombres ; fémurs antérieursnormalement renflés, ne dressant que deux faibles dents claires sur une ar te sous-ca­rénale noirâtre. Ailes. yalines (fig. 10a), les antérieures tr s élancées, leur longueur comprenantpr s de trois fois leur largeur ( h/lh = 2,66) ; cellule basale en trap ze allongé, nonparcheminée ; cellule radiale juste moins longue que la cellule postcostale, cette der­ni re tr s étroite, presque virtuelle ; nervuration ocreuse, les nervules subapicales, lar (suborthogonale) et la r-m tr s surlignées de brun ; aire apicale octoloculée, les ner­vules fortement obliques, sans macules subapicales (contrairement ŕ l’esp ce voisine).ailes postérieures transparentes, moitié moins longues que les antérieures ; six cellules terminales. Abdomen. Subcylindrique, un peu plus long que l’avant-corps, portant des aligne­ments de taches noirâtres au contour irrégulier axialement et sur chaque latérotergite. ymbacalyptes seulement développés dorsalement, en plaques ŕ peine bombées, leurlimite latérale étant largement distante des opercules, laissant ainsi apercevoir les cymbales (fig. 12). ygophore (u X) dépourvu de pointe caudale, lobes pygophoriens(l py) parfaitement développés, mais ŕ peine sclérifiés, larges et terminés en pointes ; Fig. 15 ŕ 17 : Pomponia matijai n. sp., allotype femelle vu recto (fig. 15) -verso (fig. 16), puis de profil (fig. 17) (LF hotos). phallicophore (uncus) isolant, de part et d’autre de sa base, une forte protubérancechaussée d’une pointe trapue sclérifiée en noir (p e), puis se terminant par une pairede longs et robustes crochets (cr) de m me sclérifiés (fig. 12 et 13), l’ensemble évo­quant les quadrispicules de l’esp ce voisine. ette esp ce se range dans la Tribu des undubiini, Sous-famille des icadinae (Boulard, 2013). Notes éco-éthologiques et C.I.A. éliophile et de basse futaie, Pomponia matijai n. sp. est une esp ce rencontréedans le vaste environnement épargné d’un temple bouddhiste dans la cité de ak hong (Thailand, akon-rachasima rovince), o fut historiquement décelé le mâle de l’exceptionnelle igale-marteau, Cicadmalleus micheli Boulard et uissant, 2013 (Boulard & uissant, 2016). endrophiles, privilégiant les branchettes, les P. matijai mâles se manifestent de loin en loin, les pleines journées ensoleillées, par une cymbalisation au timbre rauque,le plus souvent émise de concert. our cymbaliser, les mâles abaissent quelque peu les ailes, en tendant rythmiquement l’abdomen. Suivant l’un des caract res apparem­ment génériques, les mâles changent de place apr s avoir émis plusieurs phrases d’appel. aptée ŕ l’aide d’un « aT Sony T -8, équipé d’un micro super-direc­tionnel Sennheiser », voici ( igure 14) la transcription sonographique de la cymbali­sation d’appel de Pomponia matijai n. sp. Allotype femelle ( ig. 15 ŕ 17) : Taille comparable ŕ celle du mâle, mais lég rement plus forte. avant-corps et envergure quasi identique ŕ celui et celle du mâle. abdomenŕ la fois plus dense, plus effilé et plus long. ygophore en c ne trapus, terminé dor­salement par un éperon noir ; la tari re et sa gaine, relativement longues dépassent nettement le bloc anal ; de longs poils raides garnissent l’apex visible de la gaine (fig. 16). Summary With enthusiasm, join our colleagues who wish to mark their friendship with rofessor atija ogala, thus highlighting his full life, attentions and labors, devoted to ature and more specifically to a surprising family of insects "tymbalizing" under the sun. To him are dedicated in these pages two original icadas, collected by me in the inter-tropical belt of the lobe: one in adagascar, the other in Thailand. oreover, it turns out that they correspond to two periods in regard to the taxonomic results, here distinguished "ante-and cum-multilayer", the photo-technic of today revealing the supernatural depth-of-field and the fast execution of the photos for the visual fixation of our precious types. n this perspective, the period expressed in part "1", is illustrated by the species of adagascar captured in 1997, but remained unpublished (like many others in my files); then in "2", the Thai species captured in 2014, recent and also new. The necessary illustrations in such a work are ensured: for the alagasy species, following conventional macrophotography (improved throughout my career) and, for the Thai species, using the multilayer technic. inally, decisive argument supporting my choices, males of the two icadas were recorded in the field and their first a (acoustic dentity ards) are established: not only atija is a cicadologist, but he is also an acoustician eco-ethologist. Auteurs cités Distant, W.L., 1882: escription of new species and new genus of icadae from adagascar.-Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1882.-Part II: 335-338, l. XV. Distant, W.L., 1905: addition to a knowledge of the omopterous amily icadi­dae.-Transactions of the Entomological Society of London 1905.-Part I: 191­202, l. X . Boulard, M., 1980: un dispositif protecteur secondaire inédit pour le syst me acous­tique chez quatre igales malgaches ( om. icadoidea).­Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 85 (12), 1980: 44-53, 10 fig. Boulard, M., 1990: appareils génitaux des igales, dans : ontribution ŕ l' ntomo­logie générale et appliquée, 2, icadaires ( omopt res auchénorhynques), 1 re partie : icadoidea.-EPHE, Travaux du Laboratoire Biologie et Évolution des Insectes, 3, anvier 1990: 55-245, l. 5-26 (2 en couleurs) et 41 fig. dans le texte. Boulard, M., 1995: Vies et Mémoires de Cigales.­Barbentane (Bouches du rh ne), Éditions de l’Équinoxe, 157p., 250 figs. ivre accompagné d’un disque compact original : " hants" de igales méditerranéennes (17min.). [Collaboration de Bernard Mondon pour la partie « Cigales et Symboles »]. Boulard, M., 1996: Vies et Mémoires de Cigales. Provence, Languedoc, Méditerra­née.­Éditions de l’Équinoxe, Seconde édition revue et augmentée, 160p., 336 fig. [Audio CD et Apport de B. Mondon, non modifiés]. Boulard, M., 2002: Éthologie sonore et Cartes d’Identité Acoustique de dix esp ces de igales tha landaises, dont six restées inédites, ou mal connues (aucheno­rhyncha, icadoidea, icadidae).-Revue française d’Entomologie ( .S.), 24 (1), 2002: 35-66, 19 l. Boulard, M., 2005: acoustic Signals, diversity and Behaviour of icadas ( icadidae, emiptera).-In rosopoulos & laridge . ., Insect Sounds and Communication, hapter 25: 331-349 (also in DVD). Taylor & rancis ublisher. Boulard, M., 2006: acultés acoustiques, éthologie sonore des igales, entomopho­nateurs par excellence / Acoustic faculties and sonic ethology of cicadas, ento­mophonators par excellence.­EPHE, Biologie et Evolution des Insectes, 16,2006 [édition bilingue] : 1-182, 117 figs., 1 colour l. + 1 audio bringing together the tymbalisations issued by 99 species. Boulard, M., 2013: The Cicadas of Thailand. Volume 2, Taxonomy and Sonic Ethol­ogy.­anchester, Siri Scientific ress: 436 p., 487 B. & W. figs, 96 colour lates, 111 audio tracks available in line. Boulard, M. et Puissant S., 2016: escription du mâle de la igale-marteau, Cicad­malleus micheli Boulard & uissant, 2013 et position systématique de l'esp ce ( emiptera, icadoidea, icadidae). Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, 121 (3): 313-321, 10 figs. Received / Prejeto: 5. 3. 2018 LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 167–172 A NEW SPECIES OF NABALUA (HEMIPTERA: CICADIDAE) FROM MOUNT KINABALU, BORNEO Tomi Trilar and Hans Duffels slovenian Museum of Natural History Prešernova ljubljana sloveni[ Naturalis Biodiversity Center Department of Terrestrial oologs PO Box ra leiden The Netherlandm Ab ac The cicada Nabalua gogalai sp nov (Hemiptera Cicadidae from Mount Kinabalu Borneo Malaysia is described as new to science Pictures of the male body in dorsal and ventral view are provided together with drawings of the male genitalia and the male opercula Ke OrDs Cicadidae Nabalua gogalai new species morphology Borneo Malaysia I ece – NOVa VrsTa i rODu NABALUA (HeMiPTera CiCaDiDae GOre MOuNT KiNaBalu Na BOrNeu Opisana je nova vrsta škržada Nabalua gogalai sp nov (Hemiptera Cicadidae z gore Mount Kinabalu Borneo Malezija Poleg fotografije holotipa samca podajava tudi risbe dorzalnega in ventralnega pogleda telesa samca ter samcevih genitalij in operkula KljucNe BeseDe Cicadidae Nabalua gogalai nova vrsta morfologija Borneo Malezija I dc since about scientists from Malaysia slovenia and the Netherlands their students and some others are cooperating in the study of the singing cicadas (Hemiptera Cicadidae of Malaysia (Duffels & aidi Duffels & Trilar Gogala & riede Gogala & Trilar Gogala et al Kos & Gogala Prešern et al Trilar Trilar & Gogala in the years and the first author investigated the cicadas of Mount Kinabalu by hand collecting collecting on light and bioacoustics in and he collected a new species of the genus Nabalua which is described here Ma e a a d e h d nd th in the periods from june th to th and july in april th to th and th th to and in March th to th and april nd to the first author visited Kinabalu National Park During the night we were checking the lights in the head quarter area all the collected males of cicadas were put in a cage mounted on the branch of a leafy tree hoping that the cicadas would start singing provoked by the ci cadas singing in the neighbourhood forest The most interesting specimens collected on light in the Kinabalu National Park Headquarters were three males of a new Nabalua collected on respectively vi iv and iv unfortunately these cicadas did not sing in the cage Ta in Moulton published an excellent overview of the cicadas of so called Malaysia that comprised the Malay Peninsula java Borneo and sumatra in this publication Moulton erected the new genus Nabalua for two species N. mascula (Distant and the new species N. neglecta, both from northern Borneo in a more recent revision of Nabalua Duffels ( added four new species to the genus N. borneensis and N. maculata from Borneo N. zaidii from the Malayan Peninsula and N. sumatrana from sumatra a supposed apomorphy for these species of Nabalua is the presence of three (or four pairs of tubercles on the ventral side of the male ab domen viz one pair of long and narrow tubercles on sternite and two or three pairs of short and thick tubercles on sternites and (and (Duffels These cha racters are also found in the new species N. gogalai initially we have hesitated in attributing this new species to Nabalua since the males of this species have some peculiar features that are not found in other Nabalua species viz a very broad male abdomen a brownish instead of black marking of F g. 1: Nabalua gogalai, male holotype F g . 2-3: Nabalua gogalai, male holotype – body in dorsal view body in ventral view 169 lines and spots on head thorax and abdomen and a distinct marking on the basal nd rd th veins of the th and th apical areas of the tegmina Nevertheless we think that the tubercles on the sternites of the abdominal segments of N. gogalai provide a convincing apomorphy for the allocation of this species in Nabalua Nabalua gogalai D ffe & T a . . H iv e male ‘Malaysia sabah’ Kinabalu Nat park Park headquarters Trilar leg Pa a e : same data as the holotype but with different date iv male Malaysia sabah Kinabalu Nat Park Park Headquarters m vi T Trilar K Prosenc leg male De c f he a e Markings on head pronotum and mesonotum light brown but some parts darker brown Head (fig Vertex with trefoil shaped median marking enclosing the ocelli that is anteriorly broadly connected with the frontoclypeal suture a pair of curved dark brownish semicircular fasciae reach from half length of vertex to the vertex lobes inner margin of eye black with a recurved posterior end Genae with black transverse fascia reaching from postclypeus to half or two thirds of width of gena anterior and ventral parts of postclypeus with two series of transverse brown streaks medial ends of these streaks connected by a brown line Th a (fig Pronotum with very narrow to narrow central fasciae that widen strongly to the anterior margin of the pronotum Posterior ends of central fasciae fused in a distinct darker brown spot in front of the pronotum collar Pronotum collar light brown to black brown its posterior margin black One paratype with very narrow dark brown streaks above anterior oblique fissures areas between ambient fissure and posterior oblique fissures and between posterior and anterior oblique fissures dark coloured Me (fig light brown to brown with a narrow and vague median fascia a pair of sharply delimited slightly diverging dark brown paramedian fasciae reaching to about half length of mesonotum some yellowish colouring along outerside of paramedian fasciae and a pair of dark brown dots in front of anterior angles of cruci form elevation lateral fasciae indistinct Leg . fore femur with an appressed spine at half length of underridge and a trian gular spine close to the distal end Outer side of fore femur with brown marking and with deep black spot distally of the triangular spine Middle and hind femora with two long brownish lines apical part of tarsi of fore and middle legs dark brown O e c (fig triangular with rounded right angled laterodistal corner reach ing to one third or one fourth of length of abdominal segment Operculum – times as long as wide shortest distance between opercula – times as wide as operculum lateral margin very weakly undulate distal margin fairly convex medial margin rounded Operculum without black brown margin as found in other species of Nabalua nd rd th Teg a with brown spots on basal veins of th and th apical areas and with smaller lighter brown spots at the apices of the longitudinal veins of all apical areas Abd e (fig very broad The abdomen of the two paratypes are in natural position with tergite times as broad as width of head The ventral side of the abdomen of the holotype is weakly incurved probably due to pressure from below on the abdomen during and after mounting The abdomen of the holotype is therefore slightly more widened than the abdomen of the paratypes with tergite times as broad as width of head Tergites – shining brown tergites – somewhat darker than other tergites Timbal coverings ochraceous to light brownish with weakly convex or weakly undulate lateral margin a weakly convex medial margin and a broadly rounded apical margin Tergites – with a pair of sublateral brown patches enclosed by silvery or golden pi losity Middle parts of posterior margins of all tergites with a narrow black brown line sternites brown with exception of lateral parts of sternite and medial parts of sternites and sternites of abdominal segments and with a pair of brown to dark brown tubercles Tubercles on segment long and narrow and attached to pos terolateral corner of the sternite those on segments and are short and thick and at tached to two thirds of lateral sternite margin Ge a a (fig lateral lobes of pygofer very slightly protruding apical part of lobes black brown uncus very broad lateraly convex and subapically narrowing to the broad apex F g . 4-5: Nabalua gogalai, male holotype – male genitalia in ventral view male opercula in ventral view Mea e e in mm (n Body length – tegmen length – head width – pronotum width – head width pronotum width – Ec g . all three specimens were collected in the Kinabalu Park Headquarter area Two were collected on light and the third one was sitting during the day on the leaf of a wild banana tree in the forest understorey and collected with an entomological net The Kinabalu Park Headquarter is located in the lower Mountain Vegetation one which is covered with forest dominated by species of oaks (fagaceae conifers (especially Dacrycarpus and Phyllocladus and the myrtle (Myrtaceae and tea (Theaceae families These trees reach a height of m The temperature in this area is in average between °C to °C E g . This species is dedicated to our esteemed colleague and friend Matija Gogala at the occasion of his th birthday B ac c . all three N. gogalai males collected were put in a cage mounted on a branch of a leafy tree hoping that it will start singing provoked by the wild cicadas singing in the neighbourhood e had success with some other species but not with N. gogalai so we do not know how the species is singing B ge g a h The new species has been collected on Mount Kinabalu like four other species of the genus that are all restricted to higher localities in northern Borneo like Mt Kinabalu and Mt Dullit One species of Nabalua seems to be endemic to the Cameron Highlands in the Malayan Peninsula and one species is only known from one locality in North sumatra The holotype is deposited in the slovenian Museum of Natural History ljubljana slovenia both paratypes are deposited in the Centre for insect systematics of the universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (uKM Bangi Malaysia Ac edge e e are grateful to Dick langerak ( oological Museum university of amsterdamfor making the drawings of the male body the male opercula and the male genitalia (figs and to jan van arkel (university of amsterdam for the photograph given in fig e thank Dr Masami Hayashi for critically reading the manuscript and for suggestions that improved this paper special thanks goes to Msc Katarina Prosenc Trilar the wife of the first author for her enormous effort during the fieldwork e are also thankful to Dr andrej Gogala who did the preparation of the collected specimens for the collection Refe e ce D ffe , J.P., Za d , M.I., a revision of the cicada genus Orientopsaltria Kato (Homoptera Cicadidae from southeast asia Tijdschrift voor Entomologie D ffe , J.P., revision of the cicada genus Nabalua (Hemiptera Cicadidae from southeast asia Oriental Insects – D ffe H., T a T., Taxonomy and song of the cicada Ayesha serva ( alker from the coasts of northern sundaland Tijdschrift voor Entomologie ( – G ga a M., R ede K., Time sharing of song activity by cicadas in Temengor forest reserve Hulu Perak Malaysia Malayan Nature Journal – G ga a M., T a T., Description of the song of Purana metallica from Thai land and P. latifascia from Borneo (Hemiptera Cicadidae Tijdschrift voor En­tomologie – G ga a M., T a T., K a U., D ffe H., frequency modulated song of the cicada Maua albigutta ( alker (Hemiptera Cicadoidea from south east asia Scopolia – K M., G ga a M., The cicadas of the Purana nebulilinea group (Homoptera Cicadidae with a note on their songs Tijdschrift voor Entomologie – M J.C., Cicadas of Malaysia Journal of the Federated Malay States Museum – P e e J., G ga a M., T a T., Comparison of Dundubia vaginata (auchen orrhyncha Cicadoidea songs from Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia Acta ento­mologica slovenica ( – T a T., frequency modulated song of the cicada Kalabita operculata (auchenorrhyncha Cicadoidea from Borneo Russian Entomological Journal ( – T a T., G ga a M., Description of the song of Purana sagittata schouten & Duffels (Homoptera Cicadidae from peninsular Malaysia Tijdschrift voor Entomologie – T a T., G ga a M., Biodiversity of Cicadas in Malaysia bioacoustic ap proach Serangga ( – Received / Prejeto LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 173–180 REMARKABLE RECORDS OF NINE RARE AUCHENORRHYNCHA SPECIES FROM AUSTRIA (HEMIPTERA) Gernot Kunz1 & Werner E. HolzinGEr1, 2 1 Karl-Franzens-university Graz, institute for Biology, universitätsplatz 2, 8010 Graz, Austria. E-mail: gernot.kunz@uni-graz.at, gernot.kunz@gmail.co. 2 oekoteam -institute for Animal Ecology and landscape Planning, Bergmanngasse 22, 8010 Graz, Austria. E-mail: werner.holzinger@uni-graz.at, holzinger@oekoteam.a' Abstract -We present records of nine very rare and poorly known true hopper species from Austria and a record of Myndus musivus from Croatia. Glossocratus foveolatus and Calamotettix taeniatus are reported from Austria for the first time. new records of Trigonocranus emmeae, Criomorphus williamsi, Euides alpina and Dorycephalus baeri are presented. new discovered habitats of Pseudodelphacodes flaviceps at floodplains of the inn river are strongly influenced by hydropower uti­lization. Two different “ecotypes” of Ommatidiotus dissimilis are reported; they might represent different “cryptic species”. KEy Words: Austria, Biogeography, new records, planthoppers, leafhoppers, true hoppers, Cicadina, Fulgoromorpha, Cicadomorpha, Cixiidae, Cicadellidae, delphaci­ dae, Caliscelidae Izvlecek – izJEMnE nAJdBE dEVETiH rEdKiH VrsT ŠKrŽATKoV (AuCHEnorrHynCHA) V AVsTriJi (HEMiPTErA) Predstavljava podatke o devetih zelo redkih in slabo poznanih vrstah