Rimski kamniti spomeniki slovenske Koroške*
Saša DJURA JELENKO in Julijana VISOČNIK
Izvleček
V članku so obravnavani vsi dosedaj znani rimski kamniti spomeniki z današnje slovenske Koroške: iz Mežiške, Dravske in Mislinjske doline. Prevladujejo spomeniki iz naselbine Stari trg pri Slovenj Gradcu / Kolaciona (Colatio), z izkopavanja dr. Hansa Winklerja v letih 1909-1912 in z grobišča Zagrad pri Prevaljah. Celotno območje je spadalo pod upravo Celeje (Celeia). Kamni so razvrščeni geografsko, po vrstnem redu, kot ga uvajajo Arheološka najdišča Slovenije (ANSl) iz leta 1975.
Ključne besede: slovenska Koroška, Norik, antika, rimska poselitev, kipi, reliefi, napisni kamni, epigrafika
Abstract
The article discusses all presently known Roman stone monuments from the present day Slovene Carinthia: from the Meža, the Drava, and the Mislinja valleys. Prevailing are monuments from the settlement of Stari trg near Slovenj Gradec / Colatio, those from the excavation of Dr. Hans Winkler between 1909 and 1912, and from the graveyard of Zagrad near Prevalje. The entire area belonged to the administrative area of Celeia. The monuments are distributed geographically, in the alphabetical order as set in Arheološka najdišča Slovenije (ANSl) from 1975.
Keywords: Slovene Carinthia, Noricum, antiquity, Roman settlement, statues, reliefs, inscription slabs, epigraphy
KIPI IN RELIEFI
Uvod
Na pobudo Marjete Šašel Kos sem leta 2003 opravila avtopsijo rimskih kamnitih spomenikov Koroške. Ob obdelavi arheološkega gradiva z izkopavanj dr. H. Winklerja1 sem leta 2004 pregledala še kamne, ki jih hrani Deželni muzej v Gradcu. Istega leta so zaradi obnove Koroške osrednje knjižnice dr. Franca Sušnika potekala restavratorsko-konservatorska dela nagrobnih spomenikov z grobišča Zagrad pri Prevaljah in posameznih kamnitih najdb iz občine Ravne
na Koroškem, ki so jih do takrat hranili v lapidari-ju KPM, enota Ravne. Lapidarij so po obnovi prestavili v kapelo gradu Ravne.
Kot kažejo v članku obravnavani kamni, lahko na podlagi števila spomenikov izpostavimo dve večji lokalni žarišči rimske poselitve, to sta Stari trg in Zagrad. Obe lokaciji sta nanizani ob glavni cesti Celeia-Virunum, ki je bila zgrajena za časa Klavdi-ja. Najdbe iz Kolacione segajo od sredine 1. do začetka 5. st., raziskan je del svetišča, več stanovanjskih objektov, del zgodnjeantičnega grobišča ter nekaj temeljev stavb na pobočju grajskega hriba.2
* Plod dela za članek sta bila tudi razstava in katalog z naslovom Kamni govorijo (Koroški pokrajinski muzej, maj 2006).
1	Pregled Winklerjeve rokopisne zapuščine, ki jo hranijo v celovškem muzeju, arhivu oddelka za arheologijo, je pokazal, da je bilo pri izkopavanjih svetišča, grobišča in stanovanjskih objektov v Starem trgu kamnitih spomenikov več, kot je bilo do sedaj znano in objavljeno. Večinoma so sicer le bežno omenjeni in skromno opisani, vendar skupaj z ostalimi najdbami bistveno dopolnjujejo naše vedenje o rimski Kolacioni, prim. Djura Jelenko 2004.
2	Egger 1914; Strmčnik-Gulič 1981; Strmčnik-Gulič 1984; Djura Jelenko 1997b; Djura Jelenko 2004.
1	Poljana pri Prevoljah
2	Prevolje
3	Zcgrcd
4	Ravne na Koroškem
5	Mežico
6	Črno
7	Preski Vrh
8	Kotlje
9	Drovogrod 10 Ribičje
11	Vuzenico
12	Muto
13	Zgornja Vižingo
14	Radlje
15	Šentjonž
16	Gmojno
17	Legen
18	Šmartno pri Slovenj Gradcu
19	Mislinjsko Dobrovo
20	Turiška vas
21	Zgornje Dovže
22	Spodnje Dovže
23	Mislinjo
24	Šentvid pri Završah
25	Spodnji Dolič
Sl. 1: Zemljevid najdišč rimskih kamnitih spomenikov na slovenskem Koroškem. Fig. 1: Site map of Roman stone monuments in Slovene Carinthia.
Grobišče iz Zagrada sodi po dosedanjih odkritjih v 2. in 3. st., medtem ko pripadajoča naselbina še ni odkrita. Poleg velikega števila najdb govori o pomembnosti neodkrite naselbine še razdalja med Kolaciono in Juenno, ki je znašala 22 rimskih milj (ok. 32 km), ter lociranost Zagrada na sredino; idealna razdalja med postajališči ob glavnih cestah je bila ok. 8 milj (12 km). Zagrad bi tako lahko definirali kot postajališče (mutatio) ob pomembni državni cesti Celeia-Virunum, kjer so popotniki lahko prenočili in zamenjali vprežno živino. Postajališče se je moralo nahajati blizu meje med celejskim in virunskim teritorijem. Neimenovana naselbina je bila tako zadnja, ki je pripadala Celeji,3 Juenna
pa prva, ki je sodila k Virunu.4 Nagrobniki so znani še iz Dovž,5 kjer izvirajo z območja znane in delno raziskane vile rustike, osamljene kmetije pa smemo pričakovati še v Završah,6 Šentjanžu,7 Kotljah z okolico ter na Ravnah. Ali gre za takšen primer tudi na Legnu, oz. Mislinjski Dobravi, bodo pokazale nadaljnje raziskave.8 Kamni, ki izvirajo z območja med Muto in Radljami, kažejo na manjši zaselek tudi v tem delu Dravske doline. Da tod ni živelo samo civilno prebivalstvo, dokazujejo imena in upodobitve umrlih vojakov oz. oficirjev.9
Petina spomenikov je vzidana v cerkvah, dobro petino hrani Deželni muzej v Gradcu, pomembnejši zbirki pa se nahajata še v lapidariju KPM -
3	Poljana mogoče že pod upravnim območjem Juenne (Virunum). Prim. še: Šašel Kos 2001, 203.
4	Prim. še Šašel Kos 2001, 203.
5	CIL III 5105; ILJug 365 in kamnito korito. Glej v drugem delu (Rimski napisi) napisa št. 4 in 5.
6	CIL III 5106-5109. Glej v drugem delu napise št. 6-9.
7	CIL III 5700, AIJ 4. Glej v drugem delu napisa št. 1 in 2.
8	Pomisleki se porajajo zaradi barona Czöerniga, ki je na svojem posestvu na Galenhofu zbiral rimske kamne: Hypnos iz Šmartna, nagrobna plošča CIL III 5104, pokrov sarkofaga iz Legna.
9	Torzo kipa oficirja (Zagrad), CIL III 5105 (Dovže); CIL III 5106 (Završe) in AIJ 9 (Stari trg). Glej v drugem delu napise št. 4, 7 in 22.
tako na Ravnah kot v Slovenj Gradcu. Pomembnejše objave, ki so zajele kamnite spomenike s Koroške, so raziskave Stanka Pahiča10 in Jarosla-va Šašla.11
Med spomeniki prevladujejo preproste nagrobne plošče z napisi. Posebnost na našem območju predstavljajo reliefne plošče in okrašeni kvadri -deli nagrobnih kapelic z grobišča Zagrad. S svojo obliko izstopata tudi reliefni plošči z nišo, v kateri sta upodobljena pokojnika iz Završ12 in Legna, ki so drugače značilne za območje Flavije Solve.13 Zaenkrat na našem območju ne poznamo najdbe nagrobnih portretnih medaljonov. Z izjemo pepelnice iz Črne in odlomka preklade z napisom iz Kola-cione, ki sta izdelana iz peščenca, ter apnenčastih polvaljev in podstavkov iz Kolacione,14 so vsi ostali spomeniki izdelani iz belega pohorskega marmorja. Brančurnikov sarkofag15 je izdelan iz rdečkastega marmorja, ki verjetno izvira iz marmoloma Kraig pri Celovcu.
Zahvala
Na tem mestu se za pomoč pri obdelavi nena-pisnih kamnov zahvaljujem dr. Bojanu Djuricu, ki je tudi pregledal besedilo, in Aleksandri Nesto-rovic. Posebno zahvalo za podatke o spomenikih iz Zagrada dolgujem dr. Franzu Glaserju in Lil-jani Suhodolčan. Zahvaljujem se tudi dr. Erichu Hudeczku, ki mi je omogočil dostop do kamnov in vpogled v dokumentacijo, ki jo hrani Deželni muzej v Gradcu, Miri Strmčnik-Gulič, ki mi je posredovala podatke o prekladi z napisom iz Ko-lacione, dr. Ireni Lazar za podatke o nagrobni plošči iz Doliča ter Vesni Koprivnik za informacije o levu, ki ga hrani Pokrajinski muzej Maribor. Pri delu na terenu mi je bila v veliko pomoč Tina Britovšek. Hvala tudi številnim informatorjem in vsem ostalim, ki so kakorkoli sodelovali pri tem projektu.
KATALOG
IzA ZRC SAZU: Inštitut za arheologijo Znanstveno raziskovalnega centra Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti. KPM: Koroški pokrajinski muzej. OE: Območna enota. pr.: premer. prim.: primerjaj. š.: širina. v.: višina.
ZVKDS: Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije.
Crna
1. Pepelnica (sl. 2)
V Prodnikovi zbirki, v kateri so zbrani večinoma etnološki predmeti, se nahaja tudi rimska pepelnica. V kovačiji Rakeš v Črni so jo uporabljali za kaljenje železa. V kovačiji, ki danes ne stoji več, je bilo korito v lasti več rodov (najmanj 200 let). Zbirko je KPM prevzel leta 1992. Pepelnica je shranjena v lapidariju v Slovenj Gradcu (inv. št. 2390).
Opis: Preprosta pepelnica iz peščenca, na kateri so sledovi klesarskega orodja, je v celoti ohranjena. Odtisi kalečih železnih palic so nastali sekundarno. Vidna sta dva poševna utora na daljši zunanji stranici in znotraj v vogalih, pokončno na dno korita. Novejša je poškodba od udarca s kladivom.
Mere: 34 x 91 x 50,5 cm, notranje mere dna 22 x 27 x 62,5 cm.
Literatura: neobjavljeno.
Kratice
d.: debelina.
Sl. 2: Črna. Pepelnica. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 2: Črna. Cinerary urn. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
10 Pahič 1968; Pahič 1977.
n Šašel 1953.
12	CIL III 5106.
13	Modrijan, Weber 1965, št. 235, 105; Hudeczek 2004, 46, 48, št. 23, 25.
14	Glej napise v drugem delu.
15	Glej v drugem delu napis št. 13 (CIL III 6522).
Mislinja
Zgornje Dovže
2. Korito
S. Pahič16 je med terenskim pregledom leta 1952 izvedel, da je posestnik Anton Pušnik na svoji njivi v Zgornjih Dovžah17 pred drugo svetovno vojno našel kamnito korito. Korito je v prag svoje hiše vzidal Antonov brat Vinko. Hiša ne stoji več. Dr. H. Winkler18 je ob izkopavanjih vile rustike leta 1909 na mestu najdbe korita označil lego rimskega grobišča. Vila rustika leži ob sotočju Turičnice in Dovžanke in v neposredni bližini omenjene kmetije. Korito je pogrešano.
Literatura: Pahič 1977a, 40; Djura Jelenko 1995, 84, op. 7; Pahič 1998a, 49, op. 20; Djura Jelenko 2001a, 20.
Nagrobni plošči iz Dovž sta datirani v 1. in 2. st., kar potrjujejo tudi ostale najdbe.19
Muta
3. Odlomek pokrova pepelnice ali čela grobnice v obliki edikule z orlom (sl. 3)
Nagrobnik je vzidan v južno steno rotunde sv.
Sl. 3: Muta. Orel. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 3: Muta. An eagle. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Janeza, desno od vhoda. S. Pahič20 navaja, da je bil v cerkev vzidan v "povojnem obdobju". Zavarovan je z nadstreškom.
Na Muti so leta 1850 ob povodnji odkrili večje število bronastih novcev ptolemejskih vladarjev in rimskih cesarjev Trajana, M. Avrelija in Galijena, o katerih je že leto dni kasneje poročal R. Kna-bl.21 Nad novci je ležal odlomek preklade,22 po-vodenj pa je razkrila še ostanke rimske ceste.
Opis: Ohranjen je odlomek pokrova pepelnice ali čela grobnice iz belega pohorskega marmorja z osrednjim trikotno oblikovanim poljem čela, ki se na desno stran nadaljuje v gladki stranski plošči. Niša z reliefnim likom orla je umeščena v zgornjem delu plitvega zatrepa. Lik orla je pri glavi nekoliko odkrušen, manjka del krila na levi strani. Orel gleda v levo in ima razprta krila. Peresa so stilizirana in postavljena v ravnih geometričnih linijah. Upodobljen je s sprednje strani. Kamen je bil prvotno bolj zazidan (širina je dosegla zgolj 38 cm).
Mere: 41 x 65 cm, š. zatrepa 38,5 cm, v. reliefnega klesanja 4 cm, v. vzidave 82,5 cm od tal.
Literatura: Pahič 1965a, 149 (sl.); Pahič 1967, 27, 29 (sl.); Pahič 1968, 30, 32 (sl.), 47; Pahič 1970, 10 (sl.), 11; Pahič 1975, Muta. - V: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, 37, 52, Muta 1; Pahič 1984, 18, 16 (sl.); Pahič 1998b, 466 (sl.), 467.
Starejša literatura: Knabl 1851, 182; JJ 39, 1851, 12;23 Kna-bl 1852a, 23; Pratobevera 1854, 113; Pratobevera 1856, 177178; Pichler 1865, 211-212; JJ 71, 1883, 23; Kraft 1935, 114115; Saria 1939, 137.
Orel, Jupitrov zvesti spremljevalec, je lahko upodobljen simbolno - kot spoštovanje državne oblasti,24 motiv pa so često uporabili tudi na nagrobnikih prezgodaj umrlih.25 Podobno oblikovan orel kot na muški pepelnici je znan npr. z grobnih stel v Lipnici in Miklavžu pri Mariboru.26 Orel je prikazan tudi na čelnem korcu iz Kolacione.27
Prevalje
Poljana pri Prevaljah
16	Pahič 1998, 49, op. 20.
17	Parc. št. 73 k. o. Šentilj pod Turjakom.
18	Djura Jelenko 2004, sl. 49.
19	Glej v drugem delu napisa št. 4 (CIL III 5105) in 5 (ILJug 365). Za ostale najdbe glej Djura Jelenko 1995.
20	Pahič 1970, 10.
21	Knabl 1851, 182.
22	Knabl (1851, 182) omenja tudi odlomek preklade z znakoma L in S; na osnovi te notice jo Pahič vključi v svoj seznam rimskih kamnov (Pahič 1977a, 52), čeprav je izgubljena.
23	Nepregledana literatura: Eckhel ms. 6, 15; Wiener Jahrb. A. B. 45, 1829, 65; JJ 39, 1851, 12; Kandler ms; Knabl 1862, Sylloge; LV ? 1831 A. B. p. 22; Wiener Jahrb. A. B. 55, 22.
24	Lahko je povezan s padlim vojakom, prim. Harl 2003, 346.
25	Piccottini tako navaja pokrov otroškega sarkofaga z upodobitvijo orla iz prve polovice 3. st. (Piccottini 1994, št. 672a, sl. 88). Znan je tudi z Enijeve grobnice v Šempetru (Kolšek 1972, 53, 66).
26	Modrijan, Weber 1965, 48, št. 176 (Lipnica), 101, št. 104 (Miklavž pri Mariboru).
27	Djura Jelenko 2004, 62, sl. 39.
4. Obdelani kvadri
Poleg nagrobnika28 in republikanskega srebrnika (101 pr. n. št.) omenja J. Šašel še nekaj kosov obdelanih kvadrov. Literatura: Šašel 1954, 67.
Zagrad pri Prevaljah
5. Plošče s profiliranim robom, kvadri, polval-ji, zidni venci (napušči), odlomki stebrov (sl. 4)
Kot poroča Klagenfurter Zeitung,29 so julija leta 1860 na področju Zagrada30 odkrili dvajset večjih obdelanih kamnov iz belega marmorja,31 med njimi dele zidnih vencev (napušče). M. F. Jaborn-egg32 omenja podatek o odkritju okroglega ajdovskega templja v bližini Meže. Leta 188933 so poleg temeljev okrogle stavbe omenjeni še polkrožni odlomki stebrov. F. Kenner34 na podlagi poročila konservatorja O. Frankla dodaja, da je bilo odkritih več obdelanih antičnih kvadrov z reliefi ali brez, ki so jih dvignili iz Meže ali pa so bili opaženi v njeni neposredni bližini. Po informaciji tovarnarja Franca Lahovnika naj bi devet do enajst obdelanih kvadrov vzidali v Lahovnikovo brusilnico za les, še šestnajst drugih naj bi O. Frankl videl ležati v bližini tovarne.35 Med njimi še posebej izpostavlja enega.36 Po pričevanju gostilničarja Hriber-nika naj bi bilo od leta 1860 odkritih petdeset takšnih kamnov,37 ki so bili najdeni delno v strugi Meže delno pa v tovarniškem kanalu med jezom Meže in mostom na razdalji cca. 50 m. J. Šašel38 jih je leta 1953 naštel še okoli trideset.
Porabljeni so bili kot pragovi hiš (gostilna Brančur-nik, Zagrad), vrtne mize ali klopi (Lahovnik, Pre-valje; Krivograd, Zagrad), vzidani v stene (v bivši tovarni lesovine in lepenke, kjer je bilo uničenega že dokaj materiala in kjer so po pripovedovanju vzidani tudi nekateri reliefni kosi) ali sicer porabljeni (kot
Sl. 4: Zagrad. Plošče in kvadri. Fototeka KPM, enota Ravne, Maks Dolinšek.
Fig. 4: Zagrad. Slabs and cubes. Photo archive of KPM, unit Ravne, Maks Dolinšek.
ogelni odbijači) pri Brančurniku in v tovarni (cca. deset kosov). Nekaj je vzidanih v Brančurnikovem mostu v Zagradu. Pri popravljanju tovarniškega vodovoda, nekako na sredini med kapelico ob cesti in tovarniškim poslopjem, so delavci na globini 1,7 m naleteli na velik kamnit kvader, ki ga niso izkopali.39 Literatura: Šašel 1953, 16, 18, sl. 6; Šašel 1954, 67; Pahič 1965c, 38; Pahič 1967, 25; Pahič 1968, 25, 53; Pahič 1975, Zagrad. - V: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1977a, 22 (mutatio), 28, 61, Zagrad 11; Šašel Kos 2001, 202.
Starejša literatura: Vermischte Nachrichten. - Klagenfurter Zeitung 178 (4. 8. 1860), 719. Jabornegg-Altenfels 1870, 131; Österreichische Kunst-Topographie I, 1889, 13, 213, 223; Kenner 1902a, 154; Kubitschek 1903, 243; KLDB, 1937, Zagradi 157.
6. Reliefna plošča z dvema figurama (sl. 5) Ploščo prvič omenja s sliko F. Kenner leta 1902.40 Do leta 1987 je bila vgrajena v vodnjak pred Gimnazijo Ravne,41 nakar so jo prestavili v lapidarij ravenskega muzeja. Od leta 2005 se nahaja v kapeli gradu Ravne. KPM, enota Ravne (inv. št. 757).
28	Glej še v drugem delu napis št. 11 (CIL III 11650).
29	Vermischte Nachrichten. - Klagenfurter Zeitung 178 (4. 8. 1860), 719.
30	Zemljišče današnje tovarne Paloma, tovarne lepenke Prevalje, d. d. (pred tem tovarna lesovine in lepenke). V bližini tovarne je leta 1865 stal obrat za predelavo smrekove skorje, po letu 1870 je Peruzzi iz Črne postavil žago ob Plešivčnikovem mostu (kasneje Brančurnikov most). Od 1894. leta je postal lastnik žage Franc Lahovnik, ki je v letih 1896/97 zgradil tovarno bele lesovine. Njegovi dediči so tovarno 1906. prodali grofu Thurnu. Glej v: Oder 1992, 125. V nadaljevanju omenjeni nagrobniki iz Zagrada (od št. 5 do 13) izvirajo s tega območja.
31	Jabornegg-Altenfels 1870, 131, poroča, da so iz apnenca.
32	Glej op. 31.
33	Österreichische Kunst-Topographie I (1889) 13, 223.
34	Kenner 1902a, 154.
35	Kubitschek 1903, 243. Kubitschek jih je ob svojem obisku videl le še šest.
36	V moznici se je ohranila svinčena plomba.
37	Kenner 1902a, 154 (omenja, da so to kamni brez napisov); Kubitschek 1903, 243-244.
38	Šašel 1953, 18.
39	Šašel 1953, 19, sl. 1.
40	Kenner 1902a, 154, sl. 2. Istega leta tudi Redlich 1902, 36.
41	Nekdanji Delavski muzej Ravne.
Sl. 5: Zagrad. Plošča z dvema figurama. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 5: Zagrad. Slab with two figures. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Opis: Skoraj v celoti ohranjeni reliefni plošči iz marmorja manjkata zgornji del in spodnji levi vogal. Sprednja stran je dokaj poškodovana in obru-šena od vode. Hrbtna ploskev je grobo izboklinas-ta, s točkastimi sledovi klesarskega orodja, stranske ploskve so gladke. Reliefna plošča predstavlja nagrobnik z dvema figurama. Manjkata obe glavi. Postavi sta na pol obrnjeni druga k drugi. Mož je upodobljen v togi z razgaljenim desnim ramenom, ob njegovi desni je ženska, sedeča na stolu z ravnim naslonom in polkrožnim zaključkom. Žena je upodobljena en face. Desno roko ima pokrčeno v naročju, komolec leve roke je uprt v nogo, z dlanjo se opira ob brado oz. lice. Obrnjena je na pol v levo, glava, ki manjka, je verjetno sklonjena na levo. Tudi mož je upodobljen en face, z malenkostnim okretom v desno. Opira se na desno nogo, v desnici, ki visi prosto ob boku, drži zvitek, preko slabo ohranjene levice visi konec toge. V sredini med obema figurama v višini 66 cm od spodnjega roba je vklesana
okrogla moznica (pr. 3 cm), ki je predrta.
Mere: 147 x 127,5 x 3,9 cm (z reliefnim kle-sanjem), v. reliefnega klesanja 19,5 cm, teža cca. 800 kg.
Literatura: Šašel 1953, 19, sl. 9; Pahič 1965c, 38; Pahič 1968, 25, 53; Pahič 1977a, 28, 60, Zagrad 1.
Starejša literatura: Kenner 1902a, 154; Redlich 1902, 36; Kenner 1902b, 394, sl. 2 (Aichdorf); Kubitschek 1903, 245s; KLDB 1937, Zagradi 157.
Žena v sedečem položaju predstavlja žalujočo ženo, na kar kaže drža njenih rok.42 Mogoče sta uprizorjena starša, ki žalujeta za otrokom. Podoben stol s polkrožnim zaključkom je upodobljen na friznem sarkofagu iz Hajdine.43 Na podlagi tipa toge lahko spomenik datiramo v 2. st.44
7. Odlomek nagrobnika s pisarjem (sl. 6)
Nagrobnik naj bi izviral iz Zagrada.45 Kot poroča R. Badjura,46 je bil že pred letom 1922 hranjen v parku pri "rimskem vrelcu" v Kotljah. V lapidarij ravenskega muzeja so ga prestavili leta 1987. Od leta 2005 je shranjen v kapeli gradu Ravne. KPM, enota Ravne (inv. št. 743).
Opis: Ohranjena je spodnja polovica nagrobnika iz marmorja. Manjka tudi levi bočni del v višini ciste. Osnovna ploskev bloka je jamasto uglajena, enako leva bočna, ki nosi močne sledove klesarskega orodja, desna bočna ploskev je gladka. Na dnu stojne ploskve je moznica. V profilu je upodobljen mož v tuniki, pisar, stoječ na vboče-nem podstavku, z desno nogo se opira na okroglo z bukraniji in girlandami okrašeno cilindrično cisto (capsa). Z levico in desnico drži preko kolena razvit zvitek. Spomenik je obrušen od vode. Na podstavku je vklesan mlajši napis: J. Cäsar (male tiskane črke).
Mere: 186 x 73 x 33 cm (z reliefnim klesanjem), na dnu d. 41 cm, v. reliefnega klesanja 8,5 cm.
Literatura: Šašel 1953, 19, sl. 11; Šašel 1954, 67; Pahič 1965a, 38; Pahič 1967, 25; Pahič 1968, 25-26, 53; Pahič 1975, Zagrad, Kotlje. - V: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1977a, 28, 60, Zagrad 2; Šašel Kos 2001, 203.
Starejša literatura: Badjura 1922-1923, 500; KLDB 1937, Kotlje 151, Zagradi 157.
Spomeniki z upodobitvijo pisarja so značilni predvsem za podeželje in mesta južnega dela No-rika.47 Opozarjajo lahko na poklic pokojnika, večkrat pa na nivo omike, izobrazbe imetnika groba. Motiv
42	Prim. Amedick 1991, t. 53: 1; 56: 1; 69: 2; 70: 2; 71: 2 s prizori objokovanja (conclamatio).
43	Djuric 2001, 47, sl. 1.
44	Goette 1989, 42-45, 49-50.
45	Tako je navedeno v inventarni knjigi KPM, enota Ravne. Vendar pa so na Preškem vrhu v bližini Kotelj odkrili marmorne kose, od katerih se je ohranila le plošča z reliefom delfina in trizobom (glej spodaj). Ko so na Rimskem vrelcu 1877 gradili novo poslopje, so menda odkrili ostanke "rimskega kopališča" (Ravnik 1932a, 4). Po tradiciji je tam stal samostan belih sester. Pri odkopavanju so naleteli na njegovo temeljno zidovje. Rimske ostaline omenjajo tudi v Podgori, južno od Kotelj, v: KLDB 1937, Kotlje, Podgora 151. Prim. še: Šašel 1953, 19. Posamične najdbe rimskih novcev omenjata Ravnik (Ravnik 1932b, 3, ki omenja celo "castellum Romanum") in Šašel (Šašel 1954a, 156).
46	Badjura 1922-1923, 500.
47	Grassl 1992, 453, 454.
Sl. 6: Zagrad. Nagrobnik s pisarjem. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 6: Zagrad. Tombstone with a scribe. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
izhaja iz keltskega običaja komunikacije z umrlim s pomočjo posmrtnih pisem, ki so jih prilagali v grob.48 Librarija z Globasnice G. Piccottini49 postavlja v sredino 2. st.
Nagrobnik pisarja lahko datiramo v sredino oz. drugo polovico 2. st.
8. Kvader z reliefom nimfe (sl. 7)
Kvader je, kot poroča J. Daimer,50 26 . 6. 19 00
Sl. 7: Zagrad. Kvader z reliefom nimfe. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 7: Zagrad. Cube with a nymph relief. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
48	Grassl 1992, 454.
49	Piccottini 1994, št. 659, sl. 84. Upodobljen je tudi na Vindonijevi grobnici v Šempetru, glej v: Kolšek 1972, 49.
50	Daimer 1901, 126. Višina kamna tu 1,05 m. Prim. še Frankl 1901, 31, kjer gre skoraj za isto poročilo.
odkrila povodenj. Kamen so našli v strugi Meže pri braniku Brančurnikovega mostu. Predstavlja del grobnice. Sprva je stal v parku pred gimnazi-jo,51 od leta 1987 je v lapidariju ravenskega muzeja. Leta 2005 so ga prestavili v kapelo gradu Ravne. KPM, enota Ravne (inv. št. 758).
Opis: V celoti je ohranjen kvader iz belega pohorskega marmorja z upodobitvijo ženske na prednji strani. Vogali kvadra so zaobljeni in v vodi obrušeni. Stranice so lepo obdelane in gladke. Upodobljena je gola ženska z gostimi na kratko pristriženimi lasmi, ki stoji na vbočeni bazi, izdelani v obliki zgornjega roba žrtvenika. Levico ima dvignjeno za glavo, z njo podpira spodnji del amfore, ki je obrnjena navzdol, z desnico jo drži za ročaj.52 Težo nosi na desni nogi. Nad žensko je reliefno nakazana edikula. Prednja stran je rahlo vboče-na. Dno kvadra je povsem ravno, v njem je vklesana moznica.53
Mere: 145 x 40,5 x 50 cm (z reliefnim klesanjem), v. reliefnega klesanja 4 cm, teža cca 800 kg.
Literatura: Šašel 1951, 5 (sl.); Šašel 1953, 19, sl. 10; Pahič 1965a, 38; Pahič 1968, 25, 53; Pahič 1977a, 28, 61, Zagrad 9; Šašel Kos 2001, 203.
Starejša literatura: Daimer 1901, 126 (Sagradi); Frankl 1901, 31; Kubitschek 1903, 243, 246s, sl. 59, 60 (na sl. 59 v ospredju še en obdelan kamen); KLDB 1937, Zagradi 157.
Ženska z amforo predstavlja vodno nimfo. Vrč z vodo54 simbolizira izvir, vrelec, na grobu pokojnika je obujal v ponovno rojstvo. Kvader z nimfo sodi v začetek 3. st.
9. Odlomek reliefne plošče (sl. 8)
Odlomek reliefne plošče so dolgo hranili na hodniku Ravenske knjižnice,55 nato v Gimnaziji Ravne. Od leta 2005 se nahaja v kapeli gradu Ravne. KPM, enota Ravne (inv. št. 4794).
Opis: Ohranjen je odlomek zgornjega desnega vogala reliefne plošče iz marmorja. Na desni bočni ploskvi, ki je ravna, so opazni rahli sledovi klesarskega orodja. Od reliefa je ohranjena upodobitev ramena in leve nadlakti človeške figure. Plošča kaže sledove obrušenosti od vode. Na zadnji strani poteka na spodnji tretjini po celi dolžini plošče vodoraven utor.
Mere: 56 x 49 x 11 cm (brez reliefnega klesanja), v. reliefnega klesanja 8,5 cm.
Literatura: Šašel 1953, 17, sl. 5; Pahič 1965a, 38; Pahič 1968, 25, 53; Pahič 1977a, 28, 60, Zagrad 6; Šašel Kos 2001, 203.
Starejša literatura: KLDB 1937, Zagradi 157.
Sl. 8: Zagrad. Odlomek plošče z ramenom. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 8: Zagrad. Fragment of a slab with a shoulder. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Glede na ostale spomenike možna datacija v drugo polovico 2. ali v 3. st.
10. Torzo kipa oficirja (sl. 9)
Po poročanju C. Toldta56 je kip jeseni 1903. leta ob povečani visoki vodi razkrila Meža. Iz struge ga je rešil lastnik gostilne Brančurnik. Koroško zgodovinsko društvo ga je odkupilo julija 1904. V Celovcu je označen kot izvirajoč iz Dobje vasi pri Prevaljah. Deželni muzej v Celovcu (inv. št. 275). Park Minimundus, Celovec.
Opis: Manjkajo glava in noge od kolena navzdol ter spodnji del desne roke od komolca navzdol. Kip iz marmorja v naravni velikosti upodablja nižjega rimskega oficirja (centurio?). Desna roka je dvignjena v položaj govornika. Oblečen je v tuniko, prek katere mu od pasu visijo usnjeni resasti prameni, z levico drži težek vojaški plašč (paluda-mentum), ki mu sega preko ramen in hrbta. Prsi
51	Glej op. 41.
52	Takšno rekonstrukcijo je objavil Kubitschek (Kubitschek 1903, sl. 60). Šašel omenja možnost, da si z levico popravlja lase in v desnici drži zrcalo (Šašel 1951, 5).
53	Kubitschek 1903, 246. Kubitschek omenja na zgornji strani štiri moznice, kar ne drži, če gre za isti kamen.
54	Prim. M. Kyrkou, LIMC VIII 2 (1997) 584, sl. 3; 585, sl. 8; 9b.
55	Glej op. 41.
56	Toldt 1905, 25. Sklicuje se na Franklovo poročilo.
Sl. 9: Zagrad. Torzo kipa oficirja. Fototeka IzA ZRC SAZU. Fig. 9: Zagrad. Torso of the statue of an officer. Photo archive of IzA ZRC SAZU.
mu pokriva spodaj listasto narezan oklep, ob levem boku nosi meč, pritrjen na širok službeni pas (balteus), ki sega prek desne rame. Na prsih nosi odlikovanje (phalera). Za glavo ni jasno, kako je bila pritrjena. Kip je na hrbtni strani gladko zaobljen.
Mere: 116 x 68 cm, od ramena do ramena š. 56 cm.
Literatura: Šašel 1953, 18, sl. 7; Šašel 1954, 67; Pahič 1965a, 38; Pahič 1967, 25s, (sl.); Pahič 1975, Zagrad. - V: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1968, 25 (sl.), 53; Pahič 1977a, 28, 60, Zagrad 5, sl. 30;
Starejša literatura: Österreichische Kunst-Topographie I, 1889, 13, 213, 223; Luschin 1905, 248; Toldt 1905, 25; Egger 1921, 54, sl. 30; Egger 1927, 5; KLDB 1937, Zagradi 157.
Najdbe oklepne plastike na rimskem podeželju so redke. T. i. "noriški vojak" iz Celeje je datiran v konec 3. oz. začetek 4. st.57 R. Egger58 umešča
Sl. 10: Zagrad. Relief Atisa in Erota. Fototeka Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt.
Fig. 10: Zagrad. Relief of Attis and Eros. Photo archive of Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt.
kip iz Zagrada v konec 3. st., omenja ga tudi O. Harl,59 ki napačno navaja, da nosi sagum.
11. Relief žalujočega Atisa in Erota (sl. 10)
Plošča je bila, kot poroča M. F. Jabornegg,60 najdena med leti 1860 in 1865 v Zagradu, ob vznožju Barbarinega hriba in v neposredni bližini tovarne, ob kopanju gramoza. Najmanj od leta 1870 je bila vključena v Rosthornovo zbirko61 v Celovcu. Relief je bil že v času Kubitschkovega poročanja62 vzidan v zunanjo steno hleva ob Rosthornovi palači v Celovcu, kjer je bil vse do druge svetovne vojne.63 W. Kubitschek64 domneva enake (vbočene) podstavke kot pri plošči z lebdečima nogama in kvadru z nimfo. Plošča je shranjena v Deželnem muzeju v Celovcu, zavedena pod "Aichdorf, St. Barbara im Miesstal" (neinventarizirana).
Opis: Marmorna plošča je odlomljena v spodnjem delu, manjkata tudi desni rob plošče in zgornji levi vogal. Reliefno izdelan zamišljeno stoječ Atis si podpira glavo z desnico, komolec podpira leva roka. Pogled obrača proti levi, oblečen je v hiton in bogato naguban plašč, ki sega do gležnjev. Na glavi nosi frigijsko pokrivalo. Z leve je s telesom proti njemu obrnjen gol krilat Erot, ki v predse pokrčeni levici drži okroglo cilindrično posodo, pokrito z rahlo
57	Kolšek 1994, 33, sl. 6. Glej še: Djuric 2004, 172.
58	Egger 1927, 5.
59	Harl 2003, 357, sl. 5.
60	Jabornegg-Altenfels 1870, 131, CCCXXXVII, t. 9.
61	Österreichische Kunst-Topographie I (1889) 13 (Rosthorn, kasneje Canaval).
62	Kubitschek 1903, 248.
63	Palača Rosthorn je bila ob bombnem napadu leta 1943 močno poškodovana. Ni povsem jasno, ali je prišel relief v Deželni muzej že med vojno ali leta 1960, ko so palačo podrli. Za podatek se zahvaljujem dr. F. Glaserju.
64	Kubitschek 1903, 248. Glej še spodaj relief z lebdečima nogama.
presegajočim koničnim pokrovom. Obraz ima obrnjen k prednji, neohranjeni strani spomenika. V škatli nosi nakit za pokojnico. Krila ima izrazita, razprta in razmeroma visoko postavljena. Atis in Erot sta brez nog (plošča v spodnjem delu manjka), Atis je brez gležnjev, Erotu manjka del od kolen navzdol. Kamen je na robovih zelo poškodovan, prav tako sta obrušeni obe glavi figur.
Mere: 111 x 98 x 18 cm.
Literatura: Šašel 1953, 17 sl. 4 (napačna reprodukcija); Pahič 1965a, 38; Pahič 1967, 25s; Pahič 1968, 25, 53; Pahič 1977a, 27s, 60, Zagrad 7.
Starejša literatura: Jabornegg-Altenfels 1870, 131, CCCXXXVII, T. 9, karta (St. Barbara); Österreichische Kunst-Topographie I, 1889, 13, 213, 223; Kubitschek 1903, 243, 248, sl. 62; Egger 1921, 55; KLDB 1937, Zagradi 157.
Atis, vsako pomlad na novo rojeni ljubimec Ki-bele, je na grobovih često prikazan kot simbol žalovanja oz. pričakovanega vstajenja. Na plošči je upodobljen brez svojih simboličnih znamenj, kot so vijolice, bakla in pastirska palica (pedum),65 prav tako nima prekrižanih nog.66 Spomenik je datiran v 3. st.
12.	Sarkofag
Na istem mestu,67 kjer so našli Brančurnikov sarkofag,68 je oče takratnega lastnika gostilne Brančurnik, g. Filip Hribernik, v začetku 20. st. opazil še en sarkofag, ki pa je ostal v strugi Meže. Podatek je objavil Redlich.69 V okolici so opazili še več marmornih kosov. Verjetno je še vedno zasut v strugi Meže.
Literatura: Šašel 1953, 19; Pahič 1977a, 60, Zagrad 4; Šašel Kos 2001, 204.
Starejša literatura: Redlich 1902, 36; Kenner 1902a, 154; Kubitschek 1903, 243; KLDB 1937, Zagradi 157.
13.	Odlomek obdelanega kamna (sl. 11)
Stožčast odlomek je vzidan kot branik na severovzhodni strani poslopja "priprava snovi" v Palomi, tovarni lepenke Prevalje, d. d. Pred leti so ga hoteli odstraniti, poškodovali so zunanjo površino, vendar ga niso mogli prestaviti. Domnevno gre torej za večji kos. Še v letih 1987/88 so ob gradbenih delih na "lesnem prostoru", na skrajnem jugozahodnem delu tovarne, na ozkem platoju, kjer se Meža približa hribu in kjer je včasih samo nekoliko višje stal jez Lahovnikove žage, v gradbeni jami delavci opazili obdelane kamne.
Opis: Stožčast, polkrožno oblikovan marmorni kamen.
Sl. 11: Zagrad. Odlomek obdelanega kamna. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 11: Zagrad. Fragment of a worked slab. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Mere: 49 x 59 x 23 cm, ostalo zazidano.
Literatura: ista kot pod št. 5.
Ravne na Koroškem
Preški Vrh
70
14. Nagrobna plošča z reliefom delfina in tri-zobom (sl. 12)
Ploščo z reliefom delfina so našli v zgodnjih šestdesetih71 letih 20. stoletja pri kopanju peska na zahodni strani ceste Kotlje-Ravne, južno od kmetije Srebot, Preški Vrh 8. Zaradi peskokopa je bilo najdišče povsem uničeno, ležalo pa je tik ob domnevni trasi rimske ceste Kolaciona-Juenna. Ob reliefu delfina so, kot poroča S. Pahič,72 odkrili še več marmornih kamnov. Sedem let je plošča veljala za pogrešano. Od leta 1977 so jo imeli pri Kranjčevih na Poljani 55, 1987 leta je bila prestavljena v lapidarij ravenskega muzeja. Od leta
65	Prim. še: Cambi 2003, 520.
66	Prim. Bauchhenss 1997.
67	Za Lahovnikovo brusilnico za les.
68	Glej še v drugem delu napis št. 13 (CIL III 6522).
69	Redlich 1902, 36.
70	Tudi Prežki Vrh.
71	Parc. št. 313/1 k. o. Preški Vrh. Pahič napačno navaja leto 1970 (Pahič 1977c, 246).
72	Pahič 1977c, 246; Pahič 1977a, 53, Preški Vrh 2.
Sl. 12: Preški Vrh. Nagrobna plošča z delfinom. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 12: Preški vrh. Funerary slab with a dolphin. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
2005 se nahaja v kapeli gradu Ravne. KPM, enota Ravne (inv. št. 3315).
Opis: V celoti ohranjena plošča z reliefom delfina in trizobom je izdelana iz pohorskega marmorja in predstavlja del nagrobne stele. Delfin je usmerjen navzdol in levo, rep ima polmesečasto oblikovan. Trizob je obrnjen navzgor, ročaj se v spodnjem delu končuje z odebelitvijo, v srednjem delu
je povsem zabrisan. Nad čelom, desno od očesa in pod glavo so prikazane tri plavuti. Lom čez ploščo poteka navpično preko repa, trupa in vratu delfina. Sledove površinskih poškodb kaže tudi glava delfina in del pod njo. Sledovi klesanja so ohranjeni na bočnih stranicah, zadnja stran je še bolj razbrazdana. Plošča je oblikovana tako, da je zgornji zadnji rob tanjši. Desni vogal sprednje stranice je poševno zaobljen.
Mere: 100,5 x 46,5 x 24 cm, v. delfina 76 cm, v. reliefnega klesanja 2 cm.
Literatura: Pahič 1977a, 38, 53, Preški Vrh 1, 2, sl. 13; Pahič 1977c, 246; Pahič 1998b, 574, 577 (sl.); Šašel Kos 2001, 204.
Upodobitve delfinov73 so v antični umetnosti pogoste in raznolike. Posebno mesto ima delfin v nagrobnem kultu kot simbol preobrazbe. Velja za spremljevalca duš v kraljevstvo mrtvih. Pokojnika preko vode odpelje na otok blaženih. Na Koroškem sta delfina v paru upodobljena še v zaklinkih stele iz Vuzenice74 in v osrednjem delu zatrepa nagrobne stele iz Kolacione.75 Grobni oltar iz Flavije Solve76 s trizobom in parom delfinov je datiran v 2. st.
