Updated distribUtion of MILESIA CRABRONIFORMIS
(fabriciUs, 1775) and M. SEMILUCTIFERA (Villers, 1789)
(diptera: syrphidae: eristalinae) in bosnia and
herzegoVina, croatia and serbia
Mihailo Vujić1, Toni Koren2, Dejan Kulijer3, roman Maglić4, 
Matea MarTinoVić5
1HabiProt, Cankareva 9/13, 21000 novi Sad, Serbia; 
e-mail: mihailovujic01@gmail.com
2association Hyla, lipovec i, n. 7, 1000 Zagreb, Croatia; 
e-mail: toni.koren@hhdhyla.hr
3national Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Zmaja od Bosne 3, 
71000 Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina; e-mail: dejan.kulijer@gmail.com
4Krležina 31, 52100 Pula, Croatia; e-mail: maglicroman@gmail.com
5Dubrovnik natural History Museum, androvićeva 1, Hr-20000 Dubrovnik,
Croatia; e-mail: matea.martinovic@pmd.hr
abstract – The members of the genus Milesia are large, wasp-mimic, saproxylic
hoverflies. in europe, only two species occur: Milesia crabroniformis and M. semi-
luctifera, but their distribution is still not sufficiently known, especially in eastern
europe. in the Balkans, Serbia is the country with the best-studied hoverfly fauna,
while most of the other countries have significantly less studied fauna, including also
Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina. This is also true for the genus Milesia for
which, before this survey, most of the knowledge was based on a very limited dataset
of mostly historical records. To update the distribution of the genus Milesia in the
three mentioned countries, a detailed analysis of the literature was done, accompa-
nied by the revision of the material stored in the national Museum of Bosnia and
Herzegovina in Sarajevo and Croatian national History Museum in Zagreb, as well
as additional specimens collected, photographed or observed in the period from 2018
to 2021 by the authors and using different citizen science platforms. after this sur-
vey, both species are present in all of the three mentioned countries, with M.
crabroniformis being newly reported for Serbia and M. semiluctifera for Bosnia and
Herzegovina. in addition, the records of M. crabroniformis from Croatia represent
53
ACTA ENTOMOLOGICA SLOVENICA
LJUBLJANA, JUNIJ 2022                    Vol. 30, øt. 1: 53–64
the first ones after almost 70 years. even after this survey, the records of both species
are still scarce. However, as both species are rather large and colorful, they are good
objects for amateur photographers. a good way to record them in the future would
be targeted citizen science campaigns.
Key worDS: biodiversity, citizen science, fauna, hoverflies, Milesiini
izvleček – DoPolnjena raZŠirjenoST MuH TrePeTaVK Milesia
crabroniforMis (FaBriCiuS, 1775) in M. seMiluctifera (VillerS,
1789) (DiPTera: SyrPHiDae: eriSTalinae) V BoSni in HerCegoVini,
HrVaŠKi in SrBiji
Pripadniki rodu Milesia so velike saproksilne muhe trepetavke, ki posnemajo ose.
V evropi se pojavljata le dve vrsti: M. crabroniformis in M. semiluctifera, vendar
njuna razširjenost še vedno ni dovolj poznana, zlasti v vzhodni evropi. na Balkanu
je Srbija država z najbolje raziskano favno muh trepetavk, medtem ko ima večina
drugih držav bistveno manj raziskano favno, vključno s Hrvaško in Bosno in
Hercegovino. To velja tudi za rod Milesia, za katerega je pred to raziskavo večina
znanja temeljila na zelo omejenem naboru podatkov, večinoma zgodovinskih
zapisov. Za posodobitev razširjenosti rodu Milesia v treh omenjenih državah je bila
opravljena podrobna analiza literature, revizija entomoloških zbirk shranjenih v
narodnem muzeju Bosne in Hercegovine v Sarajevu in Hrvaškem prirodoslovnem
muzeju v Zagrebu, ter dodatnih zbranih ali fotografiranih osebkov, ki so jih v obdob-
ju od 2018 do 2021 opazovali avtorji in z uporabo različnih platform državljanske
znanosti. Po tej raziskavi sta obe vrsti prisotni v vseh treh omenjenih državah, pri
čemer je M. crabroniformis prvič zabeležena v Srbiji in M. semiluctifera v Bosni in
Hercegovini. Poleg tega so najdbe M. craboniformis iz Hrvaške prve po skoraj 70
letih. Tudi po tej raziskavi so najdbe obeh vrst še vedno redke, vendar sta obe vrsti
precej veliki in barviti, zato so primerki dobri objekti za amaterske fotografe. Dober
način za njihovo beleženje v prihodnosti bi bile ciljno usmerjene državljanske
znanstvene kampanje.
