original scientific article	UDC 811.135.1 '282(497.571)
received: 2009-03-04
SELECTED ISTRORUMANIAN ENTOMONYMES OF LOCAL ORIGIN
Goran FILIPI
University of Primoska, Science and Research Centre of Koper, SI-6000 Koper, Garibaldijeva 1
e-mail: goran.filipi@zrs.upr.si
ABSTRACT
The article discusses eighteen insect names and some closely related forms (for instance honey, sting). The entomonymes are part of a larger corpus of over eight thousand forms we have collected (research results were published on several occasions, after their final authentication and supplementation in 2008 in all villages where Istrorumanian is spoken to this day: Zejane, Susnjevica, Nova Vas, Jesenovik, Letaj, Brdo, Skabici, Trkovci, Zankovci, Miheli, Kostrcan) and which does not consist of entomonymes alone. For this article a selection of local original entomonymes was made. In the case of individual Istroumanian villages, where along with local entomonymes loanwords are used, they too were analyzed to their original etymons. The local forms represent approximately one third of the entire corpus of words. Alongside each entomonym, recorded during field studies, forms known from literature are cited (from all availlable Istrorumanian dictionaries and glossaries). Each Istrorumanian entomonym is compared with similar words in the other three historical Rumanian dialects (Daco-Rumanian, Aromanian, Megleno-Rumanian). At the end of etymological article the original etymon is given.
Key words: entomonymes, Istria, Istrorumanian, dialectology, etymology
SELEZIONE DI ENTONIMI ISTROROMENI D'ORIGINE LOCALE
SINTESI
In quest'articolo vengono trattate diciotto denominazioni d'insetti ed alcune forme a queste strettamente correlate (es. miele, pungiglione). Da un corpus generale d'oltre ottomila forme (le ricerche sono state pubblicate in piu occasioni, dopo la loro finale verifica e supplementazione, nel 2008 in tutti i villaggi dove l'istroromeno e parlato tutt'oggi: Zejane, Susnjevica, Nova Vas, Jesenovik, Letaj, Brdo, Skabic, Trkovci, Zankovci, Miheli, Kostrcan) che noi stessi abbiamo raccolto, di cui non fanno parte solo entonimi. Per quest'articolo abbiamo eseguito solo una selezione di entonimi locali ed autentici. Anche nel caso di determinati villaggi istroromeni, nei quali affianco agli entonimi originali vengono utilizzati prestiti, e stato analizzato l'etimo originale. Del corpus totale, la forma locale rappresenta all'incirca un terzo. Accanto ad ogni entonimo registrato durante gli studi sul campo sono state citate le forme letterarie (presenti in tutti i dizionari e glossari istroromeni disponibili). Ogni entonimo istroromeno e considerato in relazione ai rimanenti tre dialetti romeni storici (dacoromeno, arumeno e meglenorumeno). Alla fine dell'articolo etimologico viene fornito l'etimo locale.
Parole chiave: entonimi, Istria, istroromeno, dialettologia, etimologia
Goran FILIPI: SELECTED ISTRORUMANIAN ENTOMONYMES OF LOCAL ORIGIN, 367-376
When recording Istrorumanian forms, a system of graphical characters was used, which was elaborated for the Istro-Romanian Linguistic Atlas. It is an adapted version of Croatian Latin alphabet with additional graphems characterizing special Istrorumanian phones and special characters for lj and nj diagrams:
a - open-mid back rounded husky vowel a
0	- strongly open e
a - semitone, which can be heard between v and r in the Croatian word vrt, corresponds to the Rumanian
a
c - strongly softened c s - softened 5 z - softened z
3 - the first sound in Ital. zelo g - a sound between the Croatian dz and t
y - strongly aspirated fricative, like in the Spanish word , lago
1	- Croatian lj
n - Croatian nj
In Istrorumanian words, accentuation is recorded by underlining the stressed vowel except in the case of a, which is always stressed. Accentuation in one-syllable words is not marked.
Istrorumanian nouns are cited in singular without any articles, and are followed by extensions for a given article (-u or -a), for plural (-o, -e, -c etc.), for plural with a given article (-¡, -ele, ...) and finally for gender determination (m., f., n. or bg1). The verbs are cited in their infinitive form and in the first person singular present tense. Adjectives are given in singular and plural for m., f., bg. and n.
Dialectal forms (Croatian, Slovenian, and Italian) which we recorded, are recorded in the same graphical system (accentuation is recorded as usual in corresponding dialectal literature). The forms from literature are given in their original graphical form.
