description
Taking into account the interaction between valency and optionality allows further insight into the syntactic or, rather, textual capacities of language. When the valency and optionality capacities of Slovene are considered, the inter-propositional and transformative aspects are crucial, as they facilitate a complete description of textual syntax. From an inter-propositional view, valency is best introduced by valent sentence element propositions that function as content-based subordinate clauses of the uni-, bi-, or multi-valent predicate, whereas optionality occurs as verbal optionality or, rather, as co-occurence within a sentence. The latter primarily expresses the semantic optionality of certain types of verbs, and secondarily stresses the (non) co-reference of the participants Valency and the syntactic phenomena related to it must be treated on three different levels: (1) the logical level (the appropriate selection in terms of mutual appropriateness of the predicate and the participants); (2) the level of the semanticand structural-syntactic presentation; (3) the expressive level or, rather, the level of expressibility presentation (with various levels of expressibility, i.e., with the possibility of obligatory or optional expression or with lack of that possibility). The emphasis is on co-reference enabled by verbs or, rather, predicates of "the second/higher rank" and/or the so-called explanatory or relative predicates and/or predicates with abstract verbs that can have non-object (semantic-syntactic/propositional) participants (including modal and phrasal verbs).The following phenomena are treated in more detail: (1) the obligatory co-reference of the first internal/ semantic-base participant with the first participant (agent) of the central predicate with verbs of auto(matic)-action and self-direction and/or reverse action and the obligatory co-reference of the first internal/semantic-base participant with the second participant (patient) of the central predicate with verbs of influence/goal; (2) the optional co-reference of the first internal/semantic-base participant with the first or second participant (agent or patient) of the central predicate; (3) the obligatory absence of co-reference of the first internal/semantic-base participant with the first or second participant (agent or patient) of the central predicate. In semantic- and structural-syntactic treatment within individual verbal semantic-valency groups, the aspect is also considered, both in terms of verbal word formation (e.g., prefixed verbs) and the so-called aspectual meaning of the sentence. With verbs that have two participants, which are present in all verbal semantic groups, it is possible to accurately demonstrate the joining of verbal co-occurrence (i.e., semantic compatibility of verbal meanings in the predicate) and the participant co-reference or the lack of it (i.e., obligatoriness/non-obligatoriness or