Ravne na Koroškem 15. Kip leva (sl. 13)
Kip so našli leta 1963 pripadniki predvojaške vzgoje na aluvialni terasi južno od Meže, v zahodnem delu takratnih obratov železarne pri kopanju zaklonov.77 V muzeju na Ravnah je od leta 1972.78
Sl. 13: Ravne. Kip leva. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 13: Ravne. Statue of a lion. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
73	O delfinu v: E. Diez, s. v. Delphin. - Reallexikon für Antike und Christentum III (1957) 673.
74	Glej še v drugem delu napis št. 34 (ILJug 1178).
75	Djura Jelenko 2004, sl. 21. Glej kamen št. 29.
76	Modrijan, Weber 1965, 64, št. 258.
77	Severovzhodni vogal hale za nože (Železarna Ravne). Danes je na tem mestu 4 m narite nasipne zemljene plasti.
78	Glej op. 41.
Avgusta leta 1978 je bil odtujen, vendar ponovno najden in vrnjen v muzej 11. 8. 1989. Od leta 2005 je postavljen v kapeli gradu Ravne. Kip leva,79 ki ga hranijo v Mariboru, je verjetno njegov pendant, mogoče pripada isti grobnici, saj je bil najden v neposredni bližini, ujemata se tudi v velikosti. KPM, enota Ravne (inv. št. 759).
Opis: Marmorni kip leva je močno obrušen od vode. Prednji del brezoblične glave je poškodovan, griva je reliefno obdelana. Noge niso izoblikovane, v skupni kladi masivno prehajajo v podnožje, katerega zadnji del je odlomljen.
Mere: 48 x 59 x 19 cm, teža cca 50 kg.
Literatura: Pahič 1965a, 38; Pahič 1966, 203 (sl.), 204; Pahič 1967, 25; Pahič 1968, 26; Pahič 1977a, 33, 53, Ravne na Koroškem 2; Pahič 1998b, 583 (sl.); Šašel Kos 2001, 202.
16. Kip leva, plošče (sl. 14a,b)
Kip je bil, kot poroča Jutro, najden 25. 11. 1937 na prostoru nove valjarne.80 Odkril ga je g. Jevš-nikar pri obdelovanju zemlje. Poleg leva je odkril še slemenasto klesano marmorno ploščo v velikosti 120 x 50 cm, na spodnji strani rahlo izdolbeno. Leva in ploščo je shranil pri sebi doma. Izkopanine si je ogledal arhivar mariborskega muzeja g. Franjo Baš. Pri tem je opravil tudi "poizkusni prekop". Naletel je na "ogelni zid", na marmorno ploščo, ki je bila čisto enaka že izkopani, ter drobec opeke, kar naj bi kazalo na rimsko stavbo. Njegov levji pendant je bil odkrit nedaleč vstran, oba pa kar 2 km navzdol od Zagrada. Obrušenost od vode je lahko nastala zaradi neposredne bližine Meže oz. njenega delovanja. Tudi sicer so z Raven znane priložnostne najdbe, kot so bronasta fibula (Pot ob Suhi 9), odlomki opek in lončenih posod, menda pa celo del rimskega mozaika.81 Tod mimo je potekala trasa rimske ceste. J. Šašel82 po pripovedovanju domačinov povzema podatke o najdbi slemenasto klesane apnenčaste plošče (50 x 60 cm). Kip se nahaja v Pokrajinskem muzeju Maribor (inv. št. A 2315).
Opis: Marmorni kip leva je obrušen od vode. Glava je brez obličja, noge v skupni kladi prehajajo v podnožje, ki je bolje ohranjeno kot pri njegovem pendantu iz ravenskega muzeja. Griva je reliefno obdelana, kip je grobo izdelan. Prednje noge kažejo sledove reliefne obdelave.
Mere: 53 x 59 x 21 cm.
Sl. 14a,b: Ravne. Kip leva. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 14a,b: Ravne. Statue of a lion. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Literatura: Šašel 1954a, 156; Šašel 1954, 68; Pahič 1965a, 38; Pahič 1966, 204, 203 sl. (napačen datum najdbe); Pahič 1967, 25, 26 (sl.); Pahič 1968, 26, 27 (sl.); Pahič 1975, Ravne na Koroškem. - V:ANSl, 276; Pahič 1977a, op. 65, 33, 53, Ravne na Koroškem 1; Pahič 1998b, 583 (sl.); Šašel Kos 2001, 202.
Starejša literatura: Jutro 18, Odkritje rimske stavbe v Guš-tanju, št. 276, 26. 11. 1937, str. 3.
Oba leva verjetno pripadata isti grobnici, kjer sta bila postavljena kot njena čuvaja. Leva pa lahko vidimo tudi kot simbol nepremagljive smrti. S. Pahič83 predvideva, da izhajata iz Zagrada, čemur nasprotujejo odkriti temelji na mestu najdbe.84
79	Odkrit 1937 leta, glej naprej.
80	Glej op. 79, v območju parcele 432 k. o. Ravne, last Jeklarne (Železarna Ravne).
81	Šašel 1954a, 156. Prav tako s parcel 432 in 430, takrat last Jeklarne.
82	Šašel 1954a, 156, parcela 432, k. o. Ravne.
83	Pahič 1966, 204.
84	Jutro 18 (26. 11. 1937), 3.
Slovenj Gradec
Stari trg - Kolaciona
17. Monolitni steber (sl. 15)
Steber danes služi kot osrednji nosilni steber v ladji cerkve sv. Pankracija na Grajskem griču85 v Starem trgu. Cerkev je datirana v sredino 13. st.86 Prvi je o njem poročal J. C. Hofrichter.87 D. Trsten-jak88 je zaradi stebra domneval rimski tempelj na mestu cerkve. Dr. H. Winkler89 je omenil, da so v najstarejšem, kvadratnem delu cerkve sv. Pankra-cija vsi štirje vogali v celoti zgrajeni iz belih marmornih kvadrov (rimske spolije iz Kolacione). Skupaj z W. Kubitschkom sta ob ogledu cerkve ugotovila, da sta baza in kapitel omenjenega stebra mlajša, in postavila domnevo, da korintski kapitel, ki ga je odkril dr. H. Winkler v Kolacioni, pripada temu stebru.90 R. Egger,91 ki povzema Winklerje-va odkritja, predvideva, da mogoče izvira z območja parcele 201 v Starem trgu (tempelj). Na stebru je bila narisana mlajša podoba sv. Gregorja Velikega, ki so jo v šestdesetih letih 19. st. odstranili. R. Badjura92 piše celo o Mitrovem templju na mestu gradu in cerkve, od koder naj bi izviral tudi steber z rimskim kapitelom.
Opis: Marmorni steber je sestavljen iz baze s kvadratnim podstavkom, iz okroglega trupa in iz čašastega kapitela. Baza in kapitel sta srednjeveška. Vsak teh delov je sestavljen iz enega kosa. Površina stebra je povsem zglajena. Po odstranitvi baročne prevleke kapitela leta 19 5 6 93 se je pokazal starejši kapitel, ki je bil svojčas rdeče pobarvan. Ob stiku s trupom stebra ima kapitel tenak, žlebasto izpod-rezan prstan.
Mere: Na bazi stoji 5,06 m visok monolitni trup stebra, ki se navzgor enakomerno zožuje, tako da se njegov spodnji obseg 229 cm ob vrhu zmanjša na 200 cm. Od prstana do vrha krovne plošče je kapitel visok 80 cm.
Literatura: Zadnikar 1956, 160s, sl. na str. 163, 165; Zad-nikar 1959b, 26, 27 (sl.); Pahič 1977a, 56, Stari trg 9; Zadnikar 1982, 504-515, 509 (sl.); Djura Jelenko 1997a, 170; Pahič 1998a, 56 (sl.), 59; Djura Jelenko 2004, 17 sl. 11.
Starejša literatura: Hofrichter 1858, 122; Trstenjak 1882, 591s; Egger 1914, Bbl. 64; Badjura 1922-1923, 484.
Sl. 15: Kolaciona. Monolitni steber. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 15: Colatio. Monolithic pillar. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
18.	Odlomek stebra
Med rimskimi najdbami, ki jih je slovenjgraški župnik J. Soklič pridobil v dar od dr. H. Winkler-ja in izvirajo iz Kolacione, je tudi del stebra iz marmorja.94 Pogrešan.
Literatura: o Sokličevi zbirki: Kolar 1954, št. 3-4, 15; Djura Jelenko 1997a; Strmčnik-Gulič 1999.
Neobjavljeno.
19.	Oltar (?) (sl. 16; 17)
Pokončni kamen valjaste oblike je bil najden pred 7. 6. 1909.95 Odkrit je bil v neposredni bližini
Glej v drugem delu napisno ploščo št. 19 z grajskega griča (Pankracij).
Zadnikar 1956, 161.
Hofrichter 1858, 122.
Trstenjak 1882, 591-592. Meni, da je bil steber prepeljan iz Ogleja.
Djura Jelenko 2004, 17.
Djura Jelenko 2004, 17, sl. 11, op. 55.
Egger 1914, 64. Prim. še: Pahič 1998, 59; Djura Jelenko 1997a, 170.
Badjura 1922-1923, 484.
Zadnikar 1959b, 27, sliki na str. 26.
94	KPM, Sokličev arhiv, 21. 6. 3. (inventarna knjiga).
95	Kamni od št. 19 do 23 so bili najdeni na parc. št. 201 k. o. Stari trg, vulgo Petrič.
Sl. 16: Kolaciona. Kamni. Rokopisna zapuščina dr. Hansa Wink-lerja, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt. Fig. 16: Colatio. Slabs. The manuscript legacy of Dr. H. Winkler, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt.
oltarja AIJ 5.96 Dr. H. Winkler97 ga je opredelil kot obcestni robnik. Glede na lego je domneval, da sta oba kamna iz istega časa. Najdbi sta sprožili začetek Winklerjevih raziskav v Starem trgu (tempelj). Hrani Deželni muzej v Gradcu, depo lapidarija Eggenberg (neinventariziran).
Opis: Valjast marmorni oltar (?) z rahlo zaobljenim zaključkom na vrhu je v spodnjem delu odlomljen. Obroč je spodaj trojno profiliran in deloma odkrušen.
Mere: 51,5 x pr. zgoraj 16, pr. spodaj 17, pr. obroča spodaj 18,5 cm.
Literatura: Djura Jelenko 2004, 11, sl. 5; 6.
Upodobitve podobnih oltarjev (?) zasledimo na gemah. V Starem trgu je bil leta 1996 odkrit železni pečatni prstan s podobo Kastorja in konja. Za konjem je prikazan podoben oltar,98 na katerem morda gori ogenj. Prstan je datiran v drugo polovico 1. oz. 2. st. V neposredni bližini odkriti oltar AIJ 599 je datiran v 2. ali 3. st.
Sl. 17: Kolaciona. Oltar (?). Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 17: Colatio. An altar (?). Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
96	Glej v drugem delu napis št. 27 (AIJ 5).
97	Winklerjeva skica v: Arhiv KPM, fond dr. H. Winklerja, 1. 21. 2.
98	Zaradi višine opredeljen kot steber, v: Djura Jelenko 1997c, 132, sl. 1; t. 1.
99	Glej v drugem delu napis št. 27.
20. Korintski kapitel stebra (sl. 16; 18) Kapitel večjega stebra so odkrili skupaj z deli porušenega stebra. Najden je bil v neposredni bližini zgoraj omenjenih oltarjev. V graški muzej100 je prišel leta 1915. R. Egger101 je domneval, da pripada monolitnemu stebru v cerkvi sv. Pankracija. Izkopavanja dr. H. Winklerja (tempelj 1910). Hrani Deželni muzej v Gradcu, depo lapidarija Eggenberg (inv. št. 5).
Opis: Korintski marmorni102 kapitel je na vrhu plošče (abakus) hrapav, preperel. Trije vogali plošče so odkrušeni. Kalat (kalathos) je v plitvem reliefu okrašen z akantovim listjem. Na zgornji površini abaka so se ohranili sledovi klesarskega orodja.
Sl. 19: Kolaciona. Podstavek stebra. Rokopisna zapuščina dr. Hansa Winklerja, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt. Fig. 19: Colatio. Pillar base. The manuscript legacy of Dr. H. Winkler, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt.
Sl. 18: Kolaciona. Korintski kapitel. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 18: Colatio. Corinthian capital. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Mere: 28 cm, abakus 72,5/72 cm, pr. stebra 52 cm, obseg 171 cm, v. abaka 10 cm, teža cca 200 kg.
Literatura: Pahič 1977a, 20, 24, 56, Stari trg 8; Modrijan, Weber 1979/81, 71, št. 5; Djura Jelenko 2004, 11, sl. 5, 6.
Starejša literatura: Egger 1914, Bbl. 64; Das Lapidarium. -JJ 103-104, 1916, 37.
Preračunana višina stebra bi znašala okoli 5 m, kar ustreza proporcem višine stebra v cerkvi sv. Pankracija in odkriti bazi v templju Kolacione.
21. Podstavek (baza) stebra (sl. 19)
Vzidan in kaneliran podstavek stebra je ležal samo meter vstran od odkritega korintskega kapi-tela.103 R. Egger104 je opisal, da je bil z zunanje strani uokvirjen s profiliranimi marmornimi kosi. Domneval je, da spada morda k monolitnemu stebru v cerkvi sv. Pankracija. Okoli podstavka je dr. H. Winkler med drugim odkril ostanke pilumov.105 V bližini te baze je odkril še tri podstavke,106 ki so bili postavljeni v isti liniji, v smeri sever - jug. V
bližini prvega podstavka (ß) je naletel na več apnenčastih lomljencev, na mestu četrtega podstavka za steber pa so odkrili približno deset obdelanih peščenjakov. Izkopavanja dr. H. Winklerja (tempelj 1910). Podstavek je verjetno ostal na mestu najdišča.
Opis: Sredina apnenčastega podstavka je bila zapolnjena s kamni in malto. Z zunanje strani je bil uokvirjen s profiliranimi marmornimi kosi. Stebra ni bilo. Sodeč po proporcih je bila baza del večjega stebra.
Mere: 55 cm, plinta (kvadratna plošča pod stebrom) 130/130 cm.
Literatura: Pahič 1977a, 20; Djura Jelenko 2004, 11, sl. 6; 7.
Starejša literatura: Egger 1914, Bbl. 64, 65.
22. Votivni figuri s podstavkom (sl. 20; 21)
Manjša votivna figura je bila, kot kaže, odkrita skupaj s pripadajočim profiliranim podstavkom (sl. 20). S. Pahič po R. Eggerju107 povzema podatek o najdbi "malega torza, ostankov gub oblačila kipa". Torzo se verjetno nanaša na tu omenjeno figuro. Izkopavanja dr. H. Winklerja (tempelj 1910). Hrani Deželni muzej v Gradcu (inv. št. 14852).
Opis: Marmorna figura je obdelana s prednje strani, glava in spodnji del manjkata. V trupu je vsekana 4 mm široka in 1,4 cm globoka luknja, ki je verjetno služila za pritrditev glave. Roko drži počez čez trebuh (v naročju). V bližini te figure je dr. H. Winkler odkril Domicijanov novec.
Mere: 8 x 4 x 3,5 cm.
100	JJ 103-104, 1916, 37. Našteti so še: votivna ara iz apnenca, AIJ 8 ter več polvaljev - kamnitih zaključkov grobne ograje.
101	Egger 1914, 64.
102	Kapitel je iz marmorja (Winklerjev podatek) in ne iz peščenjaka (Modrijan, Weber 1979/81, 71, št. 5).
103	Djura Jelenko 2004, sl. 6.
104	Egger 1914, 64.
105	Djura Jelenko 2004, 11.
106	Djura Jelenko 2004, 14, sl. 6.
107	Egger 1914, 68.
Sl. 20: Kolaciona. Figura s podstavkom. Rokopisna zapuščina dr. Hansa Winklerja, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt. Fig. 20: Colatio. Figure with a base. The manuscript legacy of Dr. H. Winkler, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt.
Sl. 21108 prikazuje dva manjša odlomka - podstavek ter del reliefno obdelanega kamna. Mogoče so to omenjeni ostanki gub oblačila kipa.109
Mere: v. manj kot 10 cm.
Literatura: Pahič 1977a, 41; Djura Jelenko 2004, 12, sl. 6; 9; 10; t. 1: 2.
Starejša literatura: Egger 1914, Bbl. 68.
Miniaturno marmorno figuro poznamo iz dvorca Betnava.110 Kipec je skoraj v celoti ohranjen in prikazuje prsato ženo, hermo z dolgimi lasmi in pasom, s katerega visijo dolgi trakovi.
Sl. 21: Kolaciona. Odlomek figure s podstavkom. Rokopisna zapuščina dr. Hansa Winklerja, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt.
Fig. 21: Colatio. Fragment of a figure with a base. The manuscript legacy of Dr. H. Winkler, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt.
23. Različni odlomki
Na območju templja111 so odkrili več različnih kamnitih odlomkov. V njihovi neposredni bližini
je bil odkrit oltar AIJ 7,112 posvečen Marsu. Izkopavanja dr. H. Winklerja (1910). Pogrešano.
Opis: Dr. H. Winkler opisuje odkritje "manjšega kosa podstavka, del figure (mogoče na sl. 20), kos napušča ter precejšnje število marmornih odlomkov: dele z letvičastim okrasom, odlomke napisnih kamnov s posameznimi ohranjenimi črkami (sl. 16), vogale oltarjev ter odlomek glave - marmorne figure s čelnim trakom in kodri".
Literatura: Djura Jelenko 2004, 14, sl. 6.
24.	Trije podstavki
V jugozahodnem vogalu templja je dr. H. Winkler 9,60 m od zahodnega zunanjega zidu odkril tri slabo ohranjene podstavke kipov, ki so stali paralelno na zahodni zunanji zid templja. Postavljeni so bili ob robu ceste, ki je vodila v tempelj. Izkopavanja dr. H. Winklerja (1910).
Mere: 30-40 x 105 x 105 cm.
Literatura: Djura Jelenko 2004, 15, sl. 6.
Starejša literatura: Egger 1914, 64, Fig. 2.
25.	Kapitel stebra (sl. 16 - desno spodaj)
Kapitel stebra je dr. H. Winkler skupaj z ostalimi kamnitimi najdbami iz templja poslal v graški muzej. Izkopavanja dr. H. Winklerja (1910?). Hrani Deželni muzej v Gradcu. Pogrešan.
Opis: Kapitel z deloma odkrušenim abakom ima sodeč po sl. 16 na kalatu okras akantovih listov.
Mere: cca 30 x 20 cm.
Literatura: Pahič 1977a, 20; Djura Jelenko 2004, sl. 5
Datiramo ga lahko v 2. oz. 3. st.
26.	Oltar (?)
Oltar (?)113 naj bi bil odkrit v petdesetih letih 20. st. ob gradnji stare hiše (Areh) na parc. št. 206 k. o. Stari trg. Hranjen v privatnem lastništvu, neznano kje.
Mere: cca 30 x 30 x 30 cm.
Literatura: Djura Jelenko 1997b, 119, op. 9.
27.	Utež
Dr. H. Winkler je med izkopavanji naselbine leta 1911 v objektu II odkril utež. Pogrešana.
Opis: Marmorna okrogla utež v obliki pogače.
Mere: 8 x pr. 20 cm.
Literatura: Djura Jelenko 2004, 25.
Starejša literatura: Egger 1914, 72.
Med ostalimi najdbami v tem objektu dr. H. Winkler navaja fibulo tipa Aucissa.
108	Djura Jelenko 2004, sl. 6; 10.
109	Pahič 1977a, 41.
Modrijan, Weber 1965, 99, št. 100.
111	Djura Jelenko 2004, sl. 6.
112	Glej v drugem delu napis št. 28.
113	Djura Jelenko 1997b, 119, op. 9.
Sl. 22: Kolaciona. Plošče, polvalji, odlomek stele. Rokopisna zapuščina dr. Hansa Winklerja, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt.
Fig. 22: Colatio. Slabs, halfcylinders, a fragment of a stele. The manuscript legacy of Dr. H. Winkler, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt.
28.	Štiri plošče (sl. 22; 48)
Zraven nagrobnika AIJ 8114 je dr. H. Winkler v bogatem zidanem grobu I med drugim odkril tudi štiri obdelane, vendar nedokončane marmorne plošče. Izkopavanja dr. H. Winklerja (1911). Plošče so pogrešane.
Opis: Neglajene, spredaj ravne, zadaj polkrožne marmorne plošče so imele luknje za spone. Ob straneh so bile plošče ravno obklesane.
Literatura: Djura Jelenko 2004, 33, sl. 17; 30.
Grob z žganim pokopom je datiran v drugo polovico 1. st.
29.	Zgornji del nagrobne stele (sl. 22; 23)
V zidanem grobu I je odkril še odlomek zgornjega levega zaklinka marmorne stele z upodobitvijo delfina. Izkopavanja dr. H. Winklerja (1911). Hrani Deželni muzej v Gradcu (inv. št. 17?) .115 Trenutno založen.
Opis: Na trikotnem marmornem odlomku nagrobne stele je vzdolž preloma (60 cm) izklesan
delfin. Delfin je usmerjen navzdol in v levo, manjka mu zaključek repa. Prikazane so tri plavuti.
Mere: Dolžina stranic: 40 x 42 x 60 cm (po Winklerju).
Sl. 23: Kolaciona. Odlomek nagrobne stele z delfinom. Foto-teka Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz. Fig. 23: Colatio. Fragment of a funerary stele with a dolphin. Photo archive of Landesmuseum Joanneum, Graz.
114	Glej v drugem delu napis št. 23.
115	Domnevno gre za spomenik, ki je omenjen pri Pahiču (1977a, 24, 56, Stari trg 3).
Literatura: Pahič 1977a, 24, 56, Stari trg 3; Djura Jelenko 2004, 33, sl. 21.
Starejša literatura: Egger 1914, Bbl. 75.
30.	Odlomek reliefnega kamna (sl. 22)
V	zidanem grobu I je ležal tudi manjši odlomek z ostankom reliefa. Izkopavanja dr. H. Winklerja (1911). Pogrešan.
Opis: Na desni strani marmornega kamna je upodobljena stoječa ptica, na levi pa del vitičastega okrasja.
Literatura: Djura Jelenko 2004, 33.
31.	Polvalji (sl. 22)
V	zidanem grobu I in v poslopju na "njivi 7/8" je dr. H. Winkler odkril več polvaljev. R. Egger116 omenja tudi ostanke podboja. Izkopavanja dr. H. Winklerja (1911 - zidan grob I in 1912). Hrani Deželni muzej v Gradcu. Pogrešani.
Opis: Odlomki apnenčastih polvaljev.
Mere: 20 x 60 x 85 cm (največji ohranjen).
Literatura: Pahič 1977a, 15, 24, 56, Stari trg 10, 11; Djura Jelenko 2004, 30, 33, 56, sl. 17; 33.
Starejša literatura: Egger 1914, Bbl. 74; Das Lapidarium. -JJ 103-104, 1916, 37.
32.	Dekorativni element grobne arhitekture (sl. 24)
Med izkopavanji zgodnjeantičnega grobišča je
bil odkrit odlomek dekorativnega elementa grobne arhitekture. Ležal je v kamniti groblji z ostanki žlindre in odlomki staljenega stekla, ostanki delavnice iz predvidoma 3. ali prve polovice 4. st. Sekundarno je bil uporabljen kot gradbeni element. Delavnica je ležala med zidanima grobovoma III in IV.117 Zraven je ležal še manjši polkrožno obdelan kos marmorja z moznico. Izkopavanja KPM, Stari trg - grobišče 2004. KPM (inv. št. 2530).
Opis: Dekorativni element grobne arhitekture v obliki vaze iz marmorja (iz katere izmed grobnic) z moznicama (2,7 x 2,0 in 3,2 x 2,7 cm) na zgornji in spodnji strani.
Mere: 33 x 16 x 18 cm.
Literatura: neobjavljeno.
Glede na sekundarno lego verjetna zgodnejša datacija v 1. oz. 2. st.
Sl. 24: Kolaciona. Dekorativni element. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 24: Colatio. A decorative element. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Dr. H. Winkler118 je v svoj popotni dnevnik zapisal podatek: "Pri M. Vučinjaku, p. d. Medviršek, je kot stopniščni kamen uporabljen pokrov sarkofaga. Se vidi." Stara hiša, kjer je bil menda kot podest pred vhodom sicer lesenih stopnic uporabljen pokrov sarkofaga, ne stoji več. Kamen je izginil neznano kam. Lastnica posestva je bila v letu 1863 Ana Vaukan iz graščine Galenhof, od koder izvira več rimskih kamnov.
Literatura: neobjavljeno.
Šmartno pri Slovenj Gradcu
Medviršek / Legen 33. Pokrov sarkofaga
Galenhof / Legen
34. Fragment ovršja nagrobnika s portretno nišo
(sl. 25)
Nagrobnik je bil menda najden v 19. st. J. C. Hofrichter119 je leta 1861 objavil, da je bil v oko-
l'6 Egger 1914, 74.
117	Glej skico v Djura Jelenko 2004, sl. 16.
118	Arhiv KPM, fond dr. H. Winklerja, 1.4.
119	Hofrichter 1861, 312.
Sl. 25: Legen. Odlomek ovršja nagrobnika. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 25: Legen. Fragment of a tombstone acroterion. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Pred poškodbo je bil ohranjen tudi levi zgornji vogal z upodobitvijo ženske glave (J. Soklič). Površina je močno načeta ter sivo črno prevlečena (posledica požara - eksplozije). V spodnjem delu odlomka, pod rameni moža, je kamen po polovici vertikalno odlomljen.
Mere: 71 x 64 cm, v. reliefnega klesanja do 10 cm. Vzidan je 210 cm od tal.
Literatura: Šašel 1951, 5 (sl., izvirajoč iz okolice Legna); Pahič 1967, 25; Pahič 1968, 24, 46, 47, 50; Pahič 1975, Legen. - V: ANSl, 276 (Pahič tu kot Hofrichterjev spomenik domneva CIL III 5104); Pahič 1977a, op. 85, 51, Mislinjska Dobrava; Pahič 1995, 81, op. 12; Djura Jelenko 1997a, 169 s; Pahič 1998a, 56 (sl.); Šašel Kos 2001, 200.
Starejša literatura: Hofrichter 1861, 312-313 (in der Gegend Dobrava am Jungschnigberge); Hofrichter 1862, 29; Pichler 1867, karta (kot najdišče vrisana Mislinjska Dobrava); Ferk 1897, 21.
Nošnja plašča tipa sagum je značilna za sever-sko in poznejše obdobje, pri čemer je sagum z resami (nacefranim robom) postal moden v času Septi-mija Severa.126 Žal ni jasno, ali je na obrazu upodobljena brada.
Šmartno pri Slovenj Gradcu
lici Dobrove na Jauschnigbergu najden rimski kamen, ki ga je gospod baron pl. Czörnig spravil v svoji graščini Galenhof. Leto dni kasneje120 je J. C. Hofrichter poslal Zgodovinskemu društvu "tri kopije rimskega nagrobnika z Jauschnigberga", ki jih je sam narisal. S. Pahič121 po F. Ferku122 povzema, da bi lahko šlo za gozdno območje Jevšnikovega brega južno od Dovž. Verjetno gre prav za omenjeni nagrobnik.123
Do leta 1945 je bil vzidan v graščini Galenhof. Slovenjgraški župnik J. Soklič124 je spomenik po eksploziji graščine leta 1945 našel med razvalinami. Dal ga je vzidati v severno steno cerkve Sv. Duha v Slovenj Gradcu.125
Opis: Odlomek lahko pripada nagrobni plošči z nišo ali pa je del stele, pod katerim lahko pričakujemo napis. Ohranjen je zgornji desni vogal. Marmorni nagrobnik je predstavljal doprsno podobo moža in žene v polkrožni niši. Reliefno je upodobljeno doprsje moža v tuniki, čez levo rame mu pada plašč (sagum). Ovalni obraz obdajajo lasje, ki segajo čez ušesa. Nos je zrabljen (odlomljen?).
35. Kip Hypnosa / Somnusa (sl. 26)
Leta 1956 so pri gradnji nove ceste med cerkvijo sv. Martina in župniščem odstranili kapelico -grobnico. Na mestu kapelice so takrat postavili kip Hypnosa, za katerega se ne ve, od kod izvira. V bližini je stala graščina Galenhof, v kateri so hranili še druge rimske marmorne spomenike. Hrani Nadžupnijski urad Šmartno pri Slovenj Gradcu.
Opis: Marmorni kip predstavlja dečka - Hyp-nosa, ležečega na podstavku. Ohranjena je leva polovica polne plastike - s kipom na podstavku, noge so odlomljene. Odkrušen je tudi spodnji del zadnjega levega vogala podstavka, ki je zglajen z vseh strani. Kip predstavlja ležečo postavo pri počitku, z deško glavo in telesom mladeniča, ki leži na desnem boku. Deček ima glavo naslonjeno na okrašeni blazini, pod glavo ima spodvito desno roko. Leva roka mu sloni na boku, z njo drži pred sabo in v višini boka cvetno korono. Čez nedrja ima ogrnjeno tkanino. Kip ima dve manjši novejši poškodbi, eno v predelu levega ramena, drugo v predelu popka.
120 Hofrichter 1862, 29.
l2' Pahič Topografski zapisi 27. 5. 1977, arhiv KPM.
122	Ferk 1897, 21, kjer piše: "Der Fundort des Römersteines beim Kalkbruch ist nicht bei Verladen, auch nicht bei Smaker, sondern gegenüber Douže - zwischen beiden."
123	Nagrobnik CIL III 5104 je bil objavljen že leta 1852 v: Knabl 1852b, 116, 117. Glej še spodaj.
124	KPM, Sokličev arhiv 1.2.3. (sl.). Napis na zadnji strani: Rimski relief sem našel pred razvalinami - zdaj vzidan v cerkvico sv. Duha.
125	Pahič 1977a, 51, Mislinjska Dobrava.
126	Harl 2003, 344, 345.
Sl. 26: Šmartno pri Slovenj Gradcu. Kip Hypnosa. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 26: Šmartno pri Slovenj Gradcu. Statue of Hypnos. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Mere: 24 x 54 x 19,5 cm, v. podstavka 6,7 cm, v. blazine 6,5, cm, v. dečka (pri ramenu) 17 cm.
Literatura: neobjavljeno.
Bog spanja, Hypnos je vsaj v zgornjem, ohranjenem delu prikazan brez značilnih atributov.127 Cvetna korona128 je bila verjetno postavljena v sredini kipa, katerega celotna dolžina bi potemtakem znašala okoli 90 cm. Frizura dečka je bila v modi v tra-janskem obdobju.129
Turiška vas
36. "Rimski marmorni odlomek" Dr. H. Winkler130 je v svojem popotnem dnevniku navedel podatek, da je "v Turiški vasi odkriti rimski marmorni odlomek sedaj pri Štalekarju v Golavabuki". Za kamen je leta 1950 izvedel tudi J. Šašel.131
Literatura: Djura Jelenko 1997a, 168.
RIMSKI NAPISI
Uvod
Djura Jelenko
Na začetku leta 2004 sem dobila katalog koroških kamnitih spomenikov, ki ga je sestavila M. Šašel Kos in dopolnila S. Djura Jelenko. Rimske napise z območja današnje slovenske Koroške sem opremila s komentarji in jih pripravila za objavo po kriterijih epigrafske stroke.
V veliki meri gre za preproste nagrobnike (izjema je spomenik Juliji Kalandini, kjer je nad napisnim poljem še portret para v niši; nekoliko nenavaden pa je tudi primer iz Zg. Dovž, kjer gre za dolg napis, kakršnega bi pričakovali na steli). Posebno omembo si zaslužijo tudi najdbe iz zidanega groba I (Colatio), kjer gre za večjo grobno arhitekturo. Poleg že omenjenih napisov so zastopani še oltarji (Jupitru Depulsorju, Jupitru Doli-henu, Marsu), ki glede na majhno število razmeroma dobro odražajo razširjenost kultov na tem področju.
Nagrobne formule so preproste, kar na eni strani govori v prid zgodnjemu datiranju, na drugi pa ne smemo obiti dejstva, da so spomeniki nastali na območju, ki je bilo relativno oddaljeno od mest-
127	Mak, rog, krila kragulja, kuščar. Prim. C. Lochin, LIMC V/2 (1990) 404-406, sl. 15; 17; 20; 22; 23; 28; 29a; 30-32.
128	Prim. Piccottini 1984, 341. Cvetna korona kot atribut žalujočega genija.
129	Prim. frizuro na bronastem kipu iz Ljubljane in komentar v: Goette 1989, 42-43.
130	Arhiv KPM, fond dr. H. Winklerja, 1.4.
131	J. Sokliča sprašuje, ali je kaj izvedel o onem rimskem kamnu na Golavabuki, v: Djura Jelenko 1997a, 168.
nih središč in s tem tudi od središč romanizacije. Veliko napisov bi tako lahko datirali v obdobje od konca 1. do sredine 2. st., kar je gotovo zanimivo dejstvo, saj je romanizacija tudi že na tem območju morala doseči zavidljivo raven. Ostali sodijo v čas od druge polovice 2. do 3. st.
Keltska imena in izpeljanke iz njih so dobro zastopana, a tudi delež latinskih je velik. Na napisu iz Radelj pa se pojavita še imeni, ki bi naj bili germanskega izvora (Gannicus, Mannus?).
Na tem mestu bi se rada iskreno zahvalila vsem, ki so mi s strokovnimi nasveti pomagali pri nastajanju tega članka, še prav posebej pa Saši Djura Jelenko, dr. Marjeti Šašel Kos in dr. Milanu Lovenjaku.
KATALOG
Sl. 27: Dravograd. Nagrobna plošča za Celata. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 27: Dravograd. Tombstone for Celatus. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Dravograd
Dravograd
1. Nagrobna plošča za Celata (sl. 27) Pri kopanju grobov na pokopališču okoli cerkve so naleteli na debel zid, rimske novce in nagrobno ploščo, ki naj bi jo g. Mušič, župnik v Šentjanžu, leta 1831 poslal v graški muzej.132
Plošča je hranjena v graškem deželnem muzeju, depo lapidarija Eggenberg (inv. št. 55).133
Opis: Nagrobna plošča z dvojno profiliranim robom okvirja je ohranjena v celoti. Napisno polje je poglobljeno. Poševno čez ploščo potekajo žile, ob straneh zunanjega roba okvirja pa so vidni poševni sledovi klesarskega orodja. Na plošči je mogoče videti tudi sledove vzidave (malta, barve); na njeni zgornji strani je v ploščo zvrtana luknja. Črke so ozke. Mere: 58,5 x 45 cm. V. črk: 4-5,5 cm.
Celatus Tertul(l)i (filius) annorum C vibu=
5
s! fecit sibi et suis. Successa Successi (filia) annorum CI.
Prevod: Celat, Tertulov sin, star sto let, je za življenja naredil sebi in svojim, Sukcesa, Sukceso-va hčera, stara sto eno leto.
Literatura: CIL III 5700; RISt 397.
Pahič 1967, 27; Pahič 1968, 29, 45, 52-53; Pahič 1975, Dravograd. - V: ANSl, 273; Pahič 1977a, 58; Modrijan, Weber 1981, 98 št. 55; Pahič 1995, 81 op. 10, 84.
Starejša literatura: Alterthümer. - JJ 20, 1831, 10-11; Mu-char 1844, 93-94; Knabl 1854, 153-154; Knabl Ms. 1668, 114v; Knabl Sylloge 1862, št. 365; Steiner 1862, 478 št. 3251.134
Vse črke N so nagnjene v desno, vsi Aji so brez prečne haste, vsi Oji pa so pomanjšani.
2	Od tretje črke V je ohranjen samo zgornji del leve poševne haste, ki je povišana.
3	F in prvi I sta povišana. Od prve črke T je ohranjen samo desni del prečne haste.
4	Prvi črki S in V sta močno zabrisani.
5	Od črke I, ki je nekoliko poševna, je ohranjen samo njen zgornji del.
I. Kajanto135 postavlja ime Celatus med latinska imena, izpeljana iz participa perfekta (glagola celo - skrijem, prikrijem, tajim). Ker pa cel- nastopa tudi v keltskih imenih, bi ime lahko bilo tudi keltskega izvora.136 Ime Success-us/-a je pogosto v južnem Noriku.137 Ime Tertullus, ki je pomanjševalnica imena Tertius, najdemo povsod, še posebej v provincah s keltskim prebivalstvom in v Italiji.138 Beseda vibus v drugi vrstici nastopa namesto vivus; zamenjavanje črke b in v je pogost pojav, ki je izpričan tudi na napisih (AIJ 38, CIL III 143671). Za navedbe visokega števila let glej komentar pri napisu št. 6.
Glede na nagrobno formulo sodi napis v drugo polovico 1. ali prvo polovico 2. st.
132	Alterthümer. - JJ 20, 1831, 10-11; Knabl 1854, 153-154.
133	Modrijan, Weber 1981, 98 št. 55: ga po pomoti uvrstita med napise iz okolice Ptuja, saj naj bi ga našli pri Št. Janžu na Dravskem polju (Starše).
134	Glej op. 23.
135	Kajanto 1965, 350.
136	Lochner von Hüttenbach 1989, 53.
137	Prim. s št. 4, op. 156.
138	Onomasticon IV, 116.
Šentjanž
2. Nagrobna plošča za Publija Elija Junija (sl. 28) Plošča je bila vzidana v vzhodno steno cerkve sv. Janža blizu Dravograda. Pri zadnji obnovi cerkve leta 2002/2003 so jo sicer izzidali, a jo še vedno hranijo v cerkvi.
Opis: Nagrobna plošča iz belega marmorja je ohranjena v celoti. Napisno polje je v profilira-nem okvirju. Pravilne črke imajo poudarjene zaključke. Med besedami so trikotna ločilna znamenja. Mere: 43 x 54 cm. V. črk: 5-4 cm.
P(ublius) Ael(ius) lunius v(ivus) f(ecit) sibi et Nem= et(a)e Nigellionis f(iliae) con(iugi) et Vibio f(ilio) 5 an(norum) XVII.
Prevod: Publij Elij Junij je za življenja postavil (nagrobnik) sebi, ženi Nemeti, Nigelionovi hčeri, in sinu Vibiju, staremu sedemnajst let.
Literatura: AIJ 4; ILLPRON 1873. Pahič 1967, 27; Pahič 1968, 29, 52; Pahič 1975, Št. Janž pri Dravogradu. - V: ANSl, 273; Pahič 1977a, 28 op. 67, sl. 23; Pahič 1995, 82, 83 sl., 84. Ligatura: 3 LI, NI.
5 Vrstica je pomaknjena navznoter. Dodana je bila naknadno in je plitvo vgravirana.
Sl. 28: Šentjanž. Nagrobna plošča za Publija Elija Junija. Fototeka IzA ZRC SAZU.
Fig. 28: Šentjanž. Tombstone for Publius Aelius Iunius. Photo archive of IzA ZRC SAZU.
Imperialni gentilicij Aelius in prvo ime (praeno-men) Publius običajno povezujemo s cesarjem Hadrijanom. Osebe, ki jim je cesar podelil državljanstvo, so dobile tudi njegovo prvo in družinsko ime. Osebno ime (cognomen) Iunius je prav tako latinsko, v Noriku je kot družinsko ime precej priljubljeno.139 Nigellio je latinsko osebno ime (tvorba na -io),140 ki je pogosto pri sužnjih in osvobo-jencih, ker ima rahlo pejorativen prizvok. Izpeljan je iz Nigellus, kar je pomanjševalnica imena Niger.141 V Noriku je izpričan še primer imena z enim l: Nigelio (RIST 22). Nemeta je redko keltsko ime;142 koren Nemet- se pojavlja tudi kot prvi del sestavljenih keltskih imen.143 Ime Vibius se pojavlja kot družinsko in kot osebno ime. Razširjeno je predvsem po zahodnem delu imperija; tudi v Noriku in Panoniji je razmeroma pogosto.144
Glede na prvo in družinsko ime (Publius Aelius) sodi napis v prvo pol. 2. st.
Mislinja
Dolič
3. Nagrobna plošča za Bardona145 (sl. 29) Kot poročata V. Kolšek in P. Petru, je Ivan Potočnik leta 1938 ob cesti proti Vitanju pri poglabljanju jarka ob Temenikovi hiši št. 56 naletel na zgornjo polovico nagrobne plošče,146 ob kateri je bilo več kamnitih kock. Spomenik je shranjen v Pokrajinskem muzeju v Celju (inv. št. L 37).
Sl. 29: Dolič. Nagrobna plošča za Bardona. Foto: Viktor Berk, fototeka PM Celje.
Fig. 29: Dolič. Tombstone for Bardo. Photo: Viktor Berk, Photo archive of PM Celje.
139	Onomasticon II, 208.
140	Kajanto 1965, 37.
141	Kajanto 1965, 228.
142	Onomasticon III, 97.
143	Prim. s št. 9, op. 197 in 198.
144	Onomasticon IV, 165-166.
145	Zaradi večje verjetnosti, da je plošča pripadala ožjemu območju Kolacione, je uvrščena v ta sklop napisov, čeprav danes kraj, kjer je bila najdena, ne spada več h Koroški.
146	Kolšek, Petru 1956, 13.
Opis: Ohranjen je zgornji del pokončne nagrobne plošče iz belega pohorskega marmorja. Napisno polje obdaja profiliran okvir, ki je odbit z leve, spodnje in desne strani. Na napisnem polju so neznatni ostanki malte. Črke so pravilno klesane, vendar na desni strani in na poškodovanih delih že nekoliko slabše vidne. Velikost črk se veča od zgoraj navzdol. Mere: 28 x 50,5 x 10 cm. V. črk: 4-5 cm.
Bardo
Primi f(ilius) viv(u)s f(ecit) si= [bi] et [---]
Prevod: Bardon, Primov sin, je za življenja postavil (nagrobnik) zase in ...
Literatura: ILJug 367; ILLPRON 1903.
Kolšek, Petru 1956, 13; Petru, Kolšek 1958/59, 34 sl.; Pa-hič 1967, 27; Pahič 1968, 28, 50; Pahič 1975, Spodnji Dolič. - V: ANSl, 295; Pahič 1977a, 29, 56; Pahič 1977b, 74.
2	Med drugim I in F je trikotno ločilno znamenje.
3	Od prve črke V je ohranjen samo zgornji del desne poševne haste, od prvega S pa zgornji lok in obrisi spodnjega. Pri črki F sta ohranjeni zgornja in srednja prečna hasta.