škržatkov iz Avstrije in najdbo vrste Myndus musivus na Hrvaškem. Glossocratus foveolatus in Calamotettix taeniatus sta prvic zabeleženi v Avstriji. Predstavljeni so novi podatki za vrste Trigonocranus emmeae, Criomorphus williamsi, Euides alpina in Do­rycephalus baeri. novo odkrite habitate vrste Pseudodelphacodes flaviceps na poplavnih ravnicah reke inn mocno ogroža hidroenergetska izraba. Predstavljena sta dva razlicna “ekotipa” vrste Ommatidiotus dissimilis; morda predstavljata razlicni “kripticni vrsti”. KlJucnE BEsEdE: Avstrija, biogeografija, nove najdbe, škržatki, Cicadina, Fulgoro­morpha, Cicadomorpha, Cixiidae, Cicadellidae, delphacidae, Caliscelidae Introduction The distribution and ecology of the Auchenorrhyncha species of Central Europe and especially Austria is well known (e.g. HolzinGEr 2009a, b). nevertheless, in the course of various projects, unexpected discoveries have been made that have provided new information on distribution and ecology of some species. These are summarized in this paper. Methods, material Auchenorrhyncha were collected by sweep-net, suction sampler and with pitfall traps. Voucher specimens are deposited in the collection of the Karl-Franzens-uni­versity Graz, institute for Biology (coll. G. Kunz) and of the oekoteam -institute for Animal Ecology and landscape Planning (coll. oEKo/Holzinger). Results and discussion Cixiidae sPinolA, 1839 Myndus musivus (GErMAr, 1825) This cixiid species is known from riverine sites; adults are usually found on wil­lows (Salix spp.), rarely also on other shrubs and trees. nymphs are living subter­raneously and are obviously restricted to wet soil conditions. The species is threat­ ened due to river regulations and hydropower utilization. in the last decades, only few records from Central Europe were published and none from Austria after 1950. Here we present two new Austrian records and one remarkable record from a tem­porarily flooded dolina in Croatia, where hundreds of adults could be found on willows. new records: Austria, lower Austria, donauauen national Park, riverbank vege­tation, on Salix sp. 48°07'26"n, 16°42´89"E, 146m a.s.l., 1 ., 04.08.2014, G. Kunz leg. --Austria, Burgenland, riverbank of leitha near Potzneusiedl, 48°03’14’’n, 16°55’06’’E, 140m a.s.l., 1 ., 18.06.1998, W.E. Holzinger leg. --Croatia, istria nE Buje, E cepici, collapse sinkhole „Malinska“, 45°25'3''n, 13°49'4''E, 330m a.s.l., hundreds of adults on Salix spp. within a grazed, temporarily flooded area, 25.07.2013, W.E. Holzinger, P. Holzinger & B. Komposch leg. Trigonocranus emmeae FiEBEr, 1876 This is the most enigmatic Cixiidae in the Central European fauna. its range extends from Great Britain and France to sweden in the north and the Caucasus region in the south-east, but only very few records have been published throughout this range -mainly of long-winged, migrating females (see e.g. HolzinGEr et al. 2003, MusiK et al. 2013, EMElJAnoV 2015). Adults are usually short-winged, pale and have reduced compound eyes. They sustain in the soil, usually in habitats with sparse vegetation cover, and reproduce there (see HoCH et al. 2013, dE HAAs & dEn BiEMAn 2018). only migrating individuals (females) are known to be able to fly. short-winged specimens and thus development habitats are almost unknown. only a single record was known from Austria to date (MoosBruGGEr 1946). recently, we found a short-winged male and a nymph in a rural site in Tyrol and thus a breeding site of this species, and, in addition, a long-winged female in lower Austria. new records: Austria, north Tyrol, Trankhütte near roppen, rural habitat near an old waste disposal site, 47°14’06’’n 10°49’33’’E, 840m a.s.l., 1 nymph, 21.05.2013, T. Kopf leg., and 1 short-winged . in a pitfall trap, 26.06.-15.07.2013, J. schied & T. Kopf leg. --Austria, lower Austria, stone uarry 1 km south of schwarzensee, ruderal vegetation 48°00'01"n; 16°03'48’’E, 481m a.s.l., 1 ., 12.06.2011, G. Kunz leg. delphacidae lEACH, 1865 Pseudodelphacodes flaviceps (FiEBEr, 1866) This species is endemic to gravel and sand banks in the Alps, feeding monophagously on Calamagrostis pseudophragmites. records are only known from four rivers: rhine (near lustenau, Vorarlberg, Austria; MoosBruGGEr 1946, niCKEl 1999), rhône (salgesch, Wallis, switzerland; MüHlETHAlEr et al. 2016), lech (near Augsburg, Bavaria, Germany; FisCHEr 1972) and isar (floodplains near lenggries/Vorderriss, Krün, Fall, Ascholding and Wallgau, Bavaria, Germany; FröH­liCH 1996, niCKEl 1999). no previous record was published from any residual water bed. We could find the species in two sites along the inn river in Tyrol. This river is strongly influenced by hydropower utilisation: both sites by daily hydropeaking and one is, in addition, situated in a residual water bed. new records: Austria, north-Tyrol, gravelbank of the inn river near Fließ, 47°06’48’’n 10°38’40’’E, 845m a.s.l., 8 . 22 ., 11.08.2009, and 4 ., 14.07.2010, W. E. Holzinger leg.; several . & ., 18.08.2010, G. Kunz leg. --Austria, north­Tyrol, riverside of inn near Arzl/Pitztal, 47°13’04’’n, 10°46’04’’E, 710m a.s.l., pitfall trap, 1 ., 18.07.-03.08.2013 and 4 . 2 ., 03.08.-28.08.2013, both J. schied & T. Kopf leg. Criomorphus williamsi CHinA, 1939 This is again a very rare species with only few published records, scattered from northern Germany and the Czech republic to eastern Europe and to the Kyrgyz re­public (summarized by sCHlossEr & HolzinGEr 2017). Here we present the second record from Austria. The species is obviously restricted to wet meadows with extensive mowing or grazing. new record: Austria, lower Austria, sW of laab im Walde, wet meadow (Molin­ion), 48° 08'43-44’’n, 16°10’08-44’’E. 391m a.s.l., 1 ., 07.06.2015, J. Gunczy & G. Kunz leg. Euides alpina (WAGnEr, 1948) This eurosiberian species is known from few localities in Central Europe only (see HolzinGEr et al. 2003), but also occurs in the Caucasus region and Central Asia (e.g. duBoVsKiy & TurGunoV 1971). in Austria, it was recorded once at the type lo­ cality in westernmost Austria (Frastanz, Vorarlberg; WAGnEr 1948). now we found another site in the eastern part of the country: new record: Austria, lower Austria, east of laab im Walde, spring-fed meadow, on Phragmites australis, 48°09'13"n, 16°12'31"E, 338m a.s.l., 1 ., 07.06.2015; 5 . 1 . 1 nymph, 30.06.2017, J. Gunczy & G. Kunz leg. Caliscelidae AMyoT & sErVillE, 1834 Ommatidiotus dissimilis (FAllén, 1806) This species is distributed throughout Europe, but ecological information published from different countries show different preferences concerning the habitat of this species. Authors from northern and Central Europe consider it as tyrphobiotic, i.e. occurring in peat bogs and feeding only on Eriophorum spp. (e.g. niCKEl 2003, susHKo & Borodin 2009). in contrast, records from southern part of Europe originate from moist meadows and salty habitats, where the species feeds on Carex spp. (e.g. GuGliElMino & al., 2005, GuGliElMino & BüCKlE 2015). despite its variability in colouration, no morphological differences between these two “ecotypes” are recog­nisable (GuGliElMino & BüCKlE 2015). only one previous record from Austria exists (HolzinGEr 2009a). in fact, both ecotypes occur: We found Ommatidiotus dissimilis in inner-alpine peat bogs in western Austria (Vorarlberg) on Eriophorum and in inland salt marshes in the Pan­nonian parts of eastern Austria on Carex. Further (molecular) studies are encouraged, as it seems possible that these ecotypes represent cryptic species. new records: Austria, lower Austria, Baumgarten/March, inland salt marsh, 48°17’37-50’’n 16°52’15-29’’E, numerous Adults and nymphs, 01.06.2000, W. E. Holzinger leg., 20.08.2008, G. Kunz & r. Kunz leg. – Austria, Burgenland, lake neusiedl national Park, lange lacke 3km nE Apetlon, inland salt marsh, 47°45'28"n, 16°51'47"E, 118m a.s.l., 1 . 12.06.2012, G. Kunz leg. --Austria, Burgenland, lake neusiedl national Park, sandeck, wet meadow, 47°43'58"n, 16°46'02"E, 115m a.s.l., 3 . 01.06.2017, G. Kunz leg.; 5 . 07.06.2018, G. Kunz & A. l. rodenkirchen leg. – Austria, Vorarlberg, doren-Moos nW Krumbach, peat bog, 47°29‘54‘‘n 9°54‘41‘‘E, 660m a.s.l., 2 . 5 ., 04.09.2014, l. schlosser & J. Egger leg. – Austria, Vorarlberg, Farnachmoos s oberbildstein, peat bog, 47°27’28-30‘‘n, 9°48‘35‘‘E, 890m, 12 . 8 ., 25.07.2013, l. schlosser & J. Egger leg. Cicadellidae lATrEillE, 1825 Dorycephalus baeri KouCHAKEViTCH, 1866 This species is known from the steppe regions of Eastern Europe (noViKoV et al. 2006); dMiTriEV (2007) classified it as “Western scythian species”. it is known from very few localities in russia, Hungary, Czech republic and Austria only (zAHnisEr 2018). The only previous record from Austria (Mödling, lower Austria) is about 100 years old (WAGnEr & FrAnz 1961). now we found it in another two steppe-like habitats in eastern Austria: new records: Austria, lower Austria, Hexenberg near Hundsheim, 48°07’33’’n 16°56’08’’E 245m, 2 ., 07.-26.05.1988, pitfall trap, W. Waitzbauer leg. – Austria, Burgenland, lake neusiedl national Park, sE Weiden am see, dry grassland, on Stipa, 47°55'05"n, 16°53'07"E, 155m, 9 Ad., 14.06.2012, G. Kunz leg.; 9 Ad., 01.06.2017, A. Koblmüller, K. sefc & G. Kunz leg. Glossocratus foveolatus FiEBEr, 1866 This is a southern central palaearctic steppe species recorded only a few times from Europe (Hungary, Czech republic, slovakia, southern russia, serbia; EMEl-JAnoV 1964, sToJAnoVic & MArKoVic 2014). it lives in steppe biotopes and inland sand dunes, feeding on grasses (Poaceae). Here we present the first record from Austria. new record: Austria, Burgenland, lake neusiedl national Park, zitzmannsdorfer Wiesen, wet meadow, 47°53'12"n, 16°52'06"E, 118m, 10 . 15 ., 06.06.2013, H. nickel, J. Gunczy & G. Kunz leg. Calamotettix taeniatus (HorVATH, 1911) This species is monophagous on Phragmites australis and distributed throughout northern, central and southern Europe (see WAlCzAK & JEzioroWsKA 2015, GuGliElMino & BüCKlE 2015). Although its host plant is common and widespread, C. taeniatus is rare and considered to be threatened in red lists (e.g. niCKEl et al. 2016). Here we present the first record from Austria. new record: Austria, Burgenland, lake neusiedl national Park, illmitz Biological station, lighttrap, 47°46'09" n, 16°45'58"E, 120m, more than 100 Adults, 04.­05.06.2017, G. Kunz leg. Acknowledgements We thank Viktor Hartung (Berlin) for the russian translation of the abstract and Vladimir Gnezdilov (st. Petersburg) and Gabrijel seljak (nova Gorica) for helpful comments on the manuscript. We are grateful to lydia schlosser, Johanna Egger, Timo Kopf, Johannes schied and Wolfgang Waitzbauer for providing us material and data, inATurA dornbirn for funding parts of the presented research, and to the Governments of lower Austria, Burgenland and Vorarlberg for collecting permits. Zusammenfassung die Arbeit enthält nachweise von neun sehr seltenen und wenig bekannten zika­denarten aus österreich und einen interessanten nachweis von Myndus musivus aus Kroatien. Glossocratus foveolatus und Calamotettix taeniatus werden erstmals aus österreich gemeldet. Für Trigonocranus emmeae, Criomorphus williamsi, Euides al­pina und Dorycephalus baeri werden die zweitfunde für österreich präsentiert. zwei neue Fundorte von Pseudodelphacodes flaviceps an den ufern des inn werden von Wasserkraftnutzung (restwassersituation und schwallbetrieb) geprägt. zwei unter­schiedliche “ökotypen” von Ommatidiotus dissimilis kommen in österreich vor; möglicherweise handelt es sich auch um unterschiedliche “kryptische Arten”. ...... ............ ....... ...... ...... . ............. ..... ......... .. ....... . .......... ....... Myndus musivus .. ......... Glossocratus fove­olatus . Calamotettix taeniatus .......... . ....... ......., ... Trigonocranus emmeae, Criomorphus williamsi, Euides alpina . Dorycephalus baeri ............ ..... ........ ... ..... ............... Pseudodelphacodes flaviceps ......... . ..... ...., .......... ............ . ................ Omma­tidiotus dissimilis ........... . ....... ..... .......... .........; ........, ... ............ ..... ............ ..... References De Haas M., den Bieman K., 2018: ecology and distribution of dutch lacehoppers (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Cixiidae). Nederlandse faunistische Mededelingen 50: 39-54. Dmitriev D. A., 2007: zoogeographical analysis and spatial distribution of Auchen­orrhynchs (Homoptera, Cicadina) in the Central Chernozem region. Entomo­logical Review 87(9): 1201-1217. Dubovskiy G.K., Turgunov M.T., 1971: on the leafhoppers (Homoptera, Auchen­orrhyncha) of the inner Tien shan. Entomological Review 50: 193-195. Emeljanov A.F., 1964: Homoptera........ Cicadinea (Auchenorrhyncha). ............ ......... ..-......... ..... ..... .. 1. ..; .., 337–437. [English version published 1967 in: Bei Bienko G.ya. (Ed): Keys to the insects of the European ussr, Vol. i: 421-551] Emeljanov A.F., 2015: Planthoppers of the family Cixiidae of russia and adjacent territories. 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Musik K., Walczak M., Depa L., Junkiert L. !, Jedynowicz A., 2013: Trigonocranus emmeae Fieber, 1876 (Hemiptera, Fulgoromorpha, Cixiidae) -a new species for Poland. ZooKeys 319: 249-253. Nickel H., 1999: life strategies of Auchenorrhyncha species on river floodplains in the northern Alps, with description of a new species: Macropsis remanei sp. n. (Hemiptera). Reichenbachia 33: 157-169. Nickel H., 2003: The leafhoppers and Planthoppers of Germany (Hemiptera Auchen­orrhyncha): Patterns and strategies in a highly diverse group of phytophageous insects. Pensoft Publishers, sofia-Moscow, 466 pp. Nickel H., Achtziger R., Biedermann R., Bückle C., Deutschmann U., Niedring­haus R., Remane R., Walter S. !, Witsack W., 2016: rote liste und Gesam­tartenliste der zikaden (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha) deutschlands. Naturschutz und Biologische Vielfalt 70(4): 247-298. Novikov D.V., Novikova N.V., Anuvrief G.A. !, Dietrich C.H., 2006: Auchenor­rhyncha (Hemiptera) of Kyrgyz Grasslands. Russian Entomological Journal 15(3): 303-310. Schlosser L., Holzinger W.E., 2017: zur zikadenfauna (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyn­ cha) der lafnitzwiesen bei Wörth (steiermark, österreich). Cicadina 17: 53-61. Stojanovic A., Markovic C., 2014: First finding of Glossocratus foveolatus Fieber, 1866 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) in serbia. Acta Entomologica Serbica 19(1/2): 73-75. Sushko G.G. !, Borodin O.I., 2009: Cicadas (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha) of the peatbogs of Belarus. Vestnik Belorusskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta 2(3): 28-32. Wagner W. !, Franz H., 1961: unterordnung Homoptera überfamilie Auchenor­rhyncha (zikaden). in: Franz H. (Ed.) die nordostalpen im spiegel ihrer landtier­welt 2: 74-158. Wagner W., 1948: neue deutsche Homopteren und Bemerkungen über schon bekan­nte Arten. Verhandlungen des Vereins für naturwissenschaftliche Heimat­forschung Hamburg 29: 72-89. Walczak M. !, Jeziorowska M., 2015: First record of Calamotettix taeniatus Horváth, 1911 (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae: Paralimnini) in Poland, with some re­marks on the distribution and biology of the species. Acta Entomologica Silesiana 23: 1-6. Zahniser J.N., 2018: An online interactive key and searchable database of delto­cephalinae (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). http://zahniser.speciesfile.org; last access10.07.2018 Received / Prejeto: 13. 8. 2018 LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 181–194 NOTABLE NEW FINDINGS OF AUCHENORRHYNCHA (HEMIPTERA) IN SLOVENIA G Seljak N G , k 8; -: . @ . Abstract -T S :Cixiuë similis, Nothodelphađ albocarinata, Acanalonia conica, Metidioceruë impressifrons, Tautoneura polymitusa, Euscelië distinguendus, Streptopyđ tamaninii, Arocephaluë grandiá Allyguë communis. a ­-Limotettiđ carniolicus, Jassarguë dentatuë Cosmotettiđ costalië . Acanalonia conica Tautoneura polymitusa S ­ . ke ordS: H , a , , S Izvlecek -PoMeMBNe No e NajdBe kq aTko Slo eNIjI (HeMIP-Tera, aUCHeNorrH NCHa) o S: Cixiuë similis, Nothodelphađ albocarinatus, Acanalonia conica, Metidioceruë impressifrons, Tautoneura polymitusa, Euscelië distinguendus, Streptopyđ tamaninii, Arocephaluë grandiá Allyguë communis. d Limotettiđ carniolicus, Jassarguë dentatuë Cosmotettiđ costalis.Acanalonia conica Tautoneura polymitusa , S. kljU Ne BeSede: H , a , , S Introduction # S , 82 565 (Seljak, 2016 2017). q , .T , , S . Material and methods S ­. . List of species C Cixius similis Kirschbaum, 1868 (F 1 11) Materiaä examined5 H -590 (45 56 28! N, 14 09 25! e), 15.5.2017; 3 2 Saliđ eleagnoë . T -e.F (Hol INGeq " . 2003; NICkel, 2003). T S .T , , , M j . Fig. 1: Cixiuë similië ( 4.7-6.5 ) Fig. 2: Acanalonia conica ( 8.2 11.0 ) Fig. 3: Acanalonia conica -5 Fig. 4: Tautoneura polymitusa ( ; 2.4-2.7 ) d Nothodelphax albocarinata (Stal, 1858) (F 11) Materiaä examined5 17.7.2017; 5 5 ; (B ) -750 . (45 47 53! N, 14 32 07! e), l , e , a N a . I C e , (Hol S INGeq " , . 2003; NICkel, 2003). T -e ­ . I 1861) a . H S , , N. distincta (F . a Acanalonia conica (Say, 1830) (F 2, 3 11) Materiaä examined5 M -60 (45 54 04! N, 13 36 53! e), 30.6.2017 -1 , 11 , 11.7.2017 -1 , 2 21.8.2017 -1 ; N G 105 (45 57 27! N 13 39 15! e), 24.6.2018 1 . I e N 2003 N I , p (d’UrSo &UlIaNa, 2004). a N I (d’UrSo " UlIaNa, 2006, aldINI ., 2008; aNdIGIaCoMo " ., 2009), S (T ) 2014 (TrI ­elloNe " ., 2015). q , q (CHIreCeaNU " 10 ., 2017). a S 2010, F G I - ( aNdIGIaCoMo " . a ., 2009), j 2017, S I - S . T - . l , 2017, I N G , N . I j G 2018, . C Metidiocerus impressifrons (k , 1868) (F 12) Materiaä examined5 C 550 (45 45 43! N 14 21 43! e), 17.7.2017 -1 Saliđ purpurea. T S,.I , .I .THeN (1886) q ( C P)I, -S . Tautoneura polymitusa o " j , 2016 (F 4 -7 12) Materiaä examined5 N G 105 (45 57 28! N, 13 39 14! e), 14.9.2010 -2 , 28.6.2011 -1 , 11.7.2011 -1 , 26.8.2011 -1 , 6.7.2013 -1 , 13.7.2013 -3 22.6.2018 1 ; k 125 (45 57 48! N, 13 39 33! e), 13.7.2013 -4 , 31 11.8.2013 -3 . Fig. 5: T. polymitusa ( ) Fig. 6: T. polymitusa ( ) Fig. 7: T. polymitusa , T S k (oH " ., 2016). o e , H (ToTH " ., 2017). H e -p , 2010 I S (F . F p , I , , . .) 2010 S , - , , , e .N , e . I S , , - Ulmuë minoę . Ulmuë . , 2016; ToTH " , ., 2017). a S , (oH " Fig. 8: Streptopyđ tamaniniá ­ . o 48 , 6 . a j S.T , . I S , 2013 j 2018 . a T. polymitusa k H (oH " , 2016; ToTH " ., 2017). T , .T . Euscelis distinguendus (k , 1868) (F 12) Materiaä examined5 C 550 (45 46 3,9! N, 14 21 32! e), 17.7.2017 -6 , 3 . T S Gq FFe (1903). H "a a M ! (k ) I T G (G ) I , S , S .e G , Euscelië .T ­. T . I , E. incisus. Streptopyx tamaninii Linnavuori, 1958 (F 8 12) Materiaä examined5 M -2030 (46 26 38! N, 13 38 51! e), 7.7.2017 -3 03.07.2018 3 . S, a I,-F,TC a (lINNa UorI, 1958; Heller, 1989; della GIUSTINa, 1989; Hol INGer, 1996; Hol INGer, 2009; alMa " ., 2009, HUBeq " kUN , 2016). I ­ -a . e , I M a N p (I ) d (2400 ) S 2007 (alMa " ., 2009). q , q C (HUBeq " kUN , 2016). I , -Sa. T ,­ S .I C , , -M , j (HUBeq " kUN , 2016). o j( ) .B , ( ). Fig. 9: Jassarguë dentatuë Fig. 10: J. dentatuë # ( ) Arocephalus grandii S , 1972 (F 13) Materiaä examined5 k 320 (45 35 9! N, 13 51 39! e), 21.9.2016 -2 , 1 ; M -230 (45 46 59! N, 13 53 58! e), 23.9.2017 -1 28.06.2018 2 , 1 ; p (k , 45 38 52.94! N, 13 58 36.92! e) -440 ( l25), 28.8.2018 -1 . l , A. grandiá ­ a . I I S (Ser­adeI, 1972; d UrSo, 1995; G NTHarT " M HleTHaler, 2002). e , A. languiduë (F , 1861). I .I A. grandii, .I , A. lan­guidus, ­.IS , A. grandiá . I , Chrysopogoć gryllus. Allygus communis (F 1882) (F 12) Materiaä examined5 d -25 (45 27 8! N, 13 39 48! e), 31.8.2017 -2 , 1 ; B 400 (C , 45 25 55.87! N, 14 17 27.55! e), 25.6.2008 -1 . a -e F e ­ , S.T a ­M Quercuë pubescens.a , A. furcatuë (F , 1882) .a BC, 5 S­. Jassargus dentatus d U , 1980 (F 9, 10 13) Neď records5 G , M -120 (45 49 03! N, 13 57 56! e), 1.6.2018, 13.6.2018, 17.6.2018 16.08.2018 ( ). Fig. 11: d A. conica, C. similië N. albocarinata Fig. 12: d A. communis, E. distinguendus, M. impressifrons, S. tamaniniá T. polymitusa T (I ) (d’UrSo, 1980). I j S 2003, S G N M G . T p - , 30 . I j Se (Seljak, 2004). T 2018, . I , , M . I Fig. 13: d A. grandii, C. costalis, J. dentatuë L. carniolicuë , J. dentatuë . I Jassarguë ­.I , Molinia caerulea, . Limotettix carniolicus S , 2017 (F 13) Neď records5 C -550 (45 45 45! N, 14 21 37! e), 27.6.2017 ­6 , 1 17.7.2017 4 ; B -740 (45 47 35! N, 14 29 42! e), 17.7.2017; -750 (45 47 53! N, 14 32 07! e), 17.7.2017 16.8.2018; -100 . I , (Seljak, 2017). F 2017 2018 , d , d .F C Gk.T Eleocharië quinqueflora, , Eleocharië . Cosmotettix costalis (F , 1826) (F 13) Neď records5 l G j -550 (45 43 30! N, 14 24 11! e), 17.7.2017 -4 ; U -750 (45 47 34! N, 14 28 9! e), 17.7.2017 -1 ; B T -740 (45 47 37! N, 14 29 38! e), 17.7.2017 -3 . B .T F e q - k a - (NICkel, 2003; Seljak, 2016). T . I . a laUTereq (1986), j -a a -j , ; . I . References Aldini R.N., Mazzoni E., Mori N., Ciampitti M., 2008: o I N Acanalonia conica, . Bulletić of In­sectologń 61 (1): 153-154. Alma A., Bocca M., Cermak V., Chen P., D’urso V., Exnerová A., Goula M., Guglielmino A., Kunz G., Lauterer P., Malenovský I., Mazzoglio P.J., Aldini R.N., Ouvrard D., Remane R., Rintala T., Seljak G., Söderman G., Soulier-Perkins A., Štys P., Tavella L., Tedeschi R., Wilson M., 2009: I H M a N p (a , N I ). Revue Valdôtaine d'Histoire Naturelle, 63: 109-124. Chireceanu C., Teodoru A., Gutue M., Dumitru M., Anastasiu P., 2017: T q : Orientuë ishidae (M 1902) (C ) Acanalonia conica (S 1830) (a ­). Journaä of Entomologń and Zoologń Studieë 5(2): 824-830. D'Urso V., 1980: Jassarguë dentatuë d B p (I , H , C ). Animalia 7 (1/3): 123-133. D'Urso V., 1995: H a . I : Checklisě delle specie della Fauna Italiana 42: 1-35. D'Urso V., Uliana M., 2004: F Acanalonia conica (I ) I . Third Europeać Hemiptera Congress, Abstracts, St. Petersburg, 26 27. D’Urso V., Uliana M., 2006: Acanalonia conica (H , F , a ), N e . Deutsche en­tomologische Zeitschrift. 