The following abbreviations were used in this work:
adj. - adjective Ar. - Aromanian
bg. - Rumanian type neutrum gender
Bug. - Bulgarian
Chak. - Chakavian
Cro. - Croatian
Cz. - Czech
Dr. - Daco-Rumanian
e.g.	- for instance
f.	- noun of the female gender f.g. - female gender
Germ. - German
Gr. - Greek
Ir. - Istrorumanian
Istr. - Istriote
Ital. - Italian
Lat. - Latin
lit. - literary/literature
Mac. - Macedonian
Mr. - Megleno-Rumanian
n. - neutrum of the Chakavian type
not. - note
prn. - pronoun
Prslav. - Proto-Slavic
Rum. - Rumanian
Rus. - Russian
Ser. - Serbian
Sln. - Slovenian
sot. v. - southern villages (Susnjevica, Nova Vas, Jese-novik, Letaj, Brdo, Skabici, Trkovci, Zankovci, Mi-heli, Kostrcan) stand. - standard Ven. - Venetian Vlat. - Vulgar Latin
1. Housefly (Musca domestica)
In Susnjevica musks, -a, -e, -ele f., in Zankovci muska, -a, muse, muscele f., in all other villages muska, -a, -e, -ele f.
Local entomonym. musca in Miorescu (VIr, 135), mu§k§ in Byhan (IrG, 284), musca in Popovici (DRI, 128), musk§ in Pu^cariu (SIr, 316), musche in Cantemir (TIr, 172) < Lat. musca, REW, 5766 > Dr. musca (DEX, 663; IrG, 284, s. v. mufk^; DRI, 128, s. v. musca); ar. musca (DDAr, 717; DRI, 128, s. v. musca), musca (DArM, 359), musko (DRI, 128, s. v. musca); Mr. musca (DMr, 199; DRI, 128, s. v. musca).
2. Blue bottle fly (Calliphora vomitoria)
In Nova Vas mare musks, in Letaj ca mare muska, in Miheli muska ca mare, in Zankovci and in Kostrcan mare muska, in Jesenovik an entomonym for the forest fly is used: muska de kal (see 3.), while in the other villages an entomonym for a housefly is used: muska, -a, -e, -ele f. (see 1.).
The entomonymes in next section are syntagms of local elements which could be translated as "big fly" and "that big fly"2: ca demonstrative adj. and prn.3 f.g. [(in Susnjevica ca was recorded, in Zejane ca, in the other villages ca - this is more or less the same as reported in
1	bg. is the Rumanian neutrum (two-gender), while n. is the neutrum of the Chakavian (Slavic) type.
2	Compare Mr. musca-mari "bumble bee" (DMr, 199, s. v. musca).
3	An adjective in this case.
Goran FILIPI: SELECTED ISTRORUMANIAN ENTOMONYMES OF LOCAL ORIGIN, 367-376
all repertories used) < Lat. *ecce-illu (DEX, 6) > Dr. acel, ace I a (DEX, 6; DER, 43); Ar. atel (DDAr, 177; DER, 43); Mr. tsela (DMr, 307), tela (DeR, 43)]; mare adj. "big" [in Zejane mare/marle, mare/mara, maro; mar, mar, mar were recorded, in Susnjevica and in Nova Vas mare, mara/mars, maro; mar, mar, mar, in other sot. v. mare, mare/mara, maro; mar, mar, mar (in literature as: mare (Sir, 314, DRI, 124, Dlr, 226, IrHR, 112), mare (Vlr, 133), mare (Tlr, 170), marle (IrHR, 113)) < Lat. mas, marem, DER, 50914 > Dr., Ar. mare (DEX, 599, DDAr, 656), Mr. mari (DMr, 183)]. For muska see 1.
3. Forrest fly (Hippobosca equina)
In Zejane, Brgud, Trkovci, Zankovci, Miheli muska de ka, in Susnjevica muska li kalu, in Nova Vas muska lu kalu, in Jesenovik, Letaj and Kostrcan muska de kal, in Skabici konski komar.
Ir. repertories we have used contain no corresponding forms. Except in the case of Skabici, all recorded entomonymes are syntagms of local elements. Indeed, the entomonym konski komar might have originated in loco (no term, corresponding to entomonymes with komar can be found in Chakavian speech5) in such a manner that the term for a horsefly (komar - see 7.) was determined with a Chak. adjective konski ^ kon [< Prslav. *kon'b (SES, 256)].
Other syntagms contain the noun muska "fly" (see 1.) determined by the genitive of ka(l) or the genitive syntagm de6 [< Lat. de, REW, 2488 > Dr. de (DEX, 262; DER, 2797), Ar., Mr. di (DER, 2797)]+ ka(l). Compare the latter (see 10.) to Dr. musca de cal (DEX, 663, s. v. musca) and muska kajaska (IrLA, 915 - for Rudna Glava); Mr. musca-di-cal (DMr, 199, s. v. musca).
4. Gnat
In Susnjevica and Nova Vas musics, -a, -e, -ele f. were recorded, in all other villages musica, -a, -e, -ele f.
Recorded entomonymes do not designate a small fly but rather a whole series of small insects.