4	Od druge črke je ostal le poudarjen zaključek haste (I), od tretje (E, F, T) pa del zgornje prečne haste.
Ime Bardo, ki je keltskega izvora,147 je bilo do sedaj izpričano le v Noriku.148 To ime se je ohranilo tudi v bližini na napisu iz Skomerske Hudin-je (AIJ 13).
Spomenik sodi v drugo polovico 1. ali na začetek 2. st.
Zgornje Dovže
4. Nagrobni napis za Vibena in njegovo družino
(sl. 30)
Kot opisuje R. Knabl, so napis odkrili leta 1835 na posestvu Pavla Pušnika v Zgornjih Dovžah.149 Leta 1859 so ga vzidali v cerkev sv. Ilije v Šentilju pod Turjakom. Ob obnovi cerkve v 50-ih letih 20. st. so ga iz zidu južne kapele prestavili v južno steno zvonika. S. Pahič poroča, da so na omenjenem posestvu odkrili ostanke vile rustike,150 iz notice
iz Jutra (30. 11. 1932) pa je mogoče razbrati, da so naleteli tudi na ostanke rimskega grobišča (žare, meči, razne posode) z obokanimi grobovi.151 S. Pahič domneva, verjetno na podlagi Ferkovega poročila, da so takrat tu lomili apnenec iz osamelih žil.152
Opis: Pravokotna pokončna nagrobna plošča153 iz belega pohorskega marmorja je odlomljena na desni strani in spodaj. Napisno polje obdaja profiliran okvir, ki je ohranjen samo na levi strani in zgoraj. Čez zgornjo tretjino plošče poteka poševno žila, ki je rahlo popačila napis od druge do pete vrstice. Na površini kamna so na več mestih vidni ostanki malte, kar kaže na sekundarno uporabo kamna kot gradbeni člen. Morda so bili takrat odklesani manjkajoči deli kamna. Črke so pravilno klesane in razen na poškodovanih mestih dobro vidne. Med besedami so trikotna ločilna znamenja.
Mere: 63,5 x 44,5 cm. V. črk: 5,5-2 cm.
Sl. 30: Zgornje Dovže. Nagrobni napis za Vibena in njegovo družino. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 30: Zgornje Dovže. Funerary inscription for Vibenus and his family. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
147	Holder, Sprachschatz I, 347-348.
148	Onomasticon I, 270.
149	Knabl 1867, 182-183.
150	Pahič 1967, 26.
I5' B. G. 1932, 3.
152	Pahič 1977a, 15 op. 6: Ferk, Ferien-Tagebuch, 1897.
153	Zaradi izredne dolžine napisa ne gre za običajno pravokotno ploščo, dopušča se možnost, da je ta napisni kamen pravzaprav stela.
Vibenu[s] Vindonis [f(ilius)] v(ivus) f(ecit) s(ibi) et Secconi[ae] Vetullae con[iugi] 5 pientissimae an[nor(um)? —] et Secconio Vibio [fil(io)] mil(iti) c(o)hor(tis) II praet(oriae) a(nnorum) X[---]
et Secconio eqis [---?] / Urso[---?] Victori annor(um) [—] 10 et Seneciano Sever[o---?]/ mil[iti? ---] Vi[b]eni fil(io) an[nor(um) —] [---]AT VR 1M[---] [---]O'm[---]
Prevod: Viben, Vindonov sin, je za življenja postavil sebi in Sekoniji Vetuli, najbolj predani ženi, stari ... , in sinu Sekoniju Vibiju, vojaku druge pretori-janske kohorte, staremu ... let, in Sekoniju (?) Viktorju, staremu (?), in Senekijanu, Vibenovemu sinu, staremu ...
Literatura: CIL III 5105, ILLPRON 1775.
Betz 1953, 728 št. 40; Zadnikar 1959a, 115; Pahič 1967, 26; Pahič 1968, 27; Pahič 1975, Zgornje Dovže. - V: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, op. 6, 47 sl. 7; Pahič 1995, 83 sl. - 85; Pahič 1998a, 42 sl., 49; Šašel Kos 2001, 200-201 sl. 4.
Starejša literatura: Knabl Ms. 1668, 108v; Knabl 1867, 182183; Egger 1914, 61-62.
Ligature: 3 ET in NI; 5 MAE; 6 ET; 7 AE. T longae: 4, 7, 8, 9, 10.
Ločilna znamenja so povsod razen: 1, 2, 6, 10, 12, 13.
4 Med VETULLAE in CON je slabše ohranjeno ločilo.
7	Nad rimskim številom II je prečna hasta. Od zadnje črke X sta ohranjena samo dela zgornje in spodnje leve poševne haste.
8	Za SECCONIO sledita v širini vrstice podpisani dve besedi, v. črk 1 cm. Pri URSO manjka desni del črke O.
10	Za SENECIANO sta v širini vrste podpisani dve besedi. Za zgornjo besedo SEVE sledi še ena črka, od katere je ostala samo pokončna hasta (R?).
11	Prve tri razpoznavne črke (V, I, E) so slabo ohranjene.
12	Ohranjenih je pet črk, prva in tretja sta skoraj nerazpoznavni (lahko bi bili A in V).
13	Branje treh ohranjenih črk (O, N in I ?) je negotovo.
Več navedenih imen je keltskih ali izpeljank iz keltskih imen, ki so pogosta v Noriku in Panoniji: Senecianus, Vibenus,15^ Vindo. Ime Vindo^^^ je razširjeno predvsem v Noriku in Panoniji; velikokrat nastopa kot del sestavljenih keltskih imen.156 Sec-conius je psevdogentilno ime, izpeljano iz keltskega korena: Secco-. V osmi in deseti vrstici sta v širini vrstice podpisani dve besedi, ki sta bili najverjetneje vgravirani naknadno, povezava z ostalim napisom namreč ni jasna. Oba naknadna vpisa lahko povežemo z vojaškim življenjem; equis lahko stoji namesto eques (konjenik) ali še verjetneje namesto equiso (konjski hlapec), kar se nanaša na osebo z imenom Urso. V drugem primeru je imenu Severus dodana oznaka miles, torej vojaku Severju. M. Šašel Kos (2001, 200) zato dopušča možnost, da so ta dva kasnejša vpisa dodali moški člani iste družine, ki so se udejstvovali v vojski.
Sekonij Vibij157 je bil vojak druge pretorijanske kohorte. Pretorijance so v zgodnjem obdobju re-krutirali le iz Italije, od začetka 2. st. naprej tudi že iz nekaterih provinc - med njimi tudi iz Norika, od Septimija Severa dalje pa so bili predvsem iz Panonije.158
Preprosta nagrobna formula kaže na drugo polovico 1. ali začetek 2. st.
Spodnje Dovže
5. Nagrobna plošča za Atelovda in njegovo ženo (sl. 31)
Kot poroča S. Pahič, je kmet Franc Uršej pri jesenskem oranju okoli leta 1940 našel nagrobno ploščo.159 Po pričevanju domačinov so pri oranju večkrat naleteli na ostanke zidov (ruševine, kamen, opeka).160 S. Pahič, J. Šašel in L. Bolta so ploščo odkrili 28. 10. 1952 pod vretenom stiskalnice za sadje. Leta 1962 je bila plošča ob ponovnem ogledu že vzidana v južno steno cerkve sv. Urha (Ulrika) v Zgornjih Dovžah. Ob obnovi cerkve junija 1994 so ploščo vzeli iz stene, nazaj v južno steno so jo vzidali leta 2003.
Opis: Spodnji del pravokotne nagrobne plošče iz belega pohorskega marmorja je poševno odbit. Ta lom je poškodoval besedilo od četrte vrstice naprej. Napisno polje obdaja profiliran okvir, ki je ohranjen z leve, desne in zgornje strani. Na kamnu
154	Za razširjenost imena Vibenus prim. zemljevid v Scherrer 2002, 60-61.
155	Onomasticon IV, 172.
156	Šašel 1955a, 129-132 (= Opera selecta, 1992, 44); isti članek glej tudi za ime Succesus.
157	Za ime Vibius prim. z napisom št. 2.
158	Šašel 1972, 474-480 (= Opera Selecta, 1992, 379-385).
159	Pahič 1998, 47.
160	Pahič 1967, 26.
Sl. 31: Spodnje Dovže. Nagrobna plošča za Atelovda in njegovo ženo. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 31: Spodnje Dovže. Tombstone for Ateloudus and his wife. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
so ostanki malte od vzidave. Črke so pravilno klesane, vendar so v spodnjem desnem delu plošče že slabo vidne. Na napisnem polju je tudi več poškodb (luknje), ki otežujejo branje napisa. Med besedami so trikotna ločilna znamenja.
Mere: 49 x 63 x 9 cm. V. črk: 5-3,5 cm.
Ateloudo
Sabini fil(io)
ann(orum) C et
Boniatae Tu[toris] 5 f(iliae) ux(ori) an[n(orum) —]
Atin [---]
[---]
Prevod: Atelovdu, Sabinovemu sinu, staremu sto let in ženi Boniati, hčeri Tutorja, stari ... let, postavil Atin ... .
Literatura: ILJug 365, ILLPRON 1774.
Šašel 1954b, 352; Pahič 1967, 26; Pahič 1968, 27; Pahič 1975, Spodnje Dovže. - V:ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, 29, 47, Dovže 2, sl. 8; Pahič 1977b, 87; Pahič 1995, 85; Pahič 1998a, 45 sl., 47; Šašel Kos 1994, 107; Djura Jelenko 2000, 25; Djura Jelen-ko 2001a, 20; Šašel Kos 2001, 200, 202.
I longae: 2, 6.
3	Zgornji del črke E je odbit.
4	Od črke V je ohranjen samo zgornji del.
5	Od N je ohranjen le zgornji del stika prve pokončne in poševne haste.
6	Od T naprej črkam manjkajo spodnji deli. Od naslednje črke sta ohranjena samo zgornja dela dveh pokončnih hast, najverjetneje gre za N.
Ime Ateloudus, ki ima tipičen keltski element Ate-, je znano samo s tega napisa.161 Za imenom sledi navedba let: C - sto. Na napisih se pojavljajo zaokrožena števila, ki navajajo leta življenja, razmeroma pogosto pa se najde tudi število sto in več. To dejstvo nemalo preseneča, saj je v povprečju bila življenjska doba veliko krajša kot danes. Število sto bi po eni strani lahko pričalo o nekom, ki je dočakal res lepo starost, po drugi pa so črko C nekateri razlagali kot c(irciter) - približno. Ko številu sto ne sledi nobeno število, o tej rešitvi ne moremo govoriti.162 Boniat-us/-a je keltsko ime, ki se pojavlja samo v Noriku in Panoniji,163 še posebej pogosto na območju Celeje in Viruna.164 Tutor je pogosto ime, najbolj razširjeno v Noriku.165
Zaradi preproste nagrobne formule bi lahko napis uvrstili v drugo polovico 1. st.
Šentvid pri Završah
6. Nagrobna plošča za Frontino (sl. 32)
Kot poroča R. Knabl,166 je ploščo našel kmet Barth Pristounik leta 1851 na prostoru med cerkvijo sv. Vida in ruševinami gradu Valdek. Na to mesto se najbrž nanaša Knablova notica167 o sledovih zidovja, ki so pri kmetiji opazni še danes. Župnik Andrej Zug je dal leta 1852 kamen vzidati v obzidje pokopališča okoli cerkve sv. Vida, levo od vhoda. Člani etnološke skupine Mladinskega raziskovalnega tabora Mislinja 1998 so jo našli na tleh ob cerkvenem obzidju, izzidano in trikrat prelomljeno. Od 28. 8. 1998 je plošča shranjena v lapidariju KPM v Slovenj Gradcu (inv. št. 2392).
Opis: Leva polovica plošče iz belega pohorskega marmorja je ohranjena v treh fragmentih. Napisno polje obdaja preprost profiliran okvir, ki je ohranjen zgoraj, spodaj in na levi strani. Zaradi preloma med prvo in drugo vrstico so črke na tem mestu delno poškodovane. Pravilne kvadratne črke so že precej obrabljene.
161	Onomasticon I, 193. Prim. z imenom Atepomarus - Lovenjak 1997, 64.
162	Szilägyi 1962, 298-299. O problemu pričakovane življenjske dobe v antiki ter epigrafsko izpričanih stoletnih v Emoni, sosednjem Noriku in Panoniji podrobno piše M. Šašel Kos, ki ugotavlja, da stoletniki na omenjenem prostoru niso redki (Šašel Kos, Centenerians in the Emona Area and the Adjacent Norican and Pannonian Regions, v tisku).
163	Onomasticon I, 309.
164	Šašel 1954b, 351-353 (= Opera Selecta, 1992, 35-37).
165	Onomasticon IV, 135.
Knabl 1852b, 101.
167 Prav tam.
Sl. 32: Šentvid pri Završah. Nagrobna plošča za Frontino. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 32: Šentvid pri Završah. Tombstone for Frontina. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Sl. 33: Šentvid pri Završah. Nagrobna stela za Julijo Kalandi-no in njenega soproga. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 33: Šentvid pri Završah. Funerary stele for Iulia Calandi-na and her husband. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
5
Mere: 57 x 52,5 x 5 cm. V. črk: 6,5-4,5 cm.
Fron[---?] filijae ---?] Counefrtus — f(ilius)] coni(ugi) v(ivus) f(ecit) [et —] nae f(iliae) f(?) an(norum) If—].
Prevod: Ženi Frontini (?), (?) hčerki, je za življenja postavil Kounert, sin (?) ... in _
Literatura: CIL III 5108; AIJ 12; ILLPRON 1782. Pahič 1967, 26; Pahič 1968, 45, 53; Pahič 1975, Gornji Dolič. - V: ANSl, 273; Pahič 1975, Št. Vid nad Valdekom. - V: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, 32, 48; Pahič 1995, 86; Pahič 1998a, 43, 47; Djura Jelenko 1998, 10.
Starejša literatura: Knabl 1852b, 101; Steiner 1862, 470 št. 3238; Knabl Ms. 1668, 162v; Knabl Sylloge, 1862, št. 529.168
1	Od črke N je ohranjena samo spodnja polovica prve navpične haste.
2	Črki FI sta skoraj docela izbrisani.
3	Od črke E je ohranjen le levi spodnji vogal. 5 Za AN je opazna še ena navpična hasta (I?).
Ohranjeni sta dve ločilni znamenji.
Najverjetnejša dopolnitev prve vrstice je Frontina, kar je pogosto latinsko ime.169 Counertus1"70
168	Glej op. 23.
169	Onomasticon II, 152.
170	Lochner von Hüttenbach 1989, 63.
171	Onomasticon II, 81.
172	Knabl 1852b, 98-99.
je keltsko ime, ki se pojavlja v Noriku in v galskih provincah.171 Na napisih se pojavljajo tudi sorodna imena: Covinertus, Cobnertus, Comnertus.
Druga polovica 1. ali prva polovica 2. st.
7. Nagrobna stela za Julijo Kalandino in njenega soproga (sl. 33)
Kot poroča R. Knabl,172 je bil kamen odkrit sredi 19. st. Vzidan je v pokopališčni zid cerkve sv. Vida nad Valdekom, desno od vhoda.
Opis: Stela iz pohorskega marmorja je ohranjena v celoti. Nad podolgovatim napisnim poljem, ki ga obdaja profiliran okvir, je dvojna niša s polkrožnim zaključkom. V niši sta upodobitvi pokojnikov. Pokojnica ima čez ušesa segajočo skodrano frizuro. Oblečena je v rimsko nošo, desna roka pa je pokrčena. Z iztegnjeno desno dlanjo drži moža za roko. Levo roko naslanja na moževo desno ramo. Na zapestju desne roke nosi zapestnico. Mož ima rahlo skodrano pričesko, ki se končuje nad ušesi, in kakor njegova žena odbit nos. Oblečen je v togo, čeznjo ima ogrnjen plašč, ki mu visi preko leve roke in je z broško spet pod desnim ramenom. V levici drži listino kot znak državljanskih
pravic. Na reliefu žene in po robovih stele so ostanki malte, kar kaže na sekundarno uporabo kamna. Prva vrstica je napisana na vmesnem polju, ki ločuje napisno polje od reliefnega. Kvadratne črke so pravilno klesane, a mestoma že slabo vidne. Trikotna ločilna znamenja so majhna, verjetno so nekoč stala za vsako besedo.
Mere: 85 x 77,5 cm. V. črk: 2,5-4 cm.
D(is) M(anibus).
lul(ia) Calandina vi(va) f(ecit) si(bi) et
Sacroni(o) Verino con(iugi) kar(issimo)
vet(erano) leg(ionis) II Ita(licae). Custos ar= 5 mor(um) o(biit) an(norum) L.
Prevod: Bogovom Manom. Julija Kalandina je za življenja postavila (nagrobnik) sebi in Sakroni-ju Verinu, najdražjemu soprogu, veteranu 2. italske legije, orožarju, ki je umrl star 50 let.
Literatura: CIL III 5106; AIJ 11; ILLPRON 1980.
Pahič 1967, 26-27 sl.; Pahič 1968, 28 sl., 53; Pahič 1975, ANSl, 1975, Št. Vid nad Valdekom. - V: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, 32, 61; Pahič 1995, 87 sl. 89; Pahič 1998a, 44 sl., 47.
Starejša literatura: Knabl 1852b, 98-99; Knabl 1859, 124; Steiner 1862, 467 št. 3234; Knabl Ms. 1668, 162r; Knabl Syl-loge, 1862, št. 526.173
Ligature: 2 ND;4 VE, IT; 5 AN. Vse črke O so ozke.
3	Od prvega N je ohranjen samo zgornji zaključek haste in njeno spodnje nadaljevanje. Spodnji del drugega C je poškodovan.
4	Črke so obrabljene predvsem v delu II ITA. Nad II je vklesana daljša prečna hasta. Manjkata spodnja dela tretjega T in črke R.
Začetna formula D M se v provincialnem okolju začne pojavljati ob koncu 1. st. Ime Calandina (Ca-lendinus, Kalandinus, Kalandina) bi naj bilo izpeljano iz Kalendae - prvi dan v mesecu;174 ker pa je izpričana predvsem na območju z večinskim keltskim prebivalstvom, je verjetneje, da je ta imenska družina keltskega izvora.175 Kot navaja Holder, je Sacronius lahko keltskega izvora;176 pojavi se le še v enem primeru v Dalmaciji177 (CIL III 14943). Verinus je pogosto latinsko ime.178 V samem besedilu napisa je treba opozoriti še na dve nedoslednosti. Beseda carissimo je zapisana z začetnim k namesto c, kar je dokaj pogost pojav, ki je posledica izgovorja-
ve črke c. Pričakovali pa bi tudi, da bo služba cus-tus armorum navedena v dativu in ne nominativu.
2. italsko legijo je ustanovil Mark Avrelij leta 165 ali 166 med vojno z Markomani.179 Kmalu po ustanovitvi je bila poslana v Norik (168/169 ali malo kasneje), kjer je imela svoj prvi vojaški tabor na strateško dobro lociranem kraju v Ločici blizu Celja, da bi lahko preprečila dostop iz Pano-nije v Emono in naprej. Tukajšnjemu namenu ni služila dolgo, že Komod jo je namreč prestavil v Lavriak. Še v času taborjenja v Ločici naj bi si pridobila naziva pia in fidelis, saj so v okolici tabora - na Vranskem - našli opeko s tema nazivoma.180
Glede na omembo 2. italske legije brez nazivov pia in fidelis, lahko napis datiramo v čas tik pred to podelitvijo nekako med 175 in 185. To potrjuje tudi frizura po vzoru Favstine, ki jo ima pokojnica.181
8. Nagrobna plošča za Kotulija in njegovo družino (sl. 34)
Kot poroča R. Knabl, so ploščo našli leta 1851 v Šentvidu nad Valdekom, kjer je v cerkvi služila kot oltarna miza.182 To funkcijo na istem mestu opravlja še danes.
Opis: Desni zgornji vogal pokončne nagrobne plošče iz belega marmorja je odlomljen, vendar napisno polje ni poškodovano. Sveži lom poteka v spodnjem levem vogalu plošče, čez sedmo in osmo vrstico. Napisno polje obdaja z vseh strani profiliran okvir, na obrobju katerega so ohranjeni plitvi sledovi klesarskega orodja. Ponekod so po okvirju ohranjeni sledovi malte ter posamezne kaplje črne in zelene prekrivne oljne barve. Desna stran plošče je bolj obrabljena, zato je okvir skorajda v isti ravni kot napisno polje. Profilacija okvirja je najbolje ohranjena v spodnjem delu plošče. Klinasto vrezane črke so ostre, pravilne, besede pa ločene s trikotnimi ločilnimi znamenji.
Mere: 63 x 49 cm. V. črk 5,5-3,5 cm.
Cotulia
Rusci f(ilius) v(ivus)
fe(cit) si(bi) et
Asediae 5 Maximi f(iliae)
173	Glej op. 23.
174	Kajanto 1965, 219.
175	Lochner von Hüttenbach 1989, 42.
176	Holder, Sprachschatz II, 1282.
177	Onomasticon IV, 42.
178	Onomasticon IV, 158, 159.
179	Več o zgodovini 2. italske legije, glej Winkler 1971, 85-138.
180	Novejša dognanja so zbrana v Lorincz 2000, 145-149.
181	Harl 2003, 351.
Sl. 34: Šentvid pri Završah. Nagrobna plošča za Kotulija in njegovo družino. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 34: Šentvid pri Završah. Tombstone for Cotulia and his family. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
co(niugi) et Restu= tae f(iliae) an(norum) XX et Boniae Successi f(iliae).
Prevod: Kotulija, Ruskov sin, je za življenja postavil (nagrobnik) sebi in soprogi Asediji, Maksimovi hčerki, in hčeri Restuti, stari 20 let ter Boniji, Sukcesovi hčeri.
Literatura: CIL III 5107; ILLPRON 1981. Pahič 1967, 26; Pahič 1968, 28, 53; Pahič 1975, Št. Vid nad Valdekom. - V: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, 32, 61, Završe 2; Pahič 1995, 86; Pahič 1998a, 43 sl., 47.
Starejša literatura: Knabl 1852b, 100-101; Knabl Ms. 1668, 162v; Knabl 1862, Sylloge, št. 528; Steiner 1862, 469 št. 3237.183 Ligature: 1 LI; 6 ET; 8 ET. 2 Srednja prečna hasta pri F je zlizana (isto se ponovi v peti in sedmi vrstici).
7	Pri črki F manjka krajša prečna hasta. Druga črka X sega na obrobje.
8	Drugi I je na robu okvirja, F pa že izven napisnega polja.
Asedia, Bonia in Cotulia so najverjetneje keltska imena. Asedia^'8^ je izpričana samo v tem primeru.185 Ime Bonia in sorodne različice se pojavljajo le v Noriku in Panoniji.186 Holder obravnava ime Cotu-lia kot moško ime na -a. Maxim-us/-a in Res-tut-us/a^8^ sta zelo pogosti latinski imeni. Ime Ruscus190 je izpričano le v Noriku. I. Kajanto191 dopušča možnost, da gre za latinizirano obliko keltskega Rudscus. Za ime Succesus glej napis št. 1.
Nagrobna formula kaže na drugo polovico 1. ali 2. st.
9. Nagrobna plošča za Sekundina (sl. 35) Kot poroča R. Knabl,192 so ploščo odkrili leta 1851. Trenutno je vzidana v glavni oltar cerkve sv. Vida v Šentvidu nad Valdekom.
Opis: Poškodovan je samo zgornji desni vogal nagrobne plošče iz belega marmorja. Napisno polje na vseh straneh obdaja profiliran okvir. Zaradi vlage je beli marmor dobil rdečkasto rjavo površino. V spodnjem delu plošče so kaplje oljne barve in nekaj drobcev malte. Črke so pravilno klesane in lepo vidne. Besede v prvih petih vrsticah so dosledno ločene s trikotnimi ločilnimi znamenji.
Mere: 58 x 64,5 cm. V. črk 6-5 cm (1.-5. vrsta); 2,6-2 cm (6., 7. vrsta).
Secundinus Pallonis f(ilius) et Cupita
Nemetonis f(ilia) et 5 Secundina f(ilia) an(norum) XXV et Nertomariae Avitae nept(i) an(norum) XXX.
Prevod: Sekundin, Palonov sin, in Kupita, Ne-metonova hči, in hči Sekundina stara 25 let ter za nečakinjo Nertomarijo Avito staro 30 let.
Literatura: CIL III 5109; ILJug 366; ILLPRON 1982. Šašel 1954c, 21 sl. 1; Pahič 1967, 26-27 sl.; Pahič 19681969, 80 sl. 5; Pahič 1968, 28-29 sl., 53; Pahič 1975, Št. Vid
183	Glej op. 23.
184	Sorodna so imena Adsedius, Adsedo, Adsedomarus, ki se pojavljajo samo na področju Norika. Adsedius CIL III 5107; Adsedo CIL III 5291; Adsedomarus CIL III 5291; prim. z Onomasticon I, 28.
185	Holder, Sprachschatz I, 246.
186	Onomasticon I, 309.
187	Holder, Sprachschatz I, 1149.
188	Onomasticon III, 70-77.
189	Onomasticon IV, 27-29.
190	Onomasticon IV, 36.
Kajanto 1965, 336. Prim. z napisom št. 11.
192 Knabl 1852b, 99.
Sl. 35: Šentvid pri Završah. Nagrobna plošča za Sekundina. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 35: Šentvid pri Završah. Tombstone for Secundinus. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
nad Valdekom. - V: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, 32, 61, Završe 3; Pahič 1995, 88; Pahič 1998a, 43 sl., 47.
Starejša literatura: Knabl 1852b, 99; Knabl Ms. 1668, 162r; Knabl 1862, Sylloge, št. 527; Steiner 1862, 468 št. 3235.193
Ligature: 4 NI in ET; 5 AN in XV; 6 NE (dvakrat), MA, AE (dvakrat). 6: T longae.
1 Odbit je zaključek desne haste črke V in del zgornjega loka pri črki S. Omenjeni črki sta napisani stikajoče.
5 Desni del števila V je vklesan že izven napisnega polja.
Osebno ime (cognomen) Avit - us/-a spada med najbolj razširjena imena.194 Ime Cupit -us/-a sodi k skupini imen, ki so tvorjena iz latinskega parti-cipa perfekta (glagola cupio - želim, hočem); razprostira se predvsem po območjih, poseljenih s keltskim prebivalstvom, najpogosteje v Noriku.195 Razlog velikega števila izpričanih primerov prav na tem območju je morda v izgovorjavi, ki je bila sorodna keltskim imenom na Cou- ali Cob-.196 Imena Nemeto, Nertomaria in Pallo so keltska. Nemeto se v Noriku pojavi dvakrat197(C/L III 4945, 5109), pogosto je rabljen kot prvi člen sestavljenih keltskih imen.198 Nertomari -us/-a je psevdogentilno ime, sestavljeno iz dveh tipičnih keltskih elementov: nerto in mar; gre za edini primer ženske obli-
ke imena, v moški se ime pojavi še po enkrat v provincah Gallia Belgica in Pannonia (Štatenberk pri Trebelnem: ILSl 1, 85; RINMS 145).199 Ime Pal-lo200 je izpričano le v tem primeru. Ime Secundin -us/-a2^'1 je izpeljano iz Secundus.
Spomenik sodi v drugo polovico 1. ali prvo polovico 2. st.
Muta
Spodnja Gortina
10. Odlomek nagrobne plošče Odlomek je vzidan v pragu glavnih vrat v cerkvi sv. Petra na Ribičjem pri Muti. Betonska tla nove lesene lope ga danes povsem zakrivajo.
Opis: Ohranjen je fragment nagrobne plošče iz belega marmorja z odlomljeno levo stranjo. Mere: 150 x 35 x 24 cm.
[---]e[---]
[---]s l[---]
[vixit] an(nos) XX 5 [---?] Dubit[---] [---] fili(i)s
Prevod: ... živel 20 let ... sinovom ... Literatura: AIJ 3; ILLPRON 1783. Stele 1923, 144-145; Šašel 1954a, 155; Pahič 1965b, 160; Pahič 1967, 27; Pahič 1968, 30; Pahič 1970, 10; Pahič 1975, Spodnja Gortina. - V: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, 28, 48, Gortina; Pahič 1984, 17-18.
2 S in L sta zelo nerazločna, namesto črke S bi mogel stati tudi E.
5 Morda gre za ime iz korena Dubit- (npr. Du-bitanus, Dubitatius, Dubitatus ...).202
Zaradi pomanjkljivih podatkov natančna data-cija ni mogoča.
Prevalje
Poljana pri Prevaljah
193	Glej op. 23.
194	Onomasticon I, 231-234.
195	Onomasticon II, 88.
196	Lochner von Hüttenbach 1989, 66.
197	Onomasticon III, 97.
198	Nemetogena (CIL XIII 603); Sen(n)emetomara (ILJug 325, ILSl 1, 69).
199	Onomasticon III, 99.
200	Onomasticon III, 121.
201	Onomasticon IV, 58, 59.
202	Mocsy 1983, 108.
11. Nagrobna plošča za Kvinkta (sl. 36) Prvotno najdišče ni znano. Do leta 1990 je bila vzidana v oltarju cerkve sv. Janeza Krstnika na Poljani, kjer so jo odkrili leta 1881.203 Pri obnovi cerkve so ploščo odstranili, shranil jo je ključar na svojem posestvu.
Od aprila leta 1992 se nahaja v lapidariju KPM v Slovenj Gradcu (inv. št. 2391).
Opis: Manjkata zgornji levi in spodnji desni vogal plošče iz belega pohorskega marmorja. V zgornjem delu je plošča prelomljena na dva dela, a zlepljena. Napisno polje ima odklesano obrobje. Na robovih in na zadnji strani nagrobne plošče so ohranjeni sledovi malte. Lom med fragmentoma poteka čez prvo in drugo napisno vrstico. Črke so pravilno klesane, a deloma že slabo vidne.
Mere: 82,5 x 92,5 x 15,5 cm. V. črk: 10-7,5cm (1.-4.vrstica), 6-6,5 cm (5. vrstica), 5,5-6 cm (6. vrstica).
Quincto
Rudsci f(ilio) et Atecinae Sinomari f(iliae) 5 coniugi, p(arentes) et f(ilii) f(iliaeque) et Viriae Taeti f(iliae).
Prevod: Starši ter sinovi in hčere (so postavili)
Kvinktu, Rudskovemu sinu, in ženi Atecini, Sino-marovi hčeri, ter Viriji, hčerki Teta.204
Literatura: CIL III 11650; ILLPRON 1944.
Šašel 1954, 67; Pahič 1965c, 38; Pahič 1967, 26; Pahič 1968, 27, 48; Pahič 1975, Poljana. - V: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1977a, 27, 53; Pahič 1998b, 596 sl.; Djura Jelenko 1999, 24 sl. 41; Šašel Kos 2001, 204.
Starejša literatura: Hirschfeld 1881, 223 št. 3.
1	in T longae: 1, 2, 3, 4.
2	Zaradi loma so poškodovane zadnje štiri črke.
5 Ločilni znamenji sta pred in za ET.
Ime Atecina se pojavi le v tem primeru,205 po značilnem keltskem elementu ate- lahko ime uvrstimo med keltska.206 Tudi Viria je najverjetneje manj pogosto keltsko ime.207 Quinctus je pogosto latinsko osebno ime (cognomen).2^8 Za ime Rud-scus glej primer št. 9. Tudi ime Sinomarus je sestavljeno keltsko ime,209 saj je element mar-210 tipičen za keltska imena (prim. s št. 18). Ime Tae-tus je v Onomasticonu (IV, 136) in pri Holderju (Sprachschatz II, 2023-2024) pomotoma zabeleženo kot Tutus.
Glede na preprosto nagrobno formulo bi lahko napis datirali v drugo polovico 1. ali v 2. st.
Mežica
12. Odlomek nagrobne plošče (sl. 37)
Odlomek je vzidan v prag pri glavnih vratih na zahodni strani gotske cerkve sv. Lenarta na Platu, južno od Prevalj (Zagrad).
Opis: Ohranjen je zgornji del plošče iz belega pohorskega marmorja, ki je odlomljena na vseh straneh. Plošča je položena kot prag pri vhodu v cerkev, z napisnim poljem obrnjenim navzgor. Na vrhu ohranjenega napisnega polja je moznica. Zgornji del napisnega polja v višini 53 cm je brez napisa, v spodnjem delu je ohranjena samo ena vrstica napisa (del črke V).
Mere: 72 x 24 x 12 cm. V. črke 15 cm.
[---]v[---]
Sl. 36: Poljana pri Prevaljah. Nagrobna plošča za Kvinkta. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 36: Poljana near Prevalje. Tombstone for Quinctus. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
203	Hirschfeld 1881, 223 št. 3.
204	Branje 5. in 6. vrstice po ILLPRONu: 4 Sinomari f(iliae), 5 coniugi p(arentes) et f(ilii) f(iliaeque), 6 T[a]ti f(iliae).
205	Onomasticon I, 192.
206	Evans 1967, 142-145; prim. še z imenom Ateloudus - primer št. 5!
207	Onomasticon IV, 175.
208	Onomasticon IV, 18.
209	Onomasticon IV, 84.
Sl. 37: Sv. Lenart na Platu. Odlomek nagrobne plošče. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 37: Sv. Lenart na Platu (St Leonard na Platu). Fragment of a funerary slab. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Literatura: AIJ 1.
Šašel 1954, 68; Pahič 1965c, 38; Pahič 1967, 26; Pahič 1968, 25, 48; Pahič 1975, Sv. Lenart na Platu. - V: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1977a, 28 op. 67, 53; Šašel Kos 2001, 204.
Črka s poudarjenim zaključkom, ki je ohranjen zgolj na levi prečni hasti, je lepo klesana. Zgornji del desne prečne haste je odlomljen.
Zaradi pomanjkljivih podatkov datacija ni mogoča.
Zagrad pri Prevaljah
13. Brančurnikov sarkofag (sl. 38)
Sl. 38: Zagrad. Brančurnikov sarkofag. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 38: Zagrad. The Brančurnik's sarcophagus. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Sarkofag so odkrili leta 1870211 v strugi Meže, blizu mostu pri Brančurniku ter ob domnevni trasi rimske ceste Colatio-Iuenna. Postavljen je pred gostilno Brančurnik (KPM - enota Ravne, inv. št. 761), desno od vhoda, nedaleč od t. i. Brančur-nikovega mostu pri Prevaljah. Na začetku 20. st. je F. Hribernik nekoliko nižje v Meži opazil še en sarkofag (in več drugih marmornih kosov), ki ga niso nikoli potegnili iz reke.
Opis: Del sarkofaga je iz rdečkastega marmorja, verjetno iz kamnoloma Kraig v okolici Viruna. Ohranjen je spodnji del prednje strani, ki je razčlenjen z reliefom in napisnim poljem, ostale stranice so le grobo uglajene. Napisno polje je obdano s profiliranim okvirjem š. 10 cm, ki je ohranjen samo v spodnjem delu. Ohranjeni so ostanki dveh vrstic napisa, predzadnja in zadnja. Levo in desno od polja je listast ornament (akant, ohranjen le levo spodaj), pod njim je geometrijski ornament prepletajočih se trakov v obliki krogov. Notranja stran sarkofaga je prepredena z gostimi podolžnimi sledovi klesarskega orodja. Moznica v spodnjem desnem vogalu napisnega polja je kasnejša. Novejši lom se začenja navpično po sredi sarkofaga, pri koncu črke R.
211 Jabornegg-Altenfels 1870, 131. Že leta 1860 pa so v Klagenfurter Zeitung (4. 8. 1860), 719, poročali o odkritju arheološkega najdišča v Zagradu.
Mere: 102 x 221 x ok. 81 cm. V. črk 6-7 cm.
M[---]
fecerunt.
Prevod: ... so naredili.
Literatura: CIL III 6522; AIJ 2; ILJug 362; ILLPRON 1979.
Černetič 1952, 25 sl.; Šašel 1953, 18 sl. 8; Šašel 1954, 67; Leber 1960, 642; Cermanovic 1965, 98 št. 3 sl. 1; Pahič 1965c, 36, 38; Pahič 1967, 25 sl., 26; Pahič 1968, 25-26 sl., 53; Pahič 1975, Zagrad. - V: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1977a, 27-28, 60, Zagrad 3; Pahič 1998b, 581, 584 sl.; Djura Jelenko 1999, 24 sl. 42; Djura Jelenko 2002, 15 sl.; Djura Jelenko 2001b, 30, Zagrad, sl.; Šašel Kos 2001, 203-204.
Starejša literatura: Jabornegg-Altenfels 1870, 131; Redlich 1902, 35; Kenner 1902a, 154; Kenner 1902b, 394 sl. 3; Ku-bitschek 1903, 242-245; Ložar 1934, 140 sl. 13.
Na začetku predzadnje vrstice je ohranjena zgolj prva črka M, in še ta ne v celoti. Zadnja pokončna hasta črke je ohranjena samo v osrednjem delu. V zadnji vrstici je ohranjena samo spodnja polovica besede fecerunt.
Sarkofag sodi najverjetneje v 2. ali 3. st.
14. Napisni kamen
V Mežiški dolini, še posebej od Zagrada naprej, so našli veliko antičnih kamnitih ostankov. Med njimi je tudi kos,212 ki so ga uporabili za del vratnega podboja. Kamen je omenjen le na tem mestu, kasneje ni o njem več nobene sledi.
vivi fecerunt.
Prevod: ... naredili za življenja.
Literatura: Österreichische Kunst Topografie I, 1889, 223.
15. Odlomek reliefne plošče (sl. 39)
Plošča je bila najdena v Zagradu, na zemljišču že omenjene tovarne lepenke,213 najverjetneje v strugi Meže oziroma ob njej v izkopanem tovarniškem kanalu med jezom in Brančurnikovim mostom.
Dolgo so jo hranili na hodniku Ravenske knjižnice, nato nekaj časa pred Gimnazijo Ravne, od leta 1985 v muzeju na Ravnah, od 1987 pa v lapidariju (KPM - lapidarij na Ravnah, inv. št. 3316). Od leta 2005 je razstavljena v kapeli gradu Ravne.
Opis: Ohranjen je odlomek spodnjega desnega vogala reliefne plošče iz belega pohorskega mar-
Sl. 39: Zagrad. Odlomek reliefne plošče. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 39: Zagrad. Fragment of a relief slab. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
morja. Na odlomku so vidni reliefno stopalo in goli meči lebdeče postave, ki se s prsti desne noge dotika zgornjega valjastega podolžnega roba napisnega polja. Na sredini hrbtne ploskve sta dve jamasti moznici (zgornja: 4 x 5 x 3,5 cm), 12 cm pod njo pa še ena (4 x 3,5 x 3). Sprednja desna stran reliefnega dela je odluščena in počena, prav tako spodnji desni vogal napisne plošče. Počena je tudi naprej vzdolž sprednjega zgornjega dela reliefne plošče. Napisno polje je omejeno na zgornji in desni strani. Črke so povsem izlizane. Ohranjene so najmanj tri vrstice napisa. Okrašena plošča je stala najbrž v grobni kapelici. Plošča je zelo obrušena od vode.
Mere: 91 x 104 x 24 cm (debelina brez reliefnega klesanja).
Literatura: Šašel 1953, 17 sl. 3; Pahič 1965c, 38; Pahič 1968, 53; Pahič 1977a, 28, 61, Zagrad 8; Šašel Kos 2001, 203.
Starejša literatura: Kubitschek 1903, 247-248 sl. 61; KLDB, 1937, Zagradi 157.
16. Napisna plošča
Vzidana je v tovarni lepenke,214 kjer je ni bilo mogoče prebrati ali prepisati.
Literatura: Pahič 1965c, 38; Pahič 1968, 53; Pahič 1977a, 28, 61, Zagrad 10; Šašel Kos 2001, 203.
Starejša literatura: Kubitschek 1903, 244-245; KLDB 1937, Zagradi 157.
212	Österreichische Kunst Topografie I (1889) 223.
213	Glej op. 30.
214	Prav tam.
Radlje ob Dravi
Radlje
17. Nagrobna plošča za Ganika (sl. 40) Ploščo so odkrili na polju Johanna Eichholzer-ja med cesto in reko Dravo l. 1832, jugovzhodno od trga. Pozneje jo je skupaj s posestvom pridobila družina Beuk in jo leta 1855 podarila graškemu muzeju.215 A. Muchar216 pa poroča, da so jo odkrili pri vodnjaku v Radljah leta 1830.
Spomenik hrani graški deželni muzej v depoju lapidarija Eggenberg (inv. št. 111).
Opis: Preprosti marmorni plošči s poglobljenim napisnim poljem manjkata desni zgornji in levi spodnji vogal. Napis se nahaja v zgornji polovici plošče. Na plošči so sledovi vzidave, na njeni zgornji strani pa je zvrtana luknja. V osrednjem delu plošče pod napisnim poljem je poškodba. Pokončne črke so ozke. Med besedami so uporabljena trikotna ločilna znamenja.
Mere: 58 x 71 x 12 cm. V. črk: 9 cm (1.vrstica); 7 (2. vrstica); 5,5-6 (3.vrstica).
Gannico Manni filio fili(i) et filiae vivi fecere.
Prevod: Ganiku, Manovemu sinu, so za življenja (nagrobnik) postavili sinovi in hčere.
Literatura: CIL III 5102; RISt 340; ILLPRON 1835.
Modrijan, Weber 1965, 102 št. 111, sl.; Pahič 1967, 28; Pahič 1968, 30, 50; Pahič 1975, Radlje ob Dravi. - V: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1977a, 53 sl. 14; Pahič 1984, 15.
Starejša literatura: Muchar 1844, 93-94; Muchar 1846, 397; Knabl 1855, 136-137; Den Sammlungen des Vereines. - Mitt. Hist. Ver. St. 7, 1857, 59; Steiner 1862, 497 št. 3286; Knabl Ms. 1668, 122r; Knabl Sylloge, 1862, št. 390.217
1	Manjka zgornja polovica zadnjih dveh črk NI.
2	Vrstica je za 13 cm pomaknjena navznoter. Prečna hasta pri T je poškodovana.
3	Vrstica je za 18,5 cm pomaknjena navznoter.
Ime Gannicus se pojavi le v dveh primerih,218
na tem mestu in v provinci Gallia Belgica: CIL XIII 5137. Holder219 ga opredeli kot germansko. Tudi ime Mannus je ohranjeno le na dveh mestih, tukaj in v Hispaniji.220 Po Holderjevem mnenju gre lahko za keltsko ime.221 Glede na germanski izvor prvega imena je isti možen tudi za to. Fecere: za 3. osebo plurala perfekta aktiva se je večkrat uporabljala starejša zborna oblika na -ere (namesto pogovorne na -erunt). Na napisih ta oblika ni običajna, še posebej nenavadno deluje na tem napisnem kamnu, ki je načeloma zelo preprost in rustikalen. Kljub temu pa na samem napisu ni nobenih drugih jezikovnih nedoslednosti, ki bi pričale o površnosti. Knjižna oblika fecere zato še toliko bolj preseneča.