53(1):103-107. Gräffe E., 1903: B C . k . Bolletinç della Societ÷ Adriatica dá Scienze Naturalá ić Trieste, 21: 41-63. Günthart, H., Mühlethaler, R., 2002: p C S (I : H , a ). Denisia 04, zugleicŕ Kataloge deë OO. Landesmuseums, Neue Folge, 176: 329-338. Heller F.R., 1989: Streptopyđ tamaniniá l ., F 40 j N H -a .Mitteilungeć deë entomologischeć Vereinë Stuttgart, 24: 120-125. Holzinger W. E., 1996: k (I .: H ­, a ). Carinthia II, 186/106: 501-517. Holzinger W. E., Kammerlander I., Nickel H., 2003: T a C e / d M ; F , C . C . B , l -B , 673 . Holzinger W.E., 2009: a (I ). Checklisteć deę Fauna Öster­reichs, Biosystematicë and Ecologń Serieë 26: 41-100. Huber E., Kunz G., 2016: d B H q a ( -) q l ­ a . Carinthia II. 206/126: 459 478 Lauterer P., 1986: N C . Acta museá Moraviae, 71, 179-187. Linnavuori R., 1958: o M H . Bol­lettinç della Societő Entomologica Italiana 88(3-4): 34-38. Nickel H., 2003: T l p G (H a ­): p .C p p , S -M G &e , k , 460 . Oh, S., Pham, H.T., Jung, S., 2016: T G Tautoneura a (H : a : C : T ) k , . Zootaxa, 4169 (1): 194 200. Seljak G., 2004: C S (H , a ). Acta Entomologica Slovenica, 12 (2): 189-216. Seljak G., 2016: N --S (H : F a C ). Acta Entomologica Slovenica 24 (2): 151 200. Seljak G., 2017: Limotettiđ carniolicuë . ., ­(H , C , C ). Acta Entomologica Slovenica 25 (1): 65 74. Servadei A., 1972: I q (H H a ­). Bollettinç dell'Istitutç dá Entomologia dell'Universitő dá Bologna 31: 13­ 26. Then F., 1886: k C . Programĺ deë k. k. There­sianischeć Gymnasiumë Wien: 1-59. Tóth M., Orosz A., Rédei D., 2017: a ? F e Tautoneura polymitusa, e a (H : a : C ). Zootaxa 4311 (1): 137 144. Trivellone V., Knop E., Turrini T., Andrey A., Humbert J.Y., Kunz G., 2015: N (H : a ­) S . Mitteilungeć deę Schweizerischeć Entomologischeć Ge­sellschafě 88(3, 4): 273-284. Zandigiacomo P., Cargnus E., Pavan F., 2009: p Acana­lonia conica ( ) F -G . Notiziariç ERSA 4/2009: 52-54. Received / Prejeto: 25. 9. 2018 LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 195–204 AMELES DECOLOR (C arp nt r, 1825) ( Ctyopt ra: Mant a ), t r sp C s o t s ov n an Mant aunA S ani la Gomboc i ko o na elje 19, 4000 K anj, Slo enija, ani la .gomboc@ iol.ne ab ac -Ameles decolor (cha en ie , 1825), ne o Slo enian fa na, a fo nd in he coa al a ea of Slo enia, on b ic nea D agonja i e , clo e o c oa ian bo de in I ia. In c oa ian coa al egion, hi ecie i all common la e in he ea on. 3 ecimen , 2 male and one n m h, e e ob e ed coming o he UV ligh a fo Le ido e a ob e a ion in he e ening of A g 14 h 2017 and 9 ad l e e ob e ed on A g 18 h 2018 on he ame locali . A imma e and ma e eci­men e e fo nd on mo e o in he locali , e a me ha a mall o la ion al ead h i e he e, a female and n m h a e b ach e o . In 2017 ecimen e e ob e ed on o ligh a loca ed in a mall a ch of a d o h-o ien ed meado , o nded i h b-medi e anean fo e . In 2018 mo e ecimen e e ob e ed on he emaining g a land a che in cce ion ac o he locali . Al-ho gh e e e looking fo hi ecie in en i el ince man ea , hi i he fi confi med e o of he ecie in Slo enia. o he o man id ecie occ ing in Slo enia a e Mantis religiosa (Linnae , 1758), hich i common and i e ending i e i o d e o he infl ence of global clima e change and ai ing em e a e and Empusa fasciata b ll , 1839, hich i declining d e o abandonmen and ­bani a ion of meado in he ea ide a ea . The la one i e en mainl in he a me coa al a of he co n . Kex worDS: man id , man odea, man idae, Slo enia, fa na, ne eco d lecek -AMELES DECOLOR (chArpenTIer, 1825) (DIcTyopTerA: mAn-TIDAe), TreTjA VrSTA boGomoLKe V SLoVenSKI fAVnI na b ic ob D agonji na p imo kem mo na li bogomolke e Ameles decolor (cha en ie , 1825), ki je no a a a fa no Slo enije. Lokacija je ik ob h a ki meji, kje je a a i jena ecjem del I e. V iobalnem a H a ke je a na adno ogo a, oja lja a e ka neje e oni, na adno od j lija na ej. 3 o ebke, 2 amcka in eno licinko mo o a o ali ece , 14. a g a 2017, na UV e lobnih o o ih a o a o anje mocnih me lje , 9 o ebko a nam je elo naj i 18. a g a 2018 na ec me ih i e lokacije odne i. Za adi najdb licinke in b e k ilih amic na ec me ih i e lokacije ed ide amo, da e a na lokaciji a mnoÖ je, aj b e k ila amica in licinka ne mo e a le e i. Le a 2017 mo e ime ke o a o ali na d eh od 11 e lobnih o o o , na lednje le o a na ec me ih eo anka a la a i c kce iji. T a i cna ege acija ko di bmedi e an ki i ojni go d leži a na j žnem i ojnem obocj , 200 m nad dolino D agonje in a o lej a od eo alega dela obmocja. Ce a mo o i kali že o le , je o a o jena najdba a Slo enijo. D gi d e i bogomolk Slo eniji a na adna bogomolka -Mantis religiosa (Linnae , 1758), ki je ogo a in i i a eal a adi li a klima kih ememb glo­balnim eg e anjem in k a a g abežlji ka -Empusa fasciata b ll , 1839, ki je og ožena a in i ginja a adi o canja in a a canja a na ih o in ob mo j in a adi o ida e i icno animi ega obmocja ob obali. K a a g abežlji ka je i o na le na najbolj e mofilnih legah p imo ja, en oda ek a je o jen di Go- i kega k a a. KLjUCne beSeDe: bogomolke, man odea, man idae, Slo enija, fa na, no e najdbe n od c ion So fa , onl o man id ecie e e kno n in he Slo enian fa na (U , 1967, 1992; Gomboc, 2000). Mantis religiosa (Linnae , 1758), hich i idel di ib ed and i eading i e i o in he la 20 ea d e o he infl ence of clima e change i h a me em e a e ( e onal ob e a ion in Go enj ka and aje ka egion) and Empusa fasciata b ll , 1839, hich i a a e and c ic ecie . The e i o of E. fasciata i declining a man meado in he coa al egion e e abandoned and o e g o n i h h b and fo e in ecen 20 ea ( e onal ob e ­a ion ). The bani a ion of he ea ide a ea in e e ing fo o i accommoda ion i he econd main ea on fo declining of E. fasciata. Thi ecie i e en a he coa (Gomboc, 2000) i h one find in Go i ki k a in ecen ea . clima e change i h n able in e and la e ing o m i h no a he end of A il in 2016 and 2017 a he coa a e al o affec ing he ab ndance of E. fasciata in ecen ea . Since e e al ea , e ha e been ob e ing hi henomenon in Seco lje Salina na e pa k and on he o h lo e of o climbing a ea , he e E. fasciata a fo me l common. Af e 2013, hen e fo nd man n m h in he Seco lje Salina na e pa k, ecie ab ndance declined d e o cold in e o m . we fo nd one la a he e in 2018. In he a ea e e e looking in en i el fo ano he ecie , Ameles decolor (cha en ie , 1825) in Slo enia, hich i common in he c oa ian a of I ia, b i ho an cce , al ho gh e en mo e han 200 field da in he Slo enian a of I ia. The e a , ho e e , a o ed ho o of A. decolor on he eb age bioLib.c b blaÖ eg la f om H a o lje ( eg la, 2005), b i ho an collec ed ma e ial on hich e co ld confi m e ence of he ecie a A. decolor o A. hel­ ig. 1: male of Ameles decolor on ligh a , Slo enia, I ia, D agonja, b ic, A g 14 h, 2017. fo o: S. Gomboc. dreichi b nne on wa en l, 1882, hich a e clo el ela ed. A clima e change a e omo ing he ead of ome medi e anean o ho e a ecie (Aiolopus thalassinus (fab ici , 1781), Aiolopus strepens (La eille, 1804), Anacridium aegyptium (Linnae , 1764) ( e onal ob e a ion , S ani, 2016, y na-K a k et. al, 2017), e e e looking al o fo e ence of A. decolor in he egion. The ea ch a finall cce f l in 2017 and in 2018 e fo nd addi ional ecimen on b ic hill abo e he D agonja i e , clo e o he c oa ian bo de . In e o e 8 Ameles ecie a e e en , mainl in he medi e anean a ea (Agabi i et. al 2010, ba i on et al., 2000; ba i on " fon ana, 2005, ha " Kal enbach, 1976). Thi n mbe emain he ame al o af e he e i ion of ome ecie of Ameles (ba i on et al., 2018), he e one ecie a non mi ed and one eloca ed o he gen Ameles. ba i on et al. (2018) al o di c ed a of ome ecie and diffic l e a a ion cha ac e in ide he gen al o in ca e of b ach e o male , hich make iden ifica ion e en mo e diffic l . In I al 5 Ameles ecie a e kno n (ba i on et al., 2000; ba i on " fon ana, 2005, S och, 2003), in c oa ia onl 3 (K anjce , 2013; reb ina e al., 2014). In he nea e a of c oa ia in I ia all 3 ecie , A. decolor, A. heldreichi and A. spallanzania (ro i, 1792; reb ina e al., 2014) a e occ ing. The clo el ela ed A. heldreichi and A. decolor can be eliabl e a a ed on a fe mo hological cha ac e , like he e e ha e in male, ono m inde a io and he e amina ion of male geni alia (Agabi i et. al 2010, ba i on et al., 2000; ba i on " fon ana, 2005). J e e nal mo hological cha ac e a e no al a fficien fo eliable iden ifica ion, o e al o di ec ed collec ed male ec­imen . ig. 2: female of A. decolor on b ic, A ­g 18 h, 2018. fo o: S. Gomboc ig. 3: e e ha e of A. decolor male (lef ) and female ( igh ), b ic, A g 18 h, 2018. A o nded ha e of com o i e e e o he ecie iden ifica ion a A. decolor. fo o: S. Gomboc Ma e ial and me hod In 2017 ecimen of A. decolor e e ob e ed a UV ligh a , ed fo ob e ing nigh ac i e mo h . The e e e amid-like en i h UV phili LD/05 ig. 4: male geni alia of collec ed ecimen : lef male f om b ic, A g 14 h, 2017, middle male n . 2 f om b ic, A g 18 h, 2018 ( ed line and a o indica e he iden ifica ion cha ac e i ic de c ibed in e l ), igh -male n . 3 f om b ic, A g 18 h. fo o: S. Gomboc 199 ligh be . Th ee ecimen e e ob e ed on onl o of 11 ligh a a anged in a leng h of 600 m, follo ing macadam fo e oad. To confi m iden ifica ion and e ence of ecie in Slo enia f he ecimen e ea ched fo on he ame locali in A g 2018 d ing he da ime. All emaining g a land a che in cce ion on he locali e e e ed and fe ecimen co ld be confi med on a fe o on he locali . b e fl ne a ed o ca ch ecimen , e eciall fl ing male , hich co ld fl fo ho e di ance and e e diffic l o ca ch. 3 addi ional male ecimen e e collec ed o o e ecie iden­ifica ion. pho o of habi a and ecimen e e aken ing L mi Dmc TZ80 and Son a55 came a . coo dina e of all ecimen e e collec ed and de ailed di ib ion ma a e c ea ed in Arc GIS pro (fig. 5 and 6). A ba ema la e fo di ib ion ma Digi al o o ho o of Slo enia f om 2016 and Digi al Te ain model a ed and ligh l modified (ma o ce: The S e ing and ma ing A ho i of he re blic of Slo enia 2018: h ://eg .g .go . i/eg /). S ecimen e e iden ified ba ed on de ailed ho o of mo hological cha ac e and collec ed ecimen , hich e e ed fo di ec ion and e a a ion of geni alia. ol m e eomic o co e SZ60 a ed fo ecimen iden ifica ion and fo ho­og a h of di ec ed male geni alia in combina ion i h Son a7 digi al came a. D ecimen a e o ed in he a ho i a e collec ion. fo iden ifica ion, ke of ba i on et al. (2000), ba i on " fon ana (2005) and Agabi i et. al (2010) e e ed, a ell a ecimen in he a ho # com a a i e collec ion. re l on A g 14 h 2017 h ee ecimen of A. decolor, 2 male and 1 n m h e e ob e ed d ing he nigh ob e a ion of Le ido e a on he o h lo e of he b ic hill abo e he D agonja i e , ne o he c oa ian bo de in I ia (wGS84: 1 male ig. 5: ma of Slo enia i h he eco d of A. decolor: 1 H a o lje 2005, 2 b ic 2017 and 2018. 45.46269854 n, 13.73388311 e, 208 m; 1 male and 1 n m h 45.46279516 n, 13.73448195 e, 220 m). Thi i he fi confi med eco d of A. decolor in Slo enia. The locali i no fa f om he coa of he Ad ia ic Sea in he medi e anean a of Slo enia. All ecimen e e a ac ed o UV ligh , hich e e laced on he o h lo e of he hill, in a bmedi e anean d a ch of g a land in cce ion, o nded i h he o h o ien ed b-medi e anean h b and oak fo e . A mall i e of g a land i i a ed ne o he macadam oad leading o b ic e a e i h ine a d and oli e g o e on he o of he hill. S ecimen of A. decolor e e ob e ed on he UV ligh a ho l af e d k, f om 20.20 o 21.00 ho . Thi a a a m nigh i h man ob e ed in ec . on A g 18 h 2018 addi ional 9 ad l ecimen of A. decolor e e confi med on he ame locali , 5 male and 4 female . The e e diffic l o find in d e­maining g a land a che ne o he macadam fo e oad and on he ee lo e of he o h e o ed hill ide. S ecimen e e fo nd on he lo e he b and g a ege­a ion, o nded b h b and o ng ee like Cotinus coggygria, Spartium junceum, Pinus nigra, Quercus cerris, Quercus petraea, Quercus pubescens, Ostrya carpinifolia, Cornus sanguinea, Ligustrum vulgare and o he . D ing he longe hea e iod in A g , he emaining g a land ege a ion a almo d . The ec­imen e e fo nd onl ba ed on mo emen in ege a ion, a he e e imila colo a d ied meado lan . finding of ecimen a m l i le i e (fig. 6) on he ame locali o he e m ion ha he ecie i al ead e abli hed on he i e. In e iga ion of collec ed ecimen and ho o ho ed ha he all ha e o nded com o nd e e ha e, hich i ical fo A. decolor, i ho he di inc oc la ine like in A. heldreichi.The male geni alia of all 4 male ecimen al o confi med ical fo m fo A. decolor (fig. 4). The a e of h o hall i o nded on o ide ma gin i h o malle inne oo h in he inne ma gin. Ven al lef hallome a e long, i h long elonga ed halloid a o h i (cha ac e de c i ion acco ding o ba ­ i on " fon ana, 2005 and Agabi i et. al., 2010). table 1: e ac decimal coo dina e of A. decolor ecimen fo nd on b ic, A g 18 h, 2018. wGS84 n wGS84 e Al i de m (a. .l.) commen 45.46295484 13.73860685 208 1 male 45.46296398 13.73861943 208 1 female 45.46312537 13.73856468 219 1 male 45.46322533 13.73865197 219 1 female, 1 male 45.46322872 13.73895884 221 1 female, 1 male 45.46338365 13.73913443 227 1 female 45.46356089 13.74296724 256 1 male i c ion wi h A. decolor 3 man id ecie a e no confi med fo Slo enia. In he neigh­bo ing medi e anean c oa ia 7 man id ecie a e e en (reb ina e al., 2014), in I al 12 (ba i on e al., 2010; S och, 2003; wiki edia, 2017), in A ia onl M. re­ligiosa (o ho e a.a , 2017). All oge he 30 man id ecie a e e en in e o e (ba i on e al., 2010; wiki edia, 2017). A male , female and a n m h of A. decolor e e fo nd on he locali and he female a e b ach e o , he o la ion ho ld e i he e fo ome ime. Thi i al o o ed b he find of addi ional ecimen in 2018. The loca ion i i ola ed f om he nea b meado , hich a e no clo e o he fo e oad i elf. Thi addi ionall eak in fa o of he longe e i ence of he ecie a he locali , hich a no i i ed b befo e 2017. Thi al o ho ha ecie can be e en a o he he ­ mo hile i e ne o he c oa ian bo de in I ia. In addi ion, he ecimen on he ho o b blaÖ eg la ( eg la, 2005) f om H a o lje co ld be A. decolor, b j he ho o i elf i no eno gh fo ecie confi ma ion a i i clo el ela ed o A. heldreichii. An ho , e ha e ed hi da a in he di ib ion ma in he a e (fig. 5). A ad l a ea ela i el la e in he ea on, f om J l on a d , ea ch fo addi­ional ecimen in he egion ho ld foc on he e iod f om J l o Se embe . In Se embe and oc obe 2017, e e fo med addi ional nigh ob e a ion i h ligh ig. 6: De ailed ma of A. decolor ecimen di ib ion on b ic: g een do ­A g 14 h, 2017; ed ci cle -A g 18 h, 2018. a on he ame locali , b no addi ional ecimen of A. decolor e e fo nd, obabl beca e of a mall i able habi a on he locali and a mall n mbe of e en ecimen . In J l and A g 2018 e ha e ea ched in ome imila habi a fo e ence of A. decolor in he Ko e o nding , Seco lje Salina na e pa k, lo e on S . pe e nea D agonja and al o he D agonja alle b i ho confi ming he e ence of ecie on ha locali ie . A ecimen a e c ic and imila o he colo of d lan , he a e diffic l o o in he ege a ion. on b ic e a ha he efe d and nn lace . e en he e, he e e e local and diffic l o find. beca e he locali ie in Slo enia a e a he e edge of he ecie di ib ion, A. decolor ill no be common and ea o find. I can al o be e en on al ead i i ed locali ie , hich look imila o ha on b ic, b e co ld no confi m hi d ing o e . In addi ion, A. heldreichii co ld al o be e ec ed in Slo enia, a i i e en in c oa ian I ia (reb ina e al., 2014). Thi clo el ela ed ecie i no ea o e a a e f om A. decolor.A lea one male ecimen e loca ion ho ld be collec ed o confi m ecie iden ifica ion. bo h ecie can e en h b idi e, hich make iden­ifica ion e en mo e diffic l . The o la ion of A. decolor on b ic i al ead endange ed a he emaining meado , he e ecimen e e fo nd, i al ead abandoned and in cce ion, o be o e g o n i h h b and fo e . The locali a mo e o en i h la ge meado ig. 7: habi a of A. decolor on b ic, A g 18 h, 2018. The o ange a o indica e he e ac loca ion of 3 ob e ed ecimen . fo o: S. Gomboc on he ame lo e in 1994 (Digi al o o ho o f om 1994, The S e ing and ma ing A ho i of he re blic of Slo enia). o he meado in he D agonja alle , he e ecie co ld occ , a e in a imila a e a man fa me a e no kee ing animal on he fa m o he a e ned in o he field o oli e lan a ion , hich b ing mo e in­ come. ackno ledgmen I o ld like o hank m f iend i h hom e e fo med he nigh ob e a ion of mo h in 2017, Sla ko polak and c i ian wie e . In he ea 2018, phD. den Anja Danielc ak hel ed me i h he ea ch fo addi ional ecimen on b ic, a al o on o he locali ie , he e e co ld no confi m he e ence of he ecie . refe ence agabi i, B., sal a ice, ., omba do, ., 2010: The medi e anean ecie of he gen Ameles b mei e , 1838 (In ec a, man odea: Amelinae) i h a biogeo­g a hic and h logene ic e al a ion. Boletin de la Sociedad Entomologica Ara­gonesa (S.e.A.) 47: 1 20. BY i on r., Co ea ., omba do ., Mo na M., pa ne ., sch e ., 2018: mo hological con e gence in Ameles b mei e and Pseudoyersinia Ki b : Ta onomic im lica ion of ing ed c ion and fligh edi o i ion in ome we -medi e anean Amelini (In ec a: man odea). Zootaxa 4377(1): 21-38. BY i on, r. & on ana, p., 2005: A con ib ion o he kno ledge of he gen Ameles b mei e , 1838, i h he de c i ion of a ne ecie f om jo dan (In ec a man odea). Atti della Academia Roveretana degli agiati ­Classe di Scienze Matematiche Fisiche e Naturali 5: 173 197. Ba i on, r., piccia , ., on ana, p., Ma hall, ., 2010: man id of he e o­medi e anean a ea. wo ld biodi e i A ocia ion onLUS, Ve ona. 240 . reb ina, ., Ba i onm r., skejo ., 2014: A e Empusa pennata and Bolivaria brachyptera eall e en in c oa ia? A e l o K anjce (2013) i h a c i ical e­ie of he man id a a fo nd in c oa ia. Entomologia Croatica: 18(1 2): 17 25. omboc s., 2000: bionomie, Ve b ei ng nd y ch ng e che an Empusa fasciata b lle, 1836 (man odea, em idae) in Slo enien. Articulata 15(1): 1-6 a , . & al enbach, a., 1976: Die o ho e en e o a III. Se ie en omologica, D . w. J nk Se ie . 440 . anjce , r., 2013: fa na bogomoljki (Dic o e a: man odea) H a koj. Natura Croatica, 17(1 4): 41 52. u , p., 1967. ca alog fa nae J go la iae III/6 o ho e oidea. Academia Scien­ia m e A i m Slo enica, Lj bljana. 47 . u , p., 1992: fa na o o e oidnih in ek o Slo enije. Slo en ka akademija nano i in me no i, ra ed a i odo lo ne ede, Lj bljana, (32)12: 1-314. Wiki edia 2017: man odea h ://i . iki edia.o g/ iki/man odea (Acce ed a 13. 12. 2017). omba do, ., 2017: checkli of he ecie of he I alian fa na: man odea. h :// .fa nai alia.i , h :// .fa nai alia.i /checkli /in e eb a e /man­odea.h ml (Acce ed a 13. 12. 2017). o hg e a.a 2017: A enli e de he ch ecken nd fang ch ecken e eich . h :// .o ho e a.a /a en/inde .h ml (Acce ed a 13. 12. 2017). s ani, W., 2016: e e ge iche e Vo kommen de b a nen S and ch ecke Aiolo e en (La eille, 1804) in de S eie ma k b .in e eich. Joannea Zoologie 15: 181-186. s och, ., 2003: checkli of he I alian fa na on-line: man odea. h :// .fa ­nai alia.i /checkli /in e eb a e /man odea.h ml#man odea (Acce ed a 30. 12. 2017). e_ la, B., 2005: pho o of Amele decolo on bioLib.c . h :// .biolib.c /en/ a ­onimage/id6020/? a onid=44415 (Acce ed a 13. 