Ključne BeSeDe: biodiverziteta, državljanska znanost, favna, muhe trepetavke,
Milesiini
introduction
The genus Milesia latreille, 1804 comprises large, wasp-mimic hoverflies
(Syrphidae), widespread in the Palaearctic, the nearctic, the afrotropical, and the
oriental region where reaches its greatest diversity (Van Veen, 2004; Speight, 2020).
in europe, only two species from this genus occur: Milesia crabroniformis
(Fabricius, 1775) and M. semiluctifera (Villers, 1789).
M. crabroniformis is a large, hornet mimicking hoverfly which mainly occurs in
deciduous (mesophilic fagus, thermophilous Quercus, and acidophilous Quercus)
and evergreen oak (Q. ilex/Q. suber) forests. The range of this species includes the
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
54
Mediterranean region including islands, from northern France to Spain, the former
yugoslavia, greece, Turkey, and north africa, as well as some records from central
europe – Switzerland (Speight, 2020). 
M. semiluctifera is smaller than M. crabroniformis, and can be easily separated
from the latter by the black and yellow abdomen. it is a thermophilic species that
mainly occurs in thermophilic and evergreen oak forests and castanea forests. its
range includes the Mediterranean basin, Spain, southern France, italy and Sicily, the
former yugoslavia, Bulgaria, greece, israel, Syria, lebanon, some countries in cen-
tral europe, south-east Switzerland, romania, ukraine, Caucasus, and on to as far as
Turkmenistan (Speight, 2020; Saab, 2021).
These two european species can be easily distinguished in the field or collected
material using a key in Speight (2017): M. crabroniformis is very similar in general
appearance to Vespa crabro, vertex entirely yellow-brown, dull, clypeus yellow-
brown, posterior half of tergite 3 and often tergite 2 yellow-brown, female frons
entirely yellow, in contrast to M. semiluctifera that is very different from V. crabro,
smaller species, resembles Scoliidae wasps, vertex with black ocellar triangle,
clypeus black, posterior half of tergite 3 and often tergite 2 black, female frons with
median black stripe.
Milesia species are saproxylic hoverflies, but the ecology of these species is not
well known. radenković et al. (2013) listed M. semiluctifera as saproxylic species,
and Speight (2020) noted that female M. crabroniformis has been observed oviposit-
ing in the bark of old, living, largely hollow, and humus-full Quercus trees. lower
stages of development are not described for both species, although Matile and
leclercq (1992) described a puparium, which probably does not belong to M.
crabroniformis but Mallota cimbiciformis (Speight, 2020).
as is the case with many Syrphidae species in the Balkans, their distribution is
still not sufficiently known. aside from Serbia and Slovenia in which a long tradi-
tion of syrphidological studies exist (e.g. De groot & govedič, 2008; nedeljković
et al. 2009; radenković et al., 2013; Van Steenis et al., 2013; Tot et al., 2018; Vujić
et al., 2018, etc.), other neighboring countries of the former yugoslavia have a sig-
nificantly less studied Syrphidae fauna. accordingly, for most species, their distri-
bution is not known or is in most cases based on very old literature records (e.g.
langhoffer 1919) and thus does not represent a good starting point for the assess-
ments of the species’ status or potential threats, which is very significant especially
for saproxylic species (reemer 2005). Here we present an updated distribution of
both species of the genus Milesia in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina (B&H), and
Serbia.