2. ali 3. st.
Zgornja Vižinga
18. Nagrobna plošča za Gaja Julija Cisiaka (sl. 41)
Ploščo so našli leta 1827 v zahodni steni podružnične cerkve sv. Ilije.222 Tam je vzidana še danes na skrajni levi strani zahodne stene zvonika.
Opis: Nagrobna plošča iz belega pohorskega marmorja je ohranjena v celoti. Rahlo poglobljeno napisno polje je obdano s profilirano obrobo. Zunanji rob okvirja je zapolnjen z malto. Črke so klesane globoko in pravilno. Besede so ločene s trikotnimi ločilnimi znamenji.
Mere: 65 x 70,5 cm. V. črk: 6-3,5 cm.
Sl. 40: Radlje. Nagrobna plošča za Ganika. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik. Fig. 40: Radlje. Tombstone for Gannicus. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
C(aio) Iulio Accis(i) f(ilio) Cisiaco et
215	Pratobevera 1854, 116. Knabl 1855, 136-137.
216	Muchar 1846, 397: "Bei den Brunnen im Orte Marnberg ist folgende römische Steininschrift gefunden worden: GANNICO. MANNI. FILIO. FILI. F. T. FILIAE. VIVI. FECERE."
217	Glej op. 23.
218	Onomasticon II, 161.
219	Holder, Sprachschatz I, 1982.
220	Onomasticon III, 51.
221	Holder, Sprachschatz II, 408-409.
222	Wiener Jahrb. A. B. 45, 1829, 65 (prim. 55, 22).
Devognatae Ati= onis filiae uxso(ri). 5 Florus et Valerius fili(i) et Brogima= ra filia
v(ivi) f(ecerunt).
Prevod: Sinova Flor in Valerij ter hčera Brogi-mara so dali postaviti (nagrobnik) za življenja Gaju Juliju Cisiaku, Akcisovemu sinu, in ženi Devog-nati, Ationovi hčeri.
Literatura: CIL III 5101; ILJug 363; ILLPRON 1983. Šašel 1954c, 23 sl. 3; Pahič 1967, 28; Pahič 1968, 30, 54; Pahič 1970, 10; Pahič 1975, Zgornja Vižinga. - V: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1977a, 61 sl. 31; Pahič 1984, 15-17 sl.; Pahič 1998b, 467468 sl.
Starejša literatura: Eckhel ms. 6, 15 ; Wiener Jahrb. A. B. 45, 1829, p. 65 (prim. 55, 22); LV 1831 A.B. p. 22 ; Muchar 1844, 397; Puff 1847, 20; Knabl 1855, 138-139; Knabl Ms. 1668, 122r; Knabl Sylloge, 1862, št. 391; Steiner 1862, 496 št. 3285.223 Ligature: 3 AE; 6 I (FILII). Črke prehajajo v profilacijo okvirja: 1, 4, 5.
1	Prvi I je povečan.
2	Razmak med drugim C in O ni sorazmeren z razmaki med ostalimi črkami v besedi.
8 Črka F je vklesana čisto v spodnji rob napisnega polja.
Accis je izpričan le na tem napisu.224 Ime Attio, ki ga omenja tudi Kajanto kot osebno ime,225 je izpeljano iz družinskega imena (nomen gentile) in se v Noriku pojavi dvakrat. Izpričana je tudi oblika z enim t: Atio.226 Ime Brogimara se pojavlja v Panoniji (5) in v Noriku (le ta primer).227 Prvi sestavni člen brog- je v imenu keltskega ljudstva Alobrogov, pri Cezarju omenjenih Latobrigih in tudi na lončku iz Spodnje Hajdine;228 pomeni pa "mejo, teritorij". Maro-, ki je eden najpogostejših sestavnih delov keltskih imen, pomeni velik. Ime bi torej označevalo nekoga, "ki poseduje velik teritorij". Osebno ime (cognomen) Cisiacus je izpeljanka iz Cisius, izpričan je samo še enkrat, v Italiji.229 Florus je pogosto latinsko osebno ime, najbolj razširjeno v Italiji, Hispaniji, Panoniji, Dalmaciji, pa tudi Noriku.230 Pomensko ga povezuje-
Sl. 41: Zgornja Vižinga. Nagrobna plošča za Gaja Julija Cisi-aka. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 41: Zgornja Vižinga. Tombstone for Gaius Iulius Cisiacus. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
jo z latinskim pridevnikom florus.231 Družinsko ime Valerius je pogosto izpričano v Noriku.232
Lepo oblikovane črke, I-longa, prvo ime (pra-enomen) Gaius in družinsko ime Iulius kažejo, da je pokojnik prejel rimsko državljanstvo najverjetneje v obdobju julijsko-klavdijskih cesarjev. Sinova sta dobila že latinski imeni, hči še keltsko. Druga polovica 1. st.
Slovenj Gradec
Stari trg - Kolaciona233
19. Odlomek nagrobne plošče (sl. 42)
Odlomek so odkrili leta 1986 ob obnovitvenih delih (ZVKDS, OE Maribor).234 Poševno je vzidan v severno stran t. i. duhovniške hiše (17. st.), ki je sestavni del obzidja ob cerkvi sv. Pankracija nad Starim trgom.
223	Glej op. 23.
224	Onomasticon I, 211.
225	Kajanto 1965, 163.
226	Holder, Sprachschatz I, 264, 276.
227	Onomasticon I, 323.
228	Eichner, Istenič, Lovenjak 1994, 136-137. Prim. z Lovenjak 1997, 77.
229	Onomasticon I, 58.
230	Onomasticon II, 149.
231	Lochner von Hüttenbach 1989, 80.
232	Onomasticon IV, 142-146.
233	Pri napisih iz Kolacione je treba omeniti še nenavaden napis za Publija Kvartija, ki ne sodi v Kolaciono; prim. s Šašel Kos 2001, 198-199.
Za pomen Kolacione kot rimske poštne postaje prim. Šašel 1955b.
234	Mikuž 1987, 343.
Opis: Ohranjen je spodnji del nagrobne plošče iz belega pohorskega marmorja s štirimi vrsticami v napisnem polju, ki je na vseh straneh odlom-ljeno. Na plošči so ostanki malte, kar bi lahko bila posledica vzidave. Pravokotne črke so majhne. Razmak med drugo in tretjo vrstico je samo 0,5 cm, med prvo in drugo pa kar 2,5 cm.
Mere: 16,5 x 29,5 cm. V. črk: 4-3,5 cm.
[— S?]ecvn[dino —] [—naro f[---] [—]mino sib[—] [---]l +[---]
Literatura: neobjavljeno.
I Longa: 2.
1	Od črke E je ohranjena samo spodnja polovica. Pri črki N sta ohranjeni pokončna in poševna hasta ter začetek zadnje pokončne haste.
2	Zadnja črka v vrstici je verjetno F. Trikotno
Sl. 42: Kolaciona. Odlomek nagrobne plošče. Foto: Tomo Je-seničnik.
Fig. 42: Colatio. Fragment of a funerary slab. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
ločilno znamenje je med O in F.
3	Od črke B je ohranjena pokončna hasta ter v zgornjem delu polkrožni del.
4	Za obrabljeno črko L sledi po večjem presledku zgornji del še ene neprepoznavne črke.
Najverjetneje gre v prvi ohranjeni vrstici za ime Secundinus. Ker tudi druga vrstica ni ohranjena v celoti, lahko samo sklepamo, da gre za filiacijo. Edino ime, ki je do sedaj izpričano na -iarus, je Sicciarus (CIL III 3874). Če pa prva črka v drugi vrstici ni I, temveč gre za desno pokončno hasto, potem bi lah-
ko šlo za keltsko ime, ki se končuje na -marus. Le-teh je ohranjenih precej (Brogimarus, Togimarus, Retimarus, Sinomarus ...).235 V tretji vrstici imamo najverjetneje opravka z imenom na -minus (Geminus, Maximinus, Firminus, Septiminus ...).236
Sl. 43: Kolaciona. Odlomek nagrobne plošče za Prokulejo Bo-niato. Fototeka IzA ZRC SAZU.
Fig. 43: Colatio. Fragment of a tombstone for Proculeia Boni-ata. Photo archive of IzA ZRC SAZU.
Zaradi pomanjkljivih podatkov natančna data-cija ni mogoča.
20. Odlomek nagrobne plošče za Prokulejo Bo-niato (sl. 43)
Natančni kraj najdišča ni znan. Danes je hranjen v graškem deželnem muzeju (lapidarij Eggenberg) pod oznako Colatio in okolica.237
Opis: Odlomek nagrobne plošče iz belega marmorja je levo in spodaj odlomljen. Od reliefnega okrasa je desno ohranjen še zgornji del korintske-ga stebra, nad njim pa del arhitrava z listnim ornamentom.
Mere: 37 x 43 x 5 cm. V. črk: 4 cm.
[D(is)] M(anibus) [Pr]oculeiae
[Bo]niatae an(norum) LX [---]++en [---]
Prevod: Bogovom Manom. Prokuleji Boniati stari 60 let ^
235	Mocsy 1983, 389. Prim. s št. 18.
236	Mocsy 1983, 385.
237	Pahič 1977a, 61, Zgornje Zreče 1: najdišče postavi v Zgornje Zreče.
Literatura: AIJ 120; ILJug 364 (ne navaja besedila); RISt 381; ILLPRON 1985.
Šašel 1954b, 352-353 op. 12; Pahič 1975, Stari trg. - V: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, 61, Zgornje Zreče 1.
Starejša literatura: Das Lapidarium. - JJ 103-104, 1916, 37.
Ligature: 3 NI in AN.
1	Kot ločilno znamenje je uporabljena hedera.
2	Desna polovica črke O manjka.
3	Leva pokončna hasta črke N manjka. Črka X že prehaja na obrobje.
4	Delno sta ohranjeni črki E in N ter sledovi črk, ki niso razpoznavni.
Za ime Boniata glej komentar k napisu št. 5. Ime Procule-ius/-ia je razširjeno po velikem delu zahodnega imperija. Glede na omenjeno področje bi lahko bilo keltskega izvora.238 Ime se razmeroma pogosto pojavlja tudi v Noriku (npr. AIJ 83, ILJug 405, CIL III 5701).
Zaradi formule D M, ki je na tem območju prisotna od konca 1. st. naprej, spomenik najverjetneje sodi v 2. st.
21. Odlomek preklade z napisom (sl. 44)
Odlomek preklade z napisom so našli pri zaščitnih izkopavanjih v Starem trgu pri Slovenj Gradcu leta 1977 (parc. št. 226/3 k. o. Stari trg, grob 6). Kamen je ležal v drugotni legi, kot del konstrukcije groba. Najprej so ga hranili na ZVKDS (OE Maribor); od leta 2003 naprej je v lapidariju KPM v Slovenj Gradcu (inv. št. 2428).
Pri nadzoru trase plinovoda dalje proti jugu so na sosednji parceli (št. 226/4, k. o. Stari trg), istega leta med ostalimi površinskimi najdbami, ki so
prišle na plan ob strojnem izkopu, opazili tudi odlomek marmornatega nagrobnika.239
Opis: Ohranjen je fragment preklade iz peščen-ca z enovrstičnim napisom, ki je na obeh straneh odlomljen. Napisno polje je omejeno na zgornji in spodnji strani. Na zgornji strani preklade je vklesan plitev 6,5-7 cm širok žleb. Zgornji desni vogal je delno odkrušen. Na kamnu so sledovi ognja, največ na sprednji strani - površina je rahlo črnikasta. Na zadnji in spodnji strani preklade so ohranjeni globoki sledovi klesarskega orodja. Neporavnane črke so ozke in neenakomerne.
Mere: 16 x 27,5 x 22 cm. V. črk 5 cm.
[---]ater c[---]
Literatura: Strmčnik-Gulič 1979, 317; Strmčnik-Gulič 1984, 186-187 sl. 2; Šašel Kos 2001, 198.
1 Pod črko E je na sprednji strani plitva kvadratna moznica (1,5 x 1,3 cm).
Dopolnitev je negotova, morda gre za sorodstvo (pater, frater ali mater) ali ostanek imena na -ater.240
Po pridatkih je bil grob datiran v 2. st., preklada je najverjetneje nekoliko starejša.
22. Nagrobna plošča za Lucija Apuleja (sl. 45)
H. Winkler je po poizvedovanjih241 prišel do podatka, da so v 60. letih 19. st. na polju vzhodno od Starega trga (rimsko grobišče), ob cesti proti jugu, približno 500 m od rimskih ostankov na parceli 194 našli ploščo. Leta 1911242 pa jo je sam odkril
Sl. 44: Kolaciona. Odlomek preklade z napisom. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 44: Colatio. Fragment of an inscribed architrave. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Sl. 45: Kolaciona. Nagrobna plošča za Lucija Apuleja. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 45: Colatio. Tombstone for Lucius Appuleius. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
238	Onomasticon III, 165, 166.
239	Strmčnik-Gulič 1979, 317.
240	Mocsy 1983, 340.
241	Djura Jelenko 2004, 28.
242	Arhiv KPM, Fond dr. H. Winklerja, 2. 2. 33.
na Ješovnikovi žagi. Najmanj od novembra 1911 je hranjena v graškem deželnem muzeju, depo la-pidarija Eggenberg (inv. št. 2).243
Opis: Preprosto oblikovani nagrobni plošči iz grobozrnatega marmorja manjka desna stran. Na sredini poškodovano napisno polje je obdano s profilirano obrobo, ki je skoraj povsem odlomlje-na. V tretji vrstici se nahaja kvadratna poglobitev (11 x 11 cm, globina 3,5 cm). Več lukenj pa se nahaja še od druge do zadnje vrstice. Zgornja ploskev je deloma zelo poškodovana. Na zgornji strani plošče je luknja z železnim kavljem za nasaditev. Na levi stranski ploskvi sta dve moznici, ki kažeta na to, da je bila plošča nekoč del nagrobne arhitekture. Črke so pravokotne.
Mere: 88,5 x 121 x 27-29 cm. V. črk: 10 cm (1. vrstica); 9,5 (2. vrstica); 8 (3. in 4. vrstica); 6 (5. vrstica).
lL(ucius) aAppuleiu[s —]
[>(centurio)? le]g(ionis) X G(eminae) [p(iae)] fid(elis) [---]
II v[ir] iur(e) d[ic(undo) — et —]
Rufiae Crispin[ae —] 5 et L(ucio) Menaudonio [—]
Prevod: Lucij Apulej, centurion (?) 10. dvojne, pobožne in zveste legije, eden od obeh županov (Klavdije Celeje?), (je postavil grob) Rufiji Kris-pini in Luciju Menavdoniju.
Literatura: AIJ 9; RISt 380; ILLPRON 1911; Wedenig, Epigraphische Quellen, C 37.
Šašel 1954a, 157; Pahič 1967, 25; Pahič 1968, 24; Alföldy 1974, 266; Pahič 1975, Stari trg. - V: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, 28, 56; Modrijan, Weber 1979/1981, 64 št. 2; Modrijan, Weber 1981, 184 št. 2; Zajqc 1978, 81 št. 7; Schäfer 1989, 347-349 št. 69; Mrozewicz 1989, 54 št. 13; Fitz 1990, 179 št. 116; Fitz 1993, 874, 877, 911 št. 588; Pahič 1995, 81-82; Šašel Kos 2001, 196-197 sl. 2; Djura Jelenko 2004, 28, 37 sl. 15.
Starejša literatura: Arhiv KPM, Fond dr. H. Winklerja, 1. 11. 2 (pismo Schmida Winklerju z dne 26. 11. 1911), 1911; Egger 1914, Bbl. 73.
1 Prva črka ni nujno L; vidni sta namreč dve pokončni hasti, ki ležita zelo skupaj (IP, IR, IL ?). Črka I je podaljšana.
3	Črki D manjka del loka v zgornji polovici.
4	Črke R, E in C so poškodovane.
5	Od zvrtkov je najbolj poškodovan osrednji del besede MENAUDONIO.
Ime Appuleius je italskega izvora, v Noriku ni izpričano pogosto.244 Kot družinsko ime (nomen gentile) je Rufi-us/-a na področju Norika izpričano razmeroma pogosto.245 Crispin -us/-a je tipično latinsko ime. Glede na zgradbo nagrobnega napisa je verjetno, da je bila Rufija Krispina soproga Lucija Apuleja, Lucij Menavdonij pa njun sin. Menavdo-nij je bil sin Rufije Krispine in nekega Menavdo-nija, s katerim je bila Rufija poročena prej. Me-naudonius je psevdogentilno ime, morda keltskega izvora, saj je znano samo še iz Čedada246 (CIL V 1777).
Pridevka pia in fidelis so 10. dvojni legiji podelili med leti 89 in 96. Okoli leta 103 so jo iz Germanije prestavili v Panonijo; kratek čas je bila v Akvin-ku. Kdaj natančno je dobila svoj tabor v Vindobo-ni, ni znano, gotovo pa še v času Trajana, nekako po letu 107.247
Predvidoma je Lucij Apulej služboval kot župan v Celeji.
Spomenik sodi v 2. st.248
23. Odlomek nagrobnega spomenika (sl. 46)
Kot poroča H. Winkler,249 so odlomek našli v času njegovih izkopavanj v Starem trgu leta 1911 - zidan grob I (parcela 222). Nagrobni spomenik je ležal med edikulo in zunanjim temeljem zidanega groba I, na razdalji 2,60 m od temelja ediku-le, na zahodni strani. Gornji del stavbe grobne edikule, ki je stal na temelju (5,20 x 5,50 m), je imel dva prostora. V obeh so našli veliko bogatih pridatkov (ostanki koščene mrtvaške postelje). V bližini tega nagrobnika so ležali še trije marmorni odlomki.250 Gre za grob visokega uradnika, ob katerem sta bili pokopani še dve ženski osebi, na kar nakazujejo pripadajoče grobne najdbe in ostanki noriško-panonske noše (prim. Djura Jelenko, Groh - op. 252). Edikulo je obdajalo zidovje (17 x 14,5 m). Zidan grob I je stal v bližini 6,50 m široke rimske ceste, ki je najverjetneje ločevala bogate grobnice na vzhodni in revnejše grobove na zahodni strani ceste (prim. sl. 22).
Odlomek je del stalne postavitve v graškem deželnem muzeju, lapidarij Eggenberg (inv. št. 16).
Opis: Ohranjen je desni vogal večjega marmornega nagrobnega spomenika. Rob okvirja je profiliran, napisno polje omejuje na zgornji in desni
243	Arhiv KPM, Fond dr. H. Winklerja, 1. 11. 2.
244	Onomasticon I, 151.
245	Onomasticon IV, 34.
246	Onomasticon III, 75.
247	Ritterling 1925, 1678-1690. Novejši zgodovinski pregled legije je v: Gomez-Pantoja 2000, 167-190.
248	Harl 2003, 355 ga datira v 2. st., po letu 114.
249	Arhiv KPM, Fond dr. H. Winklerja, 1. 11. 2.
250	Djura Jelenko 2004, 33.
Sl. 46: Kolaciona. Odlomek nagrobnega spomenika. Fototeka IzA ZRC SAZU.
Fig. 46: Colatio. Fragment of a tombstone. Photo archive of IzA ZRC SAZU.
strani (verjetno tudi spodaj). Na plošči je prikazan zgornji del liktorja in kurulskega stola. V času odkritja je bil ohranjen večji del kurulskega stola. Pod napisnim poljem je zgornji del nakovala s parom golobov in dvoročajnim kelihom. Winkler je domneval, da je bil spomenik težak od 700 do 800 kg. Črke so pravilno klesane in še dobro vidne. Mere: 80 x 126 x 32 cm. V. črk: 9-8 cm.
[--- Clau]dia Celeia [— he]iredes vivi f(ecerunt).
Prevod: ... iz klavdijskega municipija Celeja ..., so postavili dediči za življenja.
Literatura: AIJ 8; RISt 379; ILLPRON 1910; Wedenig, Epigraphische Quellen, C 36.
Šašel 1954a, 157; Klemenc 1962/63, 479; Pahič 1967, 25; Pahič 1968, 24; Šašel 1970, 142 št. 54; Alföldy 1974, 266; Pahič 1975, Stari trg. - V: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, 28, 56; Modrijan, Weber 1979/1981, 62 št. 16, sl.; Modrijan, Weber 1981, 182 sl., 183 št. 16; Forni 1985, 107 št. 19; Ronke 1987, 687-688 št. 61; Schäfer 1989, 347-349 št. 69, sl. tab. 68, 1; Mrozewicz 1989, 54 št. 19; Šašel Kos 2001, 196-198 sl. 3; Djura Jelenko 2004, 30, 33 sl. 17, 18, 19, 20; Hudeczek 2004, 25-26 št. 4, sl.
Starejša literatura: Reisch 1913, Bbl. 100; Egger 1914, Bbl. 73-75 sl. 44; Tagespost, 23.4.1914; JJ, 103-104, 1914-15, 37; Diez 1946, 103-104 sl. 29.
1	Črki D manjka pokončna hasta. Pod prvo črko A se nahaja poševna zareza.
2	Od prve ohranjene črke je viden samo spodnji del poševne haste (R?).
Dopolnitev napisa je negotova, saj se ne ve, koliko ga dejansko manjka. Če je bil korulski stol (sella
curulis) na sredini spomenika, potem ga na levi manjka zelo malo. Ob odkritju je bil ohranjen večji del korulskega stola in liktorja, ki ju lahko interpretiramo kot atributa župana (duumvir) v Celeji.251 Glede na reliefni okras lahko torej domnevamo, da gre za nagrobnik visokega uradnika v Celeji. Claudia Celeia se verjetno nanaša na izvor (origo) osebe.
Napis sodi v drugo polovico 1. st.252
24. Del napisne plošče (sl. 47)
V bližini nagrobnika AIJ 8 (mavzolej I) je bil poleg številnih marmornih odlomkov (na skici najmanj 10) odkrit tudi še fragment, ki so ga našli samo slab meter južno od AIJ 8 (prim. sl. 22).
Po skici sodeč je bila plošča odlomljena z vseh strani. Ohranjen je del napisnega polja z dvema, v zgornji polovici ohranjenima črkama, ki sta še najmanj enkrat tako veliki kot pri kamnu AIJ 8 (torej okoli 16 cm). Winkler je zato domneval, da ne pripada nagrobniku AIJ 8.
Sl. 47: Kolaciona. Del napisne plošče. Rokopisna zapuščina dr. Hansa Winklerja, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt. Fig. 47: Colatio. Fragment of an inscription slab. The manuscript legacy of Dr. H. Winkler, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt.
[---]od[---]
Literatura: Djura Jelenko 2004, 33, sl. 17; 22. Druga polovica 1. st.
25. Mejnik grobne parcele (sl. 48) Verjetno je bil mejnik odkrit na območju zida-
251	Šašel Kos 2001, 196.
252	Na osnovi ponovne preučitve grobnih pridatkov in novih spoznanj o kostnih rezbarijah mrtvaške postelje lahko z gotovostjo trdimo, da sodi v drugo pol. 1. st. (prim. Djura Jelenko, Groh, Ein frühkaiserzeitlicher Grabbau in der Südnekropole des norischen Vicus von Colatio, Slowenien - v tisku za Arch. Korrbl.). S tem lahko povežemo še kamna št. 24 in 25 ter ju datiramo v drugo pol. 1. st.
Wedenig 1997, 146: navaja različna mnenja. R. Egger govori o lepih črkah 1. st., J. Šašel in W. Modrijan ga prav tako postavita v 1. st. G. Alföldy govori o času med 50 in 150 po Kr. T. Schäfer zaradi stilističnih kriterijev zagovarja čas Flavijcev, dopušča tudi možnost datiranja v začetek 2. st. zaradi frizure liktorja, pa tudi v drugo polovico 2. st. zaradi kurulskega stola in apeksa v drugi vrstici. J. Ronke datira v pozno 1. st. in čas Trajana. L. Mrozewicz daje prednost 2. ali 3. st.
nega groba I v času Winklerjevih izkopavanj (prim.
sl. 22).253
Opis: Kamnit napisni kamen - mejnik med grobnimi parcelami ima dvovrstični napis. Med črkami so uporabljena ločilna znamenja. Velja za izgubljenega.
Mere: Višina 65 cm.
In f(ronte) p(edes) L,
in a(gro) p(edes) L.
Prevod: Parcela meri po dolžini in širini 50 čevljev.
Literatura: Djura Jelenko 2004, 50, sl. 30.
Če ga povežemo z zidanim grobom I, ga lahko datiramo v drugo polovico 1. st.
26. Kamnit oltar, posvečen Jupitru Dolihenu
Kot poroča R. Knabl,254 so spomenik našli v Slovenj Gradcu v temeljih hiše I. Kraegherja, 10. junija 1861 ob njenem rušenju.255 J. C. Hofrichter ga je poslal Štajerskemu zgodovinskemu društvu v Gradec za njihovo epigrafsko zbirko. Že od konca
19. st. velja za izgubljenega. B. Saria je domneval, da je iz Kolacione (AIJ str. 5). Opis: Fragmentiran oltar.
[I(ovi) O(ptimo)] M(aximo) Dol(icheno) [pr]o sal(ute)
[im]p(eratoris) M(arci) A[ur(elii) —] [---]
Prevod: Jupitru Dolihenu, najboljšemu in največjemu, za blagor cesarja M. Avrelija ...
Literatura: CIL III 5103 + p. 1827; RISt p. 398; Kult, 234; ILLPRON 1912.
Šašel 1954a, 157; Pahič 1975, Stari trg. - V: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, op. 87, 38, 56, Stari trg 7; Šašel Kos 2001, 199.
Starejša literatura: Knabl Ms. 1668, 165v; Knabl 1862, Sylloge, št. 537; Knabl 18 6 9 , 69.256
Kult Jupitra Dolihena se je zunaj Rima razširil predvsem v rensko-donavskih provincah ter v Britaniji; tako je bil tudi v Noriku in Panoniji precej razširjen.257 Gre za kult, ki je predvsem v času Severov poudarjal lojalnost vladarju. S tem se lahko
Sl. 48: Kolaciona. Mejnik grobne parcele. Rokopisna zapuščina dr. Hansa Winklerja, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt. Fig. 48: Colatio. Boundary stone of a funerary plot. The manuscript legacy of Dr. H. Winkler, Landesmuseum Kärnten, Klagenfurt.
253	Djura Jelenko 2004, 50, sl. 30. Na skici je poleg tega napisnega kamna še tloris zidanega groba I ter plošči s sponami, ki ju kot najdbi v tem grobu omenja Winkler. Tudi mere zidanega groba I ustrezajo meram na mejniku.
254	Knabl 1869, 69.
255	Pratobevera in Knabl poročata o fragmentu napisnega kamna, ki bi naj bil najden na posestvu J. Kraigherja (Pratobevera 1854, 123; Knabl 1869, 69). Najverjetneje gre za isti napis.
256	Glej op. 23.
257	O kultu samem in njegovi razširjenosti glej Speidel 1978, ki poudarja, da to božanstvo ni imelo izključno vojaškega značaja. O kultu na splošno prim. Hörig 1984, 2136-2179.
razloži tudi njegova priljubljenost med vojaki. Formula pro salute2^'8 je v teh dveh provincah postala priljubljena v času Septimija Severa, na oltarjih posvečenih različnim božanstvom, v veliki meri pa Jupitru. Glede na navedeno bi tretjo vrstico najverjetneje lahko dopolnili v M. Aurelius, kar je začetek titulature cesarja Karakale (211-217).
Začetek 3. st.
27. Votivni oltar, posvečen Jupitru (sl. 49)
Oltar so odkrili pred 7. 6. 1909259 v Starem trgu na parceli 201, 1 m globoko, na dvorišču domači-
Sl. 49: Kolaciona. Votivni oltar, posvečen Jupitru. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 49: Colatio. Votive altar dedicated to Jupiter. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
je Petrič (p. d.). V bližini so našli še pokončni kamen valjaste oblike.260 Omenjeni najdbi sta spodbudili Winklerjevo zanimanje. Leta 1910 je na tem mestu začel z raziskavami in v neposredni bližini odkril ostanke svetišča.
Oltar je shranjen v graškem deželnem muzeju, depo lapidarija Eggenberg (inv. št. 8).
Opis: Marmorni votivni oltar je ohranjen v celoti (v spodnji tretjini napisnega polja in na dnu je zlepljen). Na sprednji strani oltarja je napisno polje, veliko 29 x 29 cm. Nad in pod napisnim poljem je profilacija kolenasta. V času odkritja naj bi bile vidne še 4 vrstice (tako na skici), danes s težavo le še zadnja črka prve vrstice. V spodnjem delu so ohranjeni sledovi vzidave. Celotna površina oltarja je močno poškodovana.
Mere: 71 x 29 x 19 cm. V. črk 5 cm.
I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo)
[---]
[---]
[---]
Prevod: Jupitru, najboljšemu in največjemu ...
Literatura: AIJ 5; RISt 376; Kult, 165; ILLPRON 1907.
Šašel 1954a, 157; Pahič 1967, 24; Pahič 1968, 24; Pahič 1975, Stari trg. - V: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, 28, 56, Stari trg 4; Modrijan, Weber 1979/1981, 63 št. 8; Modrijan, Weber 1981, 183 št. 8; Pahič 1995, 81; Šašel Kos 2001, 195-196; Djura Jelenko 2004, 11 sl. 5; 6.
Starejša literatura: Arhiv KPM, Fond dr. H. Winklerja, 1. 19. 6. (skica oltarja).
Kult Jupitra je bil v imperiju najbolj razširjen rimski kult. Tudi na področju Celeje in njenega agra je Jupitru posvečenih največ oltarjev. Jupiter, najboljši in največji, je velikokrat predstavljen kot podoba rimske države. V njegovem svetišču na Kapitolu so namreč uradniki opravljali daritve, ko so nastopili leto službovanja, sem so vojskovodje po zmagovitih pohodih prinašali svoj plen in na tem mestu so vsako leto priredili prvo zasedanje senata. Njegovo vlogo lahko tako pogosto povezujemo z rimsko imperialno politiko.261
2. ali 3. st.
28. Votivni oltar, posvečen Marsu (sl. 50)
Oltar so našli med izkopavanji dr. H. Winklerja aprila 1910 v Starem trgu pri Slovenj Gradcu, na parceli 201.262 V bližini oltarja so odkrili številne odlomke marmornih oltarjev, marmornih figur, votivno ploščo (AIJ 6) ter manjši torzo marmorne figure.
258	Prim.: ILSl 1, 56, 122, 124.
259	Djura Jelenko 2004, 11. Arhiv KPM, Fond dr. H. Winklerja, 1. 19. 6. (skica oltarja). Egger 1914, 63-64.
260	Glej prvi del, kamen št. 19.
261	Več o njegovi vlogi v: Fears 1981, 3-141.
262	Djura Jelenko 2004, 13, sl. 6.
Sl. 50: Kolaciona. Votivni oltar, posvečen Marsu. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 50: Colatio. Votive altar dedicated to Mars. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Oltar je shranjen v graškem deželnem muzeju, v depoju lapidarija Eggenberg (inv. št. 5).
Opis: Ohranjen je zgornji del manjšega oltarja iz belega marmorja. Napisno polje je omejeno na levi, zgornji in desni strani. Zgornji in spodnji sprednji levi vogal sta odkrušena. Napisno polje je ponekod rahlo poškodovano. Črke so dokaj nepravilne. Vidni so sledovi ločilnih znamenj v obliki tro-lista na koncu vsake vrstice.
Mere: 28,5 x 20 x 12 cm. V. črk: 3,2-2 cm.
Mar(ti)
Aug(usto)
Q(uintus) Art(---)
Prevod: Kvint Art ... je posvetil vzvišenemu Marsu.
Literatura: AIJ 7; RISt 377; Kult, 277; ILLPRON 1909.
Šašel 1954a, 157; Pahič 1968, 24; Pahič 1975, Stari trg. - V: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, 28, 56, Stari trg 6; Pahič 1995, 82, 89; Šašel Kos 1999, 149; Šašel Kos 2001, 196; Djura Jelenko 2004, 13 sl. 5, 6.
Starejša literatura: Egger 1914, Bbl. 65 sl. 40.
Na koncu prve in druge vrstice sta ohranjeni trikotni ločilni znamenji. Vse črke A so brez prečne haste.
3 Ohranjena je samo desna polovica črke Q, od črke T pa leva polovica prečne haste.
Družinsko ime (nomen gentile) v tretji vrstici se lahko bere kot Artorius (CIL III 5336), Artius (CIL III 13385), ali podobno. Ta dva primera se pojavljata v Noriku in Panoniji ter sta zato tudi najverjetnejša. V Noriku je ohranjen še en primer z enako okrajšavo Art (IBR 50).
Pri Keltih, ki so veljali za bojevito ljudstvo, je bil Mars - bog vojne - zelo priljubljen. Marsa lahko poistovetimo z velikim številom lokalnih božanstev, predvsem v rimski Galiji in Germaniji. Na votivnih napisih se tako pojavlja Mars sam, lahko pa še z domačim imenom ali v povezavi s staroselskimi božanstvi. Obravnavano božanstvo je odigralo vlogo pomembnega povezovalnega člena med rimskim in staroselskim panteonom. Predvideva se lahko, da ima njegovo čaščenje v okolici Celeje in Kolacione še prvotne domače korenine. Na priljubljenost kažejo tudi keltska imena tega božanstva, ki se pojavljajo v Noriku: Latobius, Marmogius, Tautates, Sinates, Mogetius.^^^
Oltar najverjetneje sodi v 2. ali 3. st.
29. Votivna plošča, posvečena Jupitru Depulsorju
(sl. 51)
H. Winkler je nedaleč od najdišča prejšnjega kamna (AIJ 7) aprila 1910264 odkril votivno ploščo (Stari trg pri Slovenj Gradcu, parcela 201, izkop-no polje V). Našli so jo na prehodu v zgornjo zemljeno plast nad žganino.
Spomenik je shranjen v graškem deželnem muzeju na stalni arheološki razstavi (inv. št. 14846).
Opis: Votivna plošča v obliki peterokotne edi-kule iz belega marmorja je razlomljena na dva dela, desni spodnji vogal manjka. V edikuli stoji goli Jupiter z orlom ob desni nogi in bliskom v desnici. Okrog levega ramena ima kratko ogrinjalo. Izrazito je nagnjen v levo. Napis je na ozki zgornji obrobi. Plošča ima na zadnji strani vdolbino in je grobo obdelana, kar bi lahko bila posledica vzidave.
Mere: 20 x 13 x 2 cm. V. črk: 1 cm.
I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo) D(epulsori ?).
Prevod: Jupitru, odvračalcu zla, najboljšemu in največjemu.
Literatura: AIJ 6; RISt 378; Kult, 220; ILLPRON 1908.
Šašel 1954a, 157; Pflaum 447 št. 14; Pahič 1968, 24 sl.; Pahič 1975, Stari trg. - V: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, 28, 56, Stari trg 5; Šašel Kos 1999, 124 sl. 3; Šašel Kos 2001, 196; Djura Jelenko 2004, 13, T. 1: 1.
Starejša literatura: Egger 1914, Bbl. 65-67 sl. 41.
Številni napisi iz jugovzhodnega Norika in so-
263	Scherrer 2002, 40. Za kult Marsa na splošno glej Croon 1981, 246-275.
264	Djura Jelenko 2004, 13.
[---]V[---] [---]PUB[---]
Sl. 51: Kolaciona. Votivna plošča, posvečena Jupitru. Risba Darje Grosman.
Fig. 51: Colatio. Votive slab dedicated to Jupiter. Sketch by Darja Grosman.
sednje Panonije kažejo, da je zgornja dopolnitev zelo verjetna (npr. CIL III 4018, 4033, 4034, 4111, 5460, 10871) in da ima kult korenine že v pred-rimskem obdobju. Vse kaže, da je bil Jupiter De-pulsor, odvračalec zla, pomemben noriški bog, ki so ga častili predvsem v južnem Noriku.265 Spomenik sodi v 3. st.
30. Odlomek kamna z napisom (sl. 16) Odlomek so našli v času Winklerjevih izkopavanj v Starem trgu.266
Fragment je bil hranjen v graškem deželnem muzeju, lapidarij Eggenberg. Najverjetneje je še vedno tam, a uradno velja za pogrešanega.
Opis: Napisna plošča je odlomljena z vseh strani. Leva stran odlomka je prazna, napisno polje bi lahko bilo s te strani omejeno ali samo odkru-šeno. Črke so pravilno klesane. Delno sta bili ohranjeni le dve vrstici napisa. Mere: 14 x 25 cm. V. črk 5 cm.
Literatura: Arhiv KPM, Fond dr. H. Winklerja, 1. 5., sl., 1909-12.
2 Od tretje črke je ohranjen samo zgornji del pokončne haste ter del polkrožnega nadaljevanja (B, P?).
Zaradi pomanjkljivih podatkov datacija ni mogoča.
Gmajna
31. Odlomek napisnega kamna
Pri p. d. Maticu na Proglu (Gmajna) naj bi bil ob cesti vzidan napisni kamen. Po pripovedovanju sedanjega lastnika je bil v stari hiši (srednji Sedar, Gmajna 22a) nad vrati, na mestu preklade, vzidan ok. 20 cm visok, 60-70 cm širok in 20 cm debel, na sprednji strani rahlo izbočen kamen (lapor?). Na njem naj bi bile vklesane črke, opazni pa naj bi bili tudi sledovi malte. Ko so hišo pred leti podrli, so kamen uporabili za temelje novega gospodarskega poslopja. Hiša je stala tik ob stari cesti, ki je vodila iz Slovenj Gradca čez Progl na Sele.
Literatura: Arhiv KPM, Fond dr. H. Winklerja, 1. 4. 1909?.
Šmartno pri Slovenj Gradcu
Galenhof/Legen
32. Nagrobna plošča za Vibena in njegovo družino
(sl. 52)
Kot poroča A. Muchar, je nagrobna plošča nekoč služila kot namizna plošča na vrtu graščine Galenhof na Legnu.267 B. Saria pa domneva, da izvira iz Kolacione (AIJ, str. 5). Dolgo je veljala za pogrešano. Shranjena je v depoju lapidarija Eggenberg v Gradcu (inv. št. 3).
Opis: V celoti ohranjena marmorna nagrobna plošča ima dvojno profiliran rob okvirja. Poglobljeno napisno polje je omejeno z vseh strani. Zgornji rob okvirja je odkrušen. Razpoka poteka čez 4. in 5. vrstico napisa. Napisno polje je že precej obrabljeno. Na plošči so vidni sledovi vzidave (malta, barve). Črke so razmeroma pravilne, ločilnih znamenj ni.
Mere: 57 x 50 cm. V. Črk: 7-8 cm (1. in 2. vrstica); 5-5,5 (3. in 4. vrstica); 4-4,5 (5. in 6. vrstica).
265	O kultu Jupitra Depulsorja in njegovi razširjenosti v Noriku glej Šašel Kos 1999, 121-129.
266	Arhiv KPM, Fond dr. H. Winklerja, 1. 5., sl., 1909-1912. Za ta odlomek H. Winkler ne navaja najdiščnih podatkov, ampak samo fotografijo.
267	Muchar 1844, 379.
Sl. 52: Legen. Nagrobna plošča za Vibena in njegovo družino. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 52: Legen. Tombstone for Vibenus and his family. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Vibenus
Cousonis f(ilius) v(ivus) f(ecit) sib(i) et Secundae
5 Catulli (filiae) con(iugi) a(nnorum) LI et Successo f(ilio) a(nnorum) XX.
Prevod: Viben, Kovzonov sin, je za življenja postavil (nagrobnik) sebi in ženi Sekundi, Katulovi hčeri, stari 51 let, in sinu Sukcesu staremu 20 let.
Literatura: CIL III 5104; RISt 345; ILLPRON 1807. Pahič 1967, 25; Pahič 1968, 24; Pahič 1975, Legen. - V: ANSl, 276; Pahič 1975, Galenhof. - V: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, 25, 49; Modrijan, Weber 1979/1981, 65 št. 3; Modrijan, Weber 1981, 185 št. 3; Pahič 1995, 85-86, op.13; Šašel Kos 2001, 199.
Starejša literatura: Muchar 1844, 379; Knabl Ms. 1668, 109v; Knabl 1852b, 116-117 (prim. Knabl 1859, 125); Knabl 1862, Sylloge, št. 353; Kandler ms.268
Ligature: 4 AE, 6 XX. T in L longa: 5. Črke prehajajo v profilacijo okvirja: 1, 2, 5, 6. 3 Prečni hasti pri črki F sta močno zlizani. Črka T je poškodovana v zgornji tretjini.
5 Zaradi pomanjkanja prostora je I vklesan nad spodnjo hasto črke L.
Vibenus"2^"9 in Couso sta keltski imeni, slednje je izpričano samo dvakrat - drugič v Miklavžu na Dravskem polju (AIJ 105 = CIL III 14106). Catul-
lus je eno izmed imen, ki so bila v provincah s keltskim prebivalstvom priljubljena.270 Omenjene osebe so imele najverjetneje status peregrinov. Nagrobna formula kaže na 1. ali 2. st.
Mislinjska Dobrava
33. Odlomki kamnitih plošč z napisi
Najdišče se nahaja na vznožju in ob robu do-brovske terase, malo pred nekdanjim prehodom ceste prek železniške proge. Od domnevne trase rimske ceste je oddaljeno približno 300 m. Pri Melažnikovih v Mislinjski Dobravi so nekoč imeli v tlaku in pragu kamne z napisi, ki so jih odkrili pri V. Korošcu (informator V. Strmčnik). V. Korošec, takrat še dijak, naj bi si jih prepisal. Na njivi tik ob cesti, k. o. Dobrova, so med leti 1950 in 1954 s plugom izorali vsaj 20 x 20 cm veliko ploščo z napisom, ki je zdaj izgubljena. V. Korošec je povedal, da je bilo plošč v tlaku pred kovačijo ob JZ vogalu Melažnikove stanovanjske hiše več. Kovačije ni več, tlak pa je deloma prekrila zemlja. Prepisa napisa je izgubljen, črke bi naj bile latinske, spomnil naj bi se tudi rimskih številk ter črk AN.