12. 2017). Z na-a k , t., andmann, a., llich, ., Zechne m ., lm ., echne m ., o ne m a., Wei mai m W., W m ., 2017: Die he ch ecken e ­eich . biologie en m de obe e eichi chen Lande m e m . Denisia 39: 1-872. Received / Prejeto: 8. 3. 2018, revised / predelano: 2. 11. 2018 LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 205–218 ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS AND FEATURES ADAPTING THE KARINTHIAN MOUNTAIN GRASSHOPPER MIRAMELLA CARINTHIACA TO LIVE IN MEADOWS AT THE ALPINE TREELINE Karl Kral Institute of Biology, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 2, a-8010 Graz, austria, e-mail: karlkral@aon.aÍ Abstract – The Karinthian Mountain Grasshopper, Miramella carinthiaca (Oben­berger, 1926) (Orthoptera: Catantopidae), was investigated at the alpine treeline inthe Seckau alps (Styria, austria). Field studies show that because they are flightless,these grasshoppers cannot easily move to a new habitat to escape harmful environ-mental influences. The readiness to feed on non-preferred plants in addition topreferred plants seems to be an adaptation in this case. Feeding experiments showedthat the fresh leaves of more than thirty grass, wildflower and woody plant species inthe habitat can serve as food sources. It is critical for M. carinthiaca females to findoviposition sites in open patches of earth surrounded by the fresh leaves of evergreenplants that provide a food source for early nymphs. at the treeline, M. carinthiaca shares the habitat with Chorthippus species, Omocestus viridulus, Euthystira brachyptera and Gomphocerus sibiricus. The ecological niche of the latter seems similar to that of M. carinthiaca. Key wOrdS: Miramella carinthiaca, alpine treeline, habitat, oviposition site, food plants Izvlecek – eKOlOŠKe ZaHTeVe IN ZNaCIlNOSTI alPSKe KOBIlICe MI­RAMELLA CARINTHIACA Na TraVNIKIH OB dreVeSNI MeJI raziskovali smo alpsko kobilico vrste Miramella carinthiaca (Obenberger, 1926)(Orthoptera: Catantopidae) ob drevesni meji na obmo ju Seckauskih alp (Štajerska,avstrija). Ker je kobilica brez kril, se ne more enostavno preseliti v nov habitat, da biubežala pred neugodnimi okoljskimi razmerami. Na osnovi terenskih opazovanj skle-pamo, da je pripravljenost, da se kobilica hrani z rastlinami, ki jih po navadi neizbira, adaptacija na omenjene razmere. V prehranjevalnih poskusih smo ugotovili, da vir njene hrane predstavljajo listi ve kot trideset rastlinskih vrst – od trav do lesnatih rastlin. Za kobilico M. carinthiaca je odlo ilno, da izbira mesta za leženjejaj ec na zaplatah zemlje, ki jih obdajajo listi zimzelenih rastlin, ki predstavljajo virhrane za izlegle nimfe. Ob drevesni meji si kobilica M. carinthiaca deli habitat še z vrstami Chorthippus sp., Omocestus viridulus, Euthystira brachyptera in Gomphocerus sibiricus. Videti je, da je ekološka niša slednje vrste podobna kot za M. carinthiaca. KlJUCNe BeSede: Miramella carinthiaca, alpska drevesna meja, habitat, lokacija ovi-pozicije, hranilne rastline Introduction Species and subspecies of the genus Miramella (Catantopidae; see BellMaNN,2006) are found in the Pyrenees, western and eastern alps, Julian and Karavankealps, Slavonian Mountains, Carpathians, Balkan Mountains and other europeanmountainous regions such as the higher altitudes of the Black Forest, Bavarian Forestand Bohemian Forest (HarZ, 1957, 1975, 1982; NadIG, 1989; PIlS, 1992; deTZel, 1995, 1998; KöHler & INGrISCH, 1998; KöHler & al., 1999; IllICH & wINdING, 1999; IllICH, 2003; NaGy, 2003; ZeCHNer & al., 2005; BellMaNN, 2006; IOrGU & al., 2008; HelFerT & KreHaN, 2009; SZöVéNyI & PUSKáS, 2012; IMIela & al., 2016; KeNyereS & al., 2017; ZUNa-KraTKy & al., 2017). These grasshoppers occur in sub-montane, montane, subalpine and alpine habitats in large contiguous areas as well asin fragmented and even completely isolated small areas. Miramella habitats are located at altitudes up to a maximum of 2800 m (in the Swiss alps). during excursionsover a number of years at and above the alpine treeline in the Seckau alps (Styria,austria) (Figure 1), I have observed Miramella grasshoppers in pastures and meadows between 1600 and 2100 m (K. Kral, unpubl. obs.). It should be noted that in the Seckau alps, in addition to M. alpina, M. carinthiaca can also be present, and both can be overlapping, with possible intergrades (FOrSTHUBer & ZaCHerl, 2005; ZUNa-KraTKy & al., 2017; T. ZUNa-KraTKy, pers. comm.). This mountain range, with amaximum altitude of 2417 m, is located south of the liesing and Palten valleys and Fig. 1: Map of austriashowing the location of theSeckau alps (arrow). Scalebar: 100 km. Fig. 2: Photograph illustrating alpine meadows in the Seckau alps as a typical habitat of M. carinthiaca. Note that the alpine meadows are separated from oneanother by areas of mountain pine and scree. The picture was taken in mid-July. north of the Upper Mur valley. It consists mainly of granite and granite gneisses sur-rounded by para-gneisses and biotite gneisses (MeTZ, 1976). Toward the Upper Murvalley, the climate is characterised by continental influences, with cold winters, rela-tively warm summers and lower precipitation (~800 mm per year) than in the westernpart of the Niedere Tauern. The Miramella grasshoppers observed seemed to preferopen areas that had rather wet soils with distinctive wildflowers and/or low woodyplants, stones and patches of bare earth. The grasshoppers often occurred in sites thatwere separated by areas of mountain pine and scree (see Figure 2). The aim of thepresent study was to obtain more detailed information about such habitat conditionsand how Miramella carinthiaca adapts to them in light of its restricted mobility due to flightlessness. Material and methods The grasshoppers investigated here were clearly determined to be Miramella carinthiaca, on the basis of a morphological analysis of the male genitals. The studywas carried out in the most easterly part of the Seckau alps (47° 19' 18'' N / 14° 48' 11'' e) in the year 2017. The study site was located on a slope facing southeast atabout 1710 m, at the treeline formed by mountain spruce (Picea abies), larch trees (Larix decidua), mountain pine (Pinus mugo) and juniper bushes (Juniperus communis subsp. nana). The study site was monitored from the beginning of May to the middleof September. The plant species were identified with the aid of morphological keysand the advice of botanists (e.g., SCHaUer & CaSParI, 1975; aNGerer & MUer, 2004; I. PaUŠIC, pers. comm.). Plant flowers and fruits facilitated species determination.as a measure of M. carinthiaca population density, the number of adult females wascalculated by direct observation, or by netting within an area of 20 x 15 m. In addition,the presence of other grasshopper species was considered. Species identification wasperformed with the aid of sonograms, and structural and optical features of the body (BellMaNN, 2004, 2006). For M. carinthiaca, the site and time of emergence, development and maturitywere recorded. Particular attention was focused on the external appearance and bodysize. Body weight was measured with a touch screen pocket scale (G&G GmbH,Neuss, Germany). Photographs of nymphs and adults in their natural environmentwere taken with a Nikon d90 digital camera equipped with the macro lenses aFMicro Nikkor 60 mm, 1:2.8 d (Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan). Feeding experiments were carried out. direct observations in the field were usedto record how many early instar M. carinthiaca nymphs were found on what plantspecies. Fresh leaves of the preferred plants were then placed in a plastic tube (4.6 x10 cm) together with a specimen of an early instar nymph in order to study thefeeding behaviour. each plant species was tested with three specimens. The acceptability of plants in the habitat as food was systematically investigatedfor adult females in the years 2017 and 2018. For this purpose, freshly caught M. carinthiaca females were kept in a laboratory room (at 16 to 20°C) in the nearbyvillage of Seckau. during the first two days no food was provided. In this starvationphase, a lack of further defecation indicated that the gut was empty. This was alwaysthe case after two days. The M. carinthiaca females were then placed singly in aeratedtransparent plastic feeding chambers (18 x 12 x 7 cm) with absorbent paper on thebottom. In each case, one plant species from the study site was provided. each feedingexperiment lasted two days, to give the grasshoppers the opportunity to adjust to theplants offered. all of the plants used for the feeding experiments were potted, so thatfresh leaves could be provided for the duration of the trials. due to the limited numberof females, each specimen was tested with three different plant species selected atrandom (with the exception of one specimen that was tested with two plant species).as far as possible, grasses, wildflowers and woody plants were mixed, and the plantswere offered in random order. For each plant species, three specimens were tested.after each trial the females were kept for another two days without food, for fitnesscontrol, and to prepare for subsequent trials if necessary. It was recorded only whetherthe plants or parts of them were ingested within two days. This was indicated by a re­duction in or damage to the plant material, as well as by the production of fecalpellets. The amount of food consumed by the grasshoppers was not assessed, becauseprevious feeding behaviour in the field could not be taken into account (FreelaNd, 1975). Results at the study site the meadow was rich in wildflowers, low woody plants andgrasses, which often formed tussocks (Table 1). There were pebbles, small exposedrocks, traces of juniper roots, and patches of bare earth on flat or uneven ground sur-rounded mainly by Vaccinium species and Geum montanum (see Figure 3). at theend of July, the estimated density of adult females was 0.13/m˛. M. carinthiaca females used patches of moist bare earth as oviposition sites. ThepH values measured at various possible oviposition sites ranged from 4.8 to 6.6. Fol­lowing overwintering of the egg pods, early instar nymphs could be observed inMay. The first adult females and males appeared toward the end of June and in thefirst half of July. Postembryonic development comprised five nymph instars in bothgenders. adults could be distinguished from nymphs in the last instar via the completeoverlap of the very short brownish wings (absolutely unsuited to flight). This is illus­trated in images (d) and (e) in Figure 4. during postembryonic development, femalenymphs were already larger and heavier than male nymphs (e.g. in mid-instar, female:body weight 0.20 g, body length 16.5 mm; male: body weight 0.08 g, body length 12 mm). Fig. 3: View of part of the meadow at the study site in the second half of July. Thestudy site provides patches of bare earth for oviposition and exposed stones forbasking, as well as wildflowers and woody plants. The green colour of their leavesensures camouflage for M. carinthiaca throughout the season. Table 1: Plant species from the study site at the alpine treeline accepted as food by female M. carinthiaca adults in the feeding experiments Scientific name Common name Poaceae Agrostis sp. Bent grass Sweet grasses Festuca sp. Agrostis stolonifera l. Creeping bent grass Fescues Phleum sp. Phleum rhaeticum (Humphries) rauschert alpine timothy grass Timothy grass Sesleria sp. Blue grass Carex curvula all. Carex caryophyllea latourr. Cyperaceae Spring sedge Sedges Curved sedge Juncaceae Rushes Luzula sp. Common woodrush woodrush Luzula multiflora l. Asteraceae Common yarrow Composite plant family Antennaria dioica (l.) Gaertn. Achillea millefolium agg. Mountain everlasting Arnica montana l. Mountain arnica Homogyne alpina (l.) Cass. Crepsis pontana (l.) dalla Torre Mountain hawksbeard alpine coltsfoot Ericaceae Loiseleuria procumbens (l.) desv. Calluna vulgaris (l.) Hull Common heather Heather plant family Trailing azalea Vaccinium myrtillus l. european blueberry Vaccinium uliginosum l. Bog bilberry Vaccinium vitis­idaea l. lingonberry, cowberry Phyteuma sp. Campanula scheuchzeri Vill. Campanulaceae rampion Bellflower Bellflower family Cerastium sp. Caryophyllaceae Mouse-ear chickweed Pink family Rubiaceae Bedstraw, gaillet Bedstraw family Galium anisophyllon l. Gentianaceae Stemless gentian Gentian family Gentiana acaulis l. Rosaceae alpine avens Rose family Geum montanum l. Potentilla aurea l. dwarf cinquefoil Orchidaceae Gymnadenia conopsea (l.) r.Br. Fragrant orchid, marsh fragrant orchid Orchid family Orobanchaceae Pedicularis sp. lousewort Broomrape family Primulaceae Primula villosa wulfen Mountain primrose Primrose family Ranunculaceae Ranunculus montanus willd. Pulsatilla alpina (l.) delarbre alpine anemone Buttercup family Buttercup Lamiaceae Broad-leaved thyme Labiate family Thymus pulegioides agg. Plantaginaceae Germander speedwell Plantain family Veronica chamaedrys l. Fig. 4: Body colour and patterns in M. carinthiaca females during postembryonicdevelopment. different individuals were photographed under similar lighting condi-tions. Images (a, b) early instar nymphs: body length 5 mm and 10 mm; (c) mid-instar nymph: body length 16 mm; (d) late instar nymph: body length 21 mm; and (e)adult stage: body length 24 mm. In the first instar, M. carinthiaca nymphs appeared brown and dark grey, and inthe case of males often almost black. In the next instar, the nymphs were usually yel­low-green, however with parts of the body such as the legs still light to dark brown.The middle instar nymphs were green, and this was also the case in the later stages,including the adult stage. However, the shade of green of the body colour varied be-tween specimens of the same stage and between specimens of different stages. Theearly instars had a distinct brown to black body pattern (Figure 4). according to theliterature, this is caused by melanisation of the exocuticle (e.g., SUGUMaraN & BareK,2016). However, in male nymphs the pattern was more extensive and more evident,with the result that the male nymphs generally appeared darker than the femalenymphs. This was also the case with later nymph instars and the adult stage. In Figure5, melanin pigment can be seen in the last exuviae of a M. carinthiaca female and male. Observation records of forty-four early instar M. carinthiaca nymphs in the field (see Figure 4) show that 45% of them were located on leaves of G. montanum. These leaves often had recognisable traces of feeding. The second most frequent location ofearly instar nymphs was on leaves of Vaccinium vitis­idaea (see Table 2). Feedingexperiments performed with nymphs in the field during the day showed that inaddition to G. montanum and V. vitis­idaea, the less frequently occupied plants Po­tentilla aurea, Homogyne alpina and Achillea millefolium were also accepted as food. It was noticeable that the leaves of G. montanum and H. alpina in particular wereconsumed readily by the nymphs. Grass leaves were eaten only sparingly, after thenymphs had been kept in a feeding tube for a further day. Systematic feeding exper-iments with adult M. carinthiaca females in the laboratory showed that the freshleaves of thirty-four of the thirty-five plant species from the habitat that were offeredwere accepted as a food source if alternatives were not available (see Table 1). Onlythe pyramidal bugle Ajuga pyramidalis (lamiaceae) was not eaten. Potential long-term health impacts on the grasshoppers resulting from the use of these differentplant species as food could not be addressed here. Since the range of available plantspecies becomes more extensive later in the spring, the adults may feed on a greatervariety of plant species than the nymphs do. Five other grasshopper species (acrididae) were found at the study site: the flyingChorthippus biguttulus l.; C. dorsatus Zett.; Omocestus viridulus l.; C. parallelus Zett., with shortened wings in females; and the emerald green Euthystira brachypteraOcsk., with shortened wings in males and females. Of these, the most frequent specieswere O. viridulus and C. parallelus. all of these species were found mostly in grass up to 50 cm in height. Gomphocerus sibiricus l., capable of flight, was observedmostly in low vegetation and on patches of bare earth. In addition, Metrioptera brachyptera l., a member of the Tettigonioidea, was occasionally found near dwarf shrubs of J. communis subsp. nana, although only at the end of august and in Septem­ber. In the case of the different Chorthippus species and O. viridulus, early instar nymphs could be observed at the end of May. G. sibiricus appeared later and was present at the study site only until early august. Table 2: Plants on which early instar M. carinthiaca nymphs were located Plant species Number of early instar nymphs Geum montanum 20 Vaccinium vitis­idaea 12 Potentilla aurea 6 Homogyne alpina 3 Achillea millefolium 1 Luzula multiflora 1 Sesleria sp. 1 Discussion The meadow at the alpine treeline provides M. carinthiaca with a suitable envi-ronment for oviposition and foraging purposes. G. montanum and V. vitis­idaea appear to be among the most important food sources. These plants are usually found Fig. 5: last exuviae of (a) female and (b) male M. carinthiaca. Scale bars: 12 mm and 6 mm, respectively. Moulting took place within one day after the nymphs hadbeen caught in their natural environment. Note brown to black melanisation on thehead, body and legs, as well as reddish melanisation on the underside of the hindfemurs (indicated by arrows). where M. carinthiaca is present, and the grasshoppers were frequently found on theirleaves and could be observed feeding. It should be noted that this is also the case inalpine meadows with poor vegetation at higher elevations, 1900 to 2100 m above sealevel. The reliability of G. montanum and V. vitis­idaea as food sources is aided bythe fact that these plants are particularly stress-resistant, as shown by various studies (MaNUel & al., 1999; aUBerT & al., 2004; GlaSS & al., 2005; SaarINeN & lUNdell,2010). These plants can tolerate the low temperatures and high levels of irradiation(including UV irradiation) that occur when the snow melts. They are also very robustwith regard to drought conditions that can occur during summer heat waves on terrainthat is exposed to the sun. Further evidence that Vaccinium species may be an important food source has been found by aSSHOFF & HäTTeNSCHwIler (2005), in the case of M. alpina living at the alpine treeline in the Swiss alps. These authors clearlyshow that atmospheric changes such as increased carbon dioxide can have a negativeeffect on the nutritional quality of V. myrtillus and V. uliginosum leaves, and hence on the growth rate of M. alpina. In this connection, the willingness of early nymphsto eat the leaves of the alpine coltsfoot H. alpina, a robust plant with overwinteringgreen leaves that is well adapted to alpine environments (STreB & al., 1998; lüTZ & al., 2005), should also be mentioned. In addition, the importance of the role of ever-green plants in providing camouflage for the green grasshoppers is not to be underes-timated. However, after snowmelt, when the whole habitat appears more brown thangreen the brown early nymphs may be better protected from predators. The feeding experiments in the laboratory show that, if necessary, female M. carinthiaca adults can accept the leaves of a relatively large number of plant speciesof various families growing in the habitat as food sources (see Table 1). The leavesconsumed in the experiments have a wide range of tissue hardness and toughness,from needle-like to thick and fleshy. The grasshoppers are clearly able to use theirstrong mandibles to overcome the physical defences of the plants (KU aVOVá, 2015).This robust feeding behaviour may be a necessary adaptation in cases where the pre­ferred plants lose their nutritional quality (see above, aSSHOFF & HäTTeNSCHwIler,2005) or are unavailable. Plants which are rejected as a food source may be inedibleor harmful (BerNayS & CHaPMaN, 2000). Thus, it may be that Ajuga pyramidalis is avoided because this plant contains phytoecdysones which can disturb the hormone­controlled moulting of insect larvae (aNUFrIeVa & al., 1995; CHaUBey, 2018). It was interesting to observe that the M. carinthiaca females touched the leaf surface of A. pyramidalis with their mouthparts without biting it, presumably to evaluate the qualityof the food via external mechanical and/or chemical sensory information. However,the female