Material and methods
The data set presented in this paper consists of newly gathered data on collected,
photographed, or observed specimens in the period from 2018 to 2020; literature
data and the data of the revised material stored in the national Museum of Bosnia
and Herzegovina (nMBiH) in Sarajevo and the Croatian natural History Museum
Mihailo Vujiå, Toni Koren, Dejan Kulijer, Roman Magliå, Matea Martinoviå: Updated distribution of Milesia crabroniformis
55
(CnHM) in Zagreb. The specimens in the collection of the nMBiH are mostly with-
out collection date information, but they are part of the entomological collection of
the Balkan Peninsula gathered by Viktor apfelbeck and his associates between the
1880s and 1930s. Collected specimens were caught by an entomological net, pre-
pared by a standard procedure, and stored in private collections of the first and the
second authors, and the Dubrovnik natural History Museum collection. at locality
ljubač, specimens were found trapped on yellow insect glue boards on Ziziphus
jujuba tree during its flowering period. The distribution map was created in arcgiS
and includes new data, data from nMBiH and CnHM collection and published
records from the available literature. Data on the specimens from the photographs
were collected using Facebook groups of insect enthusiasts ,,insekti Srbije (insects
of Serbia)’’ and ,,Koji je ovo pauk/kukac?’’. additionally, a large Syrphidae
dataset, including the genus Milesia, was collected using four online databases,
alciphron, biologer.hr, biologer.ba and inaturalist (Popović et al., 2020, Vujić
2021).
results and discussion
Both Milesia species that occur in europe were registered in B&H, Croatia, and
Serbia. For each species, available literature, as well as additional notes, are provid-
ed.
Milesia crabroniformis (Fabricius, 1775) (Fig. 1a)
Published records: bosnia and herzegovina: glumac (1955a); croatia: Strobl
(1900).
unpublished records: croatia: Šamarica (Zrinska gora), 7.1951 (CnHM); istria,
Pula, ulica Marsovog polja, 44.85445 13.859466, 10.08.2020., 2♀1♂, leg. r.
Maglić; istria, rovinj, rovinj aquarium, 45.085585 13.639807, 22.10.2021., 1♂,
photo: i. Balković; serbia: Banja Koviljača, 44.514498 19.160643, 15.09.2020., 1♀,
photo: S. Maksimović.
notes: new for the fauna of Serbia, so far registered in B&H and Croatia. The
specimens collected in the territory of B&H are stored in the national Museum of
Bosnia and Herzegovina in Sarajevo and these data are published by glumac
(1955a). Strobl (1900) noted that this species also occurs in Croatia, but the locality
is noted as Dalmatia, a large region in southern Croatia. in the nMBiH collection,
except for two specimens from jablanica (Bosnia and Herzegovina), there is also one
female specimen from athos Mt. (greece). a small number of records in all three
countries indicate that M. crabroniformis is a rare, local, and probably endangered
species and its habitats need to be protected. The records from Croatia (both from
istria Peninsula) represent the first findings of the species in the country after almost
70 years (specimen stored in CnHM from Šamarica (Zrinska gora) dates from 1951
(Strobl, 1900)). The specimens from Croatia were collected from foeniculum vul-
gare inflorescences (specimens from Pula) or found while resting in business
premises (specimen from rovinj).
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
56
Milesia semiluctifera (Villers, 1789) (Fig. 1b)
Published records: croatia: Franenfeld (1860), Strobl (1898), Strobl (1900),
Strobl (1902), langhoffer (1919), glumac (1956a), glumac (1956b), leclercq
(1961), glumac (1972); serbia: glumac (1955b), glumac (1972), radenković
(2008), radenković et al. (2013), Vujić et al. (2018).
unpublished records: bosnia and herzegovina: Domanovići, 1♂, leg. wgth.
(nMBiH); jablanica, 1♂, leg. wgth., 1♂, leg. Simmet (nMBiH); croatia: novi
(novi Vinodolski?), 1939 (CnHM); island Srakane Vele, 15.9.1961, 2♂ (CnHM);
island Pag, 7.1962 (CnHM); Trnovec, 8.1964, leg. i. igalffy (CnHM); Vozilići,
12.8.1973, 1♂; 21.8.1983, 1♂, leg. F. Perović (CnHM); northern Velebit,
Babrovača, 920 m, VK96, 16.7.1983, leg. F. Perović (CnHM); istria, Pula,
Valsaline, 44.848205 13.837752, 1.06.2018., 1♂, leg. r. Maglić; istria, Pula,
Valsaline, 44.847907 13.838804, 31.08.2019., 1♂, leg. r. Maglić; Dugopolje,
43.582772 16.571377, 06.07.2020., 1♂, leg. T. Koren; Dubrava, 43.478256
16.66417, 06.07.2020., 1♂, leg. T. Koren; Solin, 43.534712 16.496762, 08.07.2020.,
1♀, photo: a. gjeldum; northern Velebit, west of Crnopac, 44.251825 15.831516,
21.7.2020., 1♂, photo: M. Doboš; Ploče-Šarić Struga, 43.051706 17.481038,
19.08.2020., 1♂, photo: D. erak; ostrovica, 43.947556 15.807997, 02.09.2020., 1♀,
leg. T. Koren; Dubrovnik, lapad peninsula, 42.663617 18.069753, 18.06.2021., 1♂,
leg. M. Martinović; ljubač, 42.722625 18.027798, 27.07.2021., 2♂, leg. M.