Literatura: Arhiv KPM, Pahič, Topografski zapiski, 28. 5. 1977.
Vuzenica
34. Nagrobna stela za Lucija Venonija (sl. 53)
Kot poroča S. Pahič,271 so stelo našli leta 1962 na vrtu za hišo A. Slekovca, Vuzenica 134, ob cesti proti Dravi, pri kopanju jame za greznico v globini 3,5-4,0 m. Ležala je v horizontalni legi, z napisom obrnjena navzdol. Po obrabljenem prelomu kamna je videti, da na tem mestu ni bil več in situ.
Ob postavitvi stalne arheološke zbirke (maja 1992) v prostorih KPM so ploščo zlepili skupaj in jo shranili v tamkajšnjem lapidariju (inv. št. A 2323 PM Maribor). Manjši odlomek iste stele je shranila gospa Vogrin iz Vuzenice.
Opis: Ohranjena je zgornja polovica stele iz belega pohorskega marmorja z delom napisnega polja in ovršjem. Pri izkopu stele je prišlo do poškodb, zato so manjkajoče dele zapolnili z malto. Najbolj je poškodovano ovršje, čez napisno polje pa potekata dva loma: navpično čez prvo in drugo črko N. Napisno polje je poglobljeno in omejeno z zgornje, leve in desne strani. Na obeh straneh je bilo
268	Glej op. 23.
269	Prim. s komentarjem pri št. 4.
270	Cognomina II, 45.
271	Pahič 1998b, 467.
Sl. 53: Vuzenica. Nagrobna stela za Lucija Venonija. Foto: Tomo Jeseničnik.
Fig. 53: Vuzenica. Funerary stele for Lucius Venonius. Photo: Tomo Jeseničnik.
obdano s kaneliranima stebroma, ki se končujeta z listnatima kapiteloma. Na desni strani je ohranjen samo kapitel. Vitičast ornament, obdan s trojno profiliranim okvirjem, ločuje napisno polje in trikotni zatrep. V trikotnem zatrepu je glava Meduze s kačami namesto las, ob njej sta na vsaki strani ptiča z jagodami v kljunih, ki si stojita nasproti (levi ptič z eno, desni s tremi jagodami). V zaklin-
kih sta plavajoča delfina, ki sta usmerjena navzdol. Levi delfin ima ohranjeno glavo, pri desnem je viden samo zgornji del trupa s trikrat razcepljenim repom. Po velikosti črk in širini stele sodimo, da je bila prvotno vsaj dvakrat višja. Velike črke so pravilno klesane.
Mere: 98,5 x 100 x 20,5 cm. V. črk: 10 cm.
L(ucio) Venonio
RufI---]
Prevod: Luciju Venoniju Ruf...
Literatura: ILJug 1178; ILLPRON 1973.
Pahič 1965b, 159-160 sl.; Pahič 1967, 27; Pahič 1968, 30, 53; Pahič 1970, 11; Pahič 1975, Vuzenica. - V: ANSl, 278; Pahič 1977a, 60; Pahič 1977b, 86, 88 sl. 1; AE 1978, 610; Pahič 1984, 16-17; Pahič 1998b, 466-467 sl.; Djura Jelenko 1999, sl. 26.
Ligatura: 1 NI.
1	Ligatura NI je povišana (13 cm). Zadnji O je pomanjšan (7 cm).
2	Od črke F je ohranjen zgornji del pokončne in zgornja prečna hasta (sveži lom).
Ime Venonius je izpričano samo v obliki Venno-nius}'7^ Element ven- nastopa v sestavljenih keltskih imenih,273 zato lahko sklepamo, da je ime keltskega izvora. Glede na razprostranjenost imena Rufi-nus v Noriku je zgornja dopolnitev verjetna.274 V poštev bi lahko prišlo še ime Rufus,275 ki se v Noriku in Panoniji pojavlja razmeroma pogosto.
2. st.
Visočnik
Okrajšana citirana literatura
AE: L'Annee epigraphique, Paris.
AEM: Archaeologisch-epigraphische Mittheilungen aus Oesterreich - Ungarn, Wien.
AIJ: V. Hoffiller, B. Saria, Antike Inschriften aus Jugoslavien. Heft I: Noricum und Pannonia Superior, Zagreb 1938.
ANSl: Arheološka najdišča Slovenije, Ljubljana 1975.
CIL: Corpus inscriptionum Latinarum.
Holder: A. Holder, Alt-celtischer Sprachschatz I, Leipzig 1896 (repr. Graz 1961); II, Leipzig 1904 (repr. 1962); III, Leipzig 1907 (repr. 1962).
IBR: F. Vollmer, InscriptionesBaivariae Romanae, München 1915.
ILSl 1: M. Lovenjak, Neviodunum. Inscriptiones Latinae Slove-niae 1, Situla 37, Ljubljana 1998.
ILJug: A. et J. Šašel, Inscriptiones Latinae quae in Iugoslavia inter annos... repertae et editae sunt: Situla 5, Ljubljana 1963; Situla 19, 1978; Situla 25, 1986.
ILLPRON: M. Hainzmann, P. Schubert, Inscriptionum lapida-riarum Latinarum provinciae Norici usque ad annum MCMLXXXIV repertarum indices, Berolini 1986. JJ: Jahresbericht des Steiermärkischen Landesmuseums Joanne-um, Graz.
KLDB: Krajevni leksikon Dravske banovine, Ljubljana 1937. Knabl Ms. 1668: KNABL, R. 1862 (2001), Codex ducatus Sty-
riae epigraphicus romanae vetustatis: Ms. 1668, Graz. LIMC: Lexicon iconographicum mythologiae classicae, Artemis
Verlag Zürich/ München, Bern. NMS: ŠAŠEL KOS M., Lapidarij Narodnega muzeja Slovenije / The Roman Inscriptions in the National Museum of Slovenia, Situla 36, Ljubljana 1997. Onomasticon I: Onomasticon provinciarum Europae Latinarum. Ex materia ab A. Mocsy, R. Feldmann, E. Marton et M. Szilägy collecta. Vol. I: Aba-Bysanus. Edd. B. Lorincz, F. Redo. Budapest 1994. Onomasticon II: Onomasticonprovinciarum Europae Latinarum.
272	Onomasticon IV, 154.
273	Evans 1967, 277-279.
274	Onomasticon IV, 33-34.
275	Onomasticon IV, 35-36.
Ex materia ab A. Mocsy, R. Feldmann, E. Marton et M. Szilagy collecta. Vol. II: Cabalicius-Ixus. Composuit et correxit B. Lorincz. Wien 1999. Onomasticon III: Onomasticon provinciarum Europae Latinarum. Ex materia ab A. Mocsy, R. Feldmann, E. Marton et M. Szilagy collecta. Vol. III: Labarum-Pythea. Composuit et correxit B. Lorincz. Wien 2000. Onomasticon IV: Onomasticon provinciarum Europae Latinarum. Ex materia ab A. Mocsy, R. Feldmann, E. Marton et M. Szilagy collecta. Vol. IV: Quadratia-Zures. Composuit et correxit B. Lorincz. Wien 2002. RE: G. Wissowa & al. (izd.), Pauly Real-Encyclopädie der clas-
sischen Altertumswissenschaft, 1893-1980. RISt: E. Weber, Die römerzeitlichen Inschriften der Steiermark, Graz 1969.
Arhivski viri in časopisi
Arhiv Koroškega pokrajinskega muzeja, S. Pahič, Topografski
zapiski, 28. 5. 1977. Arhiv Koroškega pokrajinskega muzeja, Fond dr. H. Winklerja,
1.	8. 2. Tagespost, 23. 4. 1914 - Vorgeschichtliche und römische Funde aus Windischgraz im Landesmuseum Joanneum.
Arhiv Kovaškega gasilskega muzeja na Muti. Nastanek imena Muta, 1.
FERK, F. 1897, Ferien - Tagebuch; Deželni muzej Joanej, Gradec. G., B. 1932, Starinske zanimivosti pri Dovžah. - Jutro 13, 279
(30. 11. 1932), 3. Odkritje rimske stavbe v Guštanju. - Jutro 18/ 276 (26. 11. 1937), 3. RAVNIK, R. 1932a, Rimski vrelec. - Jutro 13/8 (10. 1. 1932), 4. RAVNIK, R. 1932b, Okrog Rimskega vrelca. - Jutro 13/31 (6.
2.	1932), 3.
Bibliografija
ALFÖLDY, G. 1974, Noricum. - London, Boston.
AMEDICK, R. 1991, Die Sarkophage mit Darstellungen aus dem Menschenleben - Vita privata. - V: Die antiken Sarkophagreliefs I/4, Berlin.
BADJURA, R. 1922-1923, Vodič kroz jugoslovenske Alpe, Slovenija. - Ljubljana.
BAUCHHENSS, G. 1997, Barbaren oder Attis? - V: Akten des IV. internationalen Colloquiums über Probleme des provinzi-alrömischen Kunstschaffens Celje 8.-12. Mai 1995, Situla 36, 43-51.
BETZ, A. 1954, Noriker im Verwaltungs und Heeresdienst des römischen Kaiserreiches. - Carinthia I 143, 719-735.
CAMBI, N. 2003, Attis or Someone else on funerary monuments from Dalmatia? - V: Romanisation und Resistenz in Plastik, Architektur und Inschriften der Provinzen des Imperium Romanum. Akten des VII. internationalen Colloquiums über Probleme des provinzialrömischen Kunstschaffens Köln 2. bis 6. Mai 2001, 512-520, Mainz am Rhein.
CERMANOVIC, A. 1965, Die dekorirten Sarkophage in den römischen Prowinzen von Jugoslawien. - Arch. Iug. 6, 89-103.
CROON, J. H. 1981, Die Ideologie des Marskultes unter dem Prinzipat und ihre Vorgeschichte. - V: ANRW II 17/1, 246-275.
ČERNETIČ, A. 1952, Še ena kulturna ustanova na Ravnah. -Koroški fužinar 2/1-3, 25.
DAIMER, J. 1901, Bildsteinfund. - Carinthia I 91, 126.
DIEZ, E. 1946, Die sella curulis auf provinzialrömischen Reliefsteinen der Steiermark. - Jh. Österr. Arch. Inst. 36, 97-112.
DJURA JELENKO, S. 1995, Prvo poročilo o arheoloških izkopavanjih ville rustice v Zg. Dovžah v letih 1992-1993. -Koroški zbornik 1, 83-114.
DJURA JELENKO, S. 1997a, Zbirka rimskih novcev in arheološka korespondenca iz arhivskega gradiva Sokličeve zbirke. - Koroški
zbornik 2, 1997, 161-171.
DJURA JELENKO, S. 1997b, Novosti iz Colatia. - Koroški zbornik 2, 1997, 117-134.
DJURA JELENKO, S. 1997c, Rimski pečatni prstan s podobo Dioskura. - Koroški zbornik 2, 1997, 131-134.
DJURA JELENKO, S. 1998, Arheološka izkopavanja rimske ville rustice v Zgornjih Dovžah. - V: Mladinski raziskovalni tabor Mislinja 1998, 7-15, Ljubljana.
DJURA JELENKO, S. 1999, Stalna razstava "Arheologija Koroške krajine". Colatio - 90 let. - Slovenj Gradec.
DJURA JELENKO, S. 2000, Poročilo arheološke skupine. - V: Mladinski raziskovalni tabor Mislinja 1999, 23-33, Ljubljana.
DJURA JELENKO, S. 2001a, Arheološke raziskave rimske ville rustice v Zgornjih Dovžah. - V: Mladinski raziskovalni tabor Mislinja 2000, 19-29, Ljubljana.
DJURA JELENKO, S. 2001b, Zagrad. - V: Enciklopedija Slovenije 15, 30, Ljubljana.
DJURA JELENKO, S. 2002, Poročilo arheološke skupine. - V: Mladinski raziskovalni tabor Mislinja 2001, 7-16, Ljubljana.
DJURA JELENKO, S. 2004, Dr. Hans Winkler in njegov prispevek k arheologiji Mislinjske doline. Katalog razstave. - Slovenj Gradec.
DJURIC, B. 2001, Production of marble sarkophagi in Poeto-vio. - V: Akten des 6. Internationalen Kolloquiums über Probleme des Provincialrömischen Kunstschaffens Historisches Museum der Stadt Budapest (11-16. Mai 1999, Aquincum), Budapest Regisegei 34 47-62.
DJURIC, B. 2004, V Saksanovem svetu. Rimsko pridobivanje belega marmorja s Pohorja. - V: Rimljani, steklo, glina, kamen, 146-204, Celje.
EGGER, R. 1914, Ausgrabungen in Noricum 1912/1913. - Jh. Österr. Arch. Inst. 17, Bbl. 61-86.
EGGER, R. 1921, Führer durch die Antiken Sammlung des Landesmuseums in Klagenfurt. - Klagenfurt.
EGGER, R. 1927, Führer durch das Museum des Geschichtsvereines für Kärnten und dessen Monumentenhalle im Landesmuseum zu Klagenfurt, ed. 11. - Klagenfurt.
EICHNER H., J. ISTENIČ in M. LOVENJAK 1994, Rimski lonček s Ptuja z napisom v neznani pisavi in v starosel-skem, domnevno keltskem jeziku. - Arh. vest. 45, 131-142.
EVANS, D. E. 1967, Gaulish Personal Names. - Oxford.
FEARS, J. R. 1981, The Cult of Jupiter and Roman Imperial Ideology. - V: ANRW II 17/1, 3-141.
FITZ, J. 1990, Prosopographia Pannonica II. - Alba Regia 24, 169-196.
FITZ, J. 1993, Die Verwaltung Pannoniens in der Römerzeit II.
-	Budapest.
FORNI, G. 1985, Le tribu romane III. 1. Lepseudo-tribu. - Roma.
FRANKL, O. 1901, Die im Jahre 1900 in Kärnten gemachten Funde aus historischer, römischer und prähistorischer Zeit.
-	Mitt. Anthr. Ges. 31, 31-32.
GOETTE, H. R. 1990, Studien zu römischen Togadarstellungen. - Beiträge zur Erschliessung hellenistischer und kaiserzeitlicher Skulptur und Architektur 10, Mainz am Rhein.
GÖMEZ-PANTOJA, J. 2000, Legio X Gemina. - V: Les legions de Rome sous le haut-empire 1. Actes du Congres de Lyon (17-19 septembre 1998), 167-190, Lyon.
GRASSL, H. 1992, Zentrale Probleme der Forschung zum antiken Bildungswesen in Österreich. - V: Zur Geschichte des Österreichischen Bildungswesens, 445-457, Wien.
HARL, O. 2003, Die Donauarmee als Träger der norisch-pan-nonischen Kunst - der Fall Noricum. - V: Romanisation und Resistenz in Plastik, Architektur und Inschriften der Provinzen des Imperium Romanum (Akten des VII. internationalen Colloquiums über Probleme des provinzialrömischen Kunstschaffens Köln 2. bis 6. Mai 2001), 337-361, Mainz am Rhein.
HIRSCHFELD, O. 1881, Epigraphische Mittheilungen. Inschriften aus Kärnten. - AEM 5, 223-225.
HOFRICHTER, J. C. 1858, Römerstrassen vom Drau in's
Murgebieth. - Carinthia I 48, 122-123. HOFRICHTER, J. C. 1861, Auszüge aus den Mittheilungen der Herren Bezirks-Correspondenten und anderer Vereins
-	Mitglieder. - Mitt. Hist. Ver. St. 10, 310-312. HOFRICHTER, J. C. 1862, Den Sammlungen des Vereinesfind
seit dem letzten Berichte zugewachten. - Mitt. Hist. Ver. St. 11, 29.
HÖRIG, M. 1984, Iuppiter Dolichenus. - V: ANRW II 17/4, 2136-2179.
HUDECZEK, E. 2004, Die Römersteinsammlung des Landesmuseums Joanneum. Ein Führer durch das Lapidarium. -Graz.
JABORNEGG-ALTENFELS, M. F. 1870, Kärnten's römische
Alterthümer. - Klagenfurt. KAJANTO, I. 1965, The Latin Cognomina. - Helsinki. KENNER, F. 1902, Kärnten. - Mitt. Zent. Komm. 1, 154-155. KENNER, F. 1902a, Kärnten. - Mitt. Zent. Komm. 1, 394. KLEMENC, J. 1962-1963, Novi napis iz Šempetra v Savinjski
dolini. - Arh. vest. 13-14, 479-486. KNABL, R. 1851, Münzenfund zu Hohenmauthen und Mahrenberg im Spätherbste des Jahres 1850. - Mitt. Hist. Ver. St.
2,	182-183.
KNABL, R. 1852a, Verzeichniss der Geschenke, welche dem historischen Vereine zugekommen sind. - Mitt. Hist. Ver. St.
3,	15-30.
KNABL, R. 1852b, Epigraphische Excurse. - Mitt. Hist. Ver. St. 3, 95-117.
KNABL, R. 1854, Epigraphische Excurse. - Mitt. Hist. Ver. St.
5,	153-176.
KNABL, R. 1855, Epigraphische Excurse. - Mitt. Hist. Ver. St.
6,	125-172.
KNABL, R. 1859, Epigraphische Excurse im Jahre 1858. - Mitt.
Hist. Ver. St. 9, 85-138. KNABL, R. 1867, Römische Inschriften. - Mitt. Hist. Ver. St. 15, 182-208.
KNABL, R. 1869, Epigraphische Excurse. - Mitt. Hist. Ver. St. 17, 56-69.
KOLAR, M. 1954, Sokličev zgodovinski muzej v Slovenj Gradcu.
-	Koroški fužinar 4/3-4, 15.
KOLŠEK, V. in P. PETRU, 1956, Antični spomeniki Vitanja.
-	Celjski tednik 52/7 (29. 12. 1956) 13.
KOLŠEK, V. 1972, Antične grobnice v Šempetru. - Kat. in mo-nogr. 9.
KOLŠEK, V. 1994, Rimska plastika v oklepu. - Celjski zbornik 1994, 23-34.
KRAFT, D. 1935, Das Untersteierische Drauland Deutsches Grenzland zwischen Unterdrauburg und Marburg. - München. KUBITSCHEK, W. 1903, Reste eines römischen Grabmals in Aichdorf bei Praevali in Kärnten. - Mitt. Zent. Komm. 2, 242-250.
LEBER, P. 1960, Der Kärntner Teil der römischen Strasse Celeia-
Colatio-Virunum. - Carinthia I 150, 642-663. LOCHNER von HÜTTENBACH, F. 1989, Die römerzeitlichen Personennamen der Steiermark: Herkunft und Auswertung. -Graz.
LÖRINCZ, B. 2000, Legio II Italica. - V: Les legions de Rome sous le Haut-Empire 1. Actes du Congres de Lyon (17-19 septembre 1998), 145-149, Lyon. LOVENJAK, M. 1997, Novi in revidirani rimski napisi v Sloveniji. - Arh. vest. 48, 63-88. LOŽAR, R. 1934, Ornamenti noriško-panonske kamnoseške
industrije. - Čas. zgod. narod. 29, 99-147. LUSCHIN, A. 1905, Kärnten. - Mitt. Zent. Komm. 3, 248. MIKUŽ, J. 1987, Stari trg, p. c. sv. Pankracija. - Var. spom. 29, 343.
MÖCSY, A. 1983, Nomenclator provinciarum Europae Latina-rum et Galliae Cisalpinae cum indice inverso. - Diss. Pann. 3/1. - Budapest.
MODRIJAN, W. in E. WEBER, 1965, Die Römersteinsammlung des Joanneums im Eggenberger Schlosspark. 1. Teil.
-	Schild St. 12, 3-118.
MODRIJAN, W. in E. WEBER, 1979-1981, Die Römersteinsammlung des Joanneums im Eggenberger Schlosspark. 2. Teil. - Schild St. 14, 7-111.
MODRIJAN, W. in E. WEBER, 1981, Die Römersteinsammlung im Eggenberger Schlosspark. - Graz.
MROZEWICZ, L. 1989, Arystokracja municypalna w rzymskich prowincjach nad Renem i Dunajem w okresie wczesnego Ce-sarstwa. - Poznan.
MUCHAR, A. 1844, Geschichte des Herzogthums Steiermark I.
-	Graetz.
MUCHAR, A. 1846, Geschichte des Herzogthums Steiermark III. - Graetz.
Österreichische Kunst Topografie 1. Herzogthum Kärnten, Wien 1889.
ODER, K. 1992, Etnološka topografija slovenskega etničnega ozemlja: 20. stoletje. Občina Ravne na Koroškem. - Ljubljana.
PAHIČ, S. 1965a, Muta. - Var. spom. 9, 149.
PAHIČ, S. 1965b, Vuzenica. - Var. spom. 9, 159-160.
PAHIČ, S. 1965c, O rimski cesti pod Uršljo in še kaj. - Koroški fužinar 15/10-12, 36-39.
PAHIČ, S. 1966, Ravne na Koroškem. - Var. spom. 10, 1965, 203-204.
PAHIČ, S. 1967, Naši kraji pod Rimljani. - Koroški fužinar 17/ 3, 22-29.
PAHIČ, S. 1968, Najstarejša zgodovina Koroške krajine. - V: 720 let Ravne na Koroškem, 6-55, Ravne na Koroškem.
PAHIČ, S. 1968-1969, Naš višinski svet v antiki. - V: Planine ob meji, 69-84, Maribor.
PAHIČ, S. 1970, Kako je prišel rimski orel na Muto? - Večer 26/286 (10. 12. 1970), 10-11.
PAHIČ, S. 1977a, Seznam rimskih kamnov v Podravju in Po-murju. - Arh. vest. 28, 13-73.
PAHIČ, S. 1977b, Novi rimski napisi v Podravju. - Arh. vest. 28, 74-91.
PAHIČ, S. 1977c, Preški Vrh. - Var. spom. 21, 246.
PAHIČ, S. 1984, Dravska dolina v pradavnini. - V: Radlje skozi čas, 11-20, Radlje.
PAHIČ, S. 1995, Keltska in rimska imena v Mislinjski dolini.
-	V: Slovenj Gradec in Mislinjska dolina 1, 79-97, Slovenj Gradec.
PAHIČ, S. 1998a, Topografski zapiski 1952. - Doneski k pradavnini Podravja 11, 1-76, Maribor.
PAHIČ, S. 1998b, Topografski zapiski 1961-1965. - Doneski k pradavnini Podravja 11, 407-629, Maribor.
PETRU, P. in V. KOLŠEK, 1958-1959, Nove rimske najdbe v okolici Vitanja. - Arh. vest. 9-10, 33-38.
PFLAUM, H. G. 1955, Jupiter Depulsor. - V: Melanges Isidore Levy, Annuaire de l'Institut de philologie et d' histoire orientales et slaves 13, 1953, 445-460, Bruxelles.
PICCOTTINI, G. 1984, Die kultischen und mythologischen Reliefs des Stadtgebietes von Virunum. - CSIR - Österreich II/4.
PICCOTTINI, G. 1994, Grabstelen, Reiter- und Soldaten-darstellungen sowie dekorative Reliefs des Stadtgebietes von Vi-runum und Nachträge zu CSIR Österreich II/1-4. - CSIR -Österreich II/5.
PICHLER, F. 1865, Repertorium der steierischen Münzkunde I.
-	Graetz.
PICHLER, F. 1867, Repertorium der steierischen Münzkunde II. - Graetz.
PRATOBEVERA, E. 1854, Archäologische Beiträge. - Mitt. Hist. Ver. St. 5, 107-126.
PRATOBEVERA, E. 1856, Die keltischen und römischen Antiken in Steiermark. - Der Aufmerksame 45 (23. 2. 1856), 177-178.
PUFF, R. G. 1847, Marburg in Steiermark, seine Umgebung, Bewohner und Geschichte II. - Graz.
REDLICH, 1902, Kärnten. - Mitt. Zent. Komm. 1, 35-36.
REISCH, E. 1913, Die Grabungen des Österr. archäologischen Institutes während der Jahre 1912 und 1913. - Jh. Österr. Arch. Inst. 16, Bbl., 89-144.
RITTERLING, E. 1925, Legio X Gemina. - V: RE 12. 2, 16781690.
RONKE, J. 1987, Magistratische Repräsentation im römischen Relief. - Oxford.
SARIA, B. 1939, Doneski k vojaški zgodovini naših krajev v rimski dobi. - Glas. Muz. dr. Slov. 20, 115-151.
SCHÄFER, T. 1989, Imperii insignia, sella curulis und fasces.
-	Mainz am Rhein.
SCHERRER, P. 1984, Der Kult der namentlich bezeugten Gottheiten in römerzeitlichen Noricum. - Wien (neobjavljena disertacija).
SCHERRER, P. 2002, Vom Regnum Noricum zur römischen Provinz: Grundlagen und Mechanismen der Urbanisierung.
-	V: The Autonomous Towns of Noricum and Pannonia. Nori-cum, Situla 40, 11-70.
SPEIDEL, M. P. 1978, The Religion of Juppiter Dolichenus in the Roman Army. - Leiden.
STEINER, (J.) 1862, Codex inscriptionum Romanarum Danu-bii et Rheini IV. Gross-Steinheim (Inscriptiones Raetiae pri-mae, Raetiae Secundae, Norici, Pannoniae primae).
STELE, F. 1923, Varstvo spomenikov (Od 1. 4. do 1. 10. 1923).
-	Zbornik za umetnostno zgodovino 3/3-4, 137-148.
STRMČNIK-GULIČ, M. 1979, Stari trg. - Var. spom. 22, 315317.
STRMČNIK-GULIČ, M. 1981, Antično grobišče v Starem trgu pri Slovenj Gradcu. - Arh. vest. 32, 348-389.
STRMČNIK-GULIČ, M. 1984, Najnovejši podatki iz Starega trga pri Slovenj Gradcu. - Arh. vest. 35, 185-224.
STRMČNIK-GULIČ, M. 1999, Arheološko gradivo v Sokliče-vi zbirki. - V: Slovenj Gradec in Mislinjska dolina 2, 33-60, Slovenj Gradec.
SZILÄGYI, J. 1962, Beiträge zur Statistik der Sterblichkeit in der illyrischen Provinzgruppe und in Norditalien (Gallia Padana). - Acta Arch. Acad. Sc. Hung. 14, 297-396.
SASEL, J. 1951, Kaj nam pripovedujejo arheološke najdbe o krajih, kjer je pozneje nastal Slovenj Gradec. - V: Slovenj Gradec ob 700- letnici, 3-11, Slovenj Gradec.
Sasel, j. 1953, Zagrad pri Prevaljah - rimsko grobišče. - Kronika 1, 15-23.
Sasel, j. 1954, Arheologija Mežiške doline. - Svoboda 3, 6770.
SaSEL, j. 1954a, Arheološko-topografske novosti s področja Colatia in Atransa. - Arh. vest. 5/1, 154-166.
Sasel, j. 1954b, C. Iulius Vepo. - Živa ant. 4, 346-363 (= Opera selecta, 1992, 31-43).
Sasel, a. 1954c, O rimskem obdobju na Slovenskem. - Kronika 2, 21-24.
Sasel, j. 1955a, c. Vindonius Successus. - Živa ant. 5, 129139 (= Opera selecta, 1992, 44-53).
Sasel, j. 1955b, Colatio kot rimska poštna postaja. - Zbornik FF 2, 73-81.
Celeia. - V: RE Suppl. 12, 139-148 (= Opera 583-587).
Zur Rekrutierung der Prätorianer. - Historia ■ Opera Selecta, 1992, 379-385). 1994, Savus and Adsalluta. - Arh. vest. 45,
SASEL, J. 1970, Selecta, 1992,
Sasel, j. 1972,
21, 474-480 (
Sasel kos, m
99-122.
Sasel kos, m
and Adriatic.
1999, Pre-Roman Divinities of the Eastern Alps - Ljubljana.
Sasel kos, m. 2001, Between Celeia and Virunum - the Roman Inscriptions from Southern Carinthia. - V: Carinthia Romana und die Römische Welt, 193-205, Klagenfurt.
TOLDT, C. 1905, Bericht über die im Jahre 1904 in Östtere-ich durchgeführten Arbeiten (Kärnten). - Mitt. Anthr. Ges. 35, 25.
TRSTENJAK, D. 1882, Starost crkve sv. Pankraca in kako je prišla v last ljubljanskim škofom. - Kres 2, 590-592.
WEDENIG, R. 1997, Epigraphische Quellen zur städtischen Administration in Noricum. - Aus Forschung und Kunst 31. - Klagenfurt.
WINKLER, G. 1971, Legio II Italica. Geschichte und Denkmäler. - Jb. Oö. Musealver. 116, 85-138.
ZADNIKAR, M. 1956, Srednjeveška arhitektura na gradu pri Slovenjem Gradcu v luči zgodovine in novih odkritij. - Kronika 4, 156-169.
ZADNIKAR, M. 1959a, Šentilj pod Turjakom. - Var. spom. 6, 115.
ZADNIKAR, M. 1959b, Proučevanje romanske arhitekture. -Var. spom. 6, 23-28.
ZADNIKAR, M. 1982, Romanika v Sloveniji. - Ljubljana.
ZAJAC, J. 1978, Einige vermögende Familien aus Celeia in der römischen Provinz Noricum (1.-3. Jh. u. Z.). - Rivista storica dell'antichitä 8, 63-88.
The Roman stone monuments of Slovenian Carinthia*
Translation
STATUES AND RELIEFS Introduction
On the initiative of Marjeta Šašel Kos, I performed an analysis of the Roman stone monuments of Carinthia. While examining the archaeological material from the excavations of Dr. H. Winkler1 in 2004, I also inspected the monuments kept at the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz. The same year, due to the renovation of the Dr. Franc Sušnik Central Carinthian Library,
restoration and conservation works were in progress on the funerary monuments from the cemetery of Zagrad near Pre-valje and on individual stone finds from Ravne na Koroškem, which until then had been kept in the lapidarium of the Car-inthian Regional Museum [further KPM], the Ravne unit. After the renovation, the lapidarium was relocated to the chapel of Ravne Castle.
On the basis of the stones discussed in the article it is possible, in terms of the number of monuments, to delimit two major
* Our work on this article resulted in an exhibition entitled Saxa loquuntur set in the Carinthian Regional Museum in May 2006. A catalogue with the same title was published on this occasion.
1 The review of Winkler's manuscript legacy, which is kept at the Landesmuseum Kärnten in Klagenfurt, the archives of the department of archaeology, has shown that more stone monuments were discovered during the excavations of the temple, graveyard, and living quarters in Stari trg than has been known and published up until the present day. Mostly these are barely mentioned and scarcely described but together with the rest of the finds they significantly supplement our knowledge about the Roman Colatio, cf. Djura Jelenko 2004.
local centres of Roman settlement, Stari trg and Zagrad. Both sites are located along the main road Celeia - Virunum, which was built during the reign of Claudius. Finds from Colatio extend from the middle of the 1s' century to the beginning of the 5th century AD: part of the temple has been excavated, along with a number of living quarters, part of an early Christian cemetery, and some building foundations on the slope of the castle hill.2
According to the present finds, the cemetery at Zagrad belongs to the 2°d and 3rd centuries, while the corresponding settlement has not yet been discovered. In addition to the considerable amount of finds, the importance of this undiscovered settlement is enhanced by the distance between Colatio and luenna, which amounted to 22 Roman miles (ca. 32 km), and the location of Zagrad in the middle; the ideal distance between road stations along the main roads was about 8 Roman miles (ca. 12 km). Zagrad could thus be defined as a road station (mutatio) along the important state road Celeia3 - Virunum, where travellers could spend the night and change draught animals. The road station must have been located close to the border between the territories of Celeia and Virunum. The anonymous settlement was thus the last one to belong to Celeia, while luenna was the first to be part of the Virunum ager.4 Tombstones have also been found in Dovže,5 where they originate from the area of a known and partly excavated villa rustica; individual farms can also be expected in Završe,6 Šentjanž,7 Kotlje and its surroundings, and in Ravne. Further research will show whether the same holds true for Legen or Mislinjska Dobrava.8 Monuments originating in the area between Muta and Radlje also suggest a minor settlement in this part of the Drava valley. The names and sculptures of deceased soldiers and officers prove that not only civilians lived here.9
One fifth of the monuments are immured into churches, while another fifth are housed in the Landesmuseum Joanne-um in Graz, and two significant collections are located in the lapidarium of the Carinthian regional Museum - both at Ravne and at Slovenj Gradec. The research undertaken by Stanko Pahič10 and Jaroslav Šašel11 was subsequently presented in the most important publications referring to the Carinthian stone monuments.
Simple tombstones with inscriptions predominate. One peculiarity of this area is represented by relief slabs and decorated cubes - as represented by sections of funerary chapels from Zagrad. Another outstanding feature would be the relief slabs with a niche, in which the deceased from Završe12 and Legen are depicted, which are otherwise typical for the area of Flavia Solva.13 Finds of funerary portrait medallions have not yet been discovered in this area. With the exception of a cinerary urn from Črna and a fragment of an inscribed architrave from Colatio, which were made of sandstone, and limestone half-cylinders and bases from Colatio,14 all the other monuments were made of Pohorje marble. Brancurnik's sar-
cophagus15 was made of a reddish marble, and probably came from the marble quarry of Kraig near Klagenfurt.
Acknowledgements
For help with the discussion of uninscribed stones, I would like to thank Dr. Bojan Djuric, who also revised the text, and Aleksandra Nestorovic. Special thanks for data on the monuments from Zagrad are owed to Dr. Franc Glaser and Liljana Suhodolčan. I would also like to thank Dr. Erich Hudeczek, who allowed me to investigate the stones and documentation kept by the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz, Mira Strmčnik-Gulič, who provided information about the architrave with an inscription from Colatio, Dr. Irena Lazar for data about the tombstone from Dolič, and Vesna Koprivnik for information about the lion kept by the Regional Museum in Maribor. Tina Britovšek was of immense help with my fieldwork. My thanks also go to the numerous people who offered information and everyone else who contributed to this project in any way.
Map (fig.l)
CATALOGUE
List of abbreviations:
IzA ZRC SAZU - Inštitut za arheologijo Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra Slovenske akademije znanosti in umetnosti (Institute of Archaeology, Scientific Research Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts).
KPM - Koroški pokrajinski muzej (Carinthian Regional Museum).
l. - length.
OE - območna enota (area unit).
PM - Pokrajinski muzej (Regional Museum).
w. - width.
ZVKDS - Zavod za varstvo kulturne dediščine Slovenije (The Institute for the Protection of the Cultural Heritage of Slovenia).
Čr
1. Cinerary urn (fig. 2)
The Prodnik collection, mostly consisting of ethnological items, also contains a Roman cinerary urn. It was used for quenching iron in the Rakeš forge in Črna. In the forge, which no longer exists, the urn was used by many generations (for at least 200 years). The collection was acquired by the KPM in
2	Egger 1914; Strmčnik-Gulič 1981; Strmčnik-Gulič 1984; Djura Jelenko 1997a; Djura Jelenko 2004.
3	Poljana possibly already under the administrative area of Virunum. Cf. also Šašel Kos 2001, 203.
4	Cf. also Šašel Kos 2001, 203.
5	CIL III 5105, lLJug 365 and the stone manger. Cf. the second part (Roman inscriptions), inscriptions no. 4 and 5.
6	CIL III 5106-5109. Cf. the second part, inscriptions no. 6 to 9.
7	CIL III 5700, AIJ 4. Cf. the second part, inscriptions no. 1 and 2.
8	Doubts occur because of the baron Czöernig who collected Roman stones on his estate in Galenhof: Hypnos from Šmartno, tombstone CIL III 5104, sarcophagus' lid from Legen.
9	Torso of the officer's statue (Zagrad), CIL III 5105 (Dovže), CIL III 5106 (Završe) and AIJ 9 (Stari trg). Cf. the second part, inscriptions no. 4, 7, and 22.
10	Pahič 1968; Pahič 1977.
11	Šašel 1953.
12	CIL III 5106.
13	Modrijan, Weber 1965, no. 235, 105; Hudeczek 2004, 46, 48, no. 23, 25.
14	Cf. the inscriptions in the second part.
15	Cf. the second part, inscription no. 13 (CIL III 6522).
1992. The cinerary urn is stored in the lapidarium in Slovenj Gradec (inv. no. 2390).
Description: A simple and completely preserved cinerary urn made of sandstone, on which traces of carving tools are visible. Impressions from hardening iron rods were made secondarily. Two diagonal grooves on the longer outer panel, in the upper corners, and on the bottom of the trough are visible. An injury from a hammer blow is newer.
Measurements: 34 x 91 x 50.5 cm, inner base measurements: 22 x 27 x 62.5 cm.
Unpublished.
Mislinja
Zgornje Dovže
2. Manger
During field survey in 1952, S. Pahič16 heard that the landowner Anton Pušnik had found a stone trough in his field in Zgornje Dovže17 before the Second World War. The trough was immured into the threshold of his house by Anton's brother Vinko. The house was later demolished. Dr. H. Winkler18 marked the position of a Roman cemetery at the site of the find during the excavations of a villa rustica in 1909. The villa rustica is situated near the confluence of the Turičnica and the Dovžanka streams, and in the immediate vicinity of the aforementioned farm. The trough is considered to be missing.
References: Pahič 1977a, 40; Djura Jelenko 1995, 84, n. 7; Pahič 1998a, 49, n. 20; Djura Jelenko 2001a, 20.
Tombstones from Dovže are dated to the 1s' and 2°d centuries AD, as is confirmed by the other finds.19
remains of a Roman road.
Description: A fragment has been preserved of a cinerary urn lid or the front section of a tombstone made of white Pohorje marble with a central triangularly shaped frontal panel that continues to the right in a smooth side panel. A niche with an image of an eagle is placed in the upper part of the shallow gable. The eagle is slightly damaged around the head, and a part of its wing is missing on the left side. The eagle is facing left with spread wings. The feathers are stylized and placed in straight geometrical lines. It is depicted from the front. The stone was originally deeply immured (the width only extended to 38 cm).
Measurements: 41 x 65 cm, gable w.: 38.5 cm, relief carving h.: 4 cm, immured h. from the floor: 82.5 cm.
References: Pahič 1965a, 149 (fig.); Pahič 1967, 27, 29 (fig.); Pahič 1968, 30, 32 (fig.), 47; Pahič 1970, 10 (fig.), 11; Pahič 1975, Muta. - In: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, 37, 52, Muta 1; Pahič 1984, 18, 16 (fig.); Pahič 1998b, 466 (fig.), 467.
Earlier references: Knabl 1851, 182; JJ 39, 1851, 12;23 Knabl 1852a, 23; Pratobevera 1854, 113; Pratobevera 1856, 177-178; Pichler 1865, 211-212; JJ 71, 1883, 23; Kraft 1935, 114-115; Saria 1939, 137.
The eagle, Jupiter's faithful companion, could be portrayed symbolically - as respect for the government of the state;24 the same motif was also often used on the tombstones of the prematurely departed.25 A similarly shaped eagle is known from funerary stelae found at Leibnitz and Miklavž near Maribor.26 An eagle is also depicted on an element from Colatio.27
Prevalje
Poljana near Prevalje
Muta
3. A fragment of a cinerary urn lid or the front section of a tombstone in the shape of an aedicula with an eagle (^fig. 3)
The tombstone is immured into the south wall of the nave of the Church of St John, to the right of the entrance. According to S. Pahič,20 it was immured in the wall in the "post-war period". It is protected by a projecting eave.
After a flood, a large number of bronze coins of the Ptole-meian rulers and the Roman emperors Trajan, M. Aurelius, and Gallienus were discovered in Muta in 1850. R. Knabl21 reported this only a year later. A fragment of an architrave22 was found above the coins, and the flood also uncovered the
4.	Worked cubes
In addition to a tombstone28 and a Republican silver coin (101 BC), J. Šašel also mentioned some pieces of worked cubes.
Description: Worked marble cubes.
Reference: Šašel 1954, 67.
Zagrad near Prevalje
5.	Slabs with profiled edges, cubes, half-cylinders, wall friezes (cornices), pillar fragments (fig. 4).
According to the Klagenfurter Zeitung,'2'^ twenty large worked stones made of white marble30 were found on the territory of Zagrad31 in July 1860, among them parts of wall friezes (cor-
16	Pahič 1998, 49, footnote no. 20.
17	Plot no. 73 k. o. Šentilj pod Turjakom.
18	Djura Jelenko 2004, fig. 49.
19	Cf. the second part, inscriptions no. 4 (CIL III 5105), and no. 5 (ILJug 365). For other finds see Djura Jelenko 1995.
20	Pahič 1970, 10.
21	Knabl 1851, 182.
22	Knabl (1851, 182) also mentions a fragment of an architrave with the preserved letters L and S. On the basis of this note Pahič includes it in his list of Roman stone monuments (Pahič 1977a, 52), even though it is lost.
23	Unchecked references: ECKHEL ms. 6, 15; Wiener Jahrb. A.B. 45, 1829, 65; JJ 39, 1851, 12; KANDLER, P. Ms.; KNABL, R. 1862, Sylloge; LV 1831 A.B. p. 22; Wiener Jahrb. A.B. 55, 22.
24	It could be connected with the fallen soldier, cf. Harl 2003, 346.
25	Thus G. Piccottini cites the child's sarcophagus lid with the depiction of an eagle from the first half of the 3rd century AD (Piccottini 1994, no. 672a, fig. 88). It is also known from Ennius' tomb in Šempeter (Kolšek 1972, 53, 66).