The authors of the Ir. repertory we have used do not cite these forms. We assume that the word is local (and corresponds to the Chak. entomonym of the type musica) as it exists in all Rumanian dialects: Dr. mugita (DEX, 664); Ar. mugita (DDAr, 720), mushitsa (DArM, 359); Mr. mugitsa (DMr, 199) - authors of dictionaries
listed above quote the Bug. etymon musica, while Papahagi, quotes the Lat. solution: "Lat. *muscea + -Ita" (DDAr, loc. cit.) according to sources from the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century as well as the Bulgarian one. It seems more likely that we are dealing with a Slavism.7 Marko Snoj s. v. mušica writes: "Beseda, ki se nar. glasi mašica, se je pisno naslonila na muha. Vendar mušica ni manjšalnica od muha (...), temveč se je razvila iz pslovan. *mtšica 'komar'."8 (SES, 364).
5. Common fruit fly (Drosophyla melanogaster)
In Šušnjevica and Nova Vas we recorded musics de vir, in all other villages musica de vir, and the second form in Letaj and Jesenovik: muska de vir.9
The local syntagm (if the form is not a Chakavianism - see 4.) literaly translates to "wine gnat": mušica (see 4.) / muska (see 1.) + de (see 3.) + vir "wine" - in Zejane we recorded vir, -u, -ure, -urle m., in all sot. v. vir, -u, -ure, -urle bg., and in Istrorumanian repertories we used also quoted vir (IrG, 381; Sir, 329; VIr, 156; DRI, 164; TIr, 186; DIr, 298; IrHR, 214) < Lat. vTnum, REW 9356 > Dr. vin (DEX, 1162), Ar. ); Ar. vin (DER, 9266), Mr. vin (DMr, 327).
6. Green bottle fly (Lucilia caesar)
In Šušnjevica and Nova Vas we recorded muska vsrds, while in all other villages we recorded verde muska.
Local syntagms (the authors of the Ir. repertory do not quote corresponding entomonymes10): adj. verde "green" {in Šušnjevica and Nova Vas we recorded vsrde, vsrds; vsrdi/vsrz, vsrde/vsrz, in other villages verde, verde; verdi, verde/verdi [in availlable Ir. repertories we found the form vgrde (IrG, 380), verde (VIr, 156), verde (TIr, 185), vnrde in Zejane (IrHR, 212 - for Zejane)] < Lat. *vIrdis, REW 9368a.2 > Dr. verde (DEX, 1156), Ar. vearde (DDAr, 1106), Mr. veardi (DMr, 324), viard (DMr, 325)}. For muska see 1.
7. Pale giant horsefly (Tabanus bovinus)
In Zejane komar, -u, -e, -ele i -i m., in Šušnjevica and Jesenovik komar, -u, -0, -i m., in Zankovci komor, -u, -0, -i m., in other sot. v. komar, -u, -0, -i m.
4	Etymology is somewhat qestionable: "El cambio de sentido ha sido explicado por Tiktin, por medio de un cruce, poco probable, con magnus (...)" (DER, 5091).
5	Compare to konska mUha from Brgud and Cepic.
6	In all Ir. villages de was recorded.
7	Cioranescu (DER, 5528) only cites the Slavic etymology.
8	Another meaning can be given here - the Mr. mu¡ítsá: "insecta de felul tantarului (= a type of mosquito - autor's note)", (DMr, 199).
9	Compare Mr. muscá-di-vin (DMr, 199, s. v. músca).
10	It exists in lit. Rum.: muscá-verde (DEX, 663, s. v. músca).
Goran FILIPI: SELECTED ISTRORUMANIAN ENTOMONYMES OF LOCAL ORIGIN, 367-376
In the lr. repertories we have used only contain two corresponding forms: komgr in Byhan (IrG, 245), and comaru in Popovici (DRI, 99).
The entomonymes of the type komar in Chakavian speech usually denote a mosquito: e.g. in komir in Boljunština (RBG), komar in Brgud (IrLA, 910), komar in Orlec, Cres and Selca na Braču (ČDOC, 272; RSG, 171), komdr in Brusje na Hvaru (ČL, 435), komor in Vis (LVJ, 230) and komoar in Vrgada (RGV, 92). The denomination of "horsefly" has only been confirmed for a few localities in Istria: komar in Orbanici (ČDO, 468), kdmar in Pican (PI, 50), komor in Čepic (IrLA, 898), Svetvin-čenat, Čabrunici, Valtura and Ližnjan (ILA, 898).11 In other Slavic idyomes12 the forms of the type komar denote a mosquito: Sln. komar (SSKJ-cd), Rus., Cz. komar (SES, 251), Mac. xomap (MSS, 173), Bug. xomap (TP, 264) < Prslav. *komart (SES, 251). Ir. entomonymes might be of local orgin: in Mr. there is a loanword from Bulgarian comar denoting a "horsefly" (DMr, 76).13 The meaning "horsefly" is only given to this word in Rumanian linguistic system. In this case the forms of the type komar changed their original meaning of "mosquito", to "horsefly", leaning on the similar-sounding Ir. word.14
The case of Zejane is particularily interesting. The horsefly is called komar, while the mosquito is called komar, -u, komarci, komarci m. (this form is a loanword form Chakavian and leans on local entomonymes for the horsefly) - plural form is produced according to Cro. komarac, komarci, which is not unusual in the Ir. system.