M. carinthiaca adults did not reject the leaves of Thymus pulegioides as food, although in the case of the herbivorous bush cricket Leptophyes punctatissimait has been found that monoterpenes of the common thyme plant Thymus vulgaris can deter feeding (lINHarT & THOMPSON, 1999). In M. carinthiaca, a possible reasonfor terpene tolerance could be good body condition, perhaps even with detoxificationcapability (see reId & PUrCell, 2011). However, in this study it was not possible todetermine the long-term health effects on the grasshoppers that might result fromfeeding on such plants with secondary compounds as well as other non-preferredplants. Polyphagous behaviour similar to that of M. carinthiaca, with a preference for certain plant species, is also described in the case of M. alpina by HäGele & rOwell-raHIer (1999; see also IBaNeZ & al., 2013). Food selection experiments with the grass-feeding grasshopper O. viridulus conducted by BerNer & al. (2005) suggest that O. viridulus can compensate for the low protein content of grass via se-lective feeding on grasses with contrasting protein content. In this way, the grasshop-pers can balance their intake of protein and energy. It was not possible to investigateindividual feeding behaviour in the field within the M. carinthiaca population. whatremains to be addressed is the specific basis upon which the grasshoppers recognizea plant as suitable food. Finally, the question arises concerning the role played by competition with othergrasshopper species that share the habitat of M. carinthiaca. My initial impression was that G. sibiricus occupies an ecological niche similar to that of M. carinthiaca. G. sibiricus females also prefer low plants, and in the literature it has been reportedthat they require open patches of earth for oviposition. However, M. carinthiaca eggs seem to need higher humidity levels for successful development, and appear to bemore sensitive to dehydration than is the case with G. sibiricus eggs (see also IllICH & wINdING, 1999). This is supported by the fact that I found more M. carinthiaca oviposition sites in wetter areas. Nevertheless, it is possible that M. carinthiaca may be more xerophilic than M. alpina (T. Zuny-Kratky, pers. comm.). I observed that G. sibiricus had disappeared from the study site by early august. It should also be noted that I was not able to observe G. sibiricus at the study site in the years prior to 2017,when the study took place. according to Thomas Zuny-Kratky (pers. comm.), G. sibiricus does not often occur together with M. alpina or M. carinthiaca. IllICH & wINdING (1999) found that G. sibiricus can exhibit wide population fluctuations inthe case of unfavourable changes in the environment. although in this study it wasnot possible to observe the choice of oviposition site of the three Chorthippus species, I know from my experience with C. parallelus and C. brunneus that they will accept a variety of soil conditions (K. Kral, unpubl. obs.). according to CHOUdHUrI (1958), C. parallelus may prefer loose sandy soil. In the case of O. viridulus and E. brachyptera, which prefer to live in grasses, the females usually oviposit at the baseof grass stems (e.g. Festuca sp.) and between the leaves of grasses (reINHardT, 1998; BellMaNN, 2006). Overall, it seems that the three Chorthippus species, O. viridulus, and E. brachyptera do not impact M. carinthiaca population dynamics sig­nificantly with respect to competition for food or oviposition sites. due to their eury-topic character (K. Kral, unpubl. obs.), these five species can clearly also switch toother areas that are less suitable for M. carinthiaca. Throughout the season, I could find only Miramella grasshoppers in alpine meadows on ridges exposed to the windin the eastern part of the Seckau alps at approximately 1900 to 2000 m above sealevel. These meadows were mainly covered with lichens, mosses and carpet-like Loiseleuria procumbens, as well as with P. aurea, G. montanum, short Carex curvula and sparse low Sesleria sp., interspersed with open patches of earth (K. Kral, unpubl.obs.). On the windswept ridges, it is evident that the flightlessness of these grasshoppersmay be an important morphological adaptation, which prevents flight during strongwinds that could cause the grasshoppers to be carried away to unsuitable or even dan-gerous habitats such as extensive scree areas. Acknowledgements I am grateful to Igor Pauši (University of Maribor) for plant identification and toMarkus Sehnal (University of Vienna) for determination of the study insect as M. carinthiaca. I would like to extend special thanks to Veronika Kral for assistance inthe field. I also wish to thank Mary ansell (Halifax, Canada) for providing helpfulcomments and correction of the english text, and dušan devetak (University ofMaribor) for critical reading of an earlier draft of this manuscript and for translatingthe abstract into Slovene. Valuable comments on the manuscript were provided byThomas Zuna-Kratky (University of Vienna). References Angerer O., Muer T., 2004: alpenpflanzen. 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Zuna-Kratky T., Landmann A., Illich I., Zechner L., Essl F., Lechner K., OrtnerA., Weißmair W., Wöss G., 2017: die Heuschrecken österreichs. denisia 39,Biologiezentrum des Oberösterreichischen landesmuseums: 880 pp. Received / Prejeto: 11. 8. 2018 LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 219–232 BUMBLEBEE BROOD TEMPERATURE AND COLONY DEVELOPMENT: A FIELD STUDY anez Q and nton Q * J aculty of dministration University of Ljubljana osarjeva R Ljubljana Slovenia janez grad siol com epartment of ntelligent Systems and Solid State Physics epartment ožef Stefan nstitute amova cesta R Ljubljana Slovenia anton gradisek ijs si Abstract ­areful control of the brood temperature is important in view of successful colony development in social insects ifteen bumblebee colonies of five common entral uropean species in total (Bombus hypnorum B. pratorum B. lapidarius B. pascuorum B. humilis) were monitored for several months and the brood temperature was recorded in regular intervals to investigate the temperature range in which the colony successfully develops to produce a new generation of queens and males olony size was being kept track of and parasites were always promptly removed if discovered Ultimately all colonies in the study were successful We observed that the colonies were very efficient with thermoregulation during the equilibrium period of the colony with the brood temperatures between and ) This study presents a foundation for more detailed studies of temperature in bumblebee nests of the above species in the future J W WoQ R bumblebees thermoregulation nest climate Izvlecek ­S MO Q TUQ CMrK R S X X K N M Q ZVN M X S Q NSJ Q X SJ U den od pomembnih dejavnikov ki vplivajo na uspešen razvoj družine cmrljev je skrbna regulacija temperature zalege U naši študiji smo ve~ mesecev opazovali petnajst družin cmrljev petih pogostih vrst srednje vrope (Bombus hypnorum B. pratorum B. lapidarius B. pascuorum B. humilis) Spremljali smo temperaturo zalege da bi ugotovili v kakšnem temperaturnem obmocju se družina uspešno razvije do izleta novih matic in samckov Poleg tega smo spremljali velikost posameznih družin in odstranili parazite ce so se pojavili Vseh petnajst opazovanih družin je bilo uspešnih Ugotovili smo da je termoregulacija ucinkovitejša pri družinah in vrstah ki imajo ve~ delavk U ravnovesnem obdobju je bila temperatura zalege med in ) študija predstavlja temelje za podrobnejše študije pogojev v gnezdih cmrljev v prihodnosti kK UCM R cmrlji termoregulacija temperatura v gnezdu Introduction umblebees (genus Bombus from the bee family pidae) are important pollinators of various plants Similar to domestic honeybees they are social insects that live in colonies owever they are bulkier in constitution and able to generate considerable quantities of metabolic heat using it to maintain stable body temperatures many de grees above the ambient temperature ( oulson ) This allows them to forage at lower temperatures and even in rain n addition bumblebees employ a technique called buzz pollination or sonication ( e Luca and Vallejo Marin ) to extract pollen from flowers of certain plants which release pollen through small openings in the anthers" tips by shaking the anthers ( a technique that the honeybees are not capable of This way bumblebees are the key pollinators of plants such as clover or tomatoes umblebee flight buzzing sounds of some common entral uropean bum blebee species were the focus of our previous research ( radišek et al ) n the wild different bumblebee species build their nests in different natural envi ronments according to the opportunities and characteristics of the surrounding Many species build their nests in the abandoned burrows of small rodents in the ground while other build their nests on the surface of the ground within tussocks of grass and brushwood and even in abandoned birds" nests squirrels" drays and artificial cavities ( oulson ) Their goal is to find a place that provides enough space for brood development and shelter from rain predators and temperature extremes nsulation allows the bumblebees to conserve the metabolic energy required for thermoregulation ccording to practitioner experiences ( rad et al rad et al ) in the an thropogenic environment the bumblebees exploit man made objects as possible nesting sites n the nest one of the most important tasks of the colony is to keep the nest tem perature as constant as possible to allow successful development of the brood placed inside the comb queen starts building the nest in late winter or early spring when the air temperatures can still vary for a short time from rather low temperatures ap proaching ) up to comfortable ones of about ) The timing depends very much on queens" species their natural requirements where to place the nest and their abilities to maintain the necessary nest temperature ( oulson einrich ) uring the cold periods the queen (and later also the workers) provide heat to the brood by thermogenic activity of thoracic muscles (Masson et al ) y modulating their metabolic activity the adults are able to regulate their abdominal temperature and therefore maintain the brood temperature within a narrow range ( ones and ol droyd ) on the other hand in late spring and summer the outside temperatures rise and the nest has to be cooled down to prevent it from overheating ( the larvae can develop malformations or die if the temperatures surpass a certain threshold overheating is prevented by fanning which becomes the task of the workers that have emerged from the nest by now The nest temperature was studied by several au thors Seeley and einrich ( ) note that the optimal temperature in a nest with a large number of workers is around ) einrich ( ) studied B. vosnesenskii and B. polaris and found out that the brood temperature can vary from to ) Weidenmüller ( ) studied fanning behaviour in B. terrestris as being triggered by increased temperature and N concentration in the nest n the experiment the heating of the nest went up to about ) This study marks the temperature around ) as favourable while higher temperatures resulted in increased fanning intensity Weidenmüller et al ( ) also found that larger bumblebee colonies (of or more individuals) responded to environmental perturbations faster and more efficiently than the smaller ones other authors ( agen intermeier Matheson Witte and Seger ) state that the temperature in the nest is ) while the temperature of the comb that contains no brood can be a couple of de grees lower ccording to einrich ( ) temperatures below ) are generally considered to inhibit the growth and may cause developmental damage in bumblebee species ean ( ) studied thermal stress in B. impatients by exposing late stage larvae to sub lethal heat and cold stress ( ) ) The stress resulted in some workers developing abnormal colour patterns although no statistically consistent colour change response was observed Schultze Motel ( ) studied temperature fluctuations in a B. lapidarius nest placed in a calorimeter box connected to the outside to allow normal foraging outings The brood cell temperatures were maintained between and ) while the fluctuations of the heat loss were measured as well they typically showed a sinusoidal fluctuations through the day n s ye and Medler ( ) performed a field study of three North merican species (B. borealis, B. rufocinctus and B. fervidus) using thermocouples installed in the nests to check the daily temper ature fluctuations They found that the brood temperature was about ) with the temperature fluctuating more when a smaller number of workers was present n studies of similar social insects ook et al ( ) studied fanning behaviour in honeybees (Apis mellifera) in response to different rates of increasing temperature the authors state that the bees keep the temperature of the nest below ) on the other hand öcherl et al ( ) studied nest thermoregulation in paper wasp Polistes dominula that build combs without the cover and are therefore more sensitive to ther mal fluctuations They found out that instead of fanning the main mean of cooling is the evaporation of water that the wasps bring to the nest n the studies mentioned above the systematic studies of temperature variations in a nest and the bumblebee response were typically conducted in laboratory settings and over short timeframes except for the study of ye and Medler ( ) that took place in the field n our observation based field study we were interested in the tem perature in bumblebee nests developing in suitable nest boxes (bumblebee hives) in the field over a longer time period covering most of the lifetime of the colony in re sponse to the developmental stage of the colony outside temperatures and other ex ternal influences such as the infestation with parasites We focused on the temperature of the brood cells as the proper temperature interval of the brood allows for successful development of a new generation ifteen colonies of five bumblebee species in total were monitored starting roughly with the emergence of the first workers and con cluding after the first young queens and males of the new generation started to emerge from the nest thus ensuring the survival of the species in the following year We were monitoring the temperature of the brood the external temperature and the number of individuals in the nest n accordance with the literature (Schultze Motel ) the consecutive stages of the colony development are as follows ( ) The period of upbringing is the time interval after the old queen has started to collect pollen for the first batch of the brood until the workers of the batch have started to forage ( ) The equilibrium period sees a large number of workers and ends when young queens and males start to fly out of the nest to mate ( ) The period of decline follows the equilibrium and ends when there is no more brood in the comb cells of the nest Ultimately all bumblebees except the young queens perish To our best knowledge this is the first multi species temperature study of some common bumblebee species of entral urope spanning over several months The main aim of the presented study was to look at temperature intervals which allow the bumblebee colonies to develop to the stage where they produce new queens and males thus ensuring the survival of the new generation our study further presents a useful ground for more detailed studies in future with aims in finding optimal rearing temperatures for research on bumblebees to understand thermal requirements across species and to understand what factors contribute to ability to control the thermal en vironment of the nest Materials and methods ifteen bumblebee colonies of five different bumblebee species (B. hypnorum B. pratorum B. lapidarius B. pascuorum B. humilis) were monitored in the study as listed in Table The colonies have been brought up by the queens that had hatched at the place the previous year and had returned back to their hatching place in spring ( this determined the species and the number of colonies per individual species in cluded in the study The nest boxes were made of wood of standard design used for this purpose (see for example Prys ones and orbet ) Single chambered boxes are more suitable for species that build nests on the surface of the ground (such as B. humilis, B. pascuorum, B. ruderarius) while double chambered boxes (containing an ante chamber) are more likely to be populated by the species that build nests under the surface such as B. lucorum, B. terrestris, B. hortorum, B. argillaceus, B. sylvarum, B. pratorum, B. haematurus, B. hypnorum but can also be populated by the surface species (author’s observation) The nest boxes were located in the village of Petelinje ol pri Ljubljani munici pality Slovenia (elevation m moderate continental climate (köppen climate classification fb)) The nest boxes were protected from direct sunlight during most of day receiving it only up to am the latest The study took place during the spring and summer months of The spring of in Slovenia was marked by a warm period in March followed by an unusually cold spell in pril causing the collapse of several bumblebee colonies where the brood was already developing The colonies in our study survived the cold Table 1: umblebee colonies monitored in the study denoting the dates of im portant events for the colony (all in ) together with the average equilibrium brood temperature olony designation Queen enters the nest box Measurements begin irst new queen leaves Parasites removed Measurements end verage equilibrium brood temperature B. pratorum ) B. hypnorum 1 ) B. hypnorum 2 ) B. hypnorum 3 ) B. hypnorum 4 ) B. lapidarius 1 ) B. lapidarius 2 ) B. pascuorum ) B. humilis 1 ) B. humilis 2 ) B. humilis 3 ) B. humilis 4 ) B. humilis 5 ) B. humilis 6 ) B. humilis 7 ) This colony was moved from a meadow ground into the nest box on une already containing a queen and two workers The average temperature for this colony spans over the whole observation period The brood temperature was measured using a conventional digital probe ther mometer (S LS onrad lectronic R ) or each of the measurements the nest box was opened and the tip of the probe was placed on the surface of the comb containing brood and the maximum temperature was recorded by probing several parts of the comb (it should be stressed that some parts of the comb especially toward the edges had temperature up to ) lower) or B. hypnorum families with large numbers of aggressive workers the operator had to wear a full beekeeping gear for protection while the measurements were always carried out around noon or in early afternoon in situ in order not to further provoke the workers or other four species the measurements were carried out in the evening or early in the night either in situ or with the nest box being carried indoors for the measurement for convenience reasons (better light conditions) ere we always assumed that the heat capacity of the comb is sufficiently high that the temperature does not change significantly during the time required to (quickly) remove the nest insulation push the probe inside the nest cover the nest and perform the measurements n our study the use of a probe thermometer was seen as more appropriate than the use of thermocouples ( as the latter would represent a permanent foreign object in the nest while the thermometer only causes a temporal disturbance n addition a probe thermometer allows us to de termine the parts containing the brood more precisely The beginning of the temperature measurements roughly coincided with the emer gence of the first workers or each of the measurements that were first carried out on weekly basis and later in day intervals the following data were recorded brood temperature time of the measurement external air temperature together with daily maximum and minimum and the number of workers in the nest or most colonies the measurements concluded some days after the first new queen left the nest n exception was the B. pascuorum nest due to its rather long life cycle where the measurements ended some days earlier ollowing the conclusion of the temper ature measurements the nests kept being monitored for general health of the bumblebee colonies uring the course of the development some colonies were infested by a wax moth (Aphomia sociella) a common bumblebee parasite n most cases this took place after the temperature measurements had already concluded