Martinović; serbia: Bela Palanka (as Milesia splendida) 1♀, leg. Hlf. (nMBiH); aP
Kosovo, Kosovska Kamenica, Berivojce, 42.567737 21.582498, 27.08.2011., 1♀,
photo: B. Milošević; Central Serbia: Suva planina Mt., gornja Studena, 43.230075
22.103629, 12.07.2019., 1♂, photo: S. Stevčić; Suva planina Mt., Bojanine vode,
43.214829 22.124148, 24.07.2020., 1♀, leg. M. Đurić; Belgrade, Vrčin, 44.669507
20.631297, 13.07.2020., one specimen was observed by M. Vujić; aleksinac, Bovan
Mihailo Vujiå, Toni Koren, Dejan Kulijer, Roman Magliå, Matea Martinoviå: Updated distribution of Milesia crabroniformis
57
fig. 1. a) Habitus of male Milesia crabroniformis from Pula, Croatia; b) Habitus
of female Milesia semiluctifera from Dugopolje, Croatia. Photo: T. Koren.
slika 1. a) Habitus samca Milesia crabroniformis iz Pulja, Hrvaška; b) Habitus
samice Milesia semiluctifera iz Dugopolja, Hrvaška. Photo: T. Koren.
lake (Bovansko jezero), 43.654581 21.721485, 13.07.2021., 1♂, photo: S.
Milojković.
notes: So far registered in Croatia and Serbia, but in available literature not men-
tioned for Bosnia and Herzegovina. in the collections of nMBiH, six specimens of
M. semiluctifera were found, four from B&H and Serbia that are listed above and
two male specimens from Herceg novi (Montenegro) collected by apfelbeck in
1913. in Serbia, this species was found mainly in the southern part of the country
(except one specimen from Vrčin, in Belgrade surrounding). The specimen from
Vrčin was observed at the edge of the thermophilous Turkey oak (Quercus cerris)
forest, during a rest on oak leaves. in Croatia, this species was newly registered at
nine localities in istria and Dalmatia, also at hot and dry habitats.
although new data are presented in this paper, both Milesia species are still reg-
istered only from a small number of localities in all three countries. M. semiluctifera
was registered at more localities than M. crabroniformis, but always with a smaller
number of individuals. M. crabroniformis was during this survey registered at four
new localities, one in Serbia and B&H and two in Croatia (Fig. 2). However, only
records from Croatia and Serbia are recent, while the latter represent the first records
for the country. Both species co-occur only at two localities, one in Croatia (city of
Pula) and one in B&H (jablanica).
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
58
fig. 2. Distribution of two species of the genus Milesia in Croatia, Bosnia, and
Herzegovina, and Serbia with Biogeographical regions.
slika 2. razširjenost dveh vrst rodu Milesia na Hrvaškem, v Bosni in
Hercegovini ter Srbiji z biogeografskimi regijami.
in respect to the habitats the species were observed in, both preferred warmer,
usually karstic areas. M. semiluctifera was found in hot and dry habitats, which is
especially seen in Croatia where the species is confined to coastal areas (Figs. 2, 3).
in Serbia, this species also inhabits hot and dry habitats (Fig. 4) and is marked as
extremely rare (radenković, 2008). The data from nMBiH collection are the first
and only data for M. semiluctifera in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and these specimens
were collected at localities in jablanica and Domanovići, both in Herzegovina,
neretva river valley, the warmest and driest region in the country. Four different
Bio-geographical regions stretch through B&H, Croatia, and Serbia (alpine,
Continental, Mediterranean, and Pannonian) (Fig. 2), and both Milesia species were
registered in the first three. Both are absent from the Pannonian bio-geographical
region in the surveyed countries, but present in Hungary (the entire territory of
Hungary is in this region) (Tóth, 2011). although the largest number of data present-
Mihailo Vujiå, Toni Koren, Dejan Kulijer, Roman Magliå, Matea Martinoviå: Updated distribution of Milesia crabroniformis
59
fig. 3. Habitat of Milesia semiluctifera at Dugopolje, Croatia. The species was
observed feeding on sambucus ebulus flowers. Photo: T. Koren.