8. Tick (Ixodes ricinus)
In Zejane, Sušnjevica, Brdo, Trkovci and Kostrčan we recorded the form karpe), -u, -0, -i m., in Skabici karpel, -u, -e, -ele bg. In Nova Vas, Jesenovik, Letaj, Zankovci and Miheli separate forms denominate a tick, which is full of blood, and the one which is not; the
former is called karpef, -u, -0, -i m., and the latter is called karprns, -a, -e, -ele f. in Nova Vas, karpuša, -a,
-e, -ele f. in Jesenovik, Zankovci and Miheli and karpučka, -a, -e, -ele f. in Letaj.
Out of all the authors of Ir. repertoires we have used, only Kovačec cytes the entomonym, which he recorded in Sušnjevica: carpučk§ (IrHR, 48).
Entomonymes are in fact basically of local Rumanian origin, albeit they are transformed into Chakavian Ro-manianisms. In Chakavian repertoires we have used, the forms like krpelj are predominant: k"rpelj (RGK, 129), kr-pej (RB, 41), krpelj [kUpel] (RMGM, 67), krpalj ['krpaX] (DCM, 77), krp el (RGV, 9915), krpej (RSG, 180), krpuša in Valtura and Čabrunici,16 krpeja in Svetvinčenat, Čabrunici and Ližnjan, krpel in Svetvinčenat (ILA, 920), karpuša in Brgud, karpučka (IrLA, 920) in Čepic. Skok cites krpuša (Dubrovnik, Boka, Bakar), and the Istrian form krpuša (Vodice). S. v. also discusses the forms like krpelj and argues that both words are pastoral terms: "riječ je pastirski termin, zacijelo leksički relikt iz jezika srednjovjekovnih Vlaha (...) Nalazi se još u arb. (sc. albanskom) kepushe f. Prema tom refleksu hrv.-srp. r je nastao iz rumunjskog reduciranog glasa a, koji je za-mijenjen u bugarskom sa a." (SKOK, II/211). In the same source the forms of the type krpelj are interpreted with the exchange of the extension -uša > -elj with smrdelj. As stated above, formally, Ir. entomonymes are leaning on Chakavian, though in five villages (Nova Vas, Jesenovik, Letaj, Zankovci and Miheli) they have preserved the semantic contrast "tick full of blood" vs. "tick, which had sucked no blood", that is "large tick" vs. "small tick", which can also be found in Arumanian and Megleno-Rumanian speech17: Ar. capushi "roeeM Kpee»"18 (DArM, 127); Mr.: capuga "cand capu§a este mai mica, se nume^te cardan"19 (DMr, 59). In Dr. this contrast could not be confirmed: capuga (DEX, 151), as well as the other two Arumanian dictionaries we have used: capugi (DAr, 202, s. v. capusa), capuge (DDAr, 271).
11	Entomonym was also assumed by the Istr. speaking population of Sišan: 'komor. Along with this form, the people from Sišan also use the local form ta'van (ILA, 898); ta'vana and tava'nela in Rovinj, tava'nela in Bale, Vodnjan and Galižana (ILA, 898). The word is also known in Ven.: tavan, tavana, tavanela (VG, 1142), tavan (GDDT, 725) and Friullan: tavan (PIRONA, 1178) tavan (FSS, 810) < Lat. tabanus, REW, 8507.1 [> Rum. taun (DEX, 1076)]. Ital tafano (DLI-cd) < Lat. *tafanus, REW, 8507.2: "Da una var. dial. *tafanu(m) (rappresentata nell onomastica etrusca) per tabanu(m) (che pur ha suoi propri continuatori: V., p. es., C. Tagliavini in RLiR IX 11933 cj 317-319, e, in particolare, nell1 Italia merid., cio che toglie forza allipotesi di una sua provenienza osco-umbra). Forse di provenienza etrusca." (DELI-cd).
12	According to the ARJ V/236 s. v. komar only has one meaning - "mosquito". Under the entry komar (which he cites after Karadžic) Skok too only cites one meaning - "Culex" with a note usually with a diminutive extension -vc komarac (SKOK, II/132).
13	We could not confirm this in the other two Rum. dialects.
14	In Istrian Chakavian speeches the forms like komar can denominate one or the other insect.
15	The entry is given along with the Istrian entomonym krpuša.
16	In Čabrunici it means "large horsefly".
17	As far as we know such oposition does not exixst in Slavic speech.
18	= large tick. No form denominating a small tick was found.
19	= when the tick is small, it is called cartgan - Capidan only interprets this lit. Rum. entry descriptively: "Capu§a mai mica de coloare ro§iu-cafenie; se pune pe boi, capre §i chiar oameni." (DMr, 62).
Goran FILIPI: SELECTED ISTRORUMANIAN ENTOMONYMES OF LOCAL ORIGIN, 367-376
The Rumanian forms cited above are diminutive forms -u$a of cap "head" (DEX, 133) < Lat. caput, -ite, REW, 1668.20 For the Rum. cap Cioranescu reconstructed the Vlat. *capum from which he derives forms of the type caputs (DER, 1396).21
9. Louse (Pediculus humanus)
The entomonym for a lous is unique in all villages: peduklu, peduklu, pedukli, pedukli m.