26	Modrijan, Weber 1965, 48, no. 176 (Lipnica), 101, no. 104 (Miklavž near Maribor).
27	Djura Jelenko 2004, 62, fig. 39.
28	Cf. the second part, inscription no. 11.
29	Vermischte Nachrichten. - Klagenfurter Zeitung 178 (4. 8. 1860), 719.
30	Jabornegg mentions limestone, in Jabornegg-Altenfels 1870, 131.
31	Territory of the present-day Paloma factory, cardboard factory Prevalje d.d. In 1865 there was a plant for the reuse of pine bark, after 1870 Peruzzi from Črna built a saw-mill along Plešivčnik's bridge (later Brančurnik's bridge). In 1894 the owner
nices). M. F. Jabornegg32 mentioned the discovery of a circular pagan temple near the Meža River. In 1889,33 semicircular fragments of pillars were mentioned, along with the foundations of a round building. F. Kenner added,34 on the basis of O. Frankl's report, that many worked Roman cubes, with and without reliefs, had been removed from the Meža or had been spotted in the immediate vicinity.35 According to information from the factory owner Franc Lahovnik, nine to eleven worked cubes were supposedly immured into the Lahovnik saw mill, while some sixteen others were seen lying near the factory by O. Frankl. One was especially emphasized.36 The restaurant owner Hribernik reported that fifty such stones had been discovered since 1860,37 some in the riverbed of the Meža, and some in the factory channel between the Meža dam and the bridge, at a distance of ca. 50 m. J. Šašel38 managed to count thirty of them in 1953.
They were used as thresholds (Brančurnik restaurant, Zagrad), and garden tables or benches (Lahovnik, Prevalje; Krivograd, Zagrad), or were immured into walls (the former cardboard factory, where much material was destroyed and where, according to testimonies, some relief examples are still immured), or were used elsewise (as corner buffers) at Brančurnik's restaurant and in the factory (some ten pieces). Some are immured into the Brančurnik bridge in Zagrad. While repairing the factory waterworks, somewhere in the centre between the chapel on the road and the factory building, the workers came across a large stone cube at a depth of 1.7 m but did not dig it out.39
References: Šašel 1953, 16, 18, fig. 6; Šašel 1954, 67; Pahič 1965c, 38; Pahič 1967, 25; Pahič 1968, 25, 53; Pahič 1975, Zagrad. - In: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1977a, 22 (mutatio), 28, 61, Zagrad 11; Šašel Kos 2001, 202.
Earlier references: Vermischte Nachrichten. - Klagenfurter Zeitung 178 (4. 8. 1860), 719. Jabornegg-Altenfels 1870, 131; Österreichische Kunst-Topographie I, 1889, 13, 213, 223; Kenner 1902a, 154; Kubitschek 1903, 243; KLDB, 1937, Zagradi 157.
6. Relief slab with two figures (^fig. 5)
The slab was first published in a photo by F. Kenner in 1902.40 It was immured into the fountain in front of the Ravne secondary school41 until 1987 and was then transferred to the lapidarium of the Ravne museum. It has been located in the chapel of Ravne Castle since 2005. KPM, Ravne unit (inv. no. 757).
Description: An almost completely preserved relief slab made of marble is missing the upper part and the lower left corner. The front side is quite damaged and smoothed by water. The dorsal panel is roughly convex, with spotty traces of carving
tools, and the side panels are smooth. The relief slab represents a tombstone with two figures. Both heads are missing. The figures are half turned to each other. The husband is portrayed in a toga with a bare right shoulder, his wife is sitting on his right side on a chair with a straight back and semicircular ending. The wife is portrayed en face. Her right hand is folded in her lap, the elbow of her left hand rests on her leg, the hand supporting her chin and cheek. Her posture is half turned to the left, the missing head was probably bowed to the left. The husband is also portrayed en face with a slight turn to the right. He is leaning on his right leg, and holding a scroll in his right hand, which hangs freely alongside, while the end of the toga is hanging over the poorly preserved left hand. A circular dowel -hole was carved (diameter 3 cm) in the middle between both figures, at a height of 66 cm from the lower edge.
Measurements: 147 x 127.5 x 3.9 cm (with relief carving), relief carving h.: 19.5 cm, weight: ca. 800 kg.
References: Šašel 1953, 19, fig. 9; Pahič 1965c, 38; Pahič 1968, 25, 53; Pahič 1977a, 28, 60, Zagrad 1.
Earlier references: Kenner 1902a, 154; Redlich 1902, 36; Kenner 1902b, 394, fig. 2 (Aichdorf); Kubitschek 1903, 245s; KLDB 1937, Zagradi 157.
A woman in a sitting position represents a wife in mourning, which is also indicated by the position of her hands.42 These are possibly parents mourning their child. A similar chair with a semicircular back is represented on the frieze sarcophagus from Hajdina.43 The monument can be dated to the 2°d century AD on the basis of the toga type.44
7. A fragment of a tombstone with a scribe (fig. 6)
The tombstone supposedly originates from Zagrad.45 According to the report by R. Badjura,46 it was kept in the park near "Rimski vrelec" (the "Roman well") in Kotlje even before 1922. It was transferred to the lapidarium of the Ravne Museum in 1987. Since 2005, it has been kept at the chapel of Ravne Castle. KPM; Ravne unit (inv. no. 743).
Description: The lower half of the tombstone made of white marble is preserved. The left side to the height of the cist is also missing. The basic panel is quite smoothed, the same is true of the left side, which bears strong traces of carving tools, while the right side panel is smooth. At the bottom of the standing panel is a dowel hole. A man in a tunic is portrayed in profile: a scribe standing on the indented base, with his right leg, he is touching the round cylindrical cist (capsa) decorated with bucrania and garlands. With both hands, he is holding a scroll
became Franc Lahovnik, who build a plant there in 1896-7. His heirs sold the plant to the count Thurn in 1906. See Oder 1992, 125. The tombstones from Zagrad mentioned further on (from no. 5 to 13) originate in this area.
32	See footnote 31.
33	Österreichische Kunst-Topographie I, 1889, 13, 223.
34	Kenner 1902, 154.
35	Kubitschek 1903, 243. Kubitschek saw only three of them at the time of his visit.
36	Lead seal is preserved in the dowel hole.
37	Kenner 1902, 154 (mentions that these are stones without inscriptions); Kubitschek 1903, 243s.
38	Šašel 1953, 18.
39	Šašel 1953, 19, fig. 1.
40	Kenner 1902, 154, fig. 2; Redlich 1902, 36.
41	The Former Workers' Museum in Ravne (Delavski muzej Ravne).
42	Cf. Amedick 1991, T. 53:1; 56:1; 69:2; 70:2, 71:2 with scenes of lamentation.
43	Djuric 2001, 47, Fig. 1.
44	Goette 1989, 42-5, 49-50.
45	It is thus stated in the inventory book of the KPM, unit Ravne. But in Preški vrh near Kotlje marble pieces were discovered, from which only the slab with a relief of a dolphin and a trident is preserved (see the following). When in 1877 in Rimski vrelec a new building was being built, supposedly remains of "Roman baths" were found (Ravnik 1932, 4). According to the tradition this is the place where the convent of white nuns used to be and the remains of its foundation walls were discovered. Roman remains are mentioned also in Podgora, south of Kotlje, in: KLDB 1937, Kotlje, Podgora 151. Cf. also Šašel 1953, 19. Individual finds of Roman coins are mentioned by Ravnik (Ravnik 1932a, 3, who even writes about "castellum Romanum") and Šašel (Šašel 1954a, 156).
46	Badjura 1922/23, 500.
unrolled over his knee. The monument has been eroded by water. A modern inscription is carved on the base: J. Cäsar (small printed letters).
Measurements: 186 x 73 x 33 cm (with relief carving), l. at the bottom: 41 cm, relief carving h.: 8.5 cm.
References: Šašel 1953, 19, fig. 11; Šašel 1954, 67; Pahič 1965a, 38; Pahič 1967, 25; Pahič 1968, 25-26, 53; Pahič 1975, Zagrad, Kotlje. - In: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1977a, 28, 60, Zagrad 2; Šašel Kos 2001, 203.
Earlier references: Badjura 1922-1923, 500; KLDB 1937, Kotlje 151, Zagradi 157.
Monuments with scribes are particularly characteristic for the countryside and towns of southern Noricum.47 They draw attention to the deceased's occupation but also to the level of culture and education of the grave owner. The motif derives from the Celtic custom of communicating with the dead with the help of post-mortem letters placed in the graves.48 G. Pic-cottini49 dates the librarius from Globasnica to the middle of the 2nd century AD. The scribe's monument can be dated to the middle or the second half of the 2°d century AD.
9. A fragment of a relief slab (fig. 8)
The fragment was kept in the hall of the school library for a long time,55 then at the secondary school in Ravne. Since 2005, it has been kept in the chapel of Ravne Castle. KPM, Ravne unit (inv. no. 4794).
Description: A fragment of the upper right corner of the marble relief slab is preserved. On the right panel, which is flat, slight traces of carving tools are noticeable. Only the representation of a shoulder and the left upper arm of a human figure are preserved from the relief. The slab shows traces of smoothing by water. On the dorsal panel there is a horizontal groove along the entire length of the lower third.
Measurements: 56 x 49 x 11 cm (without relief carving), relief carving h.: 8.5 cm.
References: Šašel 1953, 17, fig. 5; Pahič 1965a, 38; Pahič 1968, 25, 53; Pahič 1977a, 28, 60, Zagrad 6; Šašel Kos 2001, 203.
Earlier reference: KLDB 1937, Zagradi 157.
Based on other monuments, a possible dating would be to the second half of the 2°d or to the 3rd century AD.
8. A cube with a relief of a nymph (fig. 7) J. Daimer reported50 that the cube had been carried down by a flood on the 26'h of June 1900. The stone was found in the Meža riverbed near the bastion of Brančurnik's bridge. It represents a part of a tomb. At first it was placed in the park in front of the secondary school,51 then from 1987 it was in the lapidarium of the Ravne Museum. In 2005, it was transferred to the chapel of Ravne Castle. KPM, Ravne unit (inv. no. 758).
Description: A cube made of white Pohorje marble with a portrait of a woman on the front side is completely preserved. The corners are rounded and smoothed by water. The sides are nicely worked and smooth. A naked standing woman with thick, short hair is portrayed standing on the indented base made in the shape of the upper edge of an altar. Her left hand is raised above her head supporting the bottom section of an amphora turned downwards, while with her right hand she is holding the handle.52 Her weight is placed on the right leg. An aedicula is indicated above the woman by the relief. The front side is slightly indented. The bottom of the cube is completely flat, with a dowel-hole carved in it.53
Measurements: 145 x 40.5 x 50 cm (with relief carving), relief carving h.: 4 cm, weight: ca. 800 kg.
References: Šašel 1951, 5 (fig.); Šašel 1953, 19, fig. 10; Pahič 1965a, 38; Pahič 1968, 25, 53; Pahič 1977a, 28, 61, Zagrad 9; Šašel Kos 2001, 203.
Earlier references: Daimer 1901, 126 (Sagradi); Frankl 1901, 31; Kubitschek 1903, 243, 246s, fig. 59, 60 (in front on fig. 59 another worked slab); KLDB 1937, Zagradi 157.
The woman with an amphora represents a water nymph. A jug with water54 represents a spring or a well; on the grave of the deceased, it was bringing new birth. The cube with a nymph can be dated to the beginning of the 3rd century AD.
10. Torso of the statue of an officer (fig. 9)
According to C. Toldt,56 the statue was revealed by high water of the Meža in the autumn of 1903. It was rescued from the riverbed by the owner of the Brančurnik restaurant. It was bought by the Carinthian historical society in 1904. In Klagenfurt it is marked as originating from Dobja vas near Prevalje. Landesmuseum Kärnten in Klagenfurt (inv. no. 275). Minimundus park, Klagenfurt.
Description: The head, legs from the knee down, and the lower part of the right arm from the elbow down are missing. The marble statue in natural size represents a lower rank Roman officer (centurio?). The right arm is raised into the position of an orator. He wears a tunic, over which leather fringed straps hang from the waist, with his left hand he is holding a heavy military coat (paludamentum) reaching over the back and shoulders. His chest is covered with the bellow leafily cut armour, he wears a sword along the left side, which is attached to the wide official belt (balteus) and reaches over the right shoulder. He wears a medal (phalera) on his chest. It is not clear how the head was attached. The statue is smoothly rounded at the back.
Measurements: 116 x 68 cm, w. from shoulder to shoulder: 56 cm.
References: Šašel 1953, 18, fig. 7; Šašel 1954, 67; Pahič 1965a, 38; Pahič 1967, 25s, (fig.); Pahič 1975, Zagrad. - In: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1968, 25 (fig.), 53; Pahič 1977a, 28, 60, Zagrad 5, fig. 30;
Earlier references: _ sterreichische Kunst-Topographie I, 1889, 13, 213, 223; Luschin 1905, 248; Toldt 1905, 25; Egger 1921, 54, fig. 30; Egger 1927, 5; KLDB 1937, Zagradi 157.
Finds of armour plastic are rare in Roman countryside. The s.c. "Norican soldier" from Celeia is dated to the end of the 3rd or the beginning of the 4'h century AD.57 R. Egger58 dates
47	Grassl 1992, 453, 454.
48	Grassl 1992, 454.
49	Piccottini 1994, no. 659, fig. 84. It is also depicted on Vindonius' tomb in Šempeter, see Kolšek 1972, 49.
50	Daimer 1901, 126. The height of the slab is here 1.05 m. Cf. also Frankl 1901, 31.
51	See footnote 41.
52	This reconstruction was published by Kubitschek (Kubitschek 1903, fig. 60). Šašel mentions the possibility that she is arranging her hair with her left and holding a mirror in her right hand (Šašel 1951, 5).
53	Kubitschek 1903, 246. Kubitschek mentions four dowel holes at the top, which does not hold true if this is the same stone.
54	Cf. M. Kyrkou, LIMC VIII 2, 1997, 584, fig. 3; 585, fig. 8, 9b.
55	See footnote 41.
56	Toldt 1905, 25. He cited the Frankl report.
57	Kolšek 1994, 33 (fig. 6). See also Djuric 2004, 172.
58	Egger 1927, 5.
the statue from Zagrad to the end of the 3rd century AD, it is also mentioned by O. Harl,59 who erroneously stated that the officer is wearing a sagum.
11.	Relief of the mourning Attis and Eros (fig. 10)
The slab was found, according to M. F. Jabornegg,60 between 1860 and 1865 in Zagrad, beneath Barbara's hill and in the immediate vicinity of the factory, while digging gravel. At least from 1870 onwards, it was included in the Rosthorn collection61 in Klagenfurt. The relief was already at the time of Kubitschek's report62 immured into the outer stables wall along the Rosthorn palace in Klagenfurt, where it remained until the Second World War.63 W. Kubitschek64 presumes the same (indented) bases as for the slab with floating feet and the cube with a nymph. The slab is kept in the Landesmuseum Kärnten in Klagenfurt, filed under "Aichdorf, St Barbara im Miesstal" (uninventarized).
Description: The marble slab is chipped off in the lower part, the right edge and the upper left corner are also missing. The relief portrayed pensively standing Attis is supporting his head with the right hand, the elbow is supported by his left hand. He is looking toward the left and is wearing a chiton and a richly folded coat reaching to the ankles. On the head he is wearing a Frigian cap. From the left a winged, naked Eros is facing him and is holding in his left hand a round, cylindrical pot covered with a slightly over-lapping conical lid. His face is turned towards the unpreserved front side of the monument. In a box he is carrying jewellery for the deceased woman. His wings are distinctive, outspread, and relatively high set. Attis and Eros are without legs (the lower part of the slab is missing), Attis has no ankles, Eros is missing the part from the knees down. The stone is badly damaged on the edges, the heads of both figures are also crumbled.
Measurements: 111 x 98 x 18 cm.
References: Šašel 1953, 17 fig. 4 (erroneous reproduction); Pahič 1965a, 38; Pahič 1967, 25s; Pahič 1968, 25, 53; Pahič 1977a, 27s, 60, Zagrad 7.
Earlier references: Jabornegg-Altenfels 1870, 131, CCCXXXVII, T. 9, map (St Barbara); Österreichische Kunst-Topographie I, 1889, 13, 213, 223; Kubitschek 1903, 243, 248, fig. 62; Egger 1921, 55; KLDB 1937, Zagradi 157.
Attis, the lover of Cybele newly reborn every spring, is often portrayed on graves as a symbol of mourning or the expected resurrection. He is portrayed on the slab without his symbolic attributes, such as violets, a torch, and a shepherds' crook (pedum),65 and he also does not have his legs crossed.66 The monument is dated to the 3rd century AD.
12.	Sarcophagus
In the same place67 where Brančurnik's sarcophagus was found,68 the father of the owner of the Brančurnik restaurant at that time, Filip Hribernik, noticed another sarcophagus at
the beginning of the 20'h century, but it remained in the Meža riverbed. This information was published by Redlich.69 Many other marble pieces were noticed in the surroundings. It is probably still buried in the Meža riverbed.
References: Šašel 1953, 19; Pahič 1977a, 60, Zagrad 4; Šašel Kos 2001, 204.
Earlier references: Redlich 1902, 36; Kenner 1902a, 154; Kubitschek 1903, 243; KLDB 1937, Zagradi 157.
13. A fragment of a worked stone (fig. 11)
A conical fragment is immured as a bastion on the northeastern side of the building where substance preparation is carried out at the Paloma cardboard factory, Prevalje d.d. They wanted to relocate it years ago, and damaged the outer surface, but could not move it. Thus this is presumably a larger piece. In 1987/1988 during construction work in the southwestern part of the factory, on a narrow plateau,where the Meža nears the hill and where the dam of the Lahovnik sawmill used to be, the workers noticed worked stones in the building pit.
Description: 49 x 59 x 23 cm, the rest immured.
References the same as for no. 5.
Ravne na Koroškem
Preški vrh70
14. Tombstone with a dolphin relief and a trident (fig. 12)
The slab with the dolphin relief was found in the early 1960s71 while digging sand on the western side of the Kotlje-Ravne road, south of the Srebot farm, Preški vrh no. 8. Due to digging the sand the site was completely destroyed. It was located immediately beside the presumed course of the Roman road Colatio-Iuenna. According to S. Pahič,72 many other marble stones were found beside the dolphin relief. For seven years the slab was considered missing. From 1977 it was kept by the Kranjc family at Poljana no. 55, and in 1987 the slab was transferred to the lapidarium of the Ravne museum. It has been kept at the chapel of Ravne Castle since 2005. KPM, Ravne unit (inv. no. 3315).
Description: The completely preserved slab with a relief of a dolphin and a trident is made of Pohorje marble and represents a part of a funerary stele. The dolphin is depicted moving downwards and to the left, the tail shaped as a crescent. The trident is turned upwards, the handle is rounded in the lower part, while in the middle it is completely erased. Above the forehead, to the right of the eye, and beneath the head three fins are depicted. A fracture runs vertically over the tail, body, and neck of the dolphin. Traces of surface damage are also visible on the dolphin's head and below it. Marks of carving are preserved on the side panels, the dorsal panel is even more rough. The slab is formed in such a way that the upper
59	Harl 2003, 357, fig. 5.
60	Jabornegg-Altenfels 1870, 131, CCCXXXVII, T. 9.
61	Österreichische Kunst-Topographie I, 1889, 13 (Rosthorn, later Canaval).
62	Kubitschek 1903, 248.
63	The Rosthorn palace was badly damaged in a bomb strike in 1943. It is not clear whether the relief was brought to the museum already during the war or in 1960, when the palace was demolished. For this information I thank Dr. F. Glaser.
64	Kubitschek 1903, 248. See also the following relief with floating feet.
65	Cf. also Cambi 2003, 520.
66	Cf. Bauchhenss 1997.
67	Behind the Lahovnik's grindery of wood.
68	Cf. the second part, inscription no. 13 (CIL III 6522).
69	Redlich 1902, 36.
70	Also Prežki vrh.
71	Plot no. 313/1 k.o. Preški vrh. Pahič erroneously cited 1970 (Pahič 1977a, 246).
72	Pahič 1977a, 246; Pahič 1977, 53, Preški vrh 2.
back edge is thinner. The right corner of the front panel is diagonally rounded.
Measurements: 100.5 x 46.5 x 24 cm, dolphin h.: 76 cm, relief carving h.: 2 cm.
References: Pahič 1977a, 38, 53, Preški Vrh 1, 2, fig. 13; Pahič 1977c, 246; Pahič 1998b, 574, 577 (fig.); Šašel Kos 2001, 204.
Dolphins73 are frequent and varied in the art of antiquity. A special place is reserved for the dolphin in the funerary cult as a symbol of metamorphosis. It is considered to be the companion of souls to the kingdom of the dead. It takes the deceased over the water to the island of the blessed. In Carin-thia, a pair of dolphins is depicted on the corners of the stele from Vuzenica74 and in the central part of the gable of the funerary stele from Colatio.75 The funerary altar from Flavia Solva76 with a trident and a pair of dolphins is dated to the 2nd century AD.
Ravne na Koroškem
15.	Statue of a lion (fig. 13)
The statue was found by members undergoing pre-military training on an alluvial terrace south of the Meža, in the western part of what was then a building of the iron-works, while digging shelters in 1963.77 It was kept in the Ravne museum from 1972.78 It was stolen in August 1978, but was found again and returned to the museum on the 11th of August 1989. Since 2005, it has been kept in the chapel of Ravne Castle. The statue of a lion kept in Maribor79 is a match, possibly belonging to the same tomb, since it was found in the immediate vicinity and their sizes also match. KPM, Ravne unit (inv. no. 759).
Description: The marble statue of a lion is badly eroded by water. The front side of the faceless head is damaged, the mane is worked in relief. The legs are unformed, in the common block they spill onto the pedestal, the back side of which is chipped off.
Measurements: 48 x 59 x 19 cm, weight ca. 50 kg.
References: Pahič 1965a, 38; Pahič 1966, 203 (fig.), 204; Pahič 1967, 25; Pahič 1968, 26; Pahič 1977a, 33, 53, Ravne na Koroškem 2; Pahič 1998b, 583 (fig.); Šašel Kos 2001, 202.
16.	Statue of a lion, slabs (fig. 14)
The statue was found, according to the newspaper Jutro, in the area of the new rolling-mill on the 25th of November 1937.80 Mr. Jevšnikar discovered it while working the land. Beside the lion he also discovered a ridge-shaped carved marble slab measuring 120 x 50 cm, which was slightly hollowed on the bottom side. He kept both finds at his home, where they were inspected by the archivist of the Maribor museum, Mr. Franjo Baš. He also
opened a "test trench". He found a "corner wall", a marble slab identical with the previously mentioned one, and a piece of brick, which would suggest a Roman building. Its lion counterpart was found not far away, and both were 2 km downstream from Zagrad. The erosion from water could be the result of the vicinity of the Meža and its effect. Other occasional finds are also known from Ravne, such as a bronze fibula (Pot ob Suhi no. 9), pieces of brick and pottery, and supposedly also a section of a Roman mosaic.81 A Roman road ran through this town. J. Šašel82 sums up the data about the find of a ridge-shaped carved limestone slab (50 x 60 cm) by the local villagers. The statue is located in the Pokrajinski muzej Maribor (inv. no. A 2315).
Description: The marble statue of a lion is eroded by water. The head is faceless, the legs in the common block spill onto the pedestal, which is better preserved than its counterpart from the Ravne museum. The mane is worked in relief, the statue is roughly made. The front legs show traces of relief work.
Measurements: 53 x 59 x 21 cm.
References: Šašel 1954a, 156; Šašel 1954, 68; Pahič 1965a, 38; Pahič 1966, 204, 203 fig. (erroneous date of the find); Pahič 1967, 25, 26 (fig.); Pahič 1968, 26, 27 (fig.); Pahič 1975, Ravne na Koroškem. - In: ANSl, 276; Pahič 1977a, footnote 65, 33, 53, Ravne na Koroškem 1; Pahič 1998b, 583 (fig.); Šašel Kos 2001, 202.
Earlier references: Jutro 18, Odkritje rimske stavbe v Guštanju, no. 276, 26. 11. 1937, p. 3.
Both lions probably belong to the same tomb, where they were placed as its keepers. A lion can also be perceived as a symbol of invincible death. S. Pahič83 presumed that they originated in Zagrad, which is contradicted by the base found at the site of discovery.84
Slovenj Gradec
Stari trg - Colatio
17. Monolithic pillar (^fig. 15)
The pillar is today used as the central pillar in the nave of the church of St Pancras on the castle hill85 in Stari trg. The church is dated to the middle of the 13th century.86 J. C. Hofrichter87 was the first to report on it. D. Trstenjak88 suspected a Roman temple had been located at the site of the church due to this pillar. Dr. H. Winkler89 mentioned that in the oldest, square part of the church, all four corners were built entirely from white marble cubes (Roman spoliae from Colatio). Together with W. Kubitschek, they discovered during inspection of the church that the base and capital of the pillar are later, and
73	About the dolphin in: E. Diez, s.v. Delphin. - Reallexicon für Antike und Christentum III, 1957, 673.
74	Cf. the second part, inscription no. 34.
75	Djura Jelenko 2004, fig. 21. Cf. the second part, monument no. 29.
76	Modrijan, Weber 1965, 64, no. 258.
77	North-eastern corner of a knife hall (Ravne iron-works). Today 4 m of earth layer on this spot.
78	See footnote 41.
79	Found in 1937, see the following.
80	See footnote 79, in the area of plot 432 k.o. Ravne, property of the steelworks (Ravne iron-works).
81	Šašel 1954a, 156. Also from plots 432 and 430, then property of the steelworks.
82	Šašel 1954a, 156, plot 432, k.o. Ravne.
83	Pahič 1966, 204.
84	Jutro 18 (26th November 1937), 3.
85	Cf. the second part, inscription slab no. 19 from Castle hill (Pankracij).
86	Zadnikar 1956, 161.
87	Hofrichter 1858, 122.
88	Trstenjak 1882, 591s. He believed that the pillar was brought from Aquileia.
89	Djura Jelenko 2004, 17.
hypothesized that the Corinthian capital found in Colatio by Dr. Winkler could belong to this pillar.90 R. Egger,91 who summarized Winkler's discoveries, supposed that it could originate from plot 201 in Stari trg (the temple). A small image of St Gregory the Great was drawn on the pillar but was removed in the 1960s. R. Badjura92 even writes of a temple of Mithras at the location of the castle and the church, from where a pillar with a Roman capital is also said to originate.
Description: The marble pillar consists of a base with a square pedestal, round body, and goblet capital. The base and capital are medieval. All parts are made of single pieces. The surface of the pillar is completely smoothed. After the removal of the baroque coating of the capital,93 an older capital was revealed, which was once probably painted red. At the connection with the body of the pillar the capital has a thin, channellike cut ring.
Measurements: The 5.06 m tall monolithic body of the pillar narrowing towards the top rests on the base, thus its bottom circumference measures 229 cm and at the top decreases to 200 cm. From the ring to the top of the cover panel the capital is 80 cm high.
References: Zadnikar 1956, 160s, fig. on p. 163, 165; Zad-nikar 1959b, 26, 27 (fig.); Pahič 1977a, 56, Stari trg 9; Zadnikar 1982, 504-515, 509 (fig.); Djura Jelenko 1997a, 170; Pahič 1998a, 56 (fig.), 59; Djura Jelenko 2004, 17 fig. 11.
Earlier references: Hofrichter 1858, 122; Trstenjak 1882, 591s; Egger 1914, Bbl. 64; Badjura 1922-1923, 484.
18.	A fragment of a pillar
The Roman finds that the priest in Slovenj Gradec, J. Soklič, acquired as a gift from Dr. H. Winkler, and which originate from Colatio, also contained a fragment of a pillar made of marble.94 It is considered missing.
References: On Soklič's collection: Kolar 1954, no. 3-4, 15; Djura Jelenko 1997a; Strmčnik-Gulič 1999.
Unpublished.
19.	Altar (?) (figs. 16, 17)
An upright stone of cylindrical shape was found before the 7th of June 1909.95 It was discovered in the immediate vicinity of altar AIJ 5.96 Dr. H. Winkler97 believed it to be a road curb. According to the position he presumed that both stones were of the same period. These finds triggered Winkler's excavations in Stari trg (the temple). Kept at the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz, depot of the lapidarium Eggenberg (unin-ventoried).
Description: A cylindrical marble altar (?) with a slightly rounded ending on the top is chipped off in the lower part. The ring is triply moulded below and partly crumbled off.
Measurements: 51.5 x diameter above 16, diameter below 17, ring diameter below 18.5 cm.
Reference: Djura Jelenko 2004, 11, fig. 5; 6.
Representations of similar altars (?) are found on gems. An iron signet ring with a portrait of Castor and a horse was found in Stari trg in 1996. Behind the horse a similar altar is depicted,98 on which a fire possibly burns. The ring is dated to the second half of the 1s' or the 2nd century AD. Altar AIJ 5,99 discovered in the immediate vicinity, is dated to the 2nd or 3rd century AD.
20.	Corinthian pillar capital (figs. 16, 18)
The capital of a larger pillar was discovered together with parts of a demolished pillar. It was found in the immediate vicinity of the above-mentioned altars. It arrived in the Graz museum100 in 1915. R. Egger101 presumed that it was a part of a monolithic pillar in the church of St Pancras. Excavations by Dr. H. Winkler (temple 1910). Kept at the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz, depot of the lapidarium Eggenberg (inv. no. 5).
Description: The Corinthian marble102 capital is rough, decaying at the top of the slab (abakus). Three corners of the slab are crumbled off. The kalathos is in shallow relief decorated with acanthus leaves. Traces of carving tools are preserved on the upper surface of the abakus.
Measurements: 28 cm, abakus 72.5/72 cm, pillar diameter: 52 cm, circumference: 171 cm, abakus h.: 10 cm, weight: ca. 200 kg.
References: Pahič 1977a, 20, 24, 56, Stari trg 8; Modrijan, Weber 1979/81, 71, no. 5; Djura Jelenko 2004, 11, fig. 5, 6.
Earlier reference: Egger 1914, Bbl. 64; Das Lapidarium. -JJ 103-104, 1916, 37.
The calculated height of the pillar amounts to 5 m, which suits the proportions of the pillar height in the church of St Pancras and the discovered base in the temple at Colatio.
21.	Pillar base (fig. 19)
The immured and channelled pillar base was lying only a meter away from the discovered Corinthian capital.103 R. Egg-er104 described it as being framed with moulded marble pieces on the outer side. He presumed that it might belong to the monolithic pillar in the church of St Pancras. Around the base Dr. H. Winkler also discovered the remains of pila.105 In the vicinity of the base he found three other bases,106 which were placed in the same line running north - south. In the vicinity of the first base, he found many limestone quarry stones and at the site of the fourth pillar base approximately ten worked sandstones were found. Excavations by Dr. H. Winkler (temple 1910). The base probably originally stood in the place of discovery.
170.
90	Djura Jelenko 2004, 17, fig. 11, footnote no. 55.
91	Egger 1914, Bbl. 64. Cf. also Pahič 1998, 59; Djura Jelenko 1997,
92	Badjura 1922/23, 484.
93	In 1956, see Zadnikar 1959a, 27, photographs on p. 26.
94	KPM, Soklič archive, 21.6.3. (inventory book).
95	Slabs from no. 19 to 23 were found on plot no. 201 k.o. Stari trg, vulgo Petrič.
96	Cf. the second part, inscription no. 27.
97	Winkler's sketch in KPM archive, Dr. H. Winkler fund, 1.21.2.
98	Due to its height identified as a pillar, in Djura Jelenko 1997b, 132, fig. 1, t. 1.
99	Cf. the second part, inscription no. 27.
100	JJ 103/104, 1916, 37. Mentioned are also: votive altar made of limestone, AIJ 8, and some halfcylinders - stone endings of the grave fence.
101	Egger 1914, Bbl. 64.
102	The capital is made of marble (Winkler's data), not of sandstone (Modrijan, Weber 1979/81, 71, no. 5).
103	Djura Jelenko 2004, fig. 6.
104	Egger 1914, Bbl. 64.
105	Djura Jelenko 2004, 11.
106	Djura Jelenko 2004, 14, fig. 6.
Description: The centre of the limestone base was filled with stones and mortar. On the outer side it was framed with moulded marble pieces. There was no pillar. Judging from the proportions, the base was a part of a larger pillar.
Measurements: 55 cm, plinth (the square slab beneath the pillar) 130/130 cm.
References: Pahič 1977a, 20; Djura Jelenko 2004, 11, fig. 6; 7.
Earlier reference: Egger 1914, Bbl. 64, 65.
22.	Votive figures with a base (figs. 20, 21)
It seems that the smaller votive figure was discovered together with the corresponding moulded base (fig. 20). S. Pahič took from R. Egger107 information about the find of "a smaller torso, remains of a statue with clothing fringes". The torso probably refers to this figure. Excavations by Dr. H. Winkler (temple 1910). Kept at the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz (inv. no. 14852).
Description: The marble figure is worked on the front, the head and the lower part are missing. In the body, a 4 mm wide and 1.4 cm deep hole is cut, which was probably used to attach the head. The hand is placed across the stomach (in the lap). Near this figure Dr. H. Winkler discovered a coin of Domitian.
Measurements: 8 x 4 x 3.5 cm.
Fig. 21108 shows two minor fragments - a base and a part of the relief worked stone. These could be the mentioned remains of the clothing fringes.109
Measurements: h. less than 100 cm.
References: Pahič 1977a, 41; Djura Jelenko 2004, 12, fig. 6; 9; 10; tab. 1: 2.
Earlier references: Egger 1914, Bbl. 68.
A miniature marble figure is known from the Betnava mansion.110 The statuette is almost completely preserved and it depicts a voluptuous woman, a herma with long hair and a belt, from which long straps are hanging.
23.	Various fragments
Various stone fragments were discovered in the area of the temple.111 Altar AIJ 7112 dedicated to Mars was discovered in their immediate vicinity. Excavations by Dr. H. Winkler (1910). Missing.
Description: Dr. H. Winkler described the discovery of 'a small base, a part of a figure [possibly on fig. 20], part of a cornice, and a significant number of marble fragments: pieces with trim-shaped decoration, fragments of inscription slabs with individual preserved letters (fig. 16), corners of altars, and a fragment of a head - a marble figure with a forehead band and curls".
Reference: Djura Jelenko 2004, 14, fig. 6.
24.	Three bases
In the southwestern part of the temple, at 9.60 m in depth from the outer western wall, Dr. H. Winkler discovered three poorly preserved statue bases, which were placed parallel to the outer western wall of the temple. They were located along the road leading to the temple. Excavations by Dr. H. Winkler (1910).
Measurements: 30 - 40 x 105 x 105 cm.
Reference: Djura Jelenko 2004, 15, fig. 6.
Earlier reference: Egger 1914, 64, fig. 2.
25.	Pillar capital (fig. 16 - lower right)
Dr. H. Winkler sent the pillar capital together with the rest of the stone finds from the temple to the Graz museum. Excavations by Dr. H. Winkler (1910?). Kept at the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz. Missing.
Description: Judging from fig. 16, the capital with partly crumbled off abakus had a decoration of acanthus leaves on the kalathos.
Measurements: ca. 30 x 20 cm.
References: Pahič 1977a, 20; Djura Jelenko 2004, fig. 5 (down right).
It can be dated to the 2°d or 3rd century AD.
26.	Altar (?)
The altar113 (?) was supposedly found in the 1950s while rebuilding an old house (Areh) on plot no. 206, cadastral district (further cad.dis.) Stari trg. It is privately owned, location unknown.
Measurements: ca. 30 x 30 x 30 cm.
Reference: Djura Jelenko 1997b, 119, footnote 9.
27.	Weight
During the excavations of a settlement in 1911, Dr. H. Winkler discovered a weight in structure II. Missing.
Description: A marble weight shaped like a round cake.
Measurements: 8 x app. 20 cm.
Reference: Djura Jelenko 2004, 25.
Earlier reference: Egger 1914, 72.
Among other finds from this structure, Dr. H. Winkler noted a find of an Aucissa type fibula.
28.	Four slabs (figs. 22, 48)
In addition to tombstone AIJ 8,114 Dr. H. Winkler also discovered among other things four worked but unfinished marble slabs in the rich walled grave I. Excavations by Dr. H. Winkler (1911). The slabs are considered missing.
Description: Unsmoothed marble slabs, flat on the front side and semicircular in the back with holes for braces/clamps. The slabs were flatly carved on the sides.
Reference: Djura Jelenko 2004, 33, fig. 17; 30.
The cremation grave is dated to the second half of the 1st century AD.
29.	Upper part of a funerary stele (figs. 22, 23)
In walled grave I he also discovered a fragment of the upper left corner of a marble stele with a representation of a dolphin. Excavations by Dr. H. Winkler (1911). Kept at the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz (inv. no. 17?).115 Temporarily misplaced.
Description: On the triangular marble fragment of a funerary stele a dolphin is carved along the fracture (60 cm). The dolphin is facing down and to the left, and lacks the tail ending. Three fins are depicted.
Measurements: Side l.: 40 x 42 x 60 cm (according to Winkler).
References: Pahič 1977a, 24, 56, Stari trg 3; Djura Jelenko 2004, 33, fig. 21.
Earlier reference: Egger 1914, Bbl. 75.
100.
107	Egger 1914, Bbl. 68.
108	Djura Jelenko 2004, fig. 6, 10.
109	Pahič 1977, 41.
110	Modrijan, Weber 1965, 99, no.
111	Djura Jelenko 2004, fig. 6.
112	Cf. the second part, inscription no. 28.
113	Djura Jelenko 1997a, 119, footnote no. 9.
114	Cf. the second part, inscription no. 23.
115	Supposedly this is a monument mentioned in Pahič 1977, 24, 56, Stari trg 3.
30.	Relief slab fragment (fig. 22)
A smaller fragment with remains of a relief was also found in walled grave I. Excavations by Dr. H. Winkler (1911). Missing.
Description: A standing bird is depicted on the right side of the marble slab and a part of a tendril decoration on the left side.
Reference: Djura Jelenko 2004, 33.
31.	Half-cylinders (fig. 22)
Dr. H. Winkler discovered many half-cylinders in walled grave I and in the structure in "field 7/8". R. Egger116 also mentions the remains of a doorjamb. Excavations by Dr. H. Winkler (1911 - walled grave I, and 1912). Kept at the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz. Missing.
Description: Fragments of limestone half-cylinders.
Measurements: 20 x 60 x 85 cm (the largest preserved).
References: Pahič 1977a, 15, 24, 56, Stari trg 10, 11; Djura Jelenko 2004, 30, 33, 56, fig. 17; 33.
Earlier references: Egger 1914, Bbl. 74; Das Lapidarium. -JJ 103-104, 1916, 37.
32.	Decorative element of a funerary structure (fig. 24)
During the excavations of an early Roman graveyard, a fragment
of a funerary decorative element was discovered. It lay in stone rubble with remains of slag and melted glass, remnants of a workshop supposedly from the 3rd or the first half of the 4'h century AD. It was secondarily used as a building element. The workshop was located between walled graves III and IV.117 A smaller semicircular piece of marble with a dowel hole was also found beside it. Excavations by the Carinthian Regional Museum [further KPM], Stari trg - graveyard 2004. KPM (inv. no. 2530).
Description: A decorative element of the funerary structure in the shape of a marble vase (from one of the tombs) with two dowel holes (2.7 x 2.0 and 3.2 x 2.7 cm) on the upper and lower sides.
Measurements: 33 x 16 x 18 cm.
Unpublished.
It can be dated to the 1st or 2nd century AD because of its secondary position.
Šmartno pri Slovenj Gradcu
Medviršek / Legen
33. Sarcophagus lid
Dr. H. Winkler118 noted this information in his travel journal: "At M. Vučinjak, (vulgo) Metviršek, a sarcophagus lid is used as a stair stone. It is visible." The old house where the sarcophagus lid was supposedly used as a step in front of the entrance to the otherwise wooden stairs is no longer standing. The stone disappeared. In the year 1863, the owner of the estate
was Ana Vaukan from the Galenhof mansion, whence many Roman stones originate. Unpublished.
Galenhof / Legen
34. A fragment of a tombstone acroterion with a portrait niche (fig. 25)
The tombstone was supposedly found in the 19'h century. J. C. Hofrichter119 reported in 1861 that near Dobrova on Jauschnigberg a Roman stone had been found, which was taken by the Baron Czörnig to his mansion Galenhof. A year lat-er,120 J. C. Hofrichter sent to the Historical Society of Styria "three copies of the Roman tombstone from Jauschnigberg", which he drew himself. S. Pahič121 gathered from F. Ferk122 that this could refer to the wooded area of Javšnik hill south of Dovže. This is probably the tombstone in question.123
Up until 1945 it was immured into the Galenhof mansion. J. Soklič, a priest from Slovenj Gradec,124 found the tombstone among the ruins after the explosion of the mansion in 1945. He had it immured into the northern wall of the Church of the Holy Spirit in Slovenj Gradec.125
Description: The fragment could be part of a tombstone with a niche or part of a stele under which an inscription could be expected. The upper right corner is preserved. The marble tombstone represented a bust of a husband and wife in a semicircular niche. The bust of the man in a tunic is relief worked, a mantle (sagum) falling over his left shoulder. The oval face is surrounded by hair reaching over the ears. The nose is worn (chipped off?). Prior to the damage, the left upper corner with the depiction of a woman's head was also preserved (J. Soklič). The surface is very damaged with a grayish coating (as a consequence of fire or explosion). The lower part of the fragment, under the man's shoulders, is vertically broken in half.
Measurements: 71 x 64 cm, relief carving h.: up to 10 cm. It is immured 210 cm from the ground.
References: Šašel 1951, 5 (fig., originating from the vicinity of Legen); Pahič 1967, 25; Pahič 1968, 24, 46, 47, 50; Pahič 1975, Legen. - In: ANSl, 276 (Pahič as Hofrichter's monument here presumes CIL III 5104); Pahič 1977a, footnote 85, 51, Mislinjska Dobrava; Pahič 1995, 81, footnote 12; Djura Jelenko 1997a, 169 s; Pahič 1998a, 56 (fig.); Šašel Kos 2001, 200.
Earlier references: Hofrichter 1861, 312-313 (in der Gegend Dobrava am Jungschnigberge); Hofrichter 1862, 29; Pichler 1867, map (Mislinjska Dobrava noted as the site); Ferk 1897, 21.
Wearing a mantle of the sagum type is typical of the reign of the Severan dynasty and later periods, while the sagum type with fringes became fashionable in the time of Septi-mius Severus.126 Unfortunately it is not clear whether the man was bearded or not.
116	Egger 1914, Bbl. 74.
117	See the sketch in Djura Jelenko 2004, fig. 16.
118	KPM archive, Dr. H. Winkler fund, 1.4.
119	Hofrichter 1861, 312.
120	Hofrichter 1862, 29.
121	Pahič Topografski zapisi, 27th May 1977, KPM archive.
122	Ferk 1897, 21, where he writes: "Der Fundort des Römersteines beim Kalkbruch ist nicht bei Verladen, auch nicht bei Smaker, sondern gegenüber Douže - zwischen beiden."