slika 3. Habitat vrste Milesia semiluctifera v Dugopolju na Hrvaškem. Vrsta je
bila opažena, kako se hrani na cvetovih sambucus ebulus. Foto: T. Koren.
ed here originate from the adriatic coast (Mediterranean biogeographical region),
the presence of these species in other regions, almost exclusively at hot and dry habi-
tats, indicates a pronounced thermophilicity of both Milesia species, at least in B&H,
Croatia, and Serbia.
a good method for finding the species in its areal is by looking at the flowering
plants in dry areas, as the species commonly visit them. it was noted that specimens
visit flowers of convolvulus arvensis at Suva planina Mt. (Serbia) and sambucus
nigra, eryngium sp. and thymus sp. in Croatia. The Ziziphus jujuba flowers might
also be attractive to this species, given that two specimens were found trapped on
insect glue boards attached to a tree.
given that both Milesia species are saproxylic, conservation of forest habitats
and especially old, living trees are very important for their long-term survival.
Acta entomologica slovenica, 30 (1), 2022
60
fig. 4. Habitat of Milesia semiluctifera at gornja Studena, Suva planina Mt.,
Serbia. The species was observed feeding on convolvulus arvensis flowers. Photo:
S. Stevčić.
slika 4. Habitat vrste Milesia semiluctifera v gornji Studeni, Suva planina,
Srbija. Vrsta je bila opažena, kako se hrani na cvetovih convolvulus arvensis. Foto:
S. Stevčić.
However, adults are usually found in more open areas, including grasslands, indi-
cating that these habitats are also necessary for their life cycle. as the ecology of
these two Milesia species is poorly known, future surveys should be aimed at get-
ting an insight into their biology as well as determining the main threatening fac-
tors to their survival. reemer (2005) found out that good forest management,
including an increased area of forest with old, large, and very large trees, the
increase in age of forests and more natural approach towards ill and dead trees
most probably can play a very important role in increasing and conservation of
saproxylic syrphid’s populations. according to the iuCn, lC (least Concern)
status and stable population trend have been assessed for both species, but we
believe that these species are more endangered in the Balkans, especially due to
habitat loss (e.g. deforestation, spreading of invasive and allochthonous plants,
intensive urbanization, tourism development) (Pennards, 2021a, Pennards,
2021b).
an important thing to note is that a part of the new data presented in this paper
were collected using online citizen science databases (e.g. alciphron, biologer.ba
and biologer.hr) and Facebook groups. lately, citizen science is becoming an
extremely important tool also in eastern europe which is used in monitoring species
as well as discovering and collecting data about all groups of organisms. it proved to
be a very useful tool for early registration of spreading invasive insect species that
are easily recognizable like cacyreus marshalli and Hierodula tenuidentata
(Milojković et al. 2021; Vujić et al. 2021), but also discovering new species for sci-
ence such as Drosera magnifica and Hoya amicabilis (gonella et al. 2015; rahayu
& rodda 2019). accordingly, the citizen science approach can be used also to gather
additional data for more easily recognizable Syrphidae species as is the case with the
genus Milesia. This should ensure that in the future, we have at least a better under-
standing of their distribution and habitat preferences.
acknowledgments
The authors are thankful to Dragan erak, Marko Doboš, anton gjeldum,
Svetlana Maksimović, Milan Đurić, Slobodan Stevčić, ivan Balković, Slađana
Milojković, and Bogoljub Milošević for sharing their observations of M. semiluc-
tifera and many other insect species. we are thankful to dr. sc. iva Mihoci and dr. sc.
Martina Šašić for allowing us access to the museum collections of the Croatian
natural History Museum in Zagreb. we are also thankful to Blagoje Prpa for help in
identifying plants whose flowers and inflorescences Milesia flies visit and to anony-
mous reviewers of this paper.
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