The form pedukl!u was recorded by Byhan (IrG, 304), peduchiu by Maiorescu (VIr, 139), peduclu by Popovici (DRI,134), peducl by Cantemir (TIr, 175), peducl'e by Sarbu and Fratila (DIr, 248) and peducl'u by Kovacec in Susnjevica, Nova Vas and Zejane (IrHR, 145). Local word: Dr. padukje (IrLA, 902 - in Rudna Glava in Serbia), paduche (DEX, 762), Ar. piducl'iu (DDAr, 842), piduclju (DArM, 414), Mr. piducl'u (DMr, 221) < Lat. peduculus, REW 6361.
9. 1. Nit
In Zejane lindira, -a, lindir, -rle f., in Susnjevica and Nova Vas lindirs, -a,- e, -rle f., in other sot. v. lindira, -a, -e, -rle f.
Local word: lindir§ in Byhan (IrG, 265), lindire in Popovici (DRI, 120), Kovacec cites lindir§ from Nova Vas and Susnjevica, lindira from Zejane (IrHR, 105) < Lat. lendine, REW, 4978.2 > Dr. lindina (DRI, 120, s. v. lindire; DEX, 574), Ar. lindina (DDAr, 631; DRI, 120, s. v. lindire); Mr. lindina (DMr, 170).
9. 2. Lousy
In Zejane we recorded usli_v, -a, -o; -i, -e, -i adj., in sot. v. pedukliv, -a, -o; -i, -e, -i adj.
The authors of Ir. repertories we have used do not cite any similar forms.
The form from Zejane is certainly a recently introduced loanword and derives from the stadard Croatian language (school influence): usljiv (RHJ, 1324), adjective derived from the noun us (AnRHJ, 1268)22 < Prslav. *vtsb (SES, 701).
In the sot. v. we recorded the hybrid adjective following the Chakavian model: the Chakavian extension -(l)jiv has been added onto the local base peduklu (see 9.). Despite repeated verifications we were not able to confirm the local term *peduklos. Dr. paduchios
(DEX, 762), Ar. pidud'ios (DDAr, 842), piducljios (DArM, 414), Mr. piducl'os (DMr, 221).
9. 2. 1. A person with lice
In Žejane we recorded pedukfar, -u, -0, -i m., in all sot.v. peduklivgc, -u, peduklivci, peduklivci m.
Out of all the authors, only Kovacec cites the form (for Žejane as well): peducl'ar (IrHR, 144), derived from peduklu (see 9.) and the local extension -ar. In the sot. v. we could not confirm the forms like peduklar. Instead the word we recorded was the adjective pedukliv (see 9.2.) with the Chakavian suffix adapted to their pronunciation -ac, thus producing a hybrid of the local base and two foreign suffixes.
10. Flee (Pulex irritans)
In Žejane puree, -u, -e, -ele m., in Brdo and Skabici puree, -u, -e, -ele bg., in Susnjevica puracu, puracu, puracu, purac, puraci m., in other sot. v. puree, -u, -0, -i m.
Local word: puree, puric in Maiorescu (VIr, 119), purets in Byhan (IrG, 323), puree, puret in Popovici (DRI, 142), purec in Cantemir (TIr, 177), puree in Kovacec for Nova Vas (IrHR, 161) < Lat. pulex, -ice, REW, 6816 > Dr. purik (IrLA, 905 - for Rudna Glava), purice (DEX, 873), purice (IrG, 323, s. v. puretš); Ar. puric (DDAr, 896), purik (IrG, 323, s. v. puretš), puric (DArM, 445; DRI, 142, s. v. puree); Mr. puric, purits (DMr, 241), puric (DRI, 142, s. v. puree).
11. Dragonfly (ordo Odonata)
In Žejane kaliču lu domniču, in Susnjevica kalicu lu domnicu, in Nova Vas, Jesenovik and Letaj kaliču lu domniicu, in Brdo, Skabici, Trkovci and Zankovci kalič, -u, -0, -i m., in Miheli and Kostrčan prekmenica, -a, -e, -ele f., in Jesenovik also iroplančič, -u, -0, -i m.
There are no related forms of the entomonymes prekinenica and iroplančič in repertoires at our disposal. They represent loanwords from some Chakavian speech - entomonymes cannot even be found in Chakavian repertoires we have used. The first is a derivative of the adjective prekinjen [< Prslav. *ky(d)ndti "vreči" (SES, 230, s. v. -kiniti)] with the extension -ica - it owes its name to the obvious separation of its head from the rest of its body. The entomonyme iroplančič (diminutive of
20	S. v. also cites the Rum. capu§a.
21	Cioranescu cites the Serbian kapusa, while we were not able to confirm this form either in ARJ, CP1, CP2, or PCX. Only the form with -r- was found: kNpusa (ARJ V/630, PCX 10/658, CP2 I/433).