123	Tombstone CIL III 5104 was published already in 1852 in Knabl 1852a, 116, 117. See also the following.
124	KPM, Soklič archive 1.2.3. (fig.). The inscription on the back side: I found the Roman relief in front of the ruins - it is now immured into the church of sv. Duh (the Holy Spirit).
125	Pahič 1977, 51, Mislinjska Dobrava.
126	Harl 2003, 344, 345.
Šmartno pri Slovenj Gradcu
35. Statue of Hypnos/ Somnus (fig. 26)
While building a new road between the Church of St Martin and the rectory, a chapel was removed in 1956. In the place of a chapel, a statue of Hypnos was placed but it is not known where it came from. The mansion Galenhof was nearby, where many other Roman marble monuments were kept. It is now kept at the parish office in Šmartno pri Slovenj Gradcu.
Description: The marble statue represents a boy - Hypnos lying on a pedestal. The left half with the statue on the base is preserved. The legs are broken off. The lower part of the left back corner of the base, which is smoothed on all sides, is also crumbled off. The statue depicts a lying figure resting, with a boyish head and a body of a youth lying on the right side. The boy's head is resting on decorated cushions, his right hand is folded under his head. His left hand is placed on his left side, with it he is holding in front of himself and at the height of his hip a flower corona. Fabric is draped around his chest. The statue has two small modern injuries, one on the left shoulder, the other near the navel.
Measurements: 24 x 54 x 19.5 cm, base h.: 6.7 cm, cushion h.: 6.5 cm, h. of the boy (at the shoulder): 17 cm.
Unpublished.
The god of sleep Hypnos is - at least in the upper preserved part - shown without his characteristic attributes.127 The flower corona128 was probably placed at the centre of the statue, thus the entire length of the statue would amount to 90 cm. The boy's hair style was fashionable in the period of Trajan.129
Turiška vas
36. "A Roman marble fragment"
Dr. H. Winkler130 records in his travel journal that "the Roman marble fragment discovered in Turiška vas is now at Štalekar in Golavabuka". The stone was brought to J. Šašel's attention in 1950.131
Reference: Djura Jelenko 1997a, 168.
Djura Jelenko
funerary structure. Besides the above-mentioned inscriptions, the catalogue features altars (to Jupiter, Jupiter Depulsor, Jupiter Dolichenus, Mars) which, considering the small number, reflect the wide spread of cults in this area relatively well.
Funerary formulas are simple, which on the one hand speaks in favour of an early dating but, on the other hand, we cannot neglect the fact that these monuments were made in an area relatively far from the urban centres and thus from the centres of Romanization. Therefore many inscriptions should be dated to the period from the end of the 1st until the middle of the 2nd century AD, which certainly is interesting, as the Roman-ization must have reached an enviable level in this area as well. Others belong to the time between the second half of the 2nd century and the 3rd century AD.
Celtic names and their derivatives are well represented, however, the share of Latin names is also extensive. On the inscription from Radlje two other names appear that may be of Germanic origin (Gannicus, Mannus?).
I would like to thank all those who have helped with this article, especially Saša Djura Jelenko, Marjeta Šašel Kos, and Milan Lovenjak.
CATALOGUE
Dravograd
Dravograd
ROMAN INSCRIPTIONS
1. Tombstone for Celatus (fig. 27)
During grave digging in the cemetery around the church, a thick wall was discovered, some Roman coins, and a tombstone, which Mr. Mušič, the priest in Šentjanž, supposedly sent to the Graz museum in 1831.132
The tombstone is kept at the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz, depot of the lapidarium Eggenberg (inv. no. 55).133
Description: A tombstone with a double moulded edge of the frame is completely preserved. The inscription field is deepened. Veins run diagonally over the inscription field; along the sides of the outer edge of the frame diagonal marks of the stonemason's tools are visible. Marks of immuring are also visible (mortar, paint); on its upper side a hole is drilled into the stone. The letters are narrow.
Measurements: 58.5 x 45 cm. Letter h.: 4 - 5.5 cm.
Introduction
At the beginning of 2004, I was given the catalogue of Carinthian stone monuments compiled by Marjeta Šašel Kos and supplemented by Saša Djura Jelenko. I wrote commentaries for the Roman inscriptions from the area of present-day Slovenian Carinthia and prepared them for publication according to epigraphic criteria.
They mostly consist of simple tombstones (with the exception of the tombstone for Iulia Calandina, with a portrait of a couple in a niche over the inscription field; the stele from Zgornje Dovže is also somewhat peculiar, with an unexpectedly long inscription). Special attention should also be paid to the finds from walled grave I (Colatio), where we are dealing with a larger
5
Celatus Tertul(l)i (filius) annorum C vibu= s! fecit sibi et suis. Successa Successi (filia) annorum CI.
Translation: Celatus, the son of Tertullus, aged one hundred, erected (the tombstone) while still living, to himself and his (family). Successa, the daughter of Successus, aged one hundred and one.
References: CIL III 5700; RISt 397.
Pahič 1967, 27; Pahič 1968, 29, 45, 52-53; Pahič 1975, Dravograd. - In: ANSl, 273; Pahič 1977a, 58; Modrijan, Weber 1981, 98 no. 55; Pahič 1995, 81 footnote 10, 84.
127	Poppy, horn, hawk's wings, lizard. Cf. C. Lochin, LIMC V/2, 1990, 404-406, figs. 15, 17, 20, 22, 23, 28, 29a, 30-32.
128	Cf. Piccottini 1984, 341. The flower corona as an attribute of the mourning genius.
129	Cf. The hairdo on the bronze statue from Ljubljana and the commentary in Goette 1989, 42-43.
130	KPM archive, Dr. H. Winkler fund, 1.4.
131	He asks J. Soklič if he found out anything about that Roman stone in Golavabuka, in Djura Jelenko 1997, 168.
132	JJ 20, 1831, 11. Knabl 1854, 153-154.
133	Modrijan, Weber 1981, 98, no. 55, erroneously place it among the inscriptions from the surroundings of Ptuj since it was supposedly found at Št. Janž na Dravskem polju (Starše).
Earlier references: Alterthümer. - JJ 20, 1831, 10-11; Mu-char 1844, 93-94; Knabl 1854, 153-154; Knabl Ms. 1668, 114v; Knabl Sylloge 1862, no. 365;134 Steiner 1862, 478 no. 3251.
All letters N are inclined to the right, all letters A lack horizontal strokes, all letters O are diminished.
2	Only the upper part of the left horizontal stroke that is elongated is preserved from the first letter T.
3	F and the first I are elongated. Only the right part of the horizontal stroke is preserved from the first letter T.
4	The first letters S and V are worn.
5	Only the upper part is preserved from the letter I, which slants a little.
I. Kajanto135 places the name Celatus among the Latin names derived from the perfect participle (the verb celo - to hide, conceal, keep secret). But since cel- is found also in Celtic names, the name could be of Celtic origin.136 The name Success-us/a is frequent in southern Noricum.137 The name Tertullus, which is a diminutive of the name Tertius, is found everywhere, especially in the provinces with Celtic populations and in Italy.138 The word vibus in the second line stands for vivus; the hesitation between the letters b and v is a frequent occurrence attested also on other inscriptions (AIJ 38, CIL III 143671).
According to the funerary formula, the inscription belongs to the second half of the 1st or the first half of the 2nd century AD.
Šentjanž
2. Tombstone for Publius Aelius Iunius (fig. 28)
The tombstone was immured into the eastern wall of the Church of St John near Dravograd. It was removed from the wall at the last renovation in 2002/2003 but is still kept in the church.
Description: It is made of white marble and is completely preserved. The inscription field lies in a moulded frame. The accurate letters have emphasized endings. Triangular punctuation marks are placed between the words.
Measurements: 43 x 54 cm. Letter h.: 5 - 4 cm.
5 This line is indented. It was added at a later time and is shallowly carved.
The imperial gentilicium Aelius and the praenomen (forename) Publius are usually related to the emperor Hadrian. Persons who were given citizenship by the emperor were also given his forename and family name. Surname (cognomen) Iunius is also Latin and is rather popular as a family name in Noricum.139 Nigellio is a Latin cognomen (formation in -io),140 frequent with slaves and freedmen due to its slightly pejorative connotation. It is derived from Nigellus, a diminutive of Niger.141 An example of this name with one l is attested in Noricum: Nigelio (RIST 22). Nemeta is a rare Celtic name;142 the root Nemet-appears also as the first part of compound Celtic names.143 The name Vibius appears as both a family name and a surname. It is especially frequent in the western part of the empire; it is also relatively frequent in Noricum and Pannonia.144
On account of the forename and family name (Publius Aelius), the inscription belongs to the beginning of the 2°d century AD.
Mislinja
Dolič
3. Tombstone for Bardo145 (fig. 29) According to the reports of V. Kolšek and P. Petru, Ivan Potočnik stumbled across the upper half of the tombstone146 during the deepening of a channel by the Temenik house no. 56 along the road towards Vitanje in 1938. A few stone blocks were also found alongside the tombstone. The tombstone is kept in the Regional Museum in Celje (inv. no. L 37).
Description: The upper part of the upright tombstone made of white Pohorje marble is preserved. The inscription field is enclosed by the moulded frame, which is chipped on the left, lower, and the right side. Slight traces of mortar can be found on the inscription field. The letters are accurately carved but are somewhat less discernible on the right side and on the damaged parts. The letter height increases from top to bottom. Measurements: 28 x 50.5 x 10 cm. Letter h.: 4 - 5 cm.
5
P(ublius) Ael(ius) Iunius v(ivus) f(ecit) sibi et Nem= et(a)e Nigellionis f(iliae) con(iugi) et Vibio f(ilio) an(norum) XVII.
Bardo
Primi f(ilius) viv(u)s f(ecit) si= [bi] et [---]
Translation: Publius Aelius Iunius had (the tombstone) erected while still living, to himself, his wife Nemeta, the daughter of Nigellio, and his son Vibius, aged seventeen.
References: AIJ 4; ILLPRON 1873.
Pahič 1967, 27; Pahič 1968, 29, 52; Pahič 1975, Št. Janž pri Dravogradu. - In: ANSl, 273; Pahič 1977a, 28 footnote 67, fig. 23; Pahič 1995, 82, 83 fig., 84.
Ligatures: 3 LI, NI.
Translation: Bardo, the son of Primus, had (the tombstone) erected while still living to himself and ...
References: ILJug 367; ILLPRON 1903.
Kolšek, Petru 1956, 13; Petru, Kolšek 1958/59, 34 fig.; Pahič 1967, 27; Pahič 1968, 28, 50; Pahič 1975, Spodnji Dolič. - In: ANSl, 295; Pahič 1977a, 29, 56; Pahič 1977b, 74.
2 There is a triangular punctuation mark between the second I and F.
134	See footnote no. 23.
135	Kajanto 1965, 350.
136	Lochner von Hüttenbach 1989, 53.
137	Cf. no. 4, footnote no. 156.
138	Onomasticon IV, 116.
139	Onomasticon II, 208.
140	Kajanto 1965, 37.
141	Kajanto, 1965, 228.
142	Onomasticon III, 97.
143	Cf. no. 9, footnotes no. 197 and 198.
144	Onomasticon IV, 165-166.
145	Due to the great probability that the tombstone belonged to the near surroundings of Colatio it is placed in this part despite the fact that the settlement, where it was found, is no longer part of Carinthia.
3	Only the upper part of the right diagonal stroke is preserved of the first letter V, and the upper arc and the outline of the lower one of the first S. Of the letter F the upper and middle horizontal strokes are preserved.
4	Of the second letter only the prolonged ending of the stroke (I) is preserved, of the third (E, F, T) a part of the upper horizontal stroke.
The name Bardo, which is of Celtic origin,147 has to the present been attested only in Noricum.148 This name is also preserved on the inscription from Skomerska Hudinja (AIJ 13).
The second half of the 1s' or the beginning of the 2°d century AD.
Zgornje Dovže
4. Funerary inscription for Vibenus and his family (^fig. 30) As described by R. Knabl, the inscription was found on the estate of Pavel Pušnik in Zgornje Dovže in 1835.149 In 1859 it was immured into the Church of St Eliah in Šentilj pod Turjakom. When the church was being renovated in the 1950s, the inscription was moved from the wall of the southern chapel to the southern wall of the bell tower. S. Pahič reported that remains of a villa rustica150 were discovered on the above-mentioned estate, and from a report in the newspaper Jutro (30th of November 1932) it can be inferred that the remains of a Roman cemetery with vaulted graves were also discovered (urns, swords, various pots).151 Probably on the basis of Ferk's report, S. Pahič hypothesized that the limestone had been dug from isolated veins.152 Description: The rectangular upright tombstone153 made of white Pohorje marble, is chipped on the right side and below. The inscription field is placed within a profiled frame, which is preserved only on the left side and above. A vein runs diagonally over the upper third of the tombstone that slightly distorts the inscription from the second to the fifth line. Remains of mortar are visible in several places on the surface of the tombstone, which points to a secondary use of the stone as building material. Missing parts of the stone might have been cut off at that time. The letters are accurately carved and, except in the damaged spots, quite visible. Triangular punctuation marks separate the words.
Measurements: 63.5 x 44.5 cm. Letter h.: 5.5 - 2 cm.
Vibenuls] Vindonis If(ilius)] v(ivus) f(ecit) s(ibi) et Secconilae] Vetullae conliugi] 5 pientissimae anlnor(um)? —] et Secconio Vibio Ifil(io)] mil(iti) c(o)hor(tis) II praet(oriae) a(nnorum) XI---]
et Secconio eqis I—?] / Ursol—?] Victori annor(um) I—] 10 et Seneciano Severlo—?]/ milliti? —]
ViIb]eni fil(io) anlnor(um) —] I---]A. T. V. R. M. I--- ]
I---]OmI---]
Translation: Vibenus, the son of Vindo, had (the tombstone) erected while still living, for himself and Secconia Vetulla, a very devoted wife, aged ... , and his son Secconius Vibius, soldier of the second praetorian cohort, aged ... years, and Secco-nius (?) Victor, aged (?), and Senecianus, the son of Vibenus, aged ...
References: CIL III 5105, ILLPRON 1775.
Betz 1953, 728 no. 40; Zadnikar 1959a, 115; Pahič 1967, 26; Pahič 1968, 27; Pahič 1975, Zgornje Dovže. - In: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, footnote 6, 47 fig. 7; Pahič 1995, 83 fig. -85; Pahič 1998a, 42 fig., 49; Šašel Kos 2001, 200-201 fig. 4.
Ligatures: 3 ET and NI; 5 MAE; 6 ET; 7 AE; T longae: 4, 7, 8, 9, 10.
Punctuation marks everywhere except: 1, 2, 6, 10, 12, 13.
4 A poorly preserved punctuation mark is placed between VETULLAE and CON.
7	A horizontal stroke is visible above the Roman number II. Only the parts of the upper and lower horizontal strokes are preserved from the last letter X.
8	Following SECONIO are two subscribed words in the width of a line, letter h. 1 cm. The right part of the letter O is missing in URSO.
10	Following SENECIANO are two subscribed words in the width of a line. The upper word SEVE is followed by another letter, from which only the vertical stroke is preserved (R?).
11	The first three recognizable letters (V, I, E) are poorly preserved.
12	Five letters are preserved, the first and the third one are almost unrecognizable (could be A and V).
13	The reading of three preserved letters (O, N, and I?) is uncertain.
Several names are Celtic or are derivations from Celtic names frequent in Noricum and Pannonia: Senecianus, Vibenus,154 Succesus, Vindo. The name Vindo155 is documented mostly in Noricum and Pannonia; often it appears as a part of compound Celtic names.156 Secconius is a pseudogentilicium derived from the Celtic root: Secco-. In the eighth and tenth lines, two words are subscribed in the width of a line, which were most probably engraved subsequently since a connection with the rest of the inscription is not clear. Both subsequent entries can be connected to the military life; equis can stand for eques (cavalryman) or more probably for equiso (stableman), which refers to the person named Urso. In the second example, the name Severus is added the rank miles, meaning the soldier Severus. Thus M. Šašel Kos (2001, 200) allows for the possibility that these two later entries were added by male members of the same family, who served in the army.
Secconius Vibius157 was a soldier of the second praetorian cohort. Praetorians were recruited only from Italy in the early
146	Kolšek, Petru 1965, 13.
147	Holder Sprachschatz I, 347-348.
148	Onomasticon I, 270.
149	Knabl 1867, 182-183.
150	Pahič 1967, 26.
151	B. G. 1932, 3.
152	Pahič 1977, 15, footnote no. 6: Ferk, Ferien - Tagebuch, 1897.
153	Because of the great length of the inscription this is not a regular rectangular slab; the possibility that this inscription slab is actually a stele is allowed.
154	For the widely attested name Vibenus cf. the map in Scherrer 2002, 60-61.
155	Onomasticon IV, 172.
156	Šašel 1955a, 129-132 (= Opera selecta, 1992, 44); see the same article also for the name Succesus.
157	For the name Vibius cf. inscription no. 2.
period, but from the 2nd century AD onwards also from certain provinces - including from Noricum, and from the reign of Septimius Severus they mostly came from Pannonia.158
The simple funerary formula points to the second half of the 1s' or the beginning of the 2°d century AD.
Spodnje Dovže
5. Tombstone for Ateloudus and his wife (fig. 31) According to S. Pahič, the farmer Franc Uršej found the tombstone during autumn ploughing around 1940.159 Local inhabitants often found remains of walls (ruins, stone, brick) when ploughing.160 S. Pahič, J. Šašel, and L. Bolta discovered the tombstone on the 28^^ of October 1952 under the spindle of a fruit press. In 1962, the tombstone was, at the time of re-examination, already immured into the southern wall of the Church of St Wulfric in Zgornje Dovže. In 1994, the tombstone was taken out of the wall during renovation and was immured back into the southern wall again in 2003.
Description: The lower part of the rectangular tombstone made of white Pohorje marble is diagonally chipped. This fracture damaged the text from the fourth line on. The inscription field is enclosed by a moulded frame preserved on the left, right, and upper sides. The stone has traces of mortar left over from immuring. The letters are accurately carved but are barely recognizable in the lower right part. The inscription field has also been damaged by holes that make the reading of the inscription difficult. Words are separated by triangular punctuation marks.
Measurements: 49 x 63 x 9 cm. Letter h.: 5 -3.5 cm.
Ateloudo Sabini fil(io) ann(orum) C et Boniatae Tu[toris] 5 f(iliae) ux(ori) an[n(orum) —]
Atin [---] [---]
Translation: To Ateloudus, the son of Sabinus, aged one hundred, and his wife Boniata, the daughter of Tutor, aged ... years, erected by Atin ...
References: ILJug 365, ILLPRON 1774. Šašel 1954b, 352; Pahič 1967, 26; Pahič 1968, 27; Pahič 1975, Spodnje Dovže. - In: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, 29, 47, Dovže 2, fig. 8; Pahič 1977b, 87; Pahič 1995, 85; Pahič 1998a, 45 fig., 47; Šašel Kos 1994, 107; Djura Jelenko 2000, 25; Djura Jelenko 2001a, 20; Šašel Kos 2001, 200, 202. I longae: 2, 6.
3	The upper part of the letter E is chipped off.
4	Only the upper part of the letter V is preserved.
5	Only the upper part of the connection of the first vertical and diagonal strokes of the letter N is preserved.
6 The lower parts of the letters are missing from T on. Only the upper parts of two vertical strokes remain of the following letter, which is most probably N.
The name Ateloudus, which has a typical Celtic element Ate-, is known only from this inscription.161 Following the name is the statement of age: C - one hundred. Inscriptions feature rounded numbers stating the years of life; fairly often we come across the number of one hundred and more. This is a highly surprising fact since life expectancy in antiquity was much lower than today. The number hundred could on the one hand testify to someone who has reached a great age, but on the other hand the letter C was sometimes explained as c(irciter) - approximately. When the number hundred is not followed by any other number, this solution is not an option.162 Boniat-us/-a is a Celtic name occurring only in Noricum and Pannonia,163 and is especially frequent in the area of Celeia and Virunum.164 Tutor is a frequent name, most widely spread in Noricum.165
On the basis of the simple funerary formula, the inscription could belong to the second half of the 1s' century AD.
Šentvid pri Završah
6. Tombstone for Frontina (fig. 32) As reported by R. Knabl,166 the tombstone was found in the area between the Church of St Vitus (or Guy) and the ruins of Valdek Castle in 1851 by the farmer Barth Pristounik. Knabl's note167 about the remains of a wall, which are still visible near the farm today, probably refers to this site. The priest Andrej Zug had the tombstone immured into the cemetery wall around the Church of St Vitus, to the left of the entrance, in 1852. Members of the ethnological group of the Mislinja Youth Research Camp found it on the ground near the wall in 1998, taken out of the wall and broken in three places. It has been kept in the lapidarium of KPM in Slovenj Gradec since the 28*^ of August 1998.
Description: The left half of the tombstone made of white Pohorje marble is preserved in three fragments. The inscription field is enclosed by a simple moulded frame preserved on the upper, lower, and left sides. Due to the fracture between the first and the second line, letters in this place are partly damaged. The accurate quadrangular letters are fairly worn. Measurements: 57 x 52.5 x 5 cm. Letter h.: 6.5 - 4.5 cm.
Fron[—] filijae ---] Counertus — f(ilius) coni(ugi) v(ivus) f(ecit) et — 5 nae f(iliae) f(?) an(norum) I—.
Translation: Counertus, the son of (?) ... and ... had (the tombstone) erected while still living to his wife Frontina, the daughter of (?).
References: CIL III 5108; AIJ 12; ILLPRON 1782.
158	Šašel 1972, 474-480 (= Opera selecta, 1992, 379-385).
159	Pahič 1998, 47.
160	Pahič 1967, 26.
161	Onomasticon I, 193. Cf. with the name Atepomarus - Lovenjak 1997, 64.
162	Szilagyi 1962, 298-299. The problem of life expectancy in the Antiquity and of the epigraphically attested centenarians in Emona, adjacent Noricum and Pannonia is dealt with in greater detail by M. Šašel Kos, who hypothesizes that centenarians are not rare in the discussed area (Šašel Kos, Centenarians in the Emona Area and the Adjecent Norican and Pannonian Regions, forthcoming).
163	Onomasticon I, 309.
164	Šašel 1954b, 351-353 (= Opera selecta, 1992, 35-37).
165	Onomasticon IV, 135.
166	Knabl 1852b, 101.
167	Knabl 1852b, 101.
Pahič 1967, 26; Pahič 1968, 45, 53; Pahič 1975, Gornji Dolič. - In: ANSl, 273; Pahič 1975, Št. Vid nad Valdekom. - In: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, 32, 48; Pahič 1995, 86; Pahič 1998a, 43, 47; Djura Jelenko 1998, 10.
Earlier references: Knabl 1852b, 101; Steiner 1862, 470 no. 3238; Knabl Ms. 1668, 162v; Knabl Sylloge, 1862, no. 529.168
1	Only the lower half of the first vertical stroke is preserved from the letter N.
2	The letters FI are almost completely erased.
3	Only the left lower corner is preserved of the letter E.
5 After AN another vertical stroke is visible (I?). Two
punctuation marks are preserved.
The most probable continuation of the first line is Frontina, which is a frequent Latin name.169 Counertus1^0 is a Celtic name occurring in Noricum and Gaul.171 Similar names also feature on inscriptions: Covinertus, Cobnertus, Comnertus.
The second half of the 1st or the first half of the 2°d century AD.
7. Funerary stele for Iulia Calandina and her husband (fig.
33)
According to R. Knabl,172 the stone was discovered in the mid-19'h century. It is immured into the cemetery wall of the Church of St Vitus above Valdek, to the right of the entrance.
Description: The stele made of Pohorje marble is completely preserved. A double niche with a semicircular ending and half-length portraits of the deceased are above the framed inscription field. The woman has curly hair falling over the ears, wears Roman attire, and her right arm is bent. She is holding her husband's hand with her stretched out right hand. Her left arm leans on the husband's right shoulder. She wears a bracelet on the wrist of her right arm. The husband has slightly curled hair ending above the ears, and, like his wife, a chipped off nose. He wears a toga and over it a mantle reaching over his left arm, pinned together with a brooch below his right shoulder. In his left hand he is holding a scroll as a sign of his citizenship rights. Over the wife's relief and on the edges remains of mortar indicate a secondary use of the stone. The first line is inscribed above the inscription field. The quadrangular letters are accurately carved but poorly visible in places. Triangular punctuation marks are small and were once probably placed after every word.
Measurements: 85 x 77.5 cm. Letter h.: 2.5 - 4 cm.
D(is) M(anibus).
Iul(ia) Calandina vi(va) f(ecit) si(bi) et
Sacroni(o) Verino con(iugi) kar(issimo)
vet(erano) leg(ionis) II Ita(licae). Custos ar= 5 mor(um) o(biit) an(norum) L.
Translation: To the Spirits of the Departed. Iulia Calandina had (the tombstone) erected while still living to herself and
Sacronius Verinus, her dearest husband, veteran of legion II Italica, armourer, who died aged 50.
References: CIL III 5106; AIJ 11; ILLPRON 1980.
Pahič 1967, 26-27 fig.; Pahič 1968, 28 fig., 53; Pahič 1975, Št. Vid nad Valdekom. - In: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, 32, 61; Pahič 1995, 87 fig. 89; Pahič 1998a, 44 fig., 47.
Earlier references: Knabl 1852b, 98-99; Knabl 1859, 124; Steiner 1862, 467 no. 3234; Knabl Ms. 1668, 162r; Knabl Sylloge, 1862, no. 526.173
Ligatures: 2 ND; 4 VE, IT; 5 AN. All letters O are narrow.
3	Only the upper stroke ending and its lower continuation are preserved of the first N. The lower part of the second C is damaged.
4	Letters are especially worn in the part II ITA. Above II a longer horizontal stroke is carved. Lower parts of the third T and the letter R are missing.
The initial formula D M began to be used in the provinces towards the end of the 1s' century AD. The name Calandina (Calendinus, Kalandinus, Kalandina) is supposed to be derived from Kalendae - the first day of the month;174 but since it is attested mostly in areas with a prevailing Celtic population, it is more probable that this name family is of Celtic origin.175 According to A. Holder, Sacronius could be of Celtic origin;176 it appears only in one more instance in Dalmatia (CIL III 14943).177 Verinus is a frequent Latin name.178 Two more inconsistencies need to be pointed out in the text itself. The word carissimo is spelled with an initial k instead of c, a relatively frequent occurrence due to the pronunciation of the letter c. And it would also be expected that the office of custus armorum would be stated in the dative, not in the nominative.
The Legion II Italica was founded by Marcus Aurelius in either 165 or 166 during the war with the Marcomanni.179 Soon after its foundation it was sent to Noricum (168/169 or soon after), where its first military camp was located at the strategically well-placed settlement of Ločica near Celje. There the legion was to block the passage from Pannonia to Emona and further on. It did not serve this purpose very long since Com-modus already transferred it to Lauriacum. As early as the time of being stationed at Ločica it seems to have acquired the names pia and fidelis, since a brick with both names was found in Vransko, in the vicinity of its camp.180
The inscription can be dated somewhere between 175 and 185 AD, shortly before the legion received the epithets pia and fidelis. This is also confirmed by the hairstyle in the style of Faustina, which is worn by the deceased.181
8. Tombstone for Cotulia and his family (^fig. 34)
According to R. Knabl, the tombstone was discovered in 1851 in the church at Šentvid above Valdek, where it was used as an altar.182 It still performs this function today.
Description: The right upper corner of the upright tombstone made of white marble is chipped off but the inscription
168	See footnote no. 23.
169	Onomasticon II, 152.
170	Lochner von Hüttenbach 1989, 63.
171	Onomasticon II, 81.
172	Knabl 1852a, 98-99.
173	See footnote no. 23.
174	Kajanto 1965, 219.
175	Lochner von Hüttenbach 1989, 42.
176	Holder Sprachschatz II, 1282.
177	Onomasticon IV, 42.
178	Onomasticon IV, 158, 159.
179	About the history of legion II Italica see Winkler 1971, 85-138.
ISO New conclusions are collected in Lorincz 2000, 145-149.
181	Harl 2003, 351.
field remains undamaged. A fresh fracture runs through the lower left corner of the stone, across the seventh and eighth line. The inscription field is enclosed on all sides by the moulded frame, on the margins of which shallow marks of carving tools are preserved. In some places on the frame, traces of mortar and individual drops of black and green oil paint remain. The right side of the stone is more eroded, thus the frame is almost at the same level as the inscription field. The profile of the frame is best preserved in the lower part of the tombstone. The letters are carved well and accurately; the words are separated by triangular punctuation marks.
Measurements: 63 x 49 cm. Letter h.: 5.5 - 3.5 cm.
Cotulia
Rusci f(ilius) v(ivus) fe(cit) si(bi) et Asediae 5 Maximi f(iliae) co(niugi) et Restu= tae f(iliae) an(norum) XX et Boniae Successi f(iliae).
Translation: Cotulia, the son of Ruscus, had (the tombstone) erected to himself and his wife Asedia, the daughter of Maximus, and his daughter Restuta, aged 20, and Bonia, the daughter of Successus.
References: CIL III 5107; ILLPRON 1981. Pahič 1967, 26; Pahič 1968, 28, 53; Pahič 1975, Vid nad Valdekom. - In: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, 32, 61, Završe 2; Pahič 1995, 86; Pahič 1998a, 43 fig., 47.
Earlier references: Knabl 1852b, 100-101; Knabl Ms. 1668, 162v; Knabl 1862, Sylloge, no. 528;183 Steiner 1862, 469 no. 3237.
Ligatures: 1 LI; 6 ET; 8 ET.
2 The middle horizontal stroke in F is worked (the same in lines five and seven).
7	The letter F lacks the middle horizontal stroke. The second letter X spills over to the margin.
8	The second I is placed on the edge of the frame, F is outside the inscription field.
Asedia, Bonia, and Cotulia were most probably Celtic names. Asedia184 is attested only in this instance.185 The name Bonia and variants of the same word family appear only in Noricum and Pannonia.186 Holder regarded the name Cotulia as a male name ending in -a.187 Maxim-us/-a188 and Restut-us/-a189 are very frequent Latin names. The name Ruscus^'9'0 is attested only in Noricum. I. Kajanto191 allows for the possibility that this is a Latinized form of the Celtic Rudscus. For the name Successus cf. inscription no. 1.
Probably the second half of the 1s' or the 2°d century AD.
9. Tombstone for Secundinus (fig. 35) According to R. Knabl,192 the tombstone was discovered in 1851. At present it is immured into the main altar of the Church of St Vitus (Guy) at Šentvid above Valdek.
Description: Only the upper right corner of the tombstone made of white marble is damaged. The inscription field is enclosed on all sides by the moulded frame. The white marble acquired a reddish brown surface due to moisture. There are drops of oil paint and bits of mortar on the lower part of the tombstone. The letters are accurately carved and well visible. The words in the first five lines are consistently separated by triangular punctuation marks.
Measurements: 58 x 64.5 cm. Letter h.: 6 - 5 cm (lines 1 to 5); 2.6 - 2 cm (lines 6 and 7).
Secundinus Pallonis f(ilius) et Cupita
Nemetonis f(ilia) et 5 Secundina f(ilia) an(norum) XXV et Nertomariae Avitae nept(i) an(norum) XXX.
Translation: Secundinus, the son of Pallo, and Cupita, the daughter of Nemeto, and their daughter Secundina aged 25, and for their niece Nertomaria Avita aged 30.
References: CIL III 5109; ILJug 366; ILLPRON 1982. Šašel 1954c, 21 fig. 1; Pahič 1967, 26-27 fig.; Pahič 19681969, 80 fig. 5; Pahič 1968, 28-29 fig., 53; Pahič 1975, Št. Vid nad Valdekom. - In: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, 32, 61, Završe 3; Pahič 1995, 88; Pahič 1998a, 43 fig., 47.
Earlier references: Knabl 1852b, 99; Knabl Ms. 1668, 162r; Knabl 1862, Sylloge, no. 527;193 Steiner 1862, 468 no. 3235.
Ligatures: 4 NI and ET; 5 AN and XV; 6 NE (twice), MA, AE (twice); 6 T longae.
1 The ending of the right stroke of the letter V and a part of the upper arc of the letter S are chipped off. The mentioned letters are connected.
5 The right part of the number V is carved outside the inscription field.
The surname (cognomen) Avit - us/-a is among the most frequent names.194 The name Cupit - us/-a belongs to the group of names that are formed from the Latin perfect participle (cupio - to desire, to wish); it is typical of areas inhabited by Celtic populations, and is most frequent in Noricum.195 The reason for the extensive number of attested examples in this territory could be in the pronunciation, which was similar to Celtic names with Cou- or Cob-.196 The names Nemeto, Nertomaria, and Pallo are Celtic. Nemeto appears twice in Noricum (CIL III 4945, 5109),197 and it is often used as the first part of compound
183	See footnote no. 23.
184	Related names are Adsedius, Adsedo, Adsedomarus, which appear only in Noricum. Adsedius CIL III 5107; Adsedo CIL III 5291; Adsedomarus CIL III 5291; cf. Onomasticon I, 28.
185	Holder Sprachschatz I, 246.
186	Onomasticon I, 309.
187	Holder Sprachschatz I, 1149.
188	Onomasticon III, 70-77.
189	Onomasticon IV, 27-29.
190	Onomasticon IV, 36.
191	Kajanto 1965, 336. Cf. inscription no. 11.
192	Knabl 1852a, 99.
193	See footnote no. 23.
194	Onomasticon I, 231-234.
195	Onomasticon II, 88.
196	Lochner von Hüttenbach 1989, 66.
197	Onomasticon III, 97.
Celtic names.198 Nertomari -us/-a is a pseudogentilicium composed of two typically Celtic elements: nerto and mar; this is the only example of the female form of the name, while in the masculine form it appears twice more: in the provinces Gallia Belgica and Pannonia (Štatenberk near Trebelno: ILSl 1, 85; NMS 145).199 The name Pallo2"" is attested only in this case. The name Seccundin -us/-a201 is derived from Secundus.
The monument belongs to the second half of the 1st or the first half of the 2°d century AD.
Muta
Spodnja Gortina
was renovated, the tombstone was removed and the locksman kept it on his estate.
From April 1992, it has been kept in the lapidarium of KPM in Slovenj Gradec (inv. no. 2391).
Description: The upper left and the lower right corners of the stone made of white Pohorje marble are missing. The upper part of the tombstone is broken into two parts but glued together. The edges of the inscription field are carved off. On the edges and the back of the tombstone traces of mortar are visible. The fracture between the fragments runs over the first and the second inscription lines. The letters are accurately carved but partly poorly distinguishable.
Measurements: 82.5 x 92.5 x 15.5 cm. Letter h.: 10 - 7.5 cm (lines 1 to 4), 6 - 6.5 cm (line 5), 5.5 - 6 cm (line 6).
10. Tombstone fragment
The fragment of a tombstone is immured into the main door threshold in the Church of St Peter in Ribičje near Muta. It is today completely covered by the concrete floor of the new wooden shed.
Description: It is made of white marble, the chipped off left side is preserved.
Measurements: 150 x 35 x 24 cm.
[---]e[---]
[---Is l[---]
[vixit] an(nos) XX 5 [---?] Dubit[---] [---] fili(i)s
Translation: ... lived 20 years ... to the sons ...
References: AIJ 3; ILLPRON 1783.
Stele 1923, 144-145; Šašel 1954a, 155; Pahič 1965b, 160; Pahič 1967, 27; Pahič 1968, 30; Pahič 1970, 10; Pahič 1975, Spodnja Gortina. - In: ANSl, 274; Pahič 1977a, 28, 48, Gortina; Pahič 1984, 17-18.
2 S and L are very indistinct, the letter S might instead be an E.
5 This could be a name from the root Dubit- (e. g. Dubita-nus, Dubitatius, Dubitatus...).202
Accurate dating is not possible due to the lack of data.
Prevalje
Poljana near Prevalje
11. Tombstone for Quinctus (fig. 36) The original site is not known. Up until 1990, it was immured into the altar in the Church of St John the Baptist at Poljana, where it was discovered in 1881.203 When the church
Quincto
Rudsci f(ilio) et
Atecinae
Sinomari f(iliae) 5 coniugi, p(arentes) et f(ilii) f(iliaeque)
et Viriae Taeti f(iliae).
Translation: The parents and sons and daughters (had the tombstone erected), to Quinctus, the son of Rudscus, and his wife Atecina, the daughter of Sinomarus, and to Viria, the daughter
of Taetus.204
References: CIL III 11650; ILLPRON 1944.
Šašel 1954, 67; Pahič 1965c, 38; Pahič 1967, 26; Pahič 1968, 27, 48; Pahič 1975, Poljana. - In: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1977a, 27, 53; Pahič 1998b, 596 fig.; Djura Jelenko 1999, 24 fig. 41; Šašel Kos 2001, 204.
Earlier reference: Hirschfeld 1881, 223 no. 3.
1	and T longae: 1, 2, 3, 4.
2	The last four letters are damaged due to the fracture.
5 Punctuation marks are placed in front of and after ET.
The name Atecina appears only in this case,205 and it can be regarded as Celtic due to the typical Celtic element ate-.206 Viria is probably also a Celtic name, although less typical.207 Quinctus is a frequent Latin surname (cognomen).208 For the name Rudscus cf. no. 9. The name Sinomarus is also a compound Celtic name209 because its compound element mar-210 is a typical element of Celtic names (cf. no. 18). The name Taetus - is erroneously written in Onomasticon (IV, 136) and in Holder (Sprachschatz II, 2023-4) as Tutus.
Due to the simple funerary formula, the inscription could be dated to the second half of the 1st or the 2nd century AD.
Mežica
12. A fragment of a tombstone (^fig. 37) The fragment is immured in the threshold of the main entrance at the western side of the Gothic church of St Leonard on the
198	Nemetogena (CIL XIII 603); Sen(N)emetomara (ILJug 325, ILSl 1, 69).
199	Onomasticon III, 99.
200	Onomasticon III, 121.
201	Onomasticon IV, 58, 59.
202	Mocsy 1983, 108.
203	Hirschfeld 1881, 223, no. 3.
204	The reading of lines 5 and 6 according to ILLPRON: 4 Sinomari f(iliae), 5 coniugi p(arentes) et f(ilii) f(iliaeque), 6 T[a]ti f(iliae).
205	Onomasticon I, 192.
206	Evans 1967, 142-145; cf. also with the name Ateloudus - no. 5!
207	Onomasticon IV, 175.
208	Onomasticon IV, 18.
209	Onomasticon IV, 84.
210	Evans 1967, 223-228.
hill of Plat, south of Prevalje (Zagrad).
Description: The upper part of the tombstone made of white Pohorje marble, which is chipped off on all sides, is preserved. The tombstone is used as a threshold at the entrance to the church with the inscription field facing up. At the top of the inscription field is a dowel hole. The upper part of the inscription field to a height of 53 cm lacks an inscription, in the lower part only one line of the inscription is preserved (a part of the letter V).
Measurements: 72 x 24 x 12 cm. Letter h.: 15 cm. [---Jv[---J
References: AIJ 1.
Šašel 1954, 68; Pahič 1965c, 38; Pahič 1967, 26; Pahič 1968, 25, 48; Pahič 1975, Sv. Lenart na Platu. - In: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1977a, 28 footnote 67, 53; Šašel Kos 2001, 204.
A letter with an emphasised ending preserved only on the left horizontal stroke is elegantly carved. The upper part of the right horizontal stroke is chipped off.
Dating is not possible due to the lack of data.
Zagrad near Prevalje
13. Brančurnik's sarcophagus (fig. 38)
A sarcophagus was discovered in 1870211 in the Meža riverbed, near the bridge at Brančurnik and along the presumed line of the Roman road Colatio - Iuenna. It is placed in front of Brančurnik's restaurant (KPM - Ravne unit, inv. no. 761), to the right side of the entrance, not far from what is known as Brančurnik's bridge near Prevalje. At the beginning of the 20th century, F. Hribernik spotted another sarcophagus (along with a few other marble pieces) somewhat further down the Meža, but it was never pulled out of the river.
Description: A part of the sarcophagus is made of reddish marble, probably from the Kraig quarry near Virunum. Only the lower part of the front side with the relief and the inscription field is preserved. The side panels are roughly smoothed. The inscription field is enclosed by the moulded frame, 10 cm wide, preserved only in the lower part. The remains of two lines of the inscription are preserved, the last and the penultimate. To the left and right of the inscription field is a leafy ornament (acanthus, preserved only on the lower left), under it is a geometrical ornament of interwoven ribbons forming circles. The inner side of the sarcophagus is full of broad horizontal marks from carving tools. The dowel hole in the lower right corner of the inscription field is of a later date. A recently made fracture runs vertically along the middle of the sarcophagus, at the end of the letter R.
Measurements: 102 x 221 x ca. 81 cm. Letter h.: 6 - 7 cm.
M[---J fecerunt.
Translation: ... have made.
References: CIL III 6522; AIJ 2; ILJug 362; ILLPRON 1979. Černetič 1952, 25 fig.; Šašel 1953, 18 fig. 8; Šašel 1954, 67; Leber 1960, 642; Cermanovic 1965, 98 no. 3 fig. 1; Pahič 1965c, 36, 38; Pahič 1967, 25 fig., 26; Pahič 1968, 25-26 fig., 53; Pahič 1975, Zagrad. - In: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1977a, 27-28, 60, Zagrad 3; Pahič 1998b, 581, 584 fig.; Djura Jelenko 1999,
24 fig. 42; Djura Jelenko 2002, 15 fig.; Djura Jelenko 2001b, 30, Zagrad, fig.; Šašel Kos 2001, 203-204.
Earlier references: Jabornegg-Altenfels 1870, 131; Redlich 1902, 35; Kenner 1902a, 154; Kenner 1902b, 394 fig. 3; Ku-bitschek 1903, 242-245; Ložar 1934, 140 fig. 13.
In the beginning of the penultimate line only the first letter M is preserved and even that not entirely. The last vertical stroke of the letter is preserved only in the central part. In the last line only the lower half of the word fecerunt is preserved.
The sarcophagus most probably belongs to the 2°d or 3rd century AD.
14. Inscription stone
Many Roman period stones and fragments have been found in the Meža River valley, especially from Zagrad downstream. One piece212 that was used as a part of a doorjamb is also among them. The stone is mentioned only in this place, later there is no trace of it.
vivi fecerunt.