The parasites were removed from the nest immediately after being observed for the first time and it appears that all colonies continued with the development normally afterwards t each measurement we estimated the family size s the measurements mostly took place in the evenings when the bees were in the nest boxes it was straightforward to count estimate both the number of workers and new queens in the open box Results ll monitored bumblebee colonies underwent a successful development cycle ( from the old queen building a nest and laying eggs through the hatching of the first workers to the hatching of new queens and males that left the nest The development of the colony differs from species to species While the B. pratorum colony produced first new queens already in May and declined in mid une other species such as B. humilis and B. pascuorum only started producing first workers in late May but con tinued to thrive well into ugust n the colonies with large numbers of workers fan ning behaviour was observed when the outside temperatures exceeded ) in shade The general observation is that the temperature of the brood for all colonies was roughly between and ) throughout the equilibrium period of the colony whilethe temperature was somewhat lower during the upbringing period with a smallnumber of workers (as seen in most colonies) and during the decline (as seen in B. pratorum) or all colonies except for B. pratorum we noticed the transition between the upbringing and the equilibrium periods when the number of workers increasedsignificantly When the measurements started the B. pratorum colony already was in the equilibrium period and entered the decline in the last week other colonies werestill in the equilibrium when the measurements concluded with the new queens hatching igs and show the measured brood temperature together with the colony size ig shows the data for eight colonies of four species while ig shows the data for seven B. humilis colonies ig shows detailed measurements of selected colonies one representative example per each species n the following we first look at eachspecies individually and then at some general observations n the single colony of B. pratorum monitored the queen moved to the nest box in late March The first new queens appeared in the second half of May and thecolony already lost the old queen in early une The maximum number of workers Figure 1: Top brood temperature in the nests of B. pratorum, B. hypnorum, B. lapidarius, and B. pascuorum Dashed line indicates the upbringing period while the solid line indicates the equilibrium period reflecting the increase in the worker num bers ottom number of workers in a colony at a given date The legend for thenumber of workers on y axis is the following is less than is between and is between and and is above workers Figure 2: Top brood temperature in the nests of seven colonies of B. humilis Dashed line indicates the upbringing period while the solid line indicates the equilibrium period reflecting the increase in the worker numbers (note that B. humilis never exceeded workers) ottom number of workers in a colony at a given date the legend on the y axis is described in ig recorded in the nest was about and about new queens hatched The average brood temperature during the equilibrium period of the colony was ) while the temperature dropped to ) during the decline when the comb was almost devoid of new larvae n B. hypnorum colonies the queens moved to the nest boxes within the last tendays of March and new queens emerged from all four nests at the end of May beginningof une within four days n colonies the colony development followed a very similar pattern at the beginning of the temperature measurements on May there were around workers in the nest already Within the following weeks the numberof newly hatched workers increased above bout to new queens hatched in each colony The average brood temperature during the equilibrium period was ) for colony ) for colony and ) for colony olony was smaller in numbers in comparison to other three starting with less than workers at the beginning of the measurements (with consequently lower temperature of ) ) n the following three weeks the number of workers increased to about about new queens hatched The average temperature during the equilibrium period was ) n all four cases the deviations from the average value were always below ) The two queens of B. lapidarius settled their nests with the time difference of days however the first new queens emerged from both nests almost simultaneously olony the queen of which settled in the nest later grew the number of workers above and about a week earlier than colony with the maximum number of workers about olony produced about new queens and colony about uring the equilibrium period the average temperature was ) for colony and ) for colony gain the deviations from the average were below ) olony had nest infestation with the wax moth in the middle of the observation period however a quick discovery and removal of the parasites resulted in no apparent changes of the colony development n comparison other cases of nest infestation took place after the first new queens have already left the nests The queen of B. pascuorum entered the nest box in early pril n the second half of May there were still less than workers in the nest while by mid uly there were over bout new queens hatched in the colony uring the equilibrium period the average brood temperature was ) B. humilis represented the largest set in the study with seven colonies one of which (colony ) was moved from the field to the nest box in mid une as an already formed nest The queens of colonies moved to the hives sometime between the beginning of pril and beginning of May n late May and early une these colonies contained small numbers of workers (about or less) only on une the number of workers increased above New queens emerged within the span of days in mid uly showing no apparent link to the time the old queens settled in the nest box nB. humilis we could observe how the brood temperature is rising with the increasing number of workers until it becomes more or less constant when a large number of workers is present (equilibrium period) The maximum number of workers in these six colonies was somewhere between and while the number of new queens was between and n the early stages the temperature could be as low as ) (colony ) uring the equilibrium period the average brood temperature was ) for colony ) for colony ) for colony ) for colony ) for colony and ) for colony olony never grew above workers and the first new queen (only two new queens emerged in total) only appeared in the second half of ugust The average temperature during the observation period was ) n all B. humilis nests the deviations from the average temperature during the equi librium period were even smaller than in other species below ) ollowing the conclusion of the temperature measurements the status of the colonies was checked occasionally Six more colonies saw the infestation with the wax moth which was removed upon discovery The life span of the colonies was similar to what was expected for particular species based on the previous observation The old queens died before the last workers did although it is difficult to pinpoint the time of death of the queen without opening the nest box The last workers of B. pra­torum died on uly B. hypnorum between uly the two B. lapidarius colonies on ugust and october respectively while some individual workers of B. humilis and B. pascuorum survived up to the first week of November Figure 3: olony development plots for five selected bumblebee colonies Red circles represent the brood temperature Black squares represent the external temperature at the time of the measurement while the error bars correspond to the maximumand minimum temperatures of the day the measurement took place Blue empty circles (legend at the right side) indicate the estimate of the colony size as discussed in ig Green arrow indicates the date the first new queens left the nest while the purple arrow in B. lapidarius plot indicates the day the wax moth parasite was removed from the nest box n all colonies the brood temperature measurements are in a good agreement with the related work mentioned in the introduction Throughout the equilibrium period the brood temperature was between and ) the deviations from the average temperature for individual colony were less than ) and for B. humilis even below ) specially in B. humilis the relation between the colonies size and the efficiency of thermoregulation is clearly visible with the brood temperature being lower during the upbringing and roughly constant during the equilibrium with a large number of workers being more efficient in thermoregulation than small numbers Discussion n the area around Ljubljana based on the observations by the authors in the years the queens of the most common Slovenian bumblebee species (B. lucorum, B. terrestris, B. hypnorum, B. hortorum, B. pratorum, B. haematurus, B. lapidarius, B. argillaceus, B. pascuorum, B. humilis, B. sylvarum and B. ruderarius) in general emerge from their winter hibernation sites in March and first ten days of pril ( rad et al rad et al ) Sometimes queens of B. lucorum or B. terrestis emerge already in ebruary queens were already observed for example on ebruary and ebruary The year was exceptional due to a wet and snowy March the queens emerged no earlier than between pril Later on many of these queens would perish due to cold and wet weather intervals s seen in Table in the queens in our study entered the nest boxes between the second half of March and early May The long term studies of the temperature in the bumblebee nests of ye and Medler ( ) and Schultze Motel ( ) used thermocouples inserted inside the nest When designing our experiment we decided against this approach as the ther mocouple is a foreign object in the nest ased on our previous experience bumblebees tend to avoid foreign objects which could influence the measurements n addition the queen after the first hatch lays eggs on top of the comb in different places meaning that the thermocouple would no longer be at the ideal position on the other hand a quick measurement with a probe thermometer allows a precise measurement of the maximal brood temperature ere we think it is safe to assume that an occasional comb cover removal in order to place the probe thermometer on the top of the brood containing cells and an immediate covering back the comb afterwards rep resents a negligible influence on the long term dynamics of the colony and also that the heat capacity of the brood containing comb is sufficiently high so that the tem perature remains constant during the time of the measurement (that takes under five minutes) ollowing the analysis of the results we decided to repeat the study in future using thermocouples to continuously monitor the temperature in the nest boxes owever they should be repositioned every couple of days in order to be located close to the brood uring the days the measurements took place the outside temperature was almost always lower than the brood temperature n addition the nest boxes were located in shade and not exposed to direct sunlight therefore no overheating of the brood took place ( also reflected in the fact that all colonies in the study were successful in raising new queens and males n both the studies of ye and Medler ( ) and Schultze Motel ( ) it was observed that the fluctuations of the temperature were typically around ) around the average during the day This is also in agreement with the variations in the temperature between our individual measurements The fanning behaviour was observed in the colonies with large number of workers when the outside temperature was above ) in shade which is consistent with the reports of Weidenmüller ( ) on the other hand in future studies we also plan to monitor the air temperature in the nest boxes to establish the relationship between the air and brood temperature in the observed species Conclusion n the bumblebee colonies of species studied the brood temperatures were between and ) during the equilibrium period within each colony the temper ature fluctuations were up to ) around the average value s all colonies survived and successfully produced new queens and males this temperature range is favourable for brood development which is in agreement with previous research on the topic although on different bumblebee species n all species studied the colony development cycle was in line with the observations from previous years The brood temperature was observed to be lower during the upbringing and the decline periods when there is a smaller number of workers present in the nest uring the study the outside tem perature was typically lower than the brood temperature indicating that the workers are efficient in thermoregulation when it comes to heating the brood s seen well especially in B. humilis thermoregulation is more efficient when there is a larger number of workers in the colony which is reasonable s there were no prolonged periods of heat and the nest boxes were not exposed to direct sunlight there were no cases of the colony overheating ( although fanning behaviour was observed when the outside temperature exceeded ) in shade The study was set out as a season long field study with as little interference as possible in order to properly reflect the field conditions n future we plan to equip several nest boxes with a series of thermocouples to continuously monitor the tem perature fluctuations in different parts of the nest and to study how quickly different species react to changes of the conditions outside References Cook, C. 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Oštir, T., Jenic, A., redkejše vrste cmrljev v Sloveniji Znacilnosti cmrljev in zanimivosti (Sparsely inhabited bumblebee species in Slovenia um blebees haracteristics and interesting things) eljska Mohorjeva družba elje Slovenia Gradišek A., Slapnicar G., Šorn J., Luštrek M., Gams M., Grad J., Pre dicting species identity of bumblebees through analysis of flight buzzing sounds Bioacoustics Hagen, E. von, ummeln bestimmen ansiedeln vermehren schuetzen Natur buch Verlag ugsburg ermany Heinrich, B., umblebee conomics arvard University Press ambridge Massachusetts and London ngland ifth Printing Heinrich, B., er ummelstaat ( Überlebens Strategien einer uralten Tierart con Ullstein List Verlag mb ! o J Muenchen Hintermeier, H., Hintermeier, M., ienen ummeln Wespen im arten und in der Landschaft ayerischer Landesverband für artenbau und Lan despflege München uflage Höcherl, N., Kennedy, S., Tautz, J., Nest thermoregulation of the paper wasp Polistes dominula Journal of Thermal Biology, Jones, J. C., Oldroyd, B. P., Nest Thermoregulation in Social nsects Advances in Insect Physiology Kearns, C. A., Thomson, J. D., The Natural istory of Bumblebees Source book for nvestigations The University Press of olorado oulder olorado Masson, W.C. S., Hedges, P. C., Devaux, B. L. J., Christal, S. J. ! Hickey, J. R. A., Mitochondrial glycerol phosphate facilitates bumble pre flight ther mogenesis Scientific reports Matheson, A. (ed ) umblebee ees for pleasure and profit Q ( nterna tional ee research ssociation ardiff Prys­Jones, O. E. ! Corbet, S. A., umlebees Naturalists' andbooks ambridge University Press ambridge Schultze­Motel, P., eat loss and thermoregulation in a nest of the bumblebee Bombus lapidarius ( ymenoptera pidae) Thermochimica Acta Seeley, T. D. and Heinrich, B. regulation of temperature in nests of social insects Insect Thermoregulation, edited by einrich pp ohn Wiley New york Weidenmüller, A., The control of nest climate in bumblebee (Bombus terrestris) colonies nterindividual variability and self reinforcement in fanning responseBehavioural Ecology. Weidenmüller, A., Kleineidam, C., Tautz J., ollective control of nest climate parameters in bumblebee colonies Animal Behaviour Witte, G. R., Seger, J., ummeln brauchen bluehendes Land Westarp Wis senschaften Verlags esellschaft mb ohenwarsleben Received / Prejeto LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 233–242 THE ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT ALIEN INVASIVE PLANTHOP­PERS IN TURKEY (HEMIPTERA: FULGOROMORPHA) min] c] niversitq acultq o^ gricultur] an\ aturad ciencek epartmenl o^ iel\ ropk onuralh c] urkeq maid eminedemir\ yahog coe Abstract lief invasiv] emipterY speciek ar] insectk o^ speciad interesl if termk o^ theij nutritionad characteristick an\ theij damag] an\ potentiad effectk of cultivate\ plantk f thik studq th] availabl] informationk of th] twg planthoppej speciek thal ar] invasiv] if th] westerf alaearcti[ regiof an\ ar] harmfud polyphagicallq of th] lisl ar] summara e\ an\ revise\ h] effectk o^ Metcalfa pruinosa ( aq o^ th] latida] familq an\ Orosanga japonica ( elichaj o^ th] icaniida] familq ar] seef particularlq intens] if th] asterf lacc eY egiof if urkeq osl plantk o^ thes] speciek theij possibl] effectk origink an\ geographicad distributiof ar] givef alief invasiv] speciek Metcalfa pruinosa Orosanga japonica hosl plantk urkeq Izvlecek X ( ujerodn] invY ivn] vrst] redY emipterY sg m elk] ka nak ] posebeb animajg vidikY njihovi` prehranjevalni` lastnosta if kod] tej potencialni` m inkon nY kulturn] rastlin] teb tudija sg pon et] if revidiran] rY polg ljiv] informacij] g dve` vrsta` kj atkon invY ivni` n ahodna palearkta na regija if stY kodljiva mng gojeda nY s] namm inka vrsl Metcalfa pruinosa ( aq a drm in] lY tida] if Orosanga japonica ( elichaj a drm in] icaniida] sg posebng a rY ita n hodna rnomorska regija n uj ija aveden] sg gostiteljsk] rastlin] te` vrsl njihova mg na m inka a voj if geografskY rY irjenosl tujerodn] invY ivn] vrst] Metcalfa pruinosa Orosanga japonica gostiteljsk] rastlin] uj ijY Introduction lief speciek ar] speciek thal ar] distribute\ outsid] o^ theij naturad geographicad distributiof areak foj variouk reasonk osl o^ thes] alief speciek ar] o^ greal impoj 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o^ foreigf invasiv] speciek an\ tak] th] necessarq precautionk speciek belongin_ tg familiek o^ planthopperk ar] knowf froe urkeq ( emij wg o^ thes] speciek ar] invasiv] alief speciek heq hav] beef atl ractin_ attentiof if recenl yeark du] tg th] damagek cause\ if agriculturad plantk ek peciallq if asterf lacc eY egiof hes] ar] Metcalfa pruinosa ( aq ( lY tida] froe ort` mericY an\ Orosanga japonica ( elichaj ( icaniida] froe asl siY ccordin_ tg th] uropeaf an\ editerraneaf lanl rotectiof rgana atiof ( Orosanga japonica is a majoj planl pesl occurin_ mostlq if tropicad regionk an\ lowej tropick if th] easterf hemispher] hik speciek wak recorde\ froe urkeq ( lacc eY coasl foj th] firsl tim] if an\ publishe\ bq emij ( f il wak recorde\ if th] mout` o^ th] rivej elekY al th] lacc eY coasl o^ ulgariY ( jonon jonon an\ hishiniovY l wak recorde\ froe th] esl al] arcti[ regiof if eorgiY ( rasnodaj provinc] an\ krain] ( n] dilon an\ uggoen l wak reporte\ thal thik speciek ik Y vectoj o^ funguk pathogenk if chestnul fg restk if th] bkhY iaf esearc` orestk xperimenl tatiof o^ th] aucasuk ( uc mY ovY an\ elikhovkif l wak reporte\ thal il cause\ majoj damagek if teY an\ kiwa gardef if urkeq k easterf lacc eY coasl ( c el ad l wak alsg r] corde\ if th] westerf lacc eY regiof bq tema ( ik] th] previouk speciek Metcalfa pruinosa ik liste\ amon_ th] majoj planl pestk bq th] uropeaf an\ editerraneaf lanl rotectiof rgana atiof ( hik sp] ciek wak recorde\ bq arsavuraf ! d ( foj th] firsl tim] froe urkeq if if mij ( egeaf oasl thak beef identifie\ firstlq if ort` mericY ( anadY rY id an\ aribbeaf slandk an\ seef firsl if talq if urop] ( an\ latej reporte\ tg caus] damag] if talq ranc] wil erlan\ an\ loveniY ( l hak alsg beef reporte\ froe an\ tg caus] significanl damag] if roatiY ( uljac el ad ustriY ( trausk an\ omaniY ( redY an\ kolkY rg eY el ad iceoa el ad rg eY el ad ( trie\ tg provid] biologicad controd againsl thik speciek bq usin_ occinelli\ speciek if ornamentad plantk if omaniY amerina ( conducte\ Y researc` of spidej speciek tg provid] biologicad controd againsl thik speciek whic` ik commof if treek if th] northerf parl o^ talq q usin_ modelin_ softwar] yeof el ad ( estimate\ thal th] globallq predi[ tabl] worldwid] distributiof o^ thik speciek woul\ expan\ if th] nort` easterf directiof an\ reporte\ thal Y controlle\ preventiof systee wak neede\ hkhai\ ] el ad ( suggeste\ thal M. pruinosa coul\ b] Y phytoplasmY vectoj if eorgiaf vineyardk