22	In Chakavian there are forms like senac: e. g. senac ^ senclf (RBG) in Boljunstina, senac — sencljiv (RR) in Roverija - corresponds to the stand. Cro. usenSc (RHJ, 1324, s. v. usenci).
Goran FILIPI: SELECTED ISTRORUMANIAN ENTOMONYMES OF LOCAL ORIGIN, 367-376
iroplan "aeroplane" is metaphoric - because of its long wings placed on the front third of its body, this insect, indeed, resembles an aeroplane.23 The words like iroplan etc. correspond to an obsolete standard Croatian word aerdplàn (RHJ, 6) < franc. aéroplane (SES, 3).24
Entomonymes like kaliču lu domniču are local syn-tagms (lr. repertories we have used do not contain similar forms) based on the word "horse": in all villages we recorded kà, kàlu, kal, kâli m. [cal (Vlr, 112), ca (Tlr, 159), cà (Dlr, 194; IrHR, 44)] < Lat. caballus, REW, 1440 > Dr. cal (DEX, 125), Ar. calu (DAr, 167, s. v. cal), cal (DDAr, 238; DArM, 113), Mr. cal (DMr, 55). The other part of the syntagm is the genitiv of "Jesus": in all localities we recorded domnič, -u m., which is the hybrid diminuative of domn, "God", with an extension -ič - in Žejane, Sušnjevica, Nova Vas and Jesenovik we recorded domnu, domnu, domni, domni m., in other villages domn, -u, domni, domni m. Only Sârbu and Frâtilâ of all the authors of repertories we have used, cited a term for Jesus and God - domnič, domn (Dlr, 208), others only cite terms for god: domnu (DRl, 107), domnu (lrG, 209; lrHR, 70), domn (Tlr, 164) < Lat. domnus, REW, 2741.2. The lr. entomonyme corresponds in both ways to Arum-manian name calu al Dumnidza!u (DDAr, 238, s. v. cal), callu allu Dumniqla (DAr, 167, s. v. cal).25
The "horse, small horse, mare, small mare" commonly appears in entomonymes of dragonflies (and other insects): [e.g. ltal. cavalletta "nome comune di molte specie d'lnsetti Ortotteri, recanti danni alle colti-vazioni" (DLl-cd); Sln. kobilica "žuželka zelene barve z zelo dolgima zadnjima nogama (dragonfly)" (SSKJ-cd); Germ. heupferd "(dolgoroga) kobilica" (VNSS-cd);26 Cro. konic "skakavac iz porodice konjica", vilin konjic "vrsta kukca koji leti uz vode" (RHJ, 484)]. lt seems that this kind of names were primarilly used for grasshoppers, as their jumping was associated with that of a horse, and only later became used for other insects.
The entomonyme kalč is a hybrid diminutive word with the extension -ič.
The entomonyme from Čepic - konfc (lrLA, 889) does not fit into the Chakavian (or the wider Croatian) entomonyme type for the kind of insect discussed here, so we assume, that it is borrowed from some lr. speech.
12. Ant (family Formicidae)
ln Žejane they call ants furniya, -a, furniž, -ile f., in Sušnjevica furnigs, -a, furni_z, -ile f. and furnigs, -a, -e, -ele f., in Nova Vas farnigs, -a, farniž, -ile f. and farnigs,
-a, -e, -ele f., in others sot. v. furniga, -a, furniž, -ile f.,
in Jesenovik and Letaj also furniga, -a, -e, -ele f.
The local entomonyme: furniga in Byhan (lrG, 221), furniga in Popovici (DRl, 111), furmig§ in Pu^cariu (Slr, 310), furnighe in Cantemir (Tlr, 166), furniya (in Zejane) and furniga (in Sušnjevica and Nova Vas) in Kovačec (lrHR, 82) < Lat. furmTca, REW, 3445 > Dr. furmka(lrLA, 913 - for Rudna Glava), furnica (DEX, 406); Ar. furnica and furniga (DDAr, 481), furniga (DArM, 245); Mr. furniga and furnica (DMr, 133).
12. 1. Anthill
ln Zejane we recorded furniyar, -u, -e, -rle m., in Sušnjevica and Nova Vas furnigal, -u, -0, -i m., in Nova Vas also furnigar, -u, -0, -i m., in Brdo and Miheli bravihak, -u, bravihač, bravihaki m., in other sot. v. bravihak, -u, -0, -i m.
The entomonymes like furnigar are local. Kovačec recorded the same form in Zejane, however, his form is of a different morphological type: furniyar, -u, -0, -i, and from Nova Vas he only cites furnigal, -u, -0, -i (lrHR, 82). Other authors have not cited this word. The word exists in other Rumanian dialects as well: Dr. furnicar (DEX, 406); Ar. furnigar (DArM, 245); Mr. furnigar (DMr, 133). Derrivatives with the extension -ar (< Lat. -arium).27
The words like bravinak are loanwords from some old lstrian Chakavian speech [Chakavian repertories we have used do not contain this word, however, during field work in lstria we recorded several affirmation ourselves (e.g. in Kršan bravinak) - as far as we are aware, this word is not used south of Rijeka], derrivative from bravinac [the word is also known in Slovene lstria (e.g. in Sveti Anton near Koper br'vinc - NSSA, 18; we recorded bravLnc in Korte and b9rv7nci in Malija) and in Croatian lstria (we could only confirm its use in Milevoj, who found bravTnac in Labin - RLC, 54; however, we recorded bravLnac and the Sln. form in several villages). Like in mravinac and the Sln. word there is a change m ^ b (e.g. mravLnac in Svetvinčenat - lLA, 913; mravu-nac in Čepic - lrLA, 913), from mrav (from a part of lstria and Dalmatia) < Prslav. *morvt (HER, 425).