Translation: ... have made while still living.
Reference: Österreichische Kunst Topografie I, 1889, 223.
15. A fragment of the relief stone (fig. 39)
The stone was found at Zagrad, on the property of the previously mentioned cardboard factory,213 most probably in the Meža riverbed or just beside it in the factory channel dug between the dam and Brančurnik's bridge.
For a long time it was kept in the hallway of the library for studying in Ravne, then for some time it was displayed in front of the high school in Ravne, from 1985 on it was in the museum in Ravne, and from 1987 in the lapidarium (KPM - lapidarium in Ravne, inv. no. 3316). Since 2005 it has been exhibited in the chapel of Ravne Castle.
Description: A part of the lower right corner of the relief slab made of white Pohorje marble is preserved. A foot and the naked calves of the floating figure, which is touching the upper cylindrical oblong edge of the inscription field with the toes of the right foot, are visible on the fragment. Two dowel holes are in the middle of the dorsal panel (upper: 4 x 5 x 3.5 cm), and another one 12 cm below (4 x 3.5 x 3 cm). The front right side of the relief section and the lower right corner of the inscription field are peeled off and cracked. The inscription field is bordered on the upper and right sides. The letters are completely worn. At least three lines of the inscription are preserved. The decorated stone was probably placed in the funerary chapel. The slab is badly eroded by water.
Measurements: 91 x 104 x 24 cm (thickness without the relief carving).
References: Šašel 1953, 17 fig. 3; Pahič 1965c, 38; Pahič 1968, 53; Pahič 1977a, 28, 61, Zagrad 8; Šašel Kos 2001, 203.
Earlier references: Kubitschek 1903, 247-248 fig. 61; KLDB, 1937, Zagradi 157.
16. Inscription slab
It is immured in the cardboard factory,214 in a place where nobody could read or copy it.
References: Pahič 1965c, 38; Pahič 1968, 53; Pahič 1977a, 28, 61, Zagrad 10; Šašel Kos 2001, 203.
211	Jabornegg-Altenfels 1870, 131. Cf. the first reports about the discovery of an archaeological site in Zagrad in the Klagen-furter Zeitung of 4th August 1860.
212	Österreichische Kunst Topografie I, 1889, 223.
213	See footnote 31.
214	See footnote 31.
Earlier references: Kubitschek 1903, 244-245; KLDB 1937, Zagradi 157.
Radlje ob Dravi (Radlje on the Drava River)
Radlje
17. Tombstone for Gannicus (fig. 40)
The tombstone was discovered in the field of Johann Eich-holzer between the road and the Drava River, southeast of the town square, in 1832. Later it was acquired, together with the estate, by the Beuk family, who donated it to the Graz museum in 1855.215 However, according to A. Muchar,216 it was discovered near the fountain in Radlje in 1830.
The monument is kept in the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz, in the depot of the lapidarium Eggenberg (inv. no. 111).
Description: A simple marble tombstone with a deepened inscription field is missing the right upper and the left lower corners. The inscription is located on the upper half of the stone. The stone has marks of immuring, a hole is drilled into its upper side. It is damaged in the central part below the inscription field. The upright letters are narrow. The words are separated by triangular punctuation marks.
Measurements: 58 x 71 x 12 cm. Letter h.: 9 cm (line 1); 7 (line 2); 5.5 - 6 (line 3).
Gannico Manni
filio fili(i) et
filiae vivi fecere.
Translation: To Gannicus, the son of Mannus, his sons and daughters while still living had (the tombstone) erected.
References: CIL III 5102; RISt 340; ILLPRON 1835.
Modrijan, Weber 1965, 102 no. 111, fig.; Pahič 1967, 28; Pahič 1968, 30, 50; Pahič 1975, Radlje ob Dravi. - In: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1977a, 53 fig. 14; Pahič 1984, 15.
Earlier references: Muchar 1844, 93-94; Muchar 1846, 397; Knabl 1855, 136-137; Den Sammlungen des Vereines. - Mitt. Hist. Ver. St. 7, 1857, 59; Steiner 1862, 497 no. 3286; Knabl Ms. 1668, 122r; Knabl Sylloge, 1862, no. 390.217
1	The upper halves of the last two letters NI are missing.
2	This line is indented for 13 cm. The horizontal stroke of T is damaged.
3	This line is indented for 18.5 cm.
The name Gannicus is attested only in two instances,218 here and in the province Gallia Belgica: CIL XIII 5137. Holder defines it as Germanic.219 The name Mannus is also documented in only two places, here and in Hispania.220 Holder believes that it could be a Celtic name.221 Due to the Germanic origin of the first name, there is a possibility of the same origin also for this one. Fecere: for the 3rd person plural perfect active often the older literary form in -ere was used (instead of the colloquial -erunt). This form is not usual on inscriptions, and it is
especially odd on this tombstone, which is generally very simple and rustic. Nonetheless the inscription does not feature any other linguistic inconsistencies that could testify to slop-piness. The literary form fecere is hence even more surprising.
The 2nd or 3rd century AD.
Zgornja Vižinga
18. Tombstone for Gaius Iulius Cisiacus (fig. 41) The tombstone was discovered in the western wall of the Church of St Eliah in 1827.222 It is still there today, immured into the left side of the western bell tower wall.
Description: The tombstone made of white Pohorje marble is completely preserved. The slightly deepened inscription field is enclosed by the moulded frame. The outer edge of the frame is filled with mortar. The letters are carved deeply and accurately. The words are separated by triangular punctuation marks. Measurements: 65 x 70.5 cm. Letter h.: 6 - 3.5 cm.
C(aio) Iulio Accis(i) f(ilio) Cisiaco et Devognatae Ati= onis filiae uxso(ri). 5 Florus et Valerius fili(i) et Brogima-ra filia
v(ivi) f(ecerunt).
Translation: Florus and Valerius, sons, and the daughter Brogimara had (the tombstone) erected while still living to Gaius Iulius Cisiacus, the son of Accisus, and his wife Devognata, the daughter of Attio.
References: CIL III 5101; ILJug 363; ILLPRON 1983. Šašel 1954c, 23 fig. 3; Pahič 1967, 28; Pahič 1968, 30, 54; Pahič 1970, 10; Pahič 1975, Zgornja Vižinga. - In: ANSl, 275; Pahič 1977a, 61 fig. 31; Pahič 1984, 15-17 fig.; Pahič 1998b, 467-468 fig.
Earlier references: Eckhel ms. 6, 15;223 Wiener Jahrb. A. B. 45, 1829, p. 65 (cf.. 55, 22); LV 1831 A. B. p. 22; Muchar 1844, 397; Puff 1847, 20; Knabl 1855, 138-139; Knabl Ms. 1668, 122r; Knabl Sylloge, 1862, no. 391; Steiner 1862, 496 no. 3285.
Ligatures: 3 AE; 6 I (FILII). Letters spilling over to the profiled frame: 1, 4, 5.
1	The first I is elongated.
2	The space between the second C and O is not proportional with the spaces among other letters in the word.
8 The letter F is carved into the lower edge of the inscription field.
Accis is attested only on this inscription.224 The name Attio, which is also mentioned by Kajanto as a surname,225 is derived from the family name (nomen gentile), and appears in Noricum twice. A form with one t also appears: Atio.226 The name Brogimara is found in Pannonia (5) and in Noricum (only
215	Pratobevera 1854, 116. Knabl 1855, 136-137.
216	Muchar 1846, 397: "Bei den Brunnen im Orte Marnberg ist folgende römische Steininschrift gefunden worden: GANNICO. MANNI. FILIO. FILI. F. T. FILIAE. VIVI. FECERE."
217	See footnote no. 23.
218	Onomasticon II, 161.
219	Holder Sprachschatz I, 1982.
220	Onomasticon III, 51.
221	Holder Sprachschatz II, 408-409.
222	Wiener Jahrb. A. B. 45, 1829, 65 (cf. 55, 22).
223	See footnote no. 23.
224	Onomasticon I, 211.
225	Kajanto 1965, 163.
226	Holder Sprachschatz I, 264, 276.
in this case).227 The first compound, brog- ,features in the name of the Celtic Allobroges, in Latobrigi as mentioned by Caesar, and also on the cup found in Spodnja Hajdina;228 it means "border, territory". Maro-, which is one of the most frequent compounds in Celtic names, means "big, large". Thus the name would signify someone "owning a large territory". The surname (cognomen) Cisiacus is a derivation from Cisius elsewhere attested only once in Italy.229 Florus is a frequent Latin name, most widely spread in Italy, Hispania, Pannonia, Dalmatia, and also in Noricum.230 Semantically it is connected with the Latin adjective florus.231 The family name Valerius is frequently attested in Noricum.232
The elegantly carved letters, I-longa, the forename (praenomen) Gaius, and the family name Iulius indicate that the deceased received Roman citizenship, most probably in the period of the Julio-Claudian emperors. The sons had already been given Latin names, while the name of the daughter was still Celtic.
Second half of the 1st century AD.
Slovenj Gradec
Stari trg - Colatio233
19. A fragment of a tombstone (fig. 42)
The fragment was discovered during renovation works in 1986234 (ZVKDS, OE Maribor). It is diagonally immured into the northern side of the priest's house (17th century), which forms a part of the wall around the church of St Pancras above Stari trg.
Description: The lower part of the tombstone made of white Pohorje marble with four lines in the inscription field and chipped off sides is preserved. There are traces of mortar on the tombstone. The rectangular letters are small. The line spacing between the first and second line is 2.5 cm, while between the second and third line it is only 0.5 cm.
Measurements: 16.5 x 29.5 cm. Letter h.: 4 - 3.5 cm.
[— S?]ecvn[dino —] [---]iaro f[---] [—]mino sib[—] [---]l +[---]
Unpublished.
I Longa: 2.
1	Only the bottom half is preserved of the letter E. The vertical and diagonal strokes and the beginning of the last vertical stroke are preserved from the letter N.
2	The last letter in the line is probably F. A triangular punctuation mark is placed between O and F.
3	The vertical stroke and the upper semicircular part is preserved of B.
4 The letter L is badly worn, the next letter is indistinguishable.
The name in the first preserved line is probably Secundi-nus. Since the second line is also not entirely preserved, we can only speculate that this is a filiation. The only known name ending in -iarus is Sicciarus (CIL III 3874). But if the first letter in the second line is not I but a remnant of the right vertical stroke, this could be a Celtic name ending in -marus. Such names are numerous (Brogimarus, Togimarus, Retimarus, Sinomarus ...).235 The name in the third line might end in -minus (Geminus, Maximinus, Firminus, Septiminus ...).236
Dating is not possible due to the lack of accurate data.
20. A fragment of the tombstone for Proculeia Boniata (fig.
43)
The precise site of discovery is unknown. Today it is kept in the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz (lapidarium Eggenberg) among the stone monuments from Colatio and its sur-roundings.237
Description: The fragment of a tombstone made of white marble is chipped on the left and below. From the relief decoration, the upper part of the Corinthian pillar is partly preserved and above it part of the architrave with a leafy ornament.
Measurements: 37 x 43 x 5 cm. Letter h.: 4 cm.
[D(is)] M(anibus)
[Pr]oculeiae
[Bo]niatae an(norum) LX
[---]++ en [---]
Translation: To the Spirits of the Departed. To Proculeia Boniata aged 60 ...
References: AIJ 120; ILJug 364 (without text); RISt 381; ILLPRON 1985.
Šašel 1954b, 352-353 footnote 12; Pahič 1975, Stari trg. -In: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, 61, Zgornje Zreče 1.
Earlier reference: Das Lapidarium. - JJ 103-104, 1916, 37.
Ligatures: 3 NI and AN.
1	Hedera is used as a punctuation mark.
2	The right half of the letter O is missing.
3	The left vertical stroke of the letter N is missing. The letter X spills over to the margin.
4	The letters E and N are partly preserved along with unrecognizable traces of other letters.
For the name Boniata cf. the commentary to inscription no. 6. The name Procule-ius/-ia was frequently attested in the western Empire and could be of Celtic origin.238 It is also frequent in Noricum (e.g. AIJ 83, ILJug 405, CIL III 5701).
Due to the formula D M, which appears in this area from the end of the 1st century on, the monument probably can be dated to the 2°d century AD.
227	Onomasticon I, 323.
228	Eichner/Istenič/Lovenjak 1994, 136-137. Cf. Lovenjak 1997, 77.
229	Onomasticon I, 58.
230	Onomasticon II, 149.
231	Lochner von Hüttenbach 1989, 80.
232	Onomasticon IV, 142-146.
233	In the context of the inscriptions from Colatio an unusual inscription for Publius Quartius should be mentioned, which indeed does not belong to Colatio, cf. Šašel Kos 2001, 198-199.
For the significance of Colatio as a post station cf. Šašel 1955b.
234	Mikuž 1987, 343.
235	Mocsy 1983, 389.
236	Mocsy 1983, 385.
237	Pahič 1977, 61, Zgornje Zreče 1: he locates the site at Zgornje Zreče.
238	Onomasticon III, 165, 166.

21.	A fragment of an inscribed architrave (fig. 44)
The fragment of an inscribed architrave was found during the rescue excavations in Stari trg near Slovenj Gradec in 1977 (plot no. 226/3, cad.dis. Stari trg, grave 6). The stone was reused in a grave (not in the original position as a part of the grave construction). First it was kept at ZVKDS (OE Maribor); in 2003 it was placed in the lapidarium of the KPM in Slovenj Gradec (inv. no. 2428).
In the same year, while supervising digging for a gas line further to the south, on the next plot (no. 226/4, cad.dis. Stari trg) , a fragment of a marble tombstone was discovered among other surface finds that came to light through the mechanical excavations.239
Description: A fragment of an architrave made of sandstone with a one-line inscription is preserved. It is chipped on both sides. The inscription field is bordered on the upper and lower sides. On the upper side of the architrave a shallow, 6.5 - 7 cm wide gully is carved. The upper right corner is partly crumbled. The stone shows traces of fire, mostly on the front side - the surface is slightly blackened. On the dorsal and frontal sides deep marks of carving tools are preserved. The uneven letters are narrow and disproportional.
Measurements: 16 x 27.5 x 22 cm. Letter h.: 5 cm.
I---]ater ccI---]
References: Strmčnik-Gulič 1979, 317; Strmčnik-Gulič 1984, 186-187 fig. 2; Šašel Kos 2001, 198.
1 Under the letter E, a shallow square dowel hole can be seen on the front side (1.5 x 1.3 cm).
The continuation is uncertain, it could be a relation (pater, frater or mater) or the remains of a name ending in -ater.240
Due to the supplements, the grave is dated to the 2nd century AD, while the architrave is probably somewhat older.
22.	Tombstone for Lucius Appuleius (fig. 45)
H. Winkler241 found that in the 1860s a tombstone was found in the field east of Stari trg (Roman cemetery), approximately 500 m south of the Roman remains (plot 194). He then discovered it himself at the Ješevnik sawmill in 1911.242 At least from November 1911, it has been kept in the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz, depot of the lapidarium Eggenberg (inv.
no. 2).243
Description: A simply shaped tombstone of coarsely grained marble is missing the right side. In the central part the damaged inscription field is enclosed by the moulded frame, which is almost completely broken off. In the third line there is a square deepening (11 x 11 cm and 3.5 cm deep). Several holes are visible between the second and last lines. The upper panel is badly damaged in sections. On the upper side of the tombstone is a hole with an iron hook for clamping. Two dowel holes on the left side panel indicate that the tombstone was once a part of a funerary structure. The letters are rectangular.
Measurements: 88.5 x 121 x 27 - 29 cm. Letter h.: 10 cm (line 1); 9.5 cm (line 2); 8 cm (lines 3 and 4); 6 cm (line 5).
5
L. (ucius) A. ppuleiuIs --- ]
I>(centurio)? le]g(ionis) X G(eminae) Ip(iae)] fid(elis) I—] II vIir] iur(e) dIic(undo) - -- et --- ] Rufiae CrispinIae —] et L(ucio) Menaudonio I—]
Translation: LuciusAppuleius, centurion (?) of legion X Gemina Pia Fidelis, one of the two mayors (of Claudia Celeia?), (had the tomb erected) to Rufia Crispina and Lucius Menaudonius.
References: AIJ 9; RISt 380; ILLPRON 1911; Wedenig, Epigraphische Quellen, C 37.
Šašel 1954a, 157; Pahič 1967, 25; Pahič 1968, 24; Alfšldy 1974, 266; Pahič 1975, Stari trg. - In: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, 28, 56; Modrijan, Weber 1979/1981, 64 no. 2; Modrijan, Weber 1981, 184 no. 2; Zajqc 1978, 81 no. 7; Schäfer 1989, 347349 no. 69; Mrozewicz 1989, 54 no. 13; Fitz 1990, 179 no. 116; Fitz 1993, 874, 877, 911 no. 588; Pahič 1995, 81-82; Šašel Kos 2001, 196-197 fig. 2; Djura Jelenko 2004, 28, 37 fig. 15.
Earlier references: Archives of the KPM, Fond dr. H. Win-klerja, 1. 11. 2 (the letter from Schmid to Winkler - from the 26th of November 1911), 1911; Egger 1914, Bbl. 73.
1 The first letter is not necessarily L; namely, two vertical strokes placed very close together are visible (IP, IR, IL?). The letter I is elongated.
3	The letter D is missing a part of the arch in the upper half.
4	Letters R, E, and C are damaged.
5	The middle part of the word MENAUDONIO is most damaged from the drills.
The name Appuleius is of Italian origin, in Noricum it is rarely attested.244 As a family name (nomen gentile) Rufi-us/-a is attested rather frequently in Noricum.245 Crispin-us/-a is a typical Latin name. According to the structure of the funerary inscription it seems probable that Rufia Crispina was Lucius Appuleius' wife, and Lucius Menaudonius their son. But it can be confirmed on the basis of his name that Lucius Menaudo-nius was the son of Rufia Crispina and one Menaudonius, to whom Rufia was previously married. Menaudonius is a pseudogen-tilicium, possibly of Celtic origin since it is attested only at Cividale di Friuli (CIL V 17 7 7).246
Adjectives pia and fidelis were awarded to the Legion X Gemina between 89 and 96. The legion was transferred from Germania to Pannonia around 103 AD; for a brief period it stayed in Aquincum. It is not known when exactly the legion was stationed in Vindobona, but it was certainly still during the reign of Trajan, some time around 107 AD.247
Supposedly, Lucius Appuleius occupied the post of mayor in Celeia.
The monument belongs to the 2°d century AD.248
23. A fragment of a tombstone (^fig. 46)
According to H. Winkler,249 the fragment was found in 1911, in the course of his excavations at Stari trg - walled grave I (plot 222). The tombstone lay between the aedicula and the outer foundation of walled grave I, at a distance of 2.60 m
239	Strmčnik-Gulič 1979, 317.
240	Mocsy 1983, 340.
241	Djura Jelenko 2004, 28.
242	KPM archive, Dr. H. Winkler fund, 2.2.33.
243	KPM archive, Dr. H. Winkler fund, 1.11.2.
244	Onomasticon I, 151.
245	Onomasticon IV, 34.
246	Onomasticon III, 75.
247	Ritterling 1925, 1678-1690. A newer overview of the legion in Gomez-Pantoja 2000, 167-190.
248	Harl 2003, 355 dates it to the 2nd century, after 114.
249	KPM archive, Dr. H. Winkler fund, 1.11.2.
west of the aedicula's foundation. The upper part of the building of the funerary aedicula, which was set on foundation (5.20 x 5.50 m), had two rooms. Rich archaeological material was found in both (including the remains of a bone death bed). Three marble fragments were also found in the vicinity of this tombstone.250 It must have been a grave monument of a high official, in which two female persons were also buried, as is indicated by the grave goods and the remains of Norican -Pannonian attire (cf. Djura Jelenko, Groh - n. 245). The aedicula was surrounded by a wall (17 x 14.5 m). Walled grave I was located near the 6.5 m wide Roman road, which most probably separated the rich tombs on the eastern side and the poorer graves on the western side of the road (cf. fig. 22).
The fragment is part of the permanent collection of the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz, lapidarium Eggenberg (inv. no. 16).
Description: The right corner of a large marble tombstone is preserved. The edge of the frame is moulded and borders the inscription field on the upper and right sides (probably also on the lower side). The upper part of a lictor and curule chair are depicted on the slab. At the time of discovery, the greater part of the curule chair was preserved. Beneath the inscription field is the top part of an anvil with a pair of pigeons and a two-handled chalice. Winkler presumed that the monument must have weighed between 700 and 800 kg. The letters are accurately carved and quite visible.
Measurements: 80 x 126 x 32 cm. Letter h.: 9 - 8 cm.
[--- Clau]dia Celeia
[---he]redes vivi f(ecerunt).
Translation: ... from the Claudian municipium Celeia ... the heirs had (the tombstone) erected while still living.
References: AIJ 8; RISt 379; ILLPRON 1910; Wedenig, Epigraphische Quellen, C 36.
Šašel 1954a, 157; Klemenc 1962/63, 479; Pahič 1967, 25; Pahič 1968, 24; Šašel 1970, 142 no. 54; Alföldy 1974, 266; Pahič 1975, Stari trg. - In: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, 28, 56; Modrijan, Weber 1979/1981, 62 no. 16, fig.; Modrijan, Weber 1981, 182 fig., 183 no. 16; Forni 1985, 107 no. 19; Ronke 1987, 687-688 no. 61; Schäfer 1989, 347-349 no. 69, fig. tab. 68, 1; Mrozewicz 1989, 54 no. 19; Šašel Kos 2001, 196-198 fig. 3; Djura Jelenko 2004, 30, 33 fig. 17, 18, 19, 20; Hudeczek 2004, 25-26 no. 4, fig.
Earlier references: Reisch 1913, Bbl. 100; Egger 1914, Bbl. 73-75 fig. 44; Tagespost, 23.4.1914; JJ, 103-104, 1914-15, 37; Diez 1946, 103-104 fig. 29.
1	The letter D is missing the vertical stroke. In front of the letter A is a diagonal incision.
2	Only the lower part of the diagonal stroke is visible from the first preserved letter (R?).
The continuation of the inscription is uncertain because
the size of the missing part is unknown. If the curule chair (sella curulis) was depicted in the middle of the monument, only a very small part is missing on the left. At the time of discovery the greater part of the curule chair and lictor was preserved, both of which can be interpreted as the attributes of a mayor (duumvir) in Celeia.251 On the basis of the relief decoration, we can presume that this was the tombstone of a high official in Celeia. Claudia Celeia probably refers to the origin (origo) of the person.
The inscription belongs to the second half of the 1s', or to the 2nd century AD.252
24. A fragment of an inscription slab (^fig. 47)
Beside numerous marble fragments (at least 10 on the sketch) found in the vicinity of the tombstone AIJ 8 (mausoleum I), a fragment that was located less than a meter south of AIJ 8 (cf. fig. 22) was also discovered.
According to the sketch, the fragment was chipped on all sides. A part of the inscription field with two letters preserved in the upper part remains. The letters are twice the size of those on the slab AIJ 8 (around 16 cm). Thus Winkler presumed that it was not part of the tombstone AIJ 8.
[---]od[---]
Reference: Djura Jelenko 2004, 33, fig. 17; 22. The second half of the 1s' century AD.
25.	Boundary stone of the funerary plot (fig. 48)
The boundary stone was probably discovered at the time of Winkler's excavations in the area of walled grave I (cf. fig. 22).253 Description: An inscription slab made of stone - a boundary stone between grave plots has a two-line inscription. Punctuation marks are used between the letters. It is considered missing.
Measurements: Height 65 cm.
In f(ronte) p(edes) L, in a(gro) p(edes) L.
Translation: The plot measures 50 feet in length and 50 feet in width.
Reference: Djura Jelenko 2004, 50, fig. 30. If it is connected to walled grave I it can be dated to the second half of the 1s' century AD.
26.	Stone altar dedicated to Jupiter Dolichenus According to R. Knabl,254 the monument was found in Slovenj
Gradec in the foundations of I. Kraegher's house on the 10'h
250	Djura Jelenko 2004, 33.
251	Šašel Kos 2001, 196.
252	On the basis of the reinspection of grave supplements and new discoveries about the bone carvings of death beds we can safely state that it belongs to the second half of the 1st century AD (cf. Djura Jelenko, Groh, Ein frühkaiserzeitlicher Grabbau in der Südnekropole des norischen Vicus von Colatio, Slowenien - in print for Arch. Korrbl.). Monuments 24 and 25 can be connected to this one and thus dated to the second half of the 1st century AD. Wedenig 1997, 146 cites different opinions. R. Egger speaks about nice letters 1st century, J. Šašel and W. Modrijan also date it to the 1st century. G. Alföldy speaks about the time between 50 and 150 AD. T. Schäfer defends the time of Flavians due to the stylistic criteria, he also allows for the possibility of the beginning of the 2nd century because of the lictor's hairdo, and also the second half of the 2nd century due to the curule chair and apex in the second line. J. Ronke dates it to the late 1st century and the time of Trajan. L. Mrozewich favours the 2nd or 3 rd century AD.
253	Djura Jelenko 2004, 50, fig. 30. The sketch shows beside this inscription stone also the ground-plan of built grave I and two slabs with clamps, which are mentioned as finds in this grave by Winkler. The measurements of built grave I also suit the measurements on the boundary stone.
254	Knabl 1869, 69.
of June 1861, during the demolition of the house.255 J. C. Hofrichter sent it to the Styrian Historical Society in Graz for their ep-igraphical collection. It has been considered lost since the end of the 19*^ century. B. Saria presumed that it came from Co-latio (AIJ p.5).
Description: Fragmented altar.
[I(ovi) O(ptimo)] M(aximo) Dol(icheno) [pr]o sal(ute)
[im]p(eratoris) M(arci) A[ur(elii) —] [---]
Translation: To Jupiter Dolichenus, best and greatest, for the welfare of the emperor M. Aurelius.
References: CIL III 5103 + p. 1827; RISt p. 398; Kult, 234; ILLPRON 1912.
Šašel 1954a, 157; Pahič 1975, Stari trg. - In: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, n. 87, 38, 56, Stari trg 7; Šašel Kos 2001, 199.
Earlier references: Knabl Ms. 1668, 165v; Knabl 1862, Sylloge, no. 537;25« Knabl 1869, 69.
The cult of Jupiter Dolichenus spread outside Rome mostly to the provinces along the Danube and Rhine, as well as in Britain; thus it was well attested also in Noricum and Pannon-ia.257 This cult emphasized loyalty to the emperor, especially in the time of the Severi. This could explain its popularity among soldiers. The formula pro salute258 became popular in these two provinces during the reign of Septimius Severus, on altars devoted to various deities but mostly to Jupiter. On the basis of the above statements, the third line could probably be continued as M. Aurelius, which is the beginning of the titulature of the emperor Caracalla (the beginning of the 3rd century AD). Beginning of the 3rd century AD.
27. Votive altar dedicated to Jupiter (fig. 49) The altar was discovered before the of June 1909259 at Stari trg, at a depth of1 m in the courtyard of the Petrič homestead (plot 201). An upright slab of cylindrical shape was also found in the vicinity.260 Both finds aroused Winkler's interest, he started excavating there in 1910, and found the remains of a temple in the immediate vicinity.
The altar is kept in the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz, depot of the lapidarium Eggenberg (inv. no. 8).
Description: The marble votive altar is completely preserved (although glued in the lower third of the inscription field and at the bottom). On the front side of the altar is an inscription field measuring 29 x 29 cm. The profilation above and under the inscription field is knee-shaped. At the time of discovery 4 lines were supposedly visible (according to the sketch), today only the last letter of the first line can be distinguished with difficulty. Remains of the immuring are preserved in the lower part. The entire surface of the altar is badly damaged. Measurements: 71 x 29 x 19 cm. Letter h.: 5 cm.
I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo) [---]
[---] [---]
Translation: To Jupiter, best and greatest ...
References: AIJ 5; RISt 376; Kult, 165; ILLPRON 1907.
Šašel 1954a, 157; Pahič 1967, 24; Pahič 1968, 24; Pahič 1975, Stari trg. - In: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, 28, 56, Stari trg 4; Modrijan, Weber 1979/1981, 63 no. 8; Modrijan, Weber 1981, 183 no. 8; Pahič 1995, 81; Šašel Kos 2001, 195-196; Djura Jelenko 2004, 11 fig. 5; 6.
Earlier reference: Arhiv KPM, Fond dr. H. Winklerja, 1. 19. 6. (skica oltarja).
The cult of Jupiter was the most widespread Roman cult in the Empire. Most altars in the area of Celeia and its ager are also dedicated to Jupiter. Jupiter, the best and greatest, is often depicted as the image of the Roman state. In his temple on the Capitol, officials performed sacrifices when beginning the year in office; this is where commanders brought their loot after victorious battles, and the first session of the Senate was held in this place every year. Thus his role can often be connected to Roman imperial policy.261
The 2°d or the 3rd century AD.
28. Votive altar dedicated to Mars (^fig. 50) The altar was found during the excavations of Dr. H. Winkler in April 1910262 at Stari trg near Slovenj Gradec, on plot 201. In the vicinity of the altar numerous fragments of other marble altars, marble figures, a votive slab (AIJ 6), and a small torso of a marble figure were found. The altar is kept in the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz, in the depot of the lapidarium Eggenberg (inv. no. 5).
Description: The upper part of a small altar made of white marble is preserved. The inscription field is bordered on the left, upper, and right sides. The upper and lower front left corners are crumbled off. The inscription field is slightly damaged in places. Th letters are inaccurate. Traces of punctuation marks in the shape of trefoils are visible at the end of each line. Measurements: 28.5 x 20 x 12 cm. Letter h.: 3.2 - 2 cm.
Mar(ti) Aug(usto) Q(uintus) Art(---)
Translation: Quintus Art ... dedicated (the altar) to Mars Augustus.
References: AIJ 7; RISt 377; Kult, 277; ILLPRON 1909.
Šašel 1954a, 157; Pahič 1968, 24; Pahič 1975, Stari trg. -In: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, 28, 56, Stari trg 6; Pahič 1995, 82, 89; Šašel Kos 1999, 149; Šašel Kos 2001, 196; Djura Jelenko 2004, 13 fig. 5, 6.
Earlier reference: Egger 1914, Bbl. 65 fig. 40.
At the end of the first and second lines triangular punctuation marks are preserved. All letters A lack horizontal strokes.
3 Only the right half of the letter Q is preserved, from the letter T only the left half of the horizontal stroke.
The family name (nomen gentile) in the third line can be read asArtorius (CIL III 5336), Artius (CIL III 13385), or similarly. These two readings occur in Noricum and Pannonia and are
255	Pratobevera and Knabl report on the fragment of an inscription slab that was supposedly found on the estate of J. Kraigher (Pratobevera 1854, 123; Knabl 1869, 69). This is probably the same inscription.
256	See footnote no. 23.
257	About the cult and its wide spread see Speidel 1978, who emphasized that this deity did not have only military character. About the cult in general cf. Hörig 1984, 2136-2179.
258	Cf. ILSl 1, 56, 122, 124.
259	Djura Jelenko 2004, 11. KPM archive, Dr. H. Winkler fund, 1.19.6. (sketch of the altar). Egger 1914, 63-64.
260	See the first part, slab no. 19.
261	More about his role in Fears 1981, 3-141.
262	Djura Jelenko 2004, 13, fig. 6.
therefore the most probable. One more example with the same abbreviation, Art (IBR 50), is preserved in Noricum.
Among the Celts, who were considered a combative people, Mars - the god of war - was very popular. Mars can be identified with many local deities, especially in Roman Gaul and Germania. Thus on votive inscriptions Mars appears alone but still with a local name, or in connection with the indigenous deities. This deity performed the role of an important link between the Roman and local pantheons. It can be assumed that his worship in Celeia and Colatio areas has local roots. The Celtic names that appear in southern Noricum also testify to his popularity: Latobius, Marmogius, Tautates, Sinates, Mogetius, etc.263
The altar most probably belongs to the 2°d or 3rd century AD.
29. Votive slab dedicated to Jupiter Depulsor (fig. 51)
H. Winkler discovered a votive slab not far from the site of the previous monument (AIJ 7) in April 1910264 (Stari trg near Slovenj Gradec, plot 201, excavation field V). It was discovered at the transition from the burnt to the upper soil layer.
The monument is kept at the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz in the permanent archaeological exhibition (inv. no. 14846).
Description: A votive slab in the shape of a pentagonal aedicula made of white marble is broken into two parts, the lower right corner is missing. A naked Jupiter with an eagle beside his right leg and lightning in his right hand is standing in the aedicula. He is wearing a short mantle around his left shoulder. He is distinctly leaning left. The inscription is placed on the narrow upper border. The slab has a hollow in the dorsal side and is roughly worked, which could be the consequence of immuring.
Measurements: 20 x 13 x 2 cm. Letter h.: 1 cm.
-]V[ —] -]PUB[ —]
Reference: Arhiv KPM, Fond dr. H. Winklerja, 1. 5, fig., 1909-12.
2 Only the upper part of the vertical stroke and a part of the semicircular continuation remain of the third letter (B, P?). No elements for dating.
Šmartno pri Slovenj Gradcu
Gmajna
31. A fragment of an inscription slab An inscription slab was supposedly immured near the road at (vulgo) Matic na Proglu (Gmajna). According to the current owner, there was a stone immured in the old house (middle Sedar, Gmajna 22a), above the door, it was about 20 cm high, 60 - 70 cm wide, and 20 cm thick, slightly projecting (made of marl?). Letters were supposedly carved in it and traces of mortar were visible. When the house was demolished years ago, the stone was used for the foundations of the new farm building. The house was built just beside the old road leading from Slovenj Gradec over Progl to Sele.
Reference: Arhiv KPM, Fond dr. H. Winklerja, 1. 4. 1909?
Galenhof/Legen
I(ovi) O(ptimo) M(aximo) D(epulsori ?).
Translation: To Jupiter, averter of evil, best and greatest.
References: AIJ 6; RISt 378; Kult, 220; ILLPRON 1908.
Šašel 1954a, 157; Pflaum 447 no. 14; Pahič 1968, 24 fig.; Pahič 1975, Stari trg. - In: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, 28, 56, Stari trg 5; Šašel Kos 1999, 124 fig. 3; Šašel Kos 2001, 196; Djura Jelenko 2004, 13, T. 1: 1.
Earlier reference: Egger 1914, Bbl. 65-67 fig. 41.
Numerous inscriptions from southeastern Noricum and neighbouring Pannonia indicate a continuation of cult practices from the pre-Roman period (e.g. CIL III 4018, 4033, 4034, 4111, 5460, 10871). Jupiter Depulsor, averter of evil, may have been an important Norican god who was especially worshipped in southern Noricum.265
The monument can be dated to the 3rd century AD.
32. Tombstone for Vibenus and his family (fig. 52)
As reported by A. Muchar, the tombstone was once used as a table slab in the garden of the Galenhof mansion at Legen.267 It was thought to have originated in Colatio (AIJ, p. 5). For a long time it was considered missing and now it is kept in the depot of the lapidarium Eggenberg in Graz (inv. no. 3).
Description: The completely preserved marble tombstone has a framed inscription field (double profiled edge of the frame, the deepened inscription field is bordered on all sides). The upper edge of the frame is crumbled off. A fracture runs over lines 4 and 5 of the inscription. The inscription field is rather worn. Traces of immuring are detectable on the slab (mortar, paint). The letters are fairly accurate, there are no punctuation marks.
Measurements: 57 x 50 cm. Letter h.: 7 - 8 cm (lines 1 and 2); 5 - 5.5 (lines 3 and 4); 4 - 4.5 (lines 5 and 6).
30. A fragment of an inscription slab (fig. 16) The fragment was discovered at the time of Winkler's excavations at Stari trg.266
The fragment was kept at the Landesmuseum Joanneum in Graz, lapidarium Eggenberg. It is probably still there, but officially it is considered missing.
Description: The inscription field is chipped on all sides. The left side of the chipped off part is empty, the inscription field could be bordered from this side or just crumbled off. The letters are accurately carved. Only two lines of the inscription were partly preserved.
Measurements: 14 x 25 cm. Letter h.: 5 cm.
Vibenus
Cousonis f(ilius) v(ivus) f(ecit) sib(i) et Secundae
5 Catulli (filiae) con(iugi) a(nnorum) LI et Successo f(ilio) a(nnorum) XX.
Translation: Vibenus, the son of Couso, had (the tombstone) erected while still living to himself and his wife Secunda, the daughter of Catullus, aged 51, and his son Successus, aged 20. References: CIL III 5104; RISt 345; ILLPRON 1807. Pahič 1967, 25; Pahič 1968, 24; Pahič 1975, Legen. - In: ANSl,
263	Scherrer 2002, 40. For the cult of Mars in general see Croon 1981, 246-275.
264	Djura Jelenko 2004, 13.
265	About the cult of Jupiter Depulsor and its wide spread in Noricum see Šašel Kos 1999, 121-129.
266	KPM archive, Dr. H. Winkler fund, 1.5., fig., 1909-12. H. Winkler provided only a photograph and no detailed site data of the fragment.
267	Muchar 1844, 379.
276; Pahič 1975, Galenhof. - In: ANSl, 277; Pahič 1977a, 25, 49; Modrijan, Weber 1979/1981, 65 no. 3; Modrijan, Weber 1981, 185 no. 3; Pahič 1995, 85-86, n. 13; Šašel Kos 2001, 199.
Earlier references: Muchar 1844, 379; Knabl Ms. 1668, 109v; Knabl 1852b, 116-117 (cf. Knabl 1859, 125); Knabl 1862, Sylloge, no. 353;268 Kandler ms.
Ligatures: 4 AE, 6 XX. T and 5: L longa.
Letters spilling over to the frame profilation: 1, 2, 5, 6.
3 Horizontal strokes of the letter F are very worn. The letter T is damaged in the upper third.
5 I is carved into the bottom stroke of the letter L due to the lack of space.
Vibenus269 and Couso are Celtic names, the latter attested only twice - in this case and at Miklavž in the Drava plain (AIJ 105 = CIL III 14106). Catullus is one of the names that were popular in the provinces with Celtic inhabitants.270 The individuals mentioned on this tombstone were probably of peregrine status.
The funerary formula points to the 1s' or 2°d century AD.
and an acroterion. Some damage occurred while the stele was being unearthed and the missing parts were filled with mortar. The most damage has been done to the acroterion, two fractures run over the inscription field: vertically over the first and the second letter N. The inscription field is deepened and bordered on the upper, left, and right sides. It was enclosed on both sides by channelled pillars ending with leafy capitals. On the right side only the capital is preserved. The inscription field and the triangular gable are separated by a tendrilled ornament enclosed by the triple moulded frame. A Medusa's head with snakes instead of hair is placed in the triangular gable; on each side of her head are birds with grapes in their beaks standing opposite each other (the left bird with one, the right one with three grapes). Swimming dolphins facing down are located in the corners. The left dolphin's head is preserved, while only the upper part of the body of the right one with a triple cleft tail is visible. On the basis of the letter height and the stele's width, we can presume that it was originally twice as high. The large letters are accurately carved.
Measurements: 98.5 x 100 x 20.5 cm. Letter h.: 10 cm.
Mislinjska Dobrava
33. Fragments of stone slabs with inscriptions
The site is located beneath and along the edge of the Dobrava terrace, just before the former railway crossing. It is approximately 300 m away from the presumed Roman road. At the Melažnik house at Mislinjska Dobrava, the pavement and threshold were once made of stones with inscriptions that were discovered at V. Korošec (informant V. Strmčnik). V. Korošec, at that time still in high school, supposedly copied them. In the field along the road, in the cadastral district of Dobrava, an at least 20 x 20 cm slab with an inscription was found while ploughing between 1950 and 1954, but is now lost. According to V. Korošec, there were many slabs in the pavement in front of the forge by the SW corner of the Melažnik house. The forge is gone and the pavement is partly covered by soil. The copy of the inscription is lost, the letters were supposedly Latin, he also remembers Roman numbers and the letters AN.
References: Arhiv KPM, Pahič, Topografski zapiski, 28. 5. 1977.
L(ucio) Venonio Rufl—l
Translation: To Lucius Venonius Ruf ...
References: ILJug 1178; ILLPRON 1973.
Pahič 1965b, 159-160 fig.; Pahič 1967, 27; Pahič 1968, 30, 53; Pahič 1970, 11; Pahič 1975, Vuzenica. - In:ANSl, 278; Pahič 1977a, 60; Pahič 1977b, 86, 88 fig. 1; AE 1978, 610; Pahič 1984, 16-17; Pahič 1998b, 466-467 fig.; Djura Jelenko 1999, fig. 26.
1	The ligature NI is elongated (13 cm). The last O is diminished (7 cm).
2	The upper part of the vertical and the upper horizontal strokes (fresh fracture) are preserved of the letter F.
The name Venonius is otherwise attested only in the form Vennonius.272 The element ven- features in compound Celtic names,273 therefore the name is most probably of Celtic origin. The name Rufinus is well attested in Noricum,274 but the name Ru/us,2"75 too, occurs fairly frequently in Noricum and Pannonia.
The 2°d century AD.
Visočnik
Vuzenica
Translation: Maja Sužnik
34. Stele for Lucius Venonius (fig. 53) According to S. Pahič,271 the stele was found in 1962 behind the house of A. Slekovec, Vuzenica 134, by the road along the Drava, while digging a sewage channel at a depth of 3.5 -4.0 m. It was lying in a horizontal position with the inscription facing down. Judging by the worn fracture of the stone it can be presumed that it was not found in situ.
When preparing the permanent archaeological collection (in May 1992) in the quarters of the KPM the slab was glued together and stored in the lapidarium (inv. no. A 2323 PM Maribor). A minor fragment of the same stele is stored by Mrs. Vogrin from Vuzenica.
Description: The upper half of the stele made of white Pohorje marble is preserved with part of the inscription field
268	See footnote no. 23.
269	Cf. the commentary to no. 4.
270	Cognomina II, 45.
271	Pahič 1998a, 467.
272	Onomasticon IV, 154.
273	Evans 1967, 277-279.
274	Onomasticon IV, 33-34.
275	Onomasticon IV, 35-36.
Saša Djura Jelenko Koroški pokrajinski muzej Glavni trg 24 SI-2380 Slovenj Gradec sasa_djurajelenko@yahoo.com
Julijana Visočnik
Inštitut za arheologijo
Znanstvenoraziskovalnega centra SAZU
Novi trg 2
SI-1000 Ljubljana
julijana.visocnik@zrc-sazu.si