onata el ad ( reporte\ thal thik speciek maq b] th] Pseudomonas syringae vectoj whic` producek bacteriad cancej if kiwa orchardk if talq f urkeq antY el ad ( reporte\ thik speciek fore akaryY an\ alovY il wak foun\ of quinc] hik speciek ik distribute\ if th] editerraneaf an\ th] lacc eY regionk an\ hak beef reporte\ tg caus] damag] especiallq if kiwa gardenk if agriculturad areak if th] asterf lacc eY egiof ( ncaf kl rc ( conducte\ biopesticid] experimentk tg establis` Y struggl] strategq againsl thik speciek if rtvif if th] asterf lacc eY egiof Materials and Methods h] samplek examine\ if thik studq wer] collecte\ wit` aspiratoj if th] hY elnul an\ walnul gardenk if c akocY an\ onuralh if c] froe esterf lacc eY egiof ftej conversiof tg standar\ museue materiad if th] laboratorq th] specimenk wer] identifie\ amplek ar] kepl if th] authoj k collectiof Results h] localitq distributiof an\ hosl planl informatiof o^ th] examine\ specimenk ar] givef beloo Orosanga japonica (Melichar, 1898) amilq icaniida] myol ! udinel ervill] ynonymq Ricania japonica elichaj previouk combinatiof o^ Orosanga japonica ( elichaj accordin_ tg ayasha ! ujinumY ( Material: c] c akocY eneva astl] hes] plaf thopperk wer] collecte\ froe th] bordej o^ hY elnul gardenk f Platanus orientalis Rubus sh Clematis vitalba an\ Corylus avallena larg] numbej o^ specimenk wer] observe\ of th] plantk ( igures Zoogeographic range: hinY ndiY apaf ( onshm yushm hikokm ansea shotg ( yukym slandk aiwaf krain] urkeq eorgiY ( rasnodaj ulgariaf bhY iY ( oc` ourgoinDistribution in Turkey: a ] pron entej ( emij rtvif pron rhava opY emalpY Y a ] pron rd] ef ayela erepY aj n\ kd Y aj raZ of pron rakd ^ rmen] ( c el ad c] pron c akocY ( tema Host plants: emij ( reporte\ thik speciek froe Vitis vinifera Rubus sh Camelia sinensis Ficus carica Phaseolus vulgaris Cucumis sativus Lycopersicum esculentum an\ weedk c an\ otherk ( gav] Y larg] numbej o^ hosl plantk se] tabl] Table 1. osl plantk o^ Orosanga japonica if urkeq bbreviatiof o^ provinc] namek if th] tabl] rtvif c] a ] raZ of Family Species Province Reference latanacea] Platanus orientalis (plan] hik studq osacea] Rubus sh (blackberrq hik studq emij c el ad etulacea] Corylus avellana (hY elnul hik studq c el ad tema anunculacea] Clematis vitalba hik studq itacea] Vitis vinifera (grap] emij c el ad heacea] Camelia sinensis (teY emij c el ad oracea] Ficus carica (fi_ emij c el ad abacea] Phaseolus vulgaris (beank emij ucurbitacea] Cucumis sativus (cucumbej emij c el ad olanacea] Lycopersicum esculentum (tomatg emij doxacea] Sambucus sh (eldej berrq c el ad rossulariacea] Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruil c el ad ydrangeacea] Hydrangea macrophylla c el ad etulacea] Alnus sh (aldej tre] c el ad osacea] Laurocerasus officinalis c el ad rticacea] Urtica sh (nettl] c el ad abacea] Robinia pseudoacacia c el ad steracea] Artemisia absinthium (wormwoo\ c el ad osacea] Eriobotrya japonica (japanes] plue c el ad amiacea] Lavandula sh (lavendej c el ad utacea] Poncirus trifoliata c el ad unglandacea] Junglans regia (walnul c el ad benacea] Diospyros lotus c el ad osacea] Malus sh (appl] c el ad utacea] Citrus reticulata (mandarif c el ad agacea] Castanea sativa (chestnul c el ad olanacea] Solanum melongena (eggplanl c el ad Metcalfa pruinosa (Say, 1830) amilq latida] pinola Material: c] c akocY eneva astl] onuralh Y d c ocatiof ifteh narlaj hes] planthopperk wer] collecte\ froe th] bordej o^ hY elnul an\ walnul gardenk f Corylus avellena Junglans regia Ficuscarica Laurocerasus officinalis Platanus orientalis Rubus sh Clematis vitalba larg] numbej o^ specimenk wer] observe\ of th] plantk (figurek Fig. 1-6: Orosanga japonica of variouk hosl plantk if hY elnul gardenk of Platanus orientalis, of Clematis vitalba, Y nymp` of Platanus orientalis, specimenk o^ O. japonica an\ M. pruinosa of th] sam] planl Zoogeographic range: ort` mericY in[ ubY an\ exicg ntroduce\ tg manq countriek o^ th] editerraneaf regiof an\ alsg entrad urop] (se] oc` ourgoin Distribution in Turkey: mij pron ad ovY ( arsavuraf an\ d akaryY pron evy] alovY pron entej ( antY el ad rdm pron ll f ordm ej emb] atsY ny] ( ncaf Host plants: ccordin_ tg il ik Y highlq polyphagouk insecl thal caf attacc fruil treek foresl treek ornamentad plantk an\ weedk hosl plantk wer] recorde\ if talq amag] tg citruk fruitk grapevinek fi_ treek blackberriek applek pearsolivek apricotk walnutk plumk sunflowej soybeaf hav] beef reporte\ xamplek o^ speciek wer] collecte\ if urkeq if th] egeaf regiof mandarif treek ( arsavuraf an\ tron_ antY el ad ( foun\ il if quinc] gardenk if akaryY an\ Y lovY ncaf ( reporte\ thal thik speciek wak th] caus] o^ th] damagek if th] kiwa gardenk if th] lacc eY egiof (tabl] Table 2. osl plantk o^ Metcalfa pruinosa if urkeq Family Species Province Reference unglandacea] Junglans regia (walnul c] hik studq latanacea] Platanus orientalus (plan] c] hik studq osacea] Rubus sh (blackberrq c] hik studq etulacea] Corylus avallena (hY elnul c] hik studq anunculacea] Clematis vitalba c] hik studq oracea] Ficus carica (fi_ c] hik studq osacea] Laurocerasus officinalis (cherrq laured c] hik studq utacea] Citrus reticulata mij arsavuraf an\ d rossulariacea] Actinidia deliciosa (kiwifruil rdm ncaf Discussion Orosanga japonica hak beef recorde\ froe urkeq firsl if if a ] bq emij ( f subsequenl yeark manq Ricania simulans ( alkej recordk wer] givef bq d el ad ( kl rc an\ hd ( an\ c el ad ( thinc thal th] specimenk recorde\ if thes] studiek ak Ricania simulans ( alkej ar] if facl Orosanga japonica sinc] R. simulans ik distribute\ onlq if hinY ( ujiaf a angxa Zhejian_ ndiY apaf an\ aiwaf ( ourgoif O. japonica ik distribute\ if th] lacc eY egiof if th] wesl uh tg c akocY provinc] ( tema l ik state\ thal thik speciek causek greal economi[ problemk foj teY an\ kiwa gardenk ( d el ad kl rc an\ hd c el ad hik studq provek thal il ik alsg widesprea\ if hY elnul gardenk if th] esl lacc eY an\ distribute\ ald ovej th] lacc eY coasl f ordej tg prevenl Y situatiof similaj tg teY gardenk if hY elnul gardenk il ik necessarq tg controd th] populationcontinuouslq an\ tak] necessarq precautionk f additiof th] risc o^ bein_ Y vectoj foj virad an\ fungad pathogenk shoul\ b] considered Metcalfa pruinosa hak sprea\ if westerf an\ northerf natoliY aftej recorde\ if mij ad ovY bq ( arsavuraf an\ d lsg state\ thal il cause\ ecg Fig. 7 -11: Metcalfa pruinosa of variouk hosl plantk if walnul an\ hY elnul gaj denk of Junglans regia Corylus avellana M. pruinosa secretionk of walnul fruil of Ficus carica of lea^ o^ plan] nomi[ damagek especiallq if th] asterf lacc eY reagiof ( antY el ad f caf kl rc M. pruinosa causek losk o^ nutritionad valu] if plantk becaus] saprophyt] funguk (fumagin] growk of th] sweel substanc] release\ if abundanl amountk aestheticad hare tg ornamentad plantk an\ losk if markel valu] ( ellY iustinY ! avarrg uccha ! antina f th] othej han\ th] speciek caf carrq diseas] agentk suc` ak virusek bacteriY an\ phytoplasmak if grapevinek an\ othej hostk l ik importanl tg controd populationk o^ thik speciek whic` ar] abundantlq foun\ if c] especiallq if walnul hY elnul fi_ an\ cherrq laured treek Acknowledgements woul\ lik] tg thanc j tfa def whg tooc th] photok o^ specimenk of th] hosl plantk ( c] niversitq rl esigf an\ rchitectur] acultq References Ak, K., Güçlü, S., Eken, C., Sekban, R. rkiy] a if yena bij arard Ricania simulans ( alkej ( emipterY icaniida] Türk. Entomol. Derg ( Bourgoin, T. ( ulgoromorphY istk of h] eZ Y worl\ knowledg] bas] dedicate\ tg ulgoromorphY ersiof update\ lasl updat] htth hemipterY databasek or_ floo Byeon, D-H., Jung, J-M., Jung, S., Lee, W-H. redictiof o^ globad geographi[ distributiof o^ Metcalfa pruinosa usin_ Entomol. Res Camerini, G. piderk ( ranea] ak predatork o^ th] exoti[ Metcalfa pruinosa ( aq ( omopterY latida] if th] centrad westerf g loodplaif ( ortherf talq Indian J. Arachn ( Chkhaidze, N.M., Lobjanidze, Mz.I., Dzmanashvili, I.I., Barjadze, Sh.Z., Maghradze, D.N. rapevin] phytolpasmY diseas] if eorgiY Ann. Agrar. Sci Ciceoi, R., Dobrin, I., Mardare, E.S., Dicianu, E.D., Stanica, F. mergin_ pestk o^ Ziziphus jujube croh if omaniY Sci. Papers Ser. B Hortic Culjak, T.G., Ostojic, I., Skelin, I., Grubišic, D., Jelovcan, S. Metcalfa pru­inosa ( aq ( omopterY latida] potencijalng opasaf tetnic m novie odrm jimY Entomol. Croat ( Della Giustina, W., Navarro, E. Metcalfa pruinosa uf nouved envahisseuj Phytoma Demir, E. ulgoromorphY an\ icadomorphY o^ urkeq arl editerraneaf egiof ( emipterY Mun. Ent. Zool Demir, E. Ricania ermaj speciek o^ esterf alaearcti[ egiof ( ] mipterY ulgoromorphY icaniida] Mun. Ent. Zool ( Donati, I., Mauri, S., Buriani, G., Cellini, A., Spinelli, F. ol] o^ Metcalfa pruinosa ak Y ectoj foj Pseudomonas syringae pn actinidae Plant. Pathol ( EPPO Metcalfa pruinosa Y neo pesl if urop] uropeaf an\ editerraneaf lanl rotectiof rgana atiof eportin_ ervic] ng ue articl] EPPO. Ricania japonica: Y neo polyphagouk insecl foun\ if th] regiof ( uropeaf an\ editerraneaf lanl rotectiof rgana atiof eportin_ ervic] ng arik estk EPPO. eo datY of quarantin] pestk an\ pestk o^ lerl isl uropeaf an\ editerraneaf lanl rotectiof rgana atiof eportin_ ervic] ng ue articl] Gjonov, I. Ricania japonica elichaj Y representativ] o^ familq icY niida] ( omopterY ulgoromorphY neo tg th] faunY o^ ulgariY ZooNotes Gjonov, I., Shishiniova, M. lief uchenorrhynchY ( nsectY emipterY ud goromorphY an\ icadomorphY tg ulgariY Bulg. J. Agric. Sci ( uppd Gnezdilov, V. M., Sugonyaev, E. S. irsl recor\ o^ Metcalfa pruinosa g mopterY ulgoroideY latida] froe ussiY Zoosyst. Ross ( Göktürk, T., Mihli, A. g m aradena sahid eridinif nemla arard k Ricania simulans ( alkej ( emipterY icaniida] " f e cadelesa erin] arY l j malaj Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Dergisi. ( Göktürk, T h] ffecl o^ iped an\ prm il iopesticidek of Metcalfa pruinosa ( aq ( omopterY latida] International Journal of Environment Agri­culture and Biotechnology ( Grozea, I., Gogan, A., Virteiu, A.M., Grozea, A., Stef, R., Molnar, L., Carabet,A., Dinnesen, S. Metcalfa pruinosa aq ( nsectY omopterY latida] neo pesl if omaniY Afr. J. Agric. Res., ( Grozea, I., Vlad, M., Virteiu, A.M., Stef, R., Carabet, A., Molnar, L., Mazare, V. iologicad controd o^ invasiv] speciek Metcalfa pruinosa aq ( nsectY emipterY latida] if ornamentalk plantk bq usin_ occinelidk Journal of Biotechnology uppd Güçlü, S., Ak, K., Eken, C., Akyol, H., Sekban, R, Beytut, B., Yildirim, R. athogenicitq o^ Lecanicillium muscarium againsl Ricania simulans. Bull. In­sectology (Güncan, A. rkiy] kiva ba` elerind] yena bij arard Metcalfa pruinosa ( aq ( emipterY latida] Akademik ziraat dergisi ( Hantas, C., Çetin, G, Akçay, M.E. armarY lgesa ayvY ba` elerind] arard Z cec v] akaj l rlera il] dg ad \ manlaj f f saptanmak v] nemla arard l rlerif populasyof d] a ima Bit. Kor. Bült. ( Hayashi, M., Fujinuma, S. arl ulgoromorphY f ntomologicad ocietq o^ apaf atalogu] o^ th] insectk o^ apaf olum] araneopterY ( sg codeY hysanopterY emipterY ditoriad ommitte] o^ atalogu] o^ th] nsectk o^ apaf Hoch, H. emipterY ulgoromorphY aunY uropaeY ersiof lasl updat] htth wwo faunaeuj or_ Karsavuran, Y., Güçlü, S. rkiy] faunak a if yena bij arard l j Metcalfa pruinosa ( aq ( omopterY latida] Türk. Entomol. Derg ( Lucchi, A., Santini, L. spetta fisiologica ] morfg fuf ionala if Metcalfa prui­nosa ( oe ulgoroideY cof riferimentg agla effetta prodotta sull] prodm iona agricol] ] sull] alberatur] ornamentala Atti della Accademia Nazionale Italiana di Entomologia Rendiconti Lukmazova, E.A., Selikhovkin, A.V. oresl esl tatuk o^ hestnul orestk o^ th] bkhY iY epubli[ nternationad aucasiaf orestrq ymposiue ctobej rtvif urkeq Melichar, L. ord ufig] eschreibun_ neuej icaniidef Verhandlungen derKaiserlich­Königlichen Zoologisch­Botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien Öztemiz, S. Ricania japonica ( emipterY icaniida] foun\ if th] westerf lacc eY urkeq Mun. Ent. Zool ( Preda, C., Skolka, M. ang] xpansiof o^ Metcalfa pruinosa ( omopterY ulgoroideY if outheasterf urop] Ecologia Balkanica ( Strauss, G. esl risc analysik o^ Metcalfa pruinosa if ustriY esl ca Wilson S.W., O'Brien L.B. surveq o^ planthopperk pestk o^ economicallq importanl plantk ( omopterY ulgoroideY f roceedingk o^ n\ nternationad orkshoh of eafhopperk an\ lanthopperk o^ conomi[ importanc] ilsof ! aull t` ulq sl ugusl righae oun_ niversitq rovg ta` ondof nl nsl nl ph Received / Prejeto LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 243–258 PRISPEVEK RAZISKOVALNEGA TABORA ŠTUDENTOV BIOLOGIJE 2017 K POZNAVANJU FAVNE KACJIH PASTIRJEV GORENJSKE D inko1, A rA niK S , 56, Si-1000 L , S 1-: .@. Izvlecek N R 2017 P - 20. 28. 2017 65 G 38 . D , , : (Ophiogomphus cecilia) (Anax ephippiger), G . G ; : (Lestes barbarus), (Chalcolestes vi­ridis), (Erythromma viridulum), (Aeshna affinis), (A. isoceles), (Somatochlora metallica), (Libellula fulva), (Sympetrum meridionale) (S. vul­gatum). P (Cordulegaster heros), P . 11 - r,4 ,2 PD . P B K , 39 , P M H , 43 . 30 S .S G 54 , 8 , G 63 . kLJ nE BeSeDe: , O , S , G , B K , P -,H , Abstract CoN riB ioN oF BioLoG reSeArCH CAMP 2017 O HE knO LeDGE oF DrAGonFL FA nA oF HE GorenjSkA reGioN D B R C 2017 P 38 ­ 65 20 28 J 2017. G , G (C -N S ). : Ophiogomphus cecilia Anax ephippiger, . Anax ephippiger G . A Lestes barbarus, Chalcolestes viridis, Erythromma viridulum, Aeshna affinis, A. isoceles,Somatochlora metallica,Libellula fulva,Sympetrum meridionale S. vul­gatum, . N P Cordulegaster heros . 11 , S R D L , 4 2 A H D . A P B K , 39 , P M H , 43 30 S . A 54 G , 8 63 . kE orDS: , O , S , G , B K , P , H , Uvod L 1988 R (R B), S (P 2018). O -, . 2017 D - P.K . R B 2017, G, B, . C S (CkFF 2017, 2010), G 62 72 S (K 1997, 2015, 2017, CkFF 2017). R B G 2003 (P 2004), , . , , (K . 2018). Metode in lokalitete P ( K 20. 28. .M ) 2017. , . N (Cordulegaster heros). P . O . N , G (P . N , . 1) . - D ( . 35601-56/2015-5). D , , A , rS . -- , . C 2 (C 1987). P , -- . : . Preglednica 18 S R B 2017 P . , DATUM (2017) N LOK CG ,:S 122313 471321 61 G,G : , 449567 131096 24. 7. 37 Y 468546 120200 X 463385 23. 7. 31 115000 32 K , B : J 451125 125680 20. 7. 2 451061 125935 1 K , B : 451140 125793 20. 7. 4 450927 126013 51 K , B : B 451215 125924 20. 7. 5 448394 121260 14 k,K : S K 450239 122398 28. 7. 64 450370 125963 13 k,O : K 453992 125003 28. 7. 3 453931 124871 47 k,P :B 453062 124996 28. 7. 63 452389 125788 44 k,P :P B k, 452275 125871 26. 7. 45 452315 125914 46 k,P :P B K ,D 452400 125954 26. 7. 48 Y X DATUM (2017) N LOK k,P :P B k, J 452297 125821 26. 7. 49 453608 k,P :P B k, 453473 126706 21. 7. 126859 10 11 453643 126758 12 k,P :P B k, 453718 127094 26. 7. 43 453817 127230 42 k,P :P B k, 455015 127177 21. 7. 8 454830 126883 7 k,P :P B k, 454794 126817 21. 7. 9 453274 126498 23 k,S B: 448383 118909 23. 7. 30 448414 127284 6 K , : 800 448937 127056 22. 7. 21 441301 126759 20 L L , B : P S 443347 110823 23. 7. 25 442101 110792 26 L L,G : 439753 111309 23. 7. 27 437170 110656 28 M,H : H 457399 114869 20., 26., 27. 7. 59 455680 112629 24 M,P :P 465958 112962 27. 7. 55 466297 112740 60 M,P :J P 465863 112873 27. 7. 22 465748 113173 15 M, :S 464606 113647 27. 7. 53 466608 114490 54 N , G : L S P -N , S G 443483 129044 22. 7. 16 443608 129701 29 n,P :J P 443619 129460 22. 7. 17 443887 126468 18 P,O : L 443169 127422 22. 7. 19 456161 128975 50 S B , L : R L 462549 120269 23., 27. 7. 33 461527 120250 52 ,D k: J B 449693 139469 22. 7. 36 459753 124687 35 , :S 459689 124870 27. 7. 58 459700 124808 34 , : 459615 124837 27. 7. 56 460278 124572 57 ,S :S GS 460130 124703 27. 7. 62 459683 139427 40 j, j:P 463175 139984 25. 7. 38 463469 139896 39 , : 100 R 430352 121819 25. 7. 65 430083 121860 41 Rezultati N G 65 (P , 4 . 1) 38 2 284 P (P iI I . 2); 11 D (P . 2). D G . , - Preglednica 28 S ( P , .1), R B 2017 P , , . , . . (D rS: P , : DH: D : , , R , 2: 92/43/eGS ): iI ii, ; I , . , I , . . R . . rS 46/2004 , rS 82/2002: E . 1: , - . VRSTA NV. STATUS Lestes barbarus (F 1798) 55, 59 rS: Lestes sponsa (H , 1823) 59 Chalcolestes viridis ( L , 1825) 7 (+ ), 42 (+ ), 43 (+ ), 44 ( ), 46 ( ), 48 (+ ) Calopteryx virgo (L 1758) 1, 2, 3, 7, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 16 (+ ), 17 ( ), 18 20, 22, 25 ( ), 26 29, 31, 40, 43, 44 ( ), 48 ( ), 50 52, 55, 62, 63 Calopteryx splendens (H 1782) 7, 9, 12, 15, 44 (+ ), 45, 46 (+ ), 47, 48 (+ ), 49, 53 55 Platycnemis pennipes (P 1771) 1, 2, 5, 6 (+ ), 7, 8, 10, 11 (+ ), 12, 13, 24, 32, 33 (+ , + ), 34, 35, 43, 44 ( ), 48 (+ ), 49 (+ ), 51, 53, 55 (+ ), 56 58, 61, 62 Ischnura elegans ( L 1820) 1, 2, 5 8, 13, 33, 35, 44, 48 (+ ), 49, 53 (+ ), 55 (+ ), 56 59, 61, 62 Ischnura pumilio (C 1825) 60 (+ ) Enallagma cyathigerum (C 1840) 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 (+ ), 8, 10, 13, 38, 42, 43 (+ ), 44, 48 (+ ), 50, 53, 55, 59 Coenagrion puella (L 1758) 1, 2, 5, 6, 7 (+ ), 8, 38, 39, 43, 44, 48 50, 53, 56 Erythromma najas (H , 1823) 44, 48 Erythromma viridulum (C 1840) 1, 48 Aeshna affinis L 1820 5, 59 rS: Aeshna isoceles (M , 1767) 1 rS: VRSTA NV. STATUS Aeshna cyanea (M 1764) 6, 11, 14, 24 ( ), 30 ( ), 34 ( , ), 35, 36, 41 (+ , + , + ), 42 ( ), 44 ( ), 48 (+ ), 56, 58 Aeshna grandis (L , 1758) 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, 11, 23 ( ), 33, 35, 55, 56 rS: Anax imperator L 1815 1, 2, 5 9, 13, 44 ( ), 48 (+ ), 53, 55, 56, 59, 64, 65 Anax parthenope (S 1839) 1, 2, 5, 48, 59 Anax ephippiger (B , 1839) * 55 Ophiogomphus cecilia (F , 1785) * 12 rS: ; : 1, 2; DH: ii, I Cordulegaster bidentata S 1843 3, 28 ( ) rS: Cordulegaster heros 1979 15, 16 ( ), 20 (+ ), 26 ( ), 34, 37 ( ), 42 ( ) rS: ; : 1, 2; DH: ii, I Cordulia aenea (L , 1758) 1, 2, 42 (+ ) Somatochlora metallica ( L, 1825) 38 rS: e; : 1, 2 Somatochlora flavomaculata ( L 1825) 11, 55 rS: Somatochlora meridionalis N 1935 5 7, 10, 17 ( ), 35, 42 ( ), 43, 44 ( ), 53 (+ ), 55 58 Somatochlora . 38 Libellula quadrimaculata L , 1758 2, 11, 55 Libellula depressa L 1758 17, 18, 21, 44, 59 Libellula fulva (M 1764) 11, 44 ( ) rS: Orthetrum albistylum (S 1848) 2, 33 (+ ), 53, 55, 59, 61 Orthetrum brunneum (F 1837) 1, 17, 18, 49, 59, 60 Orthetrum cancellatum (L 1758) 1, 2, 6, 8, 9, 33, 48, 50, 53, 55 Orthetrum coerulescens (F 1798) 4, 7, 11, 49 (+ , + ), 55, 60 Sympetrum fonscolombii (S 1840) 55, 59 Sympetrum meridionale (S 1841) 59 rS: r; : 1 Sympetrum sanguineum (M 1764) 11, 13 ( ), 34, 48, 53, 55 (+ ), 56, 59 (+ ) Sympetrum striolatum (C 1840) 2, 11 (+ ), 56 Sympetrum vulgatum (L 1758) 2, 5 P R B ; . scripta; riegata; . 2), . 29), (Emys orbicularis; . 1), (Bufo bufo; . 6), (Tettigonia viridissima; . 8). (Trachemys (Bombina va- Razprava 72 S . P 16 ( - ), (30) . 24 , 10. K -: (Calopteryx virgo) (Platycnemis pennipes) 31 28 ( ), 21 (Ischnura elegans), 17 (Anax imperator) (Enallagma cyathigerum), 15 (Coenagrion puella) (Aeshna cyanea), S . : (Ophio­gomphus cecilia) 5B Slika 18 P 5 P B K ( . 12), G (Ophiogomphus cecilia), -P iI I D . K ( . 12, S . 1); (Anax ephippiger) P M ( . 55). S G . N -L (B 2008), L ( ! K 2006) L ( ! K 2010, 2017). N P iI I D ­ (Cordulegaster heros). ­ P ( . 26) L G ( . 16), P K ( . 20) G ( . 37). N P ( . 55) 17, 14 D B K ( . 48) ( . 2), 13 K ( . 1), H ( . 59) P B K ( . 44). D ( . 5, 7, 53), , , M,B B K . B (Ery­thromma viridulum), (Aeshna affinis), (Or­thetrum brunneum, O. coerulescens). N ( . 1, 2, 5) 10 14 , 20. S (G 1992 , G ! S 1992, 2015, 2017, CkFF 2017) 28 . G S ( . 57, 62) 11 (CkFF 2017, 2017). 6 , . , (Sympetrum striolatum), S (CkFF 2017). N ( . 34, 35, 56, 58) 4 9 , 24 (CkFF 2017, 2017). MS rB -(Somatochlora metallica) P J ( . 38). G / .E P (G 1992 ), D (K 1963). Bajer Pristava N P (Lestes barbarus). N (K 1999, 2006, 2010, 2017, P 2009). 28. 5. 2005 , 2009 (8. 4., 31. 5., 19. 6., 20. 7., 27. 8., 8. 10.) ( ., P . 3). 43 , 9 (P . 3). P (CkFF 2017). Preglednica 38 S 43 P M ( . 55), . VRSTA/POPIS K (1999) ! , 28.5.2005 ( .) (2006) P (2009) , 2009 ( .) (2017) R B 2017 Lestes sponsa Lestes barbarus Chalcolestes viridis Sympecma fusca Calopteryx virgo Calopteryx splendens Platycnemis pennipes Pyrrhosoma nymphula Ischnura elegans Ischnura pumilio Enallagma cyathigerum Coenagrion puella Erythromma najas Erythromma viridulum Erythromma lindenii Aeshna mixta Aeshna isoceles Aeshna cyanea Aeshna grandis Anax imperator Anax parthenope Anax ephippiger Gomphus vulgatissimus Onychogomphus forcipatus Cordulegaster heros Cordulia aenea Somatochlora flavomaculata Somatochlora meridionalis Epitheca bimaculata Libellula quadrimaculata Libellula depressa Libellula fulva Orthetrum albistylum Orthetrum brunneum Orthetrum cancellatum Orthetrum coerulescens Sympetrum fonscolombii Sympetrum sanguineum Sympetrum striolatum Sympetrum vulgatum Sympetrum meridionale Sympetrum depressiusculum Crocothemis erythraea S 27 15 23 30 29 14 20 Park Brdo pri Kranju PBK (Erythromma najas), (Libellula fulva) (Chalcolestes viridis), -S (G 2000). 