13. Bee (Apis melifica)
ln Zejane we recorded afbire, -a, afbir, -le z, celice, -a, -e, -ele f. in Sušnjevica, čelice, -a, -e, -ele f. in Nova Vas, čelica, -a, -e, -ele f. in other sot. v., in Sušnjevica
23	Or a helicopter, as seen by the Istriote speaking population of Sisan: li'kotero (ILA, 889).
24	"The word is composed from the Gr. aer 'air' and the Lat. planus 'the tramp1. The original meaning is thus 'the air tramp'" (ibidem).
25	In stand. Rum. the dragonfly is denominated by the syntagm calul-dracului (DEX, 125, s. v. cal) - dracului = gen. of drac "devil" (DEX, 317) < Lat. draco, -one "dragon", REW, 2759.
26	Germ. Pferd "horse" (VNSS-cd).
27	Capidan reconstructs Lat. *formicarium from the Mr. furnigar (DMr, 133).
Goran FILIPI: SELECTED ISTRORUMANIAN ENTOMONYMES OF LOCAL ORIGIN, 367-376
also eels, -a, -e, -ele f. and in Nova Vas, Trkovci, Miheli and Zankovci also cela, -a, -e, -ele f.
Byhan cites albir§, -re (IrG, 185) and tsélitsg (IrG, 365), Maiorescu albira, pl. albire (VIr, 106), Popovici albire (DRI, 87) and celite, -a (DRI, 105), Cantemir albire, -r (TIr, 157), Sarbu and Fratila abira, -e (DIr, 186), Kovačec al'bire, -a, al'bir, -le from Zejane (IrHR, 22).
The entomonyme from Zejane is of local origin: Dr., Mr. albina (DEX, 24; DMr, 10), Ar. atina (DDAr, 82), alghina (DAr, 35; s. v. albina) < Lat. alvina "košnica", REW, 393.
Words like čela and celica are loanwords from Cha-kavian speech: e.g. cela in Čepic (IrLA, 1565), Svet-vinčenat, Čabrunici, Valtura and Ližnjan (ILA, 1565), čela and čeltca in Brusje on Hvar (ČL 109), cela and celica in Beli (BBT, 64), čela in Senj (SR, 16)28 < Prslav. *btčela or *bbčela (SES, 67, s. v. čebela).
13. 1. Sting
áku de aíbire in Zejane, áku de eelies in Šušnjevica, áku de celies in Nova Vas, áku de cela in Zankovci, aku de celiea in other sot. v.
All recorded words are syntagms meaning "the bee's needle", or literally "needle of the bee". The local word for the first element of the syntagms above, aku "needle": for the sewing needle29 we recorded ák, -u, -ure, -urle m. in Zejane, ák, -u, -0, -i m. in Šušnjevica, Nova Vas, Jesenovik and Letaj, ák, -u, ác, -i m. in Brdo, Trkovci, Zankovci, Miheli and Kostrčan, ák, -u, áce, -ele bg. in Škabici and in Šušnjevica and Jesenoviku also ák, -u,
-ure, -urle bg. (IrLA, 683). Pu^cariu recorded ac (SIr, 301), Sarbu and Fratila ac, -ure (DIr, 186) and uac, -ure (DIr, 291), Kovačec recorded ac, -u, -urle in Zejane (IrHR, 20) - Dr., Ar., Mr. ac (DEX, 5; DDAr, 51; DMr, 7) < Lat. acus, REW, 130. The second element of the syntagm, de, is also of local origin (< Lat. de, REW, 2488) and the third, albire, celica, see 13.
13. 2. Honey
In Zejane mlare, -ele, mlare, -erle f. (?), in Šušnjevica and Nova Vas mlars, -a, -e, -ele f., in other sot. v. mlare, -a, -e, -ele f., in Letaj, Brdo, Škabici, Trkovci, Zankovci, Miheli and Kostrčan also med, -u, -ure, -urle bg. and in Letaj, Zankovci, Miheli and Kostrčanalso med, -u, -0, -i m.
The forms like mlare are local [Byhan cites mlgre (IrG, 279), Maiorescu mliare, miara, mliara, mniere (VIr, 134), Popovici mlare, -a (DRI, 126), Cantemir mlare (TIr, 171), Sarbu and Fratila mlare (DIr, 229), Kovačec mlare, -a from Šušnjevica and Zankovci and mlare, -ele pl. from Zejane (IrHR, 119)], they are also present in other Rumanian dialects: Dr. miere (DEX, 632), Ar. n'eare (DDAr, 794), nere, nare (DER, 5262), Mr. nari (DMr, 210), (m)nari (DER, 5262) < Lat. *melem (DER, 5262), derivative from mel, REW, 5469.
Forms like med (med, med - throughout the Chaka-vian realm) are loanwords from Chakavian speeches: e.g. med in Brgud, med in Čepic (IrLA, 1574) < Prslav. *medt (SES, 330). Out of all the Ir. repertories used, only the one by Cantemir contains med (TIr, 170).
Fig. 1: Honey bee (source: pdphoto.org, photo: Jon Sullivan). Sl. 1: Čebela (vir: pdphoto.org, foto: Jon Sullivan).
28	In Brgud pcela (IrLA, 1565) according to the standard Croatian pcela (RHJ, 813).
29	Compare to the Čepic form Tgla "sting" (IrLA, 1566) < Prslav. *jbgtla (SES, 181).
Goran FILIPI: SELECTED ISTRORUMANIAN ENTOMONYMES OF LOCAL ORIGIN, 367-376
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF LATIN NAMES OF THE	kaliču lu domniču - 11
STUDIED ENTOMONYMES	kaliču lu domnicu - 11
	karpel - 8.
Apis mellifera - 13.	karpučka - 8.
Calliphora vomitoria - 2.	karpuša - 8.
Drosophyla melanogaster - 5.	karpuše - 8.
Family Formicidae - 12.	komár - 7.
Hippobosca equina - 3.	komor - 7.
Ixodes ricunus - 8.	konski komar - 3.
Musca domestica - 1.	lindira - 9.1.
Ordo Odonata - 11.	lindire - 9.1.
Pediculus humanus - 9.	máre - 2.
Pulex irritans - 10.	máre muska - 2.
Tabanus bovinus - 7.	máre muske - 2.
	mláre - 13.2.
ALPHABETICAL LIST OF RECORDED	muska - 1.; 2.
ISTRORUMANIAN FORMS	muska ča máre - 2.
	muska de ká - 3.
albire - 13.	muska de kál - 2.; 3.
ák - 13.1.	muska de vir - 5.
áku de albire - 13.1.	muska lu kálu - 3.
áku de celice - 13.1.	muska verde - 6.
áku de cela - 13.1.	mušica - 4.
áku de celica - 13.1.	mušica de vir - 5.
áku de celice - 13.1.	mušice - 4.
ca máre muska - 2.	mušice de vir - 5.
de - not. 6.	muske - 1.
domn - 11.	muška li kálu - 3.
domnic - 11.	peduklár - 9.2.1.
domnu - 11.	pedukliv - 9.2.
farnige - 12.	peduklivac - 9.2.1.
furniga - 12.	*peduklos - 9.2.
furniya - 12.	pureč - 10.
furnigál - 12.1.	puracu - 10.
furnigár - 12.1.	peduklu - 9.
furniyár - 12.1.	verde - 6.
furnige - 12.	verde - 6.
ká - 11.	verde muska - 6.
kalicu lu domnicu - 11.	vir - 5.
kalic - 11.	
IZBRANI ISTROROMUNSKI ENTOMONIMI DOMAČEGA IZVORA
Goran FILIPI
Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno sredi šče Koper, SI-6000, Garibaldijeva 1 e-mail: goran.filipi@zrs.upr.si
IZVLEČEK
Članek analizira osemnajst izrazov za žuželke in nekaj oblik, ki so z njimi v tesni povezavi (npr. med, žalac). Izraze smo izbrali iz obsežnega korpusa, ki obsega več kot osem tisoč oblik (ne le entomonimov) in ki smo ga sestavili sami. Raziskavo smo izvedli v več fazah in v vseh krajih, kjer se še danes govori istroromunsko: Zejane, Šušnjevica, Nova vas, Jesenovik, Letaj, Brdo, Škabici, Trkovci, Zankovci, Miheli, Kostrčan. Zadnje preverbe in
Goran FILIPI: SELECTED ISTRORUMANIAN ENTOMONYMES OF LOCAL ORIGIN, 367-376
dopolnitve so iz leta 2008. Za potrebe tega članka smo naredili izbor domačih, izvirnih entomonimov. Če se poleg domačih izrazov v nekaterih istroromunskih vaseh uporabljajo tudi izposojene oblike, so tudi te obdelane do končnih etimonov. V celotnem korpusu je domačih oblik približno tretjina. Ob vsakem entomonimu, ki smo ga zabeležili na terenu, so dosledno navedene še oblike iz literature (iz vseh istroromunskih slovarjev in glosarjev, ki so na voljo). Vsak istroromunski entomonim primerjamo s podobnimi v ostalih treh zgodovinskih romunskih narečjih (dako-romunski, aromunski in meglensko-romunski). Na koncu vsakega etimološkega članka je naveden končni etimon.
Ključne besede: entomonimi, Istra, istroromunski, dialektologija, etimologija
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