1991 1994, 1996 2000 (G 2000), 17 31 -, . P , J (2001) , . G 32 (2004) 33 (2004, 2009 ) . L 2009 G (2009 ) 23 . M. B (5. 7. 1996) 11 (CkFF 2017, P . 4). O ( . G 2005), G (2009 ) 24 .N 39 (P . 4). nP, ,- 27 . L , , ; .R 19 (P . 4), (Anax parthenope). N (15) ( . 48), 13 ( . 44), 12 ( . 11, 12) 11 ( . 7). G (2004) (16) ( .43), ( ), 6 . A G (2009 ) , (14. 7. 2009) 1 6 . ,rB, -, . , -. Preglednica 48 S 39 P B K , G (2009 ). R B 2017 . G (2000) B M. (CkFF, 2017) G (2009 ) G (2009 ) R B 2017 Lestes sponsa Chalcolestes viridis Chalcolestes . * Calopteryx virgo * Calopteryx splendens * G (2000) B M. (CkFF, 2017) G (2009 ) G (2009 ) R B 2017 Platycnemis pennipes * Pyrrhosoma nymphula Ischnura elegans * Ischnura pumilio Enallagma cyathigerum * Coenagrion puella * Erythromma najas Erythromma viridulum Erythromma najas/viridulum * Erythromma lindenii Aeshna mixta Aeshna isoceles Aeshna cyanea * Aeshna grandis * Anax imperator * Anax parthenope Gomphus vulgatissimus Ophiogomphus cecilia Onychogomphus forcipatus Cordulegaster heros * Cordulia aenea * Somatochlora flavomaculata * Somatochlora meridionalis * Libellula quadrimaculata * Libellula depressa Libellula fulva * Orthetrum albistylum Orthetrum brunneum Orthetrum cancellatum Orthetrum coerulescens * Sympetrum fonscolombii Sympetrum sanguineum Sympetrum striolatum * Sympetrum vulgatum Sympetrum danae Crocothemis erythraea S 31 11 23 24 27 O : Chalcolestes Erythromma , . Hraški mlaki N , S. meridionale). N , H ( . 59) 13 , (Sympetrum fonscolombii, .G , S (CkFF 2017). S P (B .2010), D N B B (CkFF 2017). H E (2009 ) (2018) , , . M. S 2. 7. 1996 (CkFF 2017), D. 19. 8. 2009 , (Calopteryx ., Ischnura .), , (Aeshna mixta, A. grandis), , (Somatochlora .), (Orthetrum albistylum), (Libellula depressa) (Sym­petrum sanguineum) ( ., E 2009 ), 20. 8. 2018 16 ( ., P . 5), (2005) . N 30 (P . 5). Preglednica 58 S 30 , H ( . 59) . VRSTA/POPIS E (2009 ) , 19.8.2009 ( .) (2017) (2018) , 20.8.2018 ( .) R B 2017 Lestes sponsa Lestes barbarus Chalcolestes viridis Sympecma fusca Calopteryx virgo Calopteryx splendens Platycnemis pennipes Ischnura elegans Ischnura pumilio Enallagma cyathigerum Coenagrion puella Erythromma viridulum Erythromma lindenii Aeshna mixta Aeshna affinis Aeshna cyanea Aeshna grandis Anax imperator Cordulia aenea Somatochlora meridionalis Somatochlora . Libellula depressa Orthetrum albistylum Orthetrum brunneum Orthetrum cancellatum Sympetrum fonscolombii Sympetrum sanguineum Sympetrum striolatum Sympetrum vulgatum Sympetrum meridionale S 11 14 14 13 16 13 Izracun pricakovanega števila vrst P (C 2) 40 , . S , . . S (Lestes sponsa, Ischnura pumilio, Aeshna isoceles, Anax ephippiger, Ophiogomphus cecilia,Somatochlora metallica,Sympetrum meridionale) , . , . (G ). P ,rB (K 1963, 1965, K 1999, G 2000, 2004, 2009 , 2006, 2010, 2015, 2017, ., P 2009, E 2009 , CkFF 2017, 2018), 59 , G .R , (L. virens,L. dryas, A. ephippiger, O. cecilia, S. depressiusculum, S. flaveolum) (S. depressiusculum, S. meridionale). K -G 50 (Lestes virens, L. dryas), (Sympetrum flaveolum) (K 1965), (Aeshna juncea) (K 1963, 1965), 90. : (S. danae) (G 1992 ), (Epitheca bimaculata) (CkFF 2017), (S. depressiusculum) -(Leucorrhinia pectoralis) (K 1999). Zakljucek 54 G S, 8 . N - S . G 63 . . M 57 ( .2015), 53 ( 2016) B 50 ( .2012), G . , SS . Zahvale H R B 2017 (K M , R K , A J , D K ), ­ , I G ( K ), A , M G (C ) M B (S ­ ) .A­ . D - R B 2017 O K rS . Literatura Bedjanic M., 2008: F D L (I : O ). V: I J ( D L ), 1(1): 261 278.Bedjanic M., Klenovšek D., Polak S., Šalamun A., Vinko D., 2010: N S S-. Erjavecia, 25: 5 14. CKFF, 2017: Podatkovna zbirka Centra za kartografijo favne in flore v sodelovanju s Slovenskim odonatološkim društvom, M D . 14. 2017 Chao A., 1987: E -. Biometrics, 43(4): 783 791. Erbida N., 2009 : Terensko delo iz botanike in zoologije: Porocilo o samostojnem terenskem delu. L , B , O , 3 . Erbida N., 2009 : I -H . Erjavecia, 24: 16 18. Jagodic F., 2001: Popis živalstva na Brdu v letu 2000. S , B 5(9): 13 14. Geister I., 1992 : B , . Gea, 2(2): 8 12. Geister I., 1992 : D . Proteus, 54(9): 323 329. Geister I., 1992 : P A S (G , L ). Notulae odonatologicae, 3(9): 151 152. Geister I., 2000: Kacji pastirji (Odonata) z Brda pri Kranju. Popis favne na Brdu pri Kranju. K , S A , 18 . N : S B . Geister I., 2004: P B K . Kronika, 2: 273 284. Geister I., 2005: Brdo pri Kranju, nadzorovano obmocje naravnih vrednot. MoP, A R S ! jG B rS. 43 . Geister I., 2009 : Kacji pastirji (Odonata) z Brda pri Kranju. Popis favne in flore na Brdu pri Kranju, 2009/IX del. K , K /S A , 5 ., P . N : jG B , P rS. Geister I., 2009 : Naravoslovni sprehodi na Brdu pri Kranju. K , S A , 96 . Geister I., Sovinc A., 1992: Sympetrum fonscolombei (S ) S (O : L ). Opuscula zoologica fluminensia, 86: 1 5. Kalkman V. J., Boudot J.-P., Bernard R., De Knijf G., Suhling F., Termatt T., 2018: D E (O -). Hydrobiologia (2018). :// . /10.1007/ 10750-017-3495-6 Kiauta B., 1963: O K B . Kamniški zbornik, 9: 137 153. Kiauta B., 1965: O S C . Beaufortia, 13(152): 35 46. Kotarac M., 1997: Atlas kacjih pastirjev (Odonata) Slovenije z Rdecim seznamom: projekt slovenskega odonatološkega društva. C , M D , 205 . Kotarac M., 1999: Popis kacjih pastirjev v glinokopih Rova in Mengeš. Porocilo za MOP – Upravo RS za varstvo narave. C , M -D , 21 . Kotarac M., 2015: C : S .V: A E . B j.-P., K . j. ( ). N , knN P -: 48. Pirnat A., 2009: I P M . V: .G .! i. N ( .), I , (O ), (A ), (R ) (A ) jP - ,L -I ,L .9. Planinc G. (ur.), 2004: Raziskovalni tabor študentov biologije, Žirovnica 2003.D -, L , 72 . Presetnik P. (ur.), 2018: Raziskovalni tabor študentov biologije Dragatu. 2015. D , L : 3 4. Šalamun A., Kotarac M., 2006: D : Ophiogomphus cecilia S . Erjavecia, 21: 20 21. Šalamun A., Kotarac M., 2010: Dopolnitev predloga obmocij za vkljucitev v omrežje Natura 2000. Kacji pastirji (Odonata): kacji potocnik (O ). C , M D , 36 . Šalamun A., Pirnat A., Vinko D., 2012: D B , SE S .V: eCoo2012, S E C O , B , B , S , J 2 6, 2012. J M., A × L., B M., M M. ( .) B , N H M B ! E - S S : 44 45. Šalamun A., Podgorelec M., Kotarac M., 2015: I (O ) M . V: I M ( ). G M., L A., K M. ( .). M D , C : 150 190. Trebar T., 2005: H . Svet ptic, 11(3/4): 46 47. Turk T., 2018: Kacji pastirji na Hraških mlakah. I E . L , B , O -, 15 . Vinko D., 2006. Popis kacjih pastirjev (Odonata) v Mengšu in okolici. I S , O , L , L , 13 . Vinko D., 2010: 25: 30 34. P , 40 .Erjavecia, Vinko D., 2015: SoD 2015: G Aeshna subarctica elisabethae. Erjavecia, 30: 50 57. Vinko D., 2016: Favna kacjih pastirjev (Odonata) Vipavske doline. D , , O , B , L -, L . I + 86 . + . A F. Vinko D., 2017: BooM 2017: 7 B O O M 7. M B . S , 4. 11. 2017. Erjavecia, 32: 29 40. Received / Prejeto: 1. 5. 2018 LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 259–262 FA NI ICNI ZA I KI / FA NI ICAL NO E CRIORHINA RANUNCULI (PANZER) (DIPTERA: SYRPHIDAE), A NEW HOVERFLY SPECIES FOR SLOVENIA Dejan JANE Ic1 & Maarten DE G OO 2 1 Levec 22, 3301 etrovce, lovenia 2Department of Forest rotection, lovenian Forestry Institute, ecna pot 2, 1000 Ljubljana, lovenia Abstract -A new hoverfly species is recorded for lovenia, Criorhina ranunculi ( anzer, 1805). his species was found on the Mrzlica Mt. on the 26th of May 2018. e propose its lovenian name »cmrljelika trepetavka«. KE O D : Diptera, yrphidae, fauna, lovenia IzvleTek -CRIORHINA RANUNCULI ( ANZE ) (DI E A: HIDAE), ZA LO ENIJO NO A A E E A KE Nova vrsta muhe trepetavke je zabeležena v loveniji: Criorhina ranunculi ( anzer, 1805). rsta je bila najdena pod samim vrhom hriba Mrzlica, dne 26. 5. 2018. red-lagano slovensko ime za to vrsto je cmrljelika trepetavka. KLJ CNE bE EDE: Diptera, yrphidae, fauna, lovenia Hoverflies are very diverse in species and larvae have different niches ( otheray & Gilbert, 2011). Larvae of many species are predating on aphids, feeding on plants or micro-organisms. everal species are known as saproxylic species which are good indicators of the status of the forest ( peight, 1989; eemer, 2005; otheray & Gilbert, 2011). 309 hoverfly species are known for lovenia so far (De Groot & Govedic, 2008; De Groot et al., 2010; an teenis et al., 2013). One of the genera of which the species have saproxylic larvae is the genus Criorhina ( eemer et al., 2009). Criorhina species are middle sized to large hoverflies and resemble bumblebees or Fig-1: Distribution of Criorhina ranunculi in lovenia. bees ( eemer et al., 2009; peight, 2017). hey are often found near old trees where their larvae live in rotting heartwood of various tree species, particularly in Fagus ( otheray, 1993; eemer et al., 2009). hey also occur deep in the root system and in rot holes ( otheray, 1993). In total there are six species found in Europe: Criorhina asilica (Fallen, 1816), C. berberina (Fabricius, 1805), C. brevipila Loew, 1871, C. floccosa (Meigen, 1822), C. pachymera (Egger, 1858) and C. ranunculi ( anzer, 1804) ( peight, 2017). Except for C. brevipila, the other species are observed in the balkan peninsula ( ujic & Milankov, 1999). ill now four species of the genus Criorhina were found in lovenia: Criorhina asilica, C. berberina, C. floccosa and C. pachymera (De Groot & Govedic, 2008). In this paper the fifth species of Criorhina in lovenia, C. ranunculi, is presented. Fieldwork for this study took place in the Mrzlica Mountain, central lovenia. he species was identified with the key of van een ( an een, 2004). Criorhina ranunculi (Panzer, 1805) Material examined (Figs 2a, b). lovenia, Mrzlica Mt. (GK : 507985, GK : 116207, Fig 1), 26.05.2018, 1020 m a.s.l., 1., leg. D. Janevic. Criorhina ranunculi is a bumblebee lookalike ( an een, 2004). It is the only species in the genus with black hairs on the mesonotum and tergite 2 ( ujic & Milankov, 1999). he species is known to visit flowers of different tree and shrub species like Cornus sanguinea and Prunus cerasus, but also feed on herbs like Car­ a b Fig-2: Criorhina ranunculi ( anzer, 1805), .. hoto: D. Janevic: a) habitus in antero-lateral view, b) habitus in lateral view. damine pratensis ( peight, 2017). he flight period is from the beginning of March to mid May and on higher altitudes to the end of June. he larvae live in the base of tree trunks, in fungus-infested, wet-rot cavities of several deciduous tree species. he species occurs across Europe from north to south and west to east ( peight, 2017). herefore, it was to be expected in lovenia. Although some hoverfly species in lovenia have lovenian names, most of the species, including C. ranunculi, haven't got one yet. herefore, we propose that this species is called “cmrljelika trepetavka” (in English: bumblebee-like hoverfly), which indicates that the species is a bumblebee lookalike. Volucella bombylans (Linnaeus, 1758) has the lovenian name “cmrljasta gozdna trepetavka” and therefore the name “cmrljelika trepetavka” is still available. Acknowledgments e would like to thank im Faasen and an anonymous reviewer for comments on a previous version of the manuscript. References De Groot M-, GovediT M-, 2008: Checklist of the hoverflies (Diptera: yrphidae) of lovenia. Acta Entomologica Slovenica, 16, 1: 67-87. De Groot M-, Luštrik R-, Faasen T-, Fekonja D-, 2010: Additions and omissions to the list of hoverfly fauna (Diptera: yrphidae) of lovenia. Acta Entomologica Slovenica, 18, 2: 77-86. Reemer M-2005: aproxylic hoverflies benefit by modern forest management (Diptera: yrphidae). Journal of Insect Conservation, 9: 49-59. Reemer M-, Renema W-, van Steenis W-, Zeegers T-, Barendregt A-, Smit J-T-, Van Veen M-P-, van Steenis J-, van der Leij L-J-J-M-, 2009: De Nederlandse zweefvliegen (Diptera: yrphidae). Leiden, Natuurhistorisch Museum Naturalis, KNN uitgeverij, European Invertebrate urvey -Nederland: 442 pp. Rotheray G-, 1993: Guide to Hoverfly Larvae (Diptera, yrphidae). Dipterist digest, 9: 1-155. Rotheray G-, Gilbert F-, 2011: he natural history of hoverflies. Ceredigion, Forrest texts: 333 str. Speight M-C-D-, 1989: aproxylic invertebrates and their conservation. trasbourg, Council of Europe: 79 pp.Speight M-C-D-, 2017: pecies accounts of European yrphidae (Diptera). Dublin, yrph the Net publications: 296 pp.Van Steenis W-, de Groot M-, Van Steenis J-, 2013: New data on the hoverflies (Diptera: yrphidae) of lovenia. Acta Entomologica Slovenica, 21, 2: 131-162. Van Veen M-, 2004: Hoverflies of Northwest Europe, Identification keys to the yr-phidae. trecht, KNN ublishing 247 pp. Vujic A-, Milankov V-, 1999: New data for the tribes Milesiini and ylotini (Diptera, yrphidae) on the balkan eninsula. Dipteron, 2, 6: 113-132. Received / Prejeto: 5. 6. 2018 LJUBLJANA, DECEMBER 2018 Vol. 26, řt. 2: 263–267 ANDRENA DANUVIA STOECKHERT AND HOPLITIS PEREZI (FERTON) IN SLOVENIA (HYMENOPTERA: ANDRENIDAE AND MEGACHILIDAE) Andrej GoGAlA Prirodoslovni muzej Slovenije, Prešernova 20, p.p. 290, SI-1001 ljubljana; agogala@pms-lj.si Abstract – Two bee species are recorded for the first time for Slovenia: Andrena (Melandrena) danuvia Stoeckhert and Hoplitis (Anthocopa) perezi (Ferton). They were both found on the Karst plateau at the border between Slovenia and Italy. Addi-tionally, the specimens in the E. Jaeger collection, identified as Andrena cineraria (linnaeus), were proved to be Andrena danuvia. KEy wordS: Hymenoptera, Andrenidae, Megachilidae, fauna, Slovenia, Italy Izvlecek – ANDRENA DANUVIA SToECKHErT IN HOPLITIS PEREZI (FErToN) V SloVENIJI (HyMENoPTErA: ANdrENIdAE IN MEGACHIlIdAE) dve vrsti cebel sta prvic zabeleženi za Slovenijo: Andrena (Melandrena) danuvia Stoeckhert in Hoplitis (Anthocopa) perezi (Ferton). obe sta bili najdeni na Krasu ob meji med Slovenijo in Italijo. Poleg tega primerki iz zbirke E. Jaegra, doloceni kot Andrena cineraria (linnaeus), v resnici pripadajo vrsti Andrena danuvia. KlJucNE bESEdE: Hymenoptera, Andrenidae, Megachilidae, favna, Slovenija, Italija In 2018 I visited several times the border area between Slovenia and Italy on the western edge of the Karst plateau between the villages Sela na Krasu in Slovenia andIamiano/Jamlje in Italy with the highest points Kremenjak and Špik. From these places there is a nice view on the valley of brestovica near Komen, Monfalcone/Tržic on the coast, intermittent lake at doberdo/doberdob and the Friulan plain to the west. Here I found two bee species for the first time, Andrena danuvia E. Stoeckhert and Hoplitis perezi (Ferton). The first is still poorly known species, for a long time confused with related species, and the find is the first in the Karst. The other was al- Fig. 1: Andrena danuvia female from Kremenjak, Kras/Carso. Fig. 2: Andrena danuvia female from Trobevnik near Podcetrtek, collected by E. Jaeger. ready known from the surroundings of Trieste, while it has not yet been found in Slo-venia. I found its nests just above the walls of the karst edge. Andrena danuvia E. Stoeckhert, 1950 Slovenia, Styria: Podcetrtek, uTM: wM41, 23. 4. 1932, 1., 27. 4. 1932, 1., 12. 5. 1932, 1., 10. 4. 1933, 2.2., 28. 4. 1934, 1., E. Jaeger leg. Podcetrtek, Tro -olimje, Trobevnik, 20. 5. 1933, 1., E. Jaeger leg. (Fig. 2) Italy/Slovenia: Sela na Krasu, Kremenjak, ul97, 1. 5. 2018, 1. on Cotinus cog­ gygria, A. Gogala leg. (Fig. 1) I found one female of the Andrena (Melandrena) cineraria group on the flowers of Cotinus coggygria on the Italian side of the border between Italy and Slovenia on the south-western slope of Kremenjak, which is not a mountain, only a high point at the edge of the Karst plateau. It turned out it is a specimen of Andrena danuvia, des-cribed from Vienna where it is very numerous, nesting under the trees along avenues (Fraberger 2005). It has dark apical half of the front wings while A. cineraria (linna-eus, 1758) has only a dark apical border. This character is similar in A. barbareae Panzer, 1805, but this species has much shorter third antennal segment. In A. danuvia it is almost three times as long as wide, while it is less than two times as long as wide in A. barbareae (Pittioni & Stöckhert 1950). A. danuvia is also characterized by more evident blue luster of the abdomen and less evident black stripe on the thorax. Andrena danuvia is already known from Italy (Scheuchl & willner 2016), but is not listed by Zandigiacomo et al. (2013) among the Andrena species of Friuli Venezia Giulia. So the record from Kremenjak is new for the Karst (Kras/Carso) and this Italian region. After this find I checked the specimens identified as A. cineraria in the E. Jaeger collection, kept in the Slovenian Museum of Natural History. All specimens collected by E. Jaeger in Podcetrtek and its surroundings, proved to be A. danuvia. The records of Andrena cineraria by Gogala (1994) are thus wrong and probably also the record by Vogrin (1955) as it is also based on the specimens collected in Podcetrtek by Jaeger. This finding is in accordance with observations by Scheuchl and willner (2016) that all checked specimens of the A. cineraria group from Greece and Turkey turned out to be A. danuvia, which is thus an East Mediterranean species. we could omit A. cineraria from the list of Slovenian species. An unresolved question remains the identity of Apis atra, described by Scopoli (1763). Scopoli found it in Gorjuše between bled and bohinj in 1761. As his collection is not preserved, we cannot check its identity. Hoplitis perezi (Ferton, 1895) Sela na Krasu, Špik, 219 m, ul97, 12. 5. 2018, 1., A. Gogala leg. Hoplitis (Anthocopa) perezi is a Mediterranean and Central Asian species nesting in the soil and collecting pollen from Convolvulus flowers. It also cuts pieces out of Convolvulus petals to make cells in the burrow (ducke 1900, Müller 2018). Ferton described it from France, but ducke (1900) described it again as a form of Osmia pa­ Fig. 3: Hoplitis perezi female in front of her burrow. Fig. 4: The place on Špik near Sela na Krasu, where Hoplitis perezi nests were found. paveris, O. p. convolvuli. He found it in Contovello near Triest and stated it is not rare there. Contovello is situated at the coast with milder climate than the Slovenian part of the Karst in the interior, probably the reason the species was not recordedbefore in Slovenia. I found at least three nests just above the walls of the karst edgeon Špik near Sela na Krasu. Females were entering the burrows and were also seenvisiting Convolvulus cantabrica flowers nearby. Some flowers were missing piecescut out by the bees. The burrows were dug in shallow soil on top of the limestone and one female was seen closing the burrow with anything around it, like small pieces oftwigs and leaves. The place with the nests has direct climatic influence from the sea,which is seen below and is oriented towards the sun. Convolvulus cantabrica is very numerous there. The border between Slovenia and Italy is just a few meters away andHoplitis perezi specimens were seen also on the Italian side. Acknowledgement I dedicate this paper to my father Matija, my first teacher of entomology, at his 80th birthday. References Ducke, A., 1900: die bienengattung osmia Panz. Ber. naturw.­med. Ver. Innsbruck, 25: 1-323. Fraberger, R. J., 2005: bionomie der Sandbiene Andrena danuvia Stöckhert 1950 (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae) und aktuelle Vorkommen in wien. Linzer biol. Beitr., 37 (2): 1481-1499. Gogala, A., 1994: Contribution to the Knowledge of the bee Fauna of Slovenia II. (Hymenoptera: Apidae). Scopolia, 31: 1-40. Müller, A., 2018: Palaearctic osmiine bees. ETH Zürich, http://blogs.ethz.ch/osmiiniPittioni, B., E. Stöckhert, 1950: Über einige neue und verkannte Andrena-Arten (Hymenoptera, Andrenidae). beiträge zu Kenntnis paläarktischer Apiden III.Ann. Naturhist. Mus. Wien, 57: 284-295. Scopoli, I. A., 1763: Entomologia carniolica exhibens insecta Carnioliae indigena etdistributa in ordines, genera, species, varietates. Methodo linnaeana. Trattner,Vindobonae. Scheuchl, E., W. Willner, 2016: Taschenlexikon der wildbienen Mitteleuropas. Alle Arten im Porträt. Quelle & Meyer Verlag wiebelsheim, 917 pp.Vogrin, V., 1955: Prilog fauni Hymenoptera-Aculeata Jugoslavije. Zaštita bilja (beo-grad), 31: dodatak. Zandigiacomo, P., L. Fortunato, R. Barbattini, F. Frilli, G. Pagliano, M. Qua­ranta, 2013: Apoidea del Friuli Venezia Giulia e di territori confinanti. III. An-drenidae. Gortania. Botanica, Zoologia, 34: 101-136. Received / Prejeto